Publications

prevalence of faecal excretion of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157 in cattle in england and wales.	during the decade to 1999, the incidence of human infections with the zoonotic pathogen verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) increased in england and wales. this paper describes the results of a survey of 75 farms to determine the prevalence of faecal excretion of vtec o157 by cattle, its primary reservoir host, in england and wales. faecal samples were collected from 4663 cattle between june and december 1999. the prevalence of excretion by individual cattle was 4.2 per cen ...	2003	14533765
spatio-temporal epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in two counties of great britain in 2001.	the spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal features of the 2001 british foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in selected areas within the counties of cumbria and devon, which experienced the greatest incidence of disease, are described using hazard functions, extraction mapping and the space-time k-function. in cumbria, the hazard of foot-and-mouth disease infection peaked at 2.8% in the week commencing 8 march 2001 and farm holdings in this area continued to be identified with disease to 12 septembe ...	2003	14554140
vtec o157 in cattle.		2003	14567669
fibropapillomatosis outbreak in calves.		2003	14627242
quantification of priming and co2 respiration sources following slurry-c incorporation into two grassland soils with different c content.	the fate of incorporated slurry-c was examined in a laboratory experiment using two uk grassland soils, i.e. a pelostagnogley (5.1 %c) and a brown earth (2.3 %c). c3 and c4 slurries were incorporated into these two wet-sieved (c3) soils (from 4-10 cm depth). gas samples were collected 0.2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 20, 30 and 40 days after slurry application and analyzed for co2 concentration and delta13c content. slurry incorporation into the soil strongly increased soil co2 respiration compared with t ...	2003	14648893
gangrenous mastitis in a dairy herd.		2003	14653348
the population structure of mycobacterium bovis in great britain: clonal expansion.	we have analyzed 11,500 isolates of mycobacterium bovis (the cause of tuberculosis in cattle and other mammals) isolated in great britain (england, wales and scotland)] and characterized by spoligotype. genetic exchange between cells is rare or absent in strains of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex so that, by using spoligotypes, it is possible to recognize "clones" with a recent common ancestor. the distribution of variable numbers of tandem repeats types in the most common clone in the da ...	2003	14657373
the impact of local heterogeneity on alternative control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease.	the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in the uk resulted in the death of nearly 10 million livestock at a cost that was estimated to be up to 8 billion pounds. owing to the controversy surrounding the epidemic, the question of whether or not alternative policies would have resulted in significantly better control of the epidemic remains of great interest. a hexagonal lattice simulation of fmd in cumbria is used to address the central question of whether or not better use could have b ...	2003	14728777
e. coli o157 phage type 21/28 outbreak in north cumbria associated with pasteurized milk.	in march 1999, a large community outbreak of escherichia coli o157 infection occurred in north cumbria. a total of 114 individuals were reported to the outbreak control team (oct); 88 had laboratory confirmed e. coli o157. twenty-eight (32%) of the confirmed cases were admitted to hospital, including three children (3.4%) with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. there were no deaths. a case-control study found that illness was strongly associated with drinking pasteurized milk from a local farm (p = <0 ...	2002	12558327
general dental practitioner advice regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste in two areas with a school-based milk fluoridation programme and one without such a programme.	to describe the knowledge and practice of general denta practitioners (gdps) working in liverpool (where there is no milk fluoridation programme) and st helens and knowsley, and the wirral (where children have fluoridated milk in schools and pre-schools) relating to the advice given for child patients regarding the use of fluoridated toothpaste.	2002	12572739
prion data suggest bse link to sporadic cjd.		2002	12466801
cloned cattle controversy.		2002	12498695
prevalence and aetiology of clinical mastitis on dairy farms in devon.		2002	12219902
epidemiology of variant cjd.	there are 100 confirmed cases of variant cjd (vcjd) in the u.k., with four cases in other countries (france and the republic of ireland). in the u.k., the mean age of onset is 28 years (range 12-74) with a median duration of 13 months (range 6-39). there are reported regional variations in incidence in the u.k., with a north/south difference and a 'cluster' of cases in one county, leicestershire. the incidence of cases in the u.k. is rising. there are concerns about the possibility of secondary, ...	2002	12220145
