Publications

maternal transmission of bse: interpretation of the data on the offspring of bse-affected pedigree suckler cows.		1998	9634708
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, hypotheses and food safety: an overview.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) (in both humans and animals) have been reviewed with the principal focus on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), its recent outbreak amongst cattle in the uk ('mad cow disease') and its sequelae. the possible reasons for this outbreak are discussed as well as a number of hypotheses reviewed for tses (e.g. prions, organophosphates, etc.) and current measures attendant with food safety and surveillance taken in the european union. it is gener ...	1998	9695172
why fibrous proteins are romantic.	here i give a personal account of the great history of fibrous protein structure. i describe how astbury first recognized the essential simplicity of fibrous proteins and their paradigmatic role in protein structure. the poor diffraction patterns yielded by these proteins were then deciphered by pauling, crick, ramachandran and others (in part by model building) to reveal alpha-helical coiled coils, beta-sheets, and the collagen triple helical coiled coil-all characterized by different local seq ...	1998	9724602
[a review of the current research on prions. the evidence suggests the possibility of transmission of the mad cow disease to humans].	further evidence of the transmissibility of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) across the species barrier from cow to man has been derived from epidemiological analysis and the characterisation of prion strains. recent research has shown the persistence of prions after experimental transmission to resistant murine species, and subclinical persistence in cows. the accumulation of pathological prion proteins in tonsils and appendix has been demonstrated prior to clinical confirmation of the pr ...	1998	9854377
high-dose exposure to systemic phosmet insecticide modifies the phosphatidylinositol anchor on the prion protein: the origins of new variant transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?	compulsory exposure of the uk bovine to exclusively high biannual doses of a 'systemic' pour-on formulation of an organo-phthalimido-phosphorus warblecide, phosmet, during the 1980s (combined with exposure to the lipid-bound residues of 'bioconcentrated' phosmet recycled back via the intensive feeding of meat and bone meal), initiated the 'new strain' modification of the cns prion protein (prp) causing the uk's bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic. a lipophilic solution of phosmet was ...	1998	9572563
[182 offspring of cows with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in switzerland. 1. clinical findings].	this study involved 182 calves, heifers and cows that were the first generation progeny of cows with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). all animals underwent clinical and neurological examinations. blood, milk, urine, ruminal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid samples were examined. each cow underwent a specific examination for bse which included assessment of behaviour, sensitivity and locomotion. this examination was performed twice, and there was very good agreement between the results. the m ...	1998	9646713
the mad cow problem in the uk: risk perceptions, risk management, and health policy development.	mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle first recognized in the united kingdom (uk) in 1986. until recently, the uk government considered the chance of a human becoming infected with the bse agent to be extremely remote. as a result of new developments, alarmist media attention, bureaucratic mishandling of the issues, scientific uncertainty, bickering among technical experts, and a dearth of easily assimilated and balanced information o ...	1998	9670700
bovine spongiform encephalopathy statement of possible relation with new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease: effects on the welfare of united kingdom cattle.	although measures to control bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) had been in force in the united kingdom for many years and had resulted in a marked decline in clinical cases, the announcement by the secretary of state for health on march 20, 1996, that a new variant form of creutzfeldt-jakob disease may be linked with exposure to bse, resulted in the introduction of several new control measures. these measures included a scheme banning human consumption of meat from cattle who were more than ...	1998	16363943
prion protein and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that occur in a wide variety of mammals. in humans, tse diseases include kuru, sporadic and iatrogenic creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome (gss), and fatal familial insomnia (ffi). so far, tse diseases occur only rarely in humans; however, scrapie is a widespread problem in sheep, and the recent epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse or mad cow disease) has seriou ...	1997	17708907
bse: can we predict the future?	prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative disorders of humans and animals. the prion protein (prpc) gene is expressed to some extent in many cell types but principally in neurons. normal prpc may contribute in the protection of neurons and are protease sensitive. abnormal prions consist of a post-translationally modified form of prp, prpsc, which is partly protease resistant. prpsc is a protein with high resistance to inactivation by irradiation, heat and harsh chemical treatments. it i ...	1997	9581370
identification of a prion protein epitope modulating transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to transgenic mice.	there is considerable concern that bovine prions from cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) may have been passed to humans (hu), resulting in a new form of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd). we report here the transmission of bovine (bo) prions to transgenic (tg) mice expressing boprp; one tg line exhibited incubation times of approximately 200 days. like most cattle with bse, vacuolation and astrocytic gliosis were confined in the brainstems of these tg mice. unexpectedly, mice expre ...	1997	9405603