the foot and mouth disease (fmd) epidemic in the united kingdom 2001.	the foot and mouth disease epidemic commenced in february 2001 when diseased pigs were identified in an abattoir. the infection had become widespread in sheep in england and wales before this discovery. it was decided to eradicate the disease by slaughter rather than use vaccine. the virus was a pan-asia o strain that caused few lesions in sheep and this made the identification of infected flocks very difficult leading to a long drawn-out epidemic. over four million animals were slaughtered in 2 ...	2002	12365809
stable isotope (13c, 15n and 34s) analysis of the hair of modern humans and their domestic animals.	relationships between dietary status and recent migration were examined by delta(13)c, delta(15)n and delta(34)s analysis of hair samples from 43 modern humans living in a rural community in sw england. the isotopic content of 38 'local' hair samples was compared with that of five recently arrived individuals (from canada, chile, germany and the usa). hair samples from domestic animals (i.e. mainly cats, dogs, cows and horses) were analysed to examine the difference in delta(13)c, delta(15)n and ...	2002	12442295
bvd virus genotype 2 detected in british cattle.		2002	12448496
bse in cattle born after july 31, 1996, in great britain.		2002	12448497
multiple genetic typing of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates of different phage types (dt104, u302, dt204b, and dt49) from animals and humans in england, wales, and northern ireland.	salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium is a common cause of salmonellosis among humans and animals in england, wales, and northern ireland. phage types dt104 and u302 were the most prevalent types in both livestock and humans in 2001. in addition, salmonella serotype typhimurium dt204b was responsible for a recent international outbreak involving england. a total of 119 isolates from humans (n = 28) and animals or their environment (n = 91), belonging to dt104 (n = 66), u302 (n = 33), dt204b ( ...	2002	12454135
sub-clinical parasitism in spring-born, beef suckler calves: epidemiology and impact on growth performance during the first grazing season.	sub-clinical parasitism in spring-born single suckled beef calves was investigated from the middle of their first grazing season until weaning or housing later the same year. the study was conducted on four beef suckler herds in southern england over a 3-year period and involved a total of 334 spring-born beef suckler calves and their dams. the animals were grazed extensively on pastures naturally infected with nematode larvae. at the start of each period of observation, faecal samples were take ...	2002	11836034
ammonia emission, deposition and impact assessment at the field scale: a case study of sub-grid spatial variability.	a local ammonia (nh3) inventory for a 5x5 km area in central england was developed, to investigate the variability of emissions, deposition and impacts of nh3 at a field scale, as well as to assess the validity of the uk 5-km grid inventory. input data were available for the study area for 1993 and 1996 on a field by field basis, allowing nh3 emissions to be calculated for each individual field, separately for livestock grazing, livestock housing and manure storage, landspreading of manures and ...	2002	11843529
[new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease].		2002	11845390
bovine tuberculosis: milk and meat safety.		2002	11879889
the epidemiology of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in europe.	variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease is one of a family of neurodegenerative diseases, first diagnosed in 1996. scientific evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that it is acquired through consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected meat. the majority of cases have been diagnosed in the uk in young individuals, with an excess of cases in the north and a significant cluster of cases in leicestershire. many uncertainties in its biology and epidemiology, in particular the length of th ...	2002	11909749
urinary fluoride excretion of young children exposed to different fluoride regimes.	to compare 24-hour urinary fluoride excretion in young children exposed to different fluoride regimes.	2002	11922406
infrared spectroscopy of the mineralogy of coprolites from brean down: evidence of past human activities and animal husbandry.	the mineralogy of 11 concretions from the bronze age settlement horizons at brean down near weston-super-mare, somerset, uk, has been examined by infrared spectroscopy. the concretions are found to contain calcite and apatite and, in some cases, quartz. four further concretions from the later iron age meare village, soil samples from brean down and mineralised samples of known faecal origin from a cesspit within the tudor merchant's house in tenby have been similarly examined. it is found that a ...	2002	11942402
increased incidence of streptococcus agalactiae.		2002	11995691
increased incidence of streptococcus agalactiae.		2002	12019541
increased incidence of streptococcus agalactiae.		2002	12019542
faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain.	a 12-month abattoir survey was conducted between january 1999 and january 2000, to determine the prevalence of faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) in cattle and sheep slaughtered for human consumption in great britain. samples of rectum containing faeces were collected from 3939 cattle and 4171 sheep at 118 abattoirs, in numbers proportional to the throughput of the premises. the annual prevalence of faecal carriage of vtec o157 was 4.7 per cent (95 per c ...	2002	12036241
bovine congenital erythrocytic protoporphyria in a limousin calf bred in the uk.		2002	12036245
occurrence of cryptosporidium in agricultural surface waters during an annual farming cycle in lowland uk.	a 17-month survey based on weekly testing for cryptosporidium oocysts in surface waters draining a livestock farm on a warwickshire (uk) estate has shown that the parasite is present throughout the year, with the highest frequency of occurrence and maximum concentrations during the autumn and winter. the 190 ha farm is managed as an exemplar for a teaching institution. there were up to 800 livestock present at peak times of year in the catchment of the stream draining the estate. oocysts were co ...	2002	12044087
antimicrobial resistance in salmonella isolated from animals and their environment in england and wales from 1988 to 1999.	resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents was monitored in 109,125 salmonella cultures isolated from animals, their environment and feedstuffs between 1988 and 1999. the sensitivity of the 6512 isolates of salmonella enterica enterica serotype dublin to all the antimicrobial agents tested varied from 98.2 per cent in 1997 to 99.7 per cent in 1990 and 1996. in contrast, among 28,053 isolates of salmonella enterica enterica serotype typhimurium, there was a marked decrease in their sensitivity to all ...	2002	12054133
fertility of dairy cows in northern ireland.	a comprehensive database was established on the milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows in 19 selected herds in northern ireland, varying in size, management system and genetic merit. data were obtained for 2471 cows, 1775 of which calved in a second year, and 693 were culled from the herd for specific reasons. the estimated mean rate of heat detection (assessed by the interheat interval during the main breeding season) in all the herds was 71 per cent, with a range from 53 to ...	2002	12081305
influence of the design of facilities at auction markets and animal handling procedures on bruising in cattle.	the movements of cattle at 12 livestock auction markets were observed to determine the possible causes of trauma leading to carcase bruising. design faults included right-angled bends in races, dead ends, flooring with insufficient slope or grip, and steps. sliding gates were often misused for goading cattle. projecting fittings and square-edged corners were potentially injurious; conversely, rounded posts and curved races assisted the flow of cattle with minimal impacts. at all the markets, som ...	2002	12092621
[creutzfeldt-jakob disease/bse special issue].		2002	12108405
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis characterization of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 from hides of cattle at slaughter.	contamination of the brisket areas of the hides of healthy adult cattle with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 at slaughter in england was studied. in total, 73 cattle consignments comprising 584 animals delivered to one abattoir over 3 days during 1 week in july 2001 were studied: 26 cattle consignments arriving on monday, 32 consignments arriving on wednesday, and 15 consignments arriving on friday. consignment sizes ranged from 1 to 23 animals, with a mean consignment size of 8. the ...	2002	12117253
rendering beef safe.		2002	11731959
characterization of paub, a novel broad-spectrum plasminogen activator from streptococcus uberis.	a bovine plasminogen activator of atypical molecular mass ( approximately 45 kda) from streptococcus uberis strain sk880 had been identified previously (l. b. johnsen, k. poulsen, m. kilian, and t. e. petersen. infect. immun. 67:1072-1078, 1999). the strain was isolated from a clinical case of bovine mastitis. the isolate was found not to secrete paua, a bovine plasminogen activator expressed by the majority of s. uberis strains. analysis of the locus normally occupied by paua revealed an absenc ...	2002	11741851
studies made to assess risk concerning a 'dioxin' contamination incident near bolsover, derbyshire, uk.	during 1990 and 1991, milk samples were collected from farms in derbyshire, a county in the uk, as part of a study designed to establish background concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (pcdd/fs) in cows' milk produced in the area. the concentrations found in two samples, both taken from farms near the town of bolsover, were significantly elevated (40.0-42.0 ng teq kg(-1) fat) when compared with the normal range for these compounds in milk from the surrounding area (1.1- ...	2001	11761120