the cellular prion protein binds copper in vivo.	the normal cellular form of prion protein (prpc) is a precursor to the pathogenic protease-resistant forms (prpsc) believed to cause scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and creutzfeldt-jakob disease. its amino terminus contains the octapeptide phgggwgq, which is repeated four times and is among the best-preserved regions of mammalian prpc. here we show that the amino-terminal domain of prpc exhibits five to six sites that bind copper (cu(ii)) presented as a glycine chelate. at neutra ...	1997	9414160
understanding creutzfeldt-jakob disease.	the "mad cow disease" that decimated cattle in england has brought wide-spread attention to a similar disease in humans, creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd). this has led to concerns about the transmissibility and contagiousness of the infectious agent from possible cjd patients to health care workers and family members. despite these worries, the occurrence of cjd in the human population has remained stable over the years at an incidence of about one person per million in the united states populati ...	1997	9416053
kuru and "new variant" cjd.	acquired transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans include kuru (a disease which was associated with ritualistic cannibalism in papua new guinea), iatrogenic creutzfeldt-jakob disease and a newly recognized variant form of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (nvcjd). clinical and neuropathological features of nvcjd are reminiscent of kuru: early and progressive cerebellar ataxia and numerous characteristic kuru-type amyloid plaques surrounded by spongiform change. in contrast to typical cases of ...	1997	9561604
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse): causes and consequences of a common source epidemic.	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) or prion disease of cattle first recognized in 1986 in the united kingdom, where it produced a common source epidemic that peaked in january 1993 and has subsided markedly since that time. the epidemic began simultaneously at many geographic locations and was traced to contamination of meat and bone meal (mbm), a dietary supplement prepared from rendering of slaughterhouse offal. it appears that the epidemi ...	1997	9169904
[epidemiological studies on the transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse)--remarks from a biometric viewpoint].	this contribution discusses biometrical aspects of the design and analysis of epidemiological case-control studies. the study chosen as an example was undertaken to investigate the transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) to calves and the role of the inclusion of meat and bonemeal in proprietary feedstuffs. the hypothesis was examined by means of a case-control study which is summarized with emphasis on its study design and the collection of data. the analysis included the estimat ...	1997	9290036
bse and british cattle exports.		1997	9316246
[the creutzfeld-jakob disease. a sphinx of current neurobiology].	prospective epidemiological studies are being employed to determine the incidence and possible risk factors of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in five european countries in which bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) occurs at different rates of incidence.	1997	9340249
elevation of apolipoprotein e in the csf of cattle affected by bse.	the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of patients suffering from creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) display two unique polypeptide chains by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-d page). in the absence of a well-defined ante-mortem diagnostic test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), spinal fluid samples of eight normal cows and eight cows known to carry bse by post-mortem histological analysis were investigated to verify if equivalent polypeptides were present. proteins with simila ...	1997	9369204
[slow virus infections: mad cow disease and the debate about a disease not transmitted by a virus].		1997	9376398
beef exports: looking for an opening.	bse, food safety and the veterinarian's role in certification were among matters discussed by the bva's president, mr ted chandler, at a speech in ballymena on october 29. speaking at the bva's northern ireland dinner, at which representatives of government, local veterinary associations, the farming community and other organisations were present, mr chandler emphasised the need for the government to recognise the veterinary profession's vital contribution to food hygiene and its pivotal role in ...	1997	9402724
[epidemiology of human prion diseases].	prions(proteinaceous infectious particles) are responsible to subacute spongiform encephalopathies(sse) in man and animals. recent outbreak of bovine sse(bse), or mad cow disease in uk provoked concerns on its possible human hazards. a statement of the british government in march 1996 upset the world, which was based on 10 cases of "new variant" form of creutzfelds-jakob disease(cjd). prion diseases in animals are often epizootic and may be spread to different species through various routes incl ...	1997	9103905
evolution of a strain of cjd that induces bse-like plaques.	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) has become a public health issue because a recently evolved bse agent has infected people, yielding an unusual form of creutzfeld-jakob disease (cjd). a new cjd agent that provokes similar amyloid plaques and cerebellar pathology was serially propagated. first-passage rats showed obvious clinical signs and activated microglia but had negligible prp-res (the more protease-resistant form of host prp) or cerebellar lesions. microglia and astrocytes may partici ...	1997	9204907