temporal and spatial prediction of radiocaesium transfer to food products.	a recently developed semi-mechanistic temporal model is used to predict food product radiocaesium activity concentrations using soil characteristics available from spatial soil databases (exchangeable k, ph, percentage clay and percentage organic matter content). a raster database of soil characteristics, radiocaesium deposition, and crop production data has been developed for england and wales and used to predict the spatial and temporal pattern of food product radiocaesium activity concentrati ...	2001	11783852
descriptive epidemiology of the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in great britain: the first five months.	in february 2001, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was confirmed in great britain. a major epidemic developed, which peaked around 50 cases a day in late march, declining to under 10 a day by may. by mid-july, 1849 cases had been detected. the main control measures employed were livestock movement restrictions and the rapid slaughter of infected and exposed livestock. the first detected case was in south-east england; infection was traced to a farm in north-east england to which all other cases were ...	2001	11808655
e. coli o157.		2001	11740070
sporadic--but not variant--creutzfeldt-jakob disease is associated with polymorphisms upstream of prnp exon 1.	human prion diseases have inherited, sporadic, and acquired etiologies. the appearance of the novel acquired prion disease, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd), and the demonstration that it is caused by the same prion strain as that causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy, has led to fears of a major human epidemic. the etiology of classical (sporadic) cjd, which has a worldwide incidence, remains obscure. a common human prion-protein-gene (prnp) polymorphism (encoding either methionine o ...	2001	11704923
devon fmd inquiry calls for strengthening of the svs.		2001	11720202
foot-and-mouth disease: outbreaks exceed 1000.		2001	11338710
fmd control strategies.		2001	11345998
non-typhoidal salmonellosis: emerging problems.	two major changes in the epidemiology of non-typhoidal salmonellosis have occurred during the second half of the 20th century. first, salmonella typhimurium strains resistant to multiple antibiotics have emerged and spread within populations of food animals. secondly, salmonella enteritidis has emerged as a major egg-associated pathogen. this article reviews available data on the origins of the human epidemics.	2001	11358718
fmd results in 70 per cent fall in submissions to vla regional laboratories.		2001	11394795
fmd: cvo expresses concern about yorkshire outbreaks.		2001	11400982
aetiology of clinical mastitis in six somerset dairy herds.	clinical mastitis was monitored in six somerset dairy herds for one year. the herds all had three-month geometric mean bulk milk somatic cell counts of less than 250,000 cells/ml. escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen isolated on all the farms and in all months of the year. environmental pathogens accounted for 61.4 per cent of all cases of clinical mastitis and for 79.3 per cent of the mastitis cases in which an aetiological agent was identified. the mean annual incidence was 41.6 cases ...	2001	11425254
abattoir survey of dental defects in cull cows.	the teeth in the severed heads of 501 cull cows, all over 30 months of age, were examined at an abattoir in the north of england in 1997/98; 80 per cent of them were friesians or holsteins. seventy-three animals (14.6 per cent) had one or more missing incisors, most of which were acquired losses. rotation and overlapping of rostral teeth were also common, as was attrition. congenitally absent first lower premolars, other missing teeth, large and often multiple interdental spaces, and a few cases ...	2001	11442231
wildlife disease reservoirs: the epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis infection in the european badger (meles meles) and other british mammals.	mycobacterium bovis infection has been confirmed in a wide range of mammals hosts throughout the world. the european badger (meles meles) and the brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) are implicated as significant sources of infection for domestic cattle in the uk and new zealand respectively. the risk of transmission of infection between a wildlife population and domestic animals will be determined by both the epidemiology of the disease and the ecology of the host. in the uk, surveys by the ...	2001	11463223
establishment and maintenance of a longitudinal study of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (the ulises scheme).	this paper addresses the issues of tracing and compliance encountered in setting up and maintaining a uk-wide 5-year observational study of beef cattle. the 5-year prospective study was initiated in 1997 to investigate the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in a single herd of pedigree aberdeen angus cattle, in which bse had been detected at low prevalence. the study was given the acronym ulises (university of liverpool spongiform encephalopathy scheme). all cattle present on t ...	2001	11535283
results of follow-up of human contacts of bovine tuberculosis in cattle during 1993-7 in north staffordshire.	the purpose of the study was to describe the results of follow up of human contacts of bovine tuberculosis. the bovine tuberculosis cases occurred on farms in north staffordshire between 1993 and 1997. a total of 162 people were identified as having close contact with cattle diagnosed as having bovine tuberculosis, or who had drunk unpasteurized milk from a herd with bovine tuberculosis. a retrospective review of chest clinic notes was performed. one hundred and thirty-eight people attended for ...	2001	11561979
prevalence, incidence, signs and treatment of clinical listeriosis in dairy cattle in england.	the prevalence, incidence and clinical signs of listeriosis in dairy cattle in england were investigated by means of a postal questionnaire survey of 1500 dairy farmers. the response rate was 64.1 per cent. overall the farm prevalence of listeriosis was 11.7 per cent, 9.3 per cent for milking cows, 5.0 per cent for replacement heifers and 1.4 per cent for dairy calves. the within-herd incidence rate per thousand animal-years was 51.4 for all cases, 39.7 for milking cows, 86.6 for replacement hei ...	2001	11570788
welfare movement licensing.		2001	11601524
welfare movement licensing.		2001	11601525
nutrient losses by surface run-off following the application of organic manures to arable land. 1. nitrogen.	research was conducted on nitrogen (n) surface run-off losses following organic manure applications to land, utilising a purpose-built facility on a sloping site in herefordshire under arable tillage. different rates and timing of cattle slurry, farmyard manure and inorganic n and phosphorus (p) fertiliser were compared, over a 4-year period (1993-97). p losses from the same studies are reported in a separate paper. the application of cattle slurries to the silty clay loam soil increased the los ...	2001	11202653
nutrient losses by surface run-off following the application of organic manures to arable land. 2. phosphorus.	phosphorus (p) surface run-off losses were studied following organic manure applications to land, utilising a purpose-built facility on a sloping site in herefordshire under arable tillage. different rates and timing of cattle slurry, farm yard manure (fym) and inorganic nitrogen (n) and p fertiliser were compared, over a 4-year period (1993-97). n losses from the same studies are reported in a separate paper. the application of cattle fym and, especially slurry, to the silty clay loam soil incr ...	2001	11202654
. . . as bva calls for action now.		2001	11232939
foot-and-mouth disease outbreak.		2001	11289556
geographical distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in great britain, 1994-2000.	geographical variation in the distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) might indicate the transmission route of the infectious agent to man. we investigated whether regional incidences of vcjd were correlated with regional dietary data.	2001	11293592
mad cow crisis ii: new casualties.		2001	11317420
rural nightmare.		2001	12216247
the cattle plague in cheshire, 1865-1866.		2001	18630384
bse, risk and the communication of uncertainty: a review of lord phillips' report from the bse inquiry (uk).		2001	19068943
bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease: a risk analysis.	there is doubt that variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) resulted from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) transmission from cattle to human. what is uncertain is the total number of vcjd cases (currently about 80). in this review i covered recent data on the vcjd and bse epidemic, the mode of bse spreading to humans and, finally, the data on the prnp analogue--the doppel gene (prnd).	2000	11693716
don't ignore health risk posed by rising cattle tb.		2000	11975251
evidence of persisting serum antibodies to escherichia coli o157 lipopolysaccharide and verocytotoxin in members of rural communities in england.	the techniques of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblotting were used to examine a total of 1667 sera, from apparently healthy members of rural communities in england, for antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of escherichia coli o157 and verocytotoxins (vt). twenty-nine sera from 22 individuals were shown to have antibodies specific for e. coli o157 lps. some of these lived on livestock farms and had occupational contact with cattle, suggesting that personnel working wit ...	2000	11338118
health status of dairy herds in organic farming.		2000	10674698
chronic nasal discharge in dairy cows.		2000	10678816
sarcocystis encephalomyelitis in cattle.		2000	10766125