prion protein nmr structure and species barrier for prion diseases.	the structural basis of species specificity of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow disease" and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans, has been investigated using the refined nmr structure of the c-terminal domain of the mouse prion protein with residues 121-231. a database search for mammalian prion proteins yielded 23 different sequences for the fragment 124-226, which display a high degree of sequence identity and show relevant amino a ...	1997	9207082
human prion diseases and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse).	prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative disorders which affect a range of mammalian species. in humans they can be inherited and sporadic as well as acquired by exposure to human prions. prions appear to be composed principally of a conformational isomer of host-encoded prion protein and propagate by recruitment of cellular prion protein. recent evidence argues that prion protein can also encode disease phenotypes by differences in its conformation and glycosylation. such molecular an ...	1997	9300662
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: is it an autoimmune disease due to bacteria showing molecular mimicry with brain antigens?	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) could be an autoimmune disease produced following exposure of cattle to feedstuffs containing bacteria showing molecular mimicry between bacterial components and bovine tissue. analysis of molecular sequence databases (genbank and swissprot) shows that three bacteria (acinetobacter calcoaceticus,ruminococcus albus, and agrobacter tumefaciens) share sequences with the encephalitogenic peptide of bovine myelin, while three molecules in escherichia coli show m ...	1997	9370514
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse): minimizing the risk of transmission by biological/biopharmaceutical products: an industry perspective.	several guidelines and recommendations have been published on assessing the potential risk of a biological product being contaminated with an agent causing a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse). basic principles which can be used during the manufacturing of biological products to minimize the risk of transmission of tse agents include the following: (i) obtaining animals, tissues or animal-derived raw materials from countries in which the relevant tse agent is reported to be absent; (i ...	1996	9119148
views of reason for mad cow disease vary widely.		1996	8691536
[mad-cow disease; a strange cow disease].		1996	8693479
nmr structure of the mouse prion protein domain prp(121-321).	the 'protein only' hypothesis states that a modified form of normal prion protein triggers infectious neurodegenerative diseases, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), or creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans. prion proteins are thought to exist in two different conformations: the 'benign' prpcform, and the infectious 'scrapie form', prpsc. knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of prpc is essential for understanding the transition to prpsc. the nuclear magnetic resonance (nm ...	1996	8700211
creutzfeldt-jakob disease in austria.	between 1969 and 30 september 1995, 79 austrian patients had creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) diagnosed neuropathologically by necropsy or biopsy. the annual incidence has significantly increased in recent years (average 0.18 per million in 1969-85, and 0.67 per million in 1986-94; estimate for 1995: 1.5 per million). also, the percentage of patients with cjd over 70 years at death increased significantly until 1989 but is since in decline. there is no regional clustering, familial occurrence, or ...	1996	8708680
maternal transmission of bse demonstrated in cattle.		1996	8709742
transmission dynamics and epidemiology of bse in british cattle.	a comprehensive analysis of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic in cattle in great britain assesses past, present and future patterns in the incidence of infection and disease, and allows a critical appraisal of different culling policies for eradication of the disease.	1996	8752271
the association between prp and infectivity in scrapie and bse infected mouse brain.	the structure of the scrapie agent remains unknown. however, scrapie infectivity tends to co-sediment with an infection specific fraction of the glycoprotein prp (prpsc) under conditions which solubilise the normal form of this protein (prpc); accordingly, prp has been proposed as a candidate component of the agent. to investigate this further we have been examining a new scrapie-related murine model in conjunction with established scrapie models. a bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) derived ...	1996	8634020
protease-resistant prp deposition in brain and non-central nervous system tissues of a murine model of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	infectivity within the central nervous system has been demonstrated by the transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) from affected cattle to inbred laboratory mice. sedimentable, protease-resistant prp (prpsc) has also been extracted from bse-affected cattle brain. both infectivity and prpsc have been reported in the lymphoreticular tissues of sheep and mice clinically and preclinically affected with scrapie. neither infectivity nor prpsc has yet been detected in non-neural tissues ...	1996	8760446
differential effects of a new amphotericin b derivative, ms-8209, on mouse bse and scrapie: implications for the mechanism of action of polyene antibiotics.	mice were infected intracerebrally with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) or the scrapie agent and treated during 8 weeks postinfection to test the protective effect of a new amphotericin b (amb) derivative, ms-8209, in experimental transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. the results show that (i) the treatment prolonged the incubation period of both bse-infected and scrapie-infected mice, (ii) ms-8209 and amb were much more efficient in delaying the onset of scrapie than that of bse ...	1996	8837228
idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis of cattle: a disorder with clinical similarity to bse.		1996	8913015
[prion diseases and a new variant of creutzfeldt-jakob disease].	the causal link of a new variant of cjd (v-cjd) with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) has led to world-wide panic. bse emerged in 1986 through dietary products contaminated with scrapie pathogen, bse case reports increased in number up to 37,000/year in 1993, then declined in 1994 when the first case of v-cjd emerged. there is a 3-year gap between the emergence of bse and the introduction of a ban on the use of specified bovine offal in human food. people might have consumed dietary produc ...	1996	9128415
strain specific and common pathogenic events in murine models of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	the development of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in experimental models depends on two major factors: the intracerebral accumulation of an abnormal, protease-resistant isoform of prp (prpres), which is a host protein mainly expressed in neurons; and the existence of different strains of agent. in order to make a distinction between pathogenic mechanisms depending upon the accumulation of host-derived prpres and the strain-specific effects, we quantified and compared the sequence of m ...	1996	8758005
separating the environmental and genetic factors that may be causes of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	the initial cause of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic is generally accepted to have been the feeding of infected animal protein to cattle. the proportion of animals affected in any year in a particular herd has generally been low. this suggests either considerable variation in the extent of challenge of the individual animals or variation in their susceptibility to challenge or both. there is known to be genetic variation in susceptibility in other spongiform encephalopathies, ...	1996	8856808
reduction of the infectivity of scrapie agent as a model for bse in the manufacturing process of trasylol.	the trasylol manufacturing process was investigated with respect to its capacity for the inactivation/removal of infectivity causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). four process steps were selected for this investigation and scaled down to laboratory scale. authentic samples of bovine lungs used in the trasylol manufacturing plant were taken and spiked in laboratory scale experiments with high infectious titres of the rodent adapted scrapie strain me 7 which served as model for bse. afte ...	1996	8889056
[prion diseases. review of the literature on the light of two case reports of creutzfeldt-jakob disease].	during the last ten years the diseases scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (or mad cow disease) in cattle have received increased attention. through the 1960s it became apparent that scrapie in sheep and kuru and later creutzfeldt-jakob disease in man were infectious diseases. during the last decade the appearance of mad cow disease in great britain has increased the fear that humans can develop creutzfeldt-jakob disease through their food. a special characteristic of the infec ...	1996	8658476
world health organization consultation on public health issues related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the emergence of a new variant of creutzfeldt-jakob disease.	at a world health organization (who) consultation organized in geneva on april 2-3, 1996, a group of international experts reviewed the public health issues related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and the emergence of a new variant of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (v-cjd), as officially reported by the united kingdom on march 20, 1996. the consultation made recommendations, based on the latest scientific information, to minimize transmission of bse among animals and to reduce as completely ...	1996	8598828
[scrapie in sheep and transmissible encephalopathy of the mink].	scrapie in sheep and goat is the prototype of the group of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies which affect man and some animal species, notably other ruminants with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and chronic wasting disease of wild ruminants. transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) is a rare disease of ranch-raised mink caused by exposure to a contaminated food ingredient in the ration scrapie, unrecognised bse-like disease...). there is clinical and pathological similarities ...	1995	7777384
western blot mapping of disease-specific amyloid in various animal species and humans with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies using a high-yield purification method.	saf-protein, an amyloid, is the main constituent of scrapie-associated fibrils (saf) and a specific marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse). using an improved extraction method and western blot detection, the disease-specific amyloid was found in various parts of the central nervous system of hamsters orally infected with scrapie, of squirrel monkeys orally infected with kuru, sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) and scrapie, of human patients with sporadic cjd, of a sheep ...	1995	7595360
bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a holstein cow born in the united kingdom during september 1989.		1995	7773920
epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the british isles.	since 1986, scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy has been diagnosed in 19 captive wild animals of eight species at or from eight zoological collections in the british isles. the affected animals have comprised members of the family bovidae: one nyala (tragelaphus angasi), four eland (taurotragus oryx), and six greater kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros), one gemsbok (oryx gazella), one arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx), and one scimitar-horned oryx (oryx dammah), and members of the family felidae: four ...	1994	7817514
bovine spongiform encephalopathy surveillance in argentina.	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is a new disease of cattle first described in the united kingdom in november 1986. bse belongs to the scrapie-related group of diseases. the epidemiological studies performed in the united kingdom demonstrate that the bse epidemic was caused by feeding cattle with ruminant-derived protein contaminated by a scrapie-like agent. until june 1994, the disease had been detected in indigenous cattle in ireland, switzerland and france. three cases reported in germa ...	1994	7949355
experimental infection of mink with bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	to determine whether the aetiological agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is pathogenic for mink, standard dark mink were inoculated with coded homogenates of bovine brain from the u.k. two homogenates were from cows affected with bse. the third was from a cow that came from a farm with no history of having had bse or having been fed ruminant-derived, rendered by-products, the proposed vehicle for introduction of the bse agent. each homogenate was inoculated intracerebrally into sepa ...	1994	8077914
numbers of neurons in vacuolated and non-vacuolated neuroanatomical nuclei in bovine spongiform encephalopathy-affected brains.	morphometric studies of the brains of seven holstein-friesian cows affected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and five control cows are reported. the numbers of neurons were counted in five selected neuroanatomical nuclei, namely the vestibular complex and red nucleus, both of which consistently show a high degree of neuronal perikaryonal vacuolation, the dorsal vagal nucleus, which shows inconsistent perikaryonal vacuolation, and the caudate and hypoglossal nuclei, which do not usuall ...	1994	8040393
tubulovesicular structures (tvs): virus-like particles specific for all subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies--what are they really?	tubulovesicular structures (tvs) are virus-like particles specific for all the subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies (ssve). i report here the presence of tvs in the highest range of naturally occurring and experimentally induced ssve studied so far: natural and experimental creutzfeld-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome, natural bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and bse transmitted to pigs and four models of experimental scrapie in hamsters. tvs are spherical ...	1994	7503652
bse--a risk for man through pharmaceutical products? position and politics of the german pharmaceutical industry.	since bse is not a zoonosis and the occurrence is with some exceptions extremely low or absent, the risk to man through pharmaceuticals is remote. however, the agent of bse is very resistant and the disease in cattle is always lethal, as are analogous diseases of man. therefore, the german pharmaceutical industry, through a working group, actively contributes to reasonable measurements leading to a further reduction of any theoretical risk. this theoretical risk has to be evaluated by a balanced ...	1993	8270110
hungary remains free of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse).	brains from 44 sheep and 43 cattle with cns clinical signs not due to rabies virus infection were collected from diagnostic institutes throughout hungary. the brains were examined for histological lesions diagnostic of scrapie/bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and all were found to be negative. these findings confirm that hungary remains free of scrapie and bse.	1993	8017235
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and the safety of naturally-derived biologicals.	late in 1986, a new neurodegenerative disease, referred to as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), was recognized in domestic cattle in southern england. since then, tens of thousands of cases have been confirmed throughout the u.k. and the disease has also appeared sporadically outside of the british isles. bse belongs to a group of rare, progressive and fatal disorders of the central nervous system of animals and man caused by anomalous infectious agents whose properties are not yet full un ...	1993	8217119
pathology of nonhuman spongiform encephalopathies: variations and their implications for pathogenesis.	microscopic cavitation of the central nervous system (cns) is a variable, non-specific feature of several different diseases of animals. in none, however, has it received more discussion than in scrapie, a naturally occurring disease of sheep, the clinical signs of which have been known for at least two centuries; yet consensus on the essential neurodegenerative pathology of scrapie emerged only three decades ago. the subsequent recognition of such changes in other species, including man, was a ...	1993	8270117
epidemiology and control of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse).	bse is a new disease of cattle. the first clinical case occurred in april 1985 but the existence of a new disease was first confirmed microscopically in november 1986. epidemiological studies show that cattle suddenly became effectively exposed to a scrapie-like agent in ruminant-derived feed in the form of meat and bone meal in 1981/2. most cases have occurred in holstein friesian dairy cattle and have been exposed as calves. there is no evidence that cattle to cattle transmission sufficient to ...	1993	8137136