disposal and disease rates in 340 british dairy herds.	data derived from 340 dairy herds, mainly in southern england, between april 1998 and march 1999, showed that the average total culling rate was 22.1 per cent, with 5.6 per cent for infertility, 3.6 per cent for mastitis, 1.7 per cent for lameness, 2.0 per cent for poor milk yield, 3.7 per cent for age and 5.5 per cent for miscellaneous reasons which included death. the average annual rate of assisted calvings was 8.7 per cent, of injury 0.9 per cent, digestive disease 1.3 per cent ketosis 0.4 p ...	2000	10803980
bovine tb.		2000	10839243
sources of escherichia coli o157 and experiences over the past 15 years in sheffield, uk.	in the first documented outbreak of hc caused by escherichia coli o157, which occurred in the north-west usa in 1982, there was a strong association between infection and prior consumption of ground beef from a chain of fast food restaurants. foods of bovine origin, including beef, milk and dairy products, have since been implicated in many outbreaks of infection world-wide. investigations during the course of outbreaks, or at random, have shown that cattle are a major reservoir of e. coli o157. ...	2000	10880179
tb and animal husbandry.		2000	10887987
outbreaks of vtec o157 infection linked to consumption of unpasteurized milk.		2000	10893825
the public health laboratory service (phls) and its role in the control of zoonotic disease.	the aetiology of zoonotic infections embraces organisms from every branch of the microbial world. in addition, zoonoses must be considered as a truly global problem, both in terms of their distribution and the measures required for their control. within the uk, zoonotic disease is considered to be less frequent than in some less developed parts of the world. however, its contribution to overall morbidity and mortality within the uk population is not well established. in an attempt to define the ...	2000	10913770
effects of dung and urine amendments on the isotopic content of n(2)o released from grasslands.	the temporal and diurnal changes in nitrous oxide (n(2)o) fluxes were measured between 29(th) september and 2(nd) november 1999 from urine and dung patches from cattle deposited on grazed grassland. the delta(15)n and delta(18)o values of the n(2)o emitted from soil from both treatments were examined on four occasions during this period. the diurnal fluxes of n(2)o were measured by a chamber technique that provides hourly measurement of n(2)o fluxes. the (15)n and (18)o analysis of n(2)o were de ...	2000	10920355
activity of antibiotics used in human medicine for campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and their environment in lancashire, uk.	a retrospective study of 96 campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and the environment showed that most were less susceptible than the nctc type strain to nalidixic acid (mics 4-32 mg/l), ciprofloxacin (mics 1-2 mg/l) and erythromycin (mics 16-64 mg/l), but had similar susceptibility to tetracycline (mics 4-8 mg/l) and kanamycin (mics 4-8 mg/l). none had the high mics of ciprofloxacin (>32 mg/l) or erythromycin (1024 mg/l) typically associated with clinical resistance in this species. s ...	2000	10933658
observations of lameness, hoof conformation and development of lesions in dairy cattle over four lactations.	lameness and lesions in the claws of 31 autumn-calving holstein friesian dairy cows were recorded from before their first-calving until their fifth lactation. the animals were managed by the same herdsman and housed adjacently in the same building in one of two herds grazed either on clover-rich pastures (herd 1) or on conventional ryegrass (herd 2). all four hooves were examined routinely four times during each lactation, and claw lesions were scored for severity and drawn on hoof maps. heel er ...	2000	10955882
possible distinction between sole ulcers and heel ulcers as a cause of bovine lameness.		2000	10955883
a new human genetic resource: a dna bank established as part of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac).	we describe a unique human dna resource forming part of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac), a longitudinal cohort study involving 14 000 children and their families living in a geographically defined area of england. the dna bank will underpin the search for associations between genetic polymorphisms and common health outcomes. the opportunities to collect blood samples suitable for dna extraction are necessarily limited, and the samples themselves have often been tr ...	2000	10980570
public attitudes towards badger culling to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle.	in 1999, a questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate public preferences towards badger culling to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle. three alternative treatments were considered: (1) widespread culling, (2) the current experimental trials, and (3) no culling. one hundred residents from glastonbury and york were interviewed in person and asked to give preference ratings to each of the three treatments. the single most preferred treatment was no culling, and the least preferred was the wi ...	2000	10985460
ectopic adrenal tissue in the cow.		2000	11037731
temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in great britain: holding-associated risk factors for the disease.	the objectives of this study were first to describe the pattern of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in great britain in terms of the temporal change in the proportion of all cattle holdings that had experienced at least one confirmed case of bse to june 30, 1997, and secondly to identify risk factors that influenced the date of onset of a holding's first confirmed bse case. the analyses were based on the population of british cattle at risk, derived from agricultural census ...	2000	11058020
small uk village becomes focus of vcjd investigation.		2000	11071194
descriptive spatial analysis of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in great britain to june 1997.	this was a spatial analysis of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in great britain, based on agricultural census data collected between 1986 and 1996 and bse case data collected up to june 1997. kernel smoothing techniques were used to plot the distribution of bse-positive cattle holdings per 100 holdings per square kilometre and the distribution of confirmed bse cases per 100 head of cattle per square kilometre. in the early stages of the epidemic reported bse cases were sca ...	2000	11072999
decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in outbreak-associated multiresistant salmonella typhimurium dt104.		2000	11073003
temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in great britain: individual animal-associated risk factors for the disease.	the objectives of this study were first to determine the cumulative incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in the british cattle population from july 1986 to june 1997, secondly, to identify individual animal-associated risk factors that influenced the age of onset of clinical signs in confirmed bse cases, and, thirdly, to assess the effectiveness of the measures introduced to control bse during the epidemic. the analyses were based on the population of british cattle at risk, deriv ...	2000	11083045
similarity of the lesion profile of bse in portuguese cattle to that described in british cattle.		2000	11093402
genetic variation in the bovine myostatin gene in uk beef cattle: allele frequencies and haplotype analysis in the south devon.	work on belgian blue cattle revealed that an 11 base pair (bp) deletion within the bovine myostatin gene (gdf8) is associated with the double-muscled phenotype seen in this breed. investigations focusing on other european breeds known to show double-muscling identified several mutations within the coding region of the gene associated with the double-muscled phenotype in different breeds. the number of mutations found suggest that myostatin is highly variable within beef cattle. variations that a ...	2000	11105210
veterinary research at the central veterinary laboratory, weybridge, with special reference to scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	a veterinary laboratory service was commissioned by the ministry of agriculture, fisheries and food of the united kingdom in 1894 and the service commenced veterinary research in 1905. the central veterinary laboratory (cvl) was opened in 1917 and has become known world-wide under the name 'weybridge'. in 1922, a network of veterinary investigation centres was established in england and wales and these continue to make an important contribution to surveillance for animal diseases. problems recog ...	2000	11107625
jenner's cowskin.		2000	11117945
campylobacter contamination of raw meat and poultry at retail sale: identification of multiple types and comparison with isolates from human infection.	campylobacter species are the major cause of acute bacterial enteritis reported in the united kingdom, nonetheless many aspects of campylobacteriosis epidemiology remain poorly understood. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in fresh bovine, ovine, and porcine liver and chicken portions from retail outlets and compare strain subtype distributions with those associated with cases of human campylobacteriosis occurring within the same ...	2000	11131886
surveys for salmonella in pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain.		2000	11132678
geographical distribution of variant cjd in the uk (excluding northern ireland).	the agent that causes variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (variant cjd) is indistinguishable from the causative agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). the transmission route by which human beings are infected has not been established. one hypothesis is that cases of variant cjd have resulted from exposure to the bse agent via rendering plants involved in the production of meat and bone meal, the main vehicle of the bse epidemic.	1999	10023945
fluke and roundworm infestations could be 'major problems' this winter.		1999	10028581
iron supplemented formula milk related to reduction in psychomotor decline in infants from inner city areas: randomised study.	to compare the effect of unmodified cows' milk and iron supplemented formula milk on psychomotor development in infants from inner city areas when used as the main milk source.	1999	10074011