studies on a species-specific epitope in murine, ovine and bovine prion protein.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative disorders which are linked to abnormal isoforms of the prion protein (prp), which is expressed in different cells of various mammalian species. susceptibility to disease and reduced transmission rates upon the first passage to another species are thought to be a result of functional and biochemical differences of the prp as a consequence of amino acid sequence among species. in 1985 an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopa ...	1993	7687651
idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis and hippocampal sclerosis: a novel encephalopathy in clinically suspect cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	some of the brains submitted for neurohistopathological examination under the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) orders did not show lesions of bse. they showed neuronal chromatolysis and necrosis of the brainstem, perivascular cuffs and meningeal infiltrates of mononuclear cells and large irregularly shaped vacuoles in the neuropil. about half of them also showed loss of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, with astrocytic gliosis. the topography of the brainstem neuronal degeneration and ...	1992	1441151
[spongiform encephalopathies with special reference to bovine spongiform encephalopathy].	in switzerland bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was detected for the first time in november 1990. it is a transmissible disease of the central nervous system similar to creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome (gss) and kuru in man, and, in animals, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (cwd) in captive mule deer and elk of north america and transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) of farm reared mink. the infectious agent of the spongiform ence ...	1992	1615298
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: an overview.	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a novel disease of cattle first described in 1986, has now reached epidemic proportion in great britain with about 500 cases a week. the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological characteristics of bse are described. moreover, the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of spongiform encephalopathies are reviewed. legislative measures to prevent the spread of bse in italy and in other eec countries and to minimize the theoretical risk to man are reported.	1992	1303043
recommendations of the international roundtable workshop on bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	recommendations of the working party were summarized as follows: determine the status in all countries of their national cattle herds with respect to bse. attempt to develop a test to recognize bse-infected animals before they become clinically ill. establish procedures to prevent spread of bse agent into the cattle populations, especially by eliminating feeds containing rendered ruminant proteins. review the rendering processes, identify the sources and destinations of rendered products, and su ...	1992	1348501
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse): a stimulus to wider research.	the severity of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy which is currently afflicting cattle in the british isles has stimulated a considerable research effort, much of which is directed toward understanding the aetiology and pathogenesis of the bovine disease. however, a significant thrust has also been orchestrated to address more fundamental issues such as the nature of the uncharacterized causal agents of the wider range of unusual animal and human diseases which share similar chara ...	1992	1364085
ultrastructural pathology of axons and myelin in experimental scrapie in hamsters and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle and a comparison with the panencephalopathic type of creutzfeldt-jakob disease.	we report the ultrastructural pathology of axons and myelin sheaths in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and experimental scrapie in hamsters and compare it with that found in a panencephalopathic model of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd). intramyelinic vacuoles (myelin ballooning), dystrophic axons, phagocytic astrocytes and macrophages were found in all three models but to different degrees, while axons containing numerous cellular processes and concentric cisterns were observed only in ex ...	1992	1644933
comparative ultrastructural neuropathology of naturally occurring bovine spongiform encephalopathy and experimentally induced scrapie and creutzfeldt-jakob disease.	we report the ultrastructural neuropathology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a recently described slow virus disease first recognized in friesian/holstein cattle, and compare it to that of experimental scrapie and creutzfeldt-jakob disease. the spongiform change, which was most pronounced in the central grey matter of the midbrain, consisted of membrane-bound vacuoles within neuronal processes, containing curled membrane fragments, secondary chambers and vesicles. axons and dendrites ...	1992	1644932
ultrastructural features of spongiform encephalopathy transmitted to mice from three species of bovidae.	the ultrastructural neuropathology of mice experimentally inoculated with brain tissue of nyala (tragelaphus angasi; subfamily bovinae), or kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros; subfamily bovinae) affected with spongiform encephalopathy was compared with that of mice inoculated with brain tissue from cows (bos taurus; subfamily bovinae) with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). as fresh brain tissue was not available for nyala or kudu, formalin-fixed tissues were used for transmission from these sp ...	1992	1462768
recently described scrapie-like encephalopathies of animals: case definitions.	since 1986, naturally occurring scrapie-like encephalopathies have been described in the united kingdom in domestic cattle, in five species of captive exotic bovids and in domestic cats. the disease in domestic cattle, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, has been characterised by all currently available diagnostic criteria as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or 'prion' disease, and has been shown to have a dietary origin. the pathology in the other species is also entirely consistent with ...	1992	1410804
beef and bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the risk persists.	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) that are currently known to the authors to affect only mammals, including man. the diseases are progressive, fatal paralyses and dementias, for which there are no methods of certain diagnosis and no treatment. in this review the disease in cattle, the mode of transfer of these tses between animals by mouth, the possible presence of infective agents in the food that we eat, the resistance of bse t ...	1991	1923069
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse): the current situation and research.	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), discovered in great britain in 1986, was to pose one of the most serious threats to the well-being of the british cattle industry this century. the disease is now established as a member of the group of diseases known as the sub-acute spongiform encephalopathies caused by unconventional, transmissible agents and which includes scrapie of sheep. it is from scrapie of sheep that it appears bse has resulted though it is possible bse may have existed in a sub- ...	1991	1761112
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: a neuropathological perspective.	the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), recognition that it is a new scrapie-like disease epidemic in domestic cattle in the united kingdom and concern of a remote zoonotic potential has, in four years, produced a plethora of documented information. while much of this information has been communicated outwith the scientific literature, this review attempts to summarise, from a neuropathological viewpoint, the main findings to emerge. the initial studies established the nosologi ...	1991	1688299
[british cattle plague--also a danger for man? bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse)--scrapie disease].		1990	2210580
is bse simply scrapie in cattle?		1990	2111595
a study of the inheritance of susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	a genetic study of 75 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) of which 51 were confirmed by histopathology in 29 pedigree and seven non-pedigree herds of holstein friesian cattle revealed that 73 per cent of 60 bse cases had first or second degree relatives also affected. all the 44 cases assigned to families could be traced back in the previous three generations to one cow and 11 bulls, which were of canadian holstein or dutch friesian heredity. no single common ancestor could be identi ...	1990	2301106
spongiform encephalopathy in an arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) and a greater kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros)	clinical, pathological and epidemiological details of scrapie-like encephalopathies are described in an arabian oryx and a greater kudu. clinical signs included ataxia and loss of condition with a short, progressive clinical course (22 and three days, respectively). histopathological examination of the brains revealed spongiform encephalopathy characteristic of that observed in scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). it seems probable that these cases have a common aetiology with bse ...	1990	2264242
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: a scrapie-like disease of british cattle.	scrapie is a cns degenerative infection of sheep and goats, which is invariably fatal after incubation periods of several months to years. related disorders are found naturally in man and other species. there is a impairment of protein catabolism in scrapie and related diseases which leads to the accumulation of sparingly-soluble protein deposits in brain. these protein aggregates may share with the amyloid of alzheimer's disease (ad) some common stage in the biochemical pathways of their format ...	1989	2574875
occurrence of 14 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a closed dairy herd.	fourteen cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) were diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination in a closed herd of british friesian cows during a 9-month period from october 1987 until june 1988. the diagnosis was confirmed on histopathological examination of brain tissue from five of the six samples submitted. the main presenting clinical signs were of altered behaviour: apprehension, anxiety and hyperaesthesia. one cow was euthanized after a short period of recumbency; the remain ...	1989	2713640
brahman bull fertility in a north australian rangeland herd.	low and variable bull fertility was identified as a constraint on reproductive rates in beef cattle grazed in an extensive, multiple sire mating regimen on mount bundey station in the darwin pastoral district of northwestern australia. erratic conception patterns were attributed to a high proportion of bulls with low breeding soundness evaluation scores (bse), a high proportion of aged bulls (40%>8 yr), and to running bulls of mixed age groups. liveweight, scrotal circumference (sc) and age were ...	1989	16726675
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies.	this study, initiated in june 1987, describes the epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a recently described novel neurological disease of domestic cattle first identified in great britain in november 1986. records suggested that the earliest suspected cases occurred in april 1985. there was variability in the presenting signs and the disease course, but the majority of cases developed behavioural disorders, gait ataxia, paresis and loss of bodyweight; pruritus was not a predom ...	1988	3218047
bovine spongiform encephalopathy in an adult british friesian cow.		1988	3195029