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tissue dyslipidemia in salmonella-infected rats treated with amoxillin and pefloxacin.this study investigated the effects of salmonella infection and its chemotherapy on lipid metabolism in tissues of rats infected orally with salmonella typhimurium and treated intraperitoneally with pefloxacin and amoxillin.201223137290
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium st1660/06, a multidrug-resistant clinical strain isolated from a diarrheic patient.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the most prevalent serovars of salmonella that causes human gastroenteritis. here, we report the draft genome sequence of the s. typhimurium multidrug-resistant strain st1660/06. comparative genomic analysis unveiled three strain-specific genomic islands that potentially confer the multidrug resistance and virulence of the strain.201223105062
molecular identification in monophasic and nonmotile variants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.variant strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, lacking one or both flagellar phases have been widely reported. the monophasic s.1,4,[5],12:i:- variant has emerged worldwide in the past few years and has become one of the most frequently encountered in many countries. in contrast, monophasic s.1,4,[5],12:-:1,2 and nonmotile s.1,4,[5],12:-:- strains are rarely described. this study investigated seven molecular markers to identify and delineate monophasic s.1,4,[5],12:i:- (n = 90), s.1 ...201223233427
occurrence and characterization of monophasic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) of non-human origin in poland.the epidemiological role of monophasic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium tends to increase, indicating pandemic spread. the aim of the present study was to confirm the occurrence of this serological variant in poland and to report the first cases in belarus and ukraine. genetic similarity of monophasic isolates with salmonella typhimurium already present in these countries was assessed. serotyping, duplex-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, antibiotic resistance and puls ...201223009171
cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression is not induced or required for bacterial clearance during salmonella enterica infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is able to resist antimicrobial peptide killing by induction of the phop-phoq and pmra-pmrb two-component systems and the lipopolysaccharide (lps) modifications they mediate. murine cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (cramp) has been reported to inhibit s. typhimurium growth in vitro and in vivo. we hypothesize that infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) with salmonella enterica serovar typhi and s. typhimurium will induce human catheli ...201222927052
residual antibiotics disrupt meat fermentation and increase risk of infection.fermented sausages, although presumed safe for consumption, sometimes cause serious bacterial infections in humans that may be deadly. not much is known about why and when this is the case. we tested the hypothesis that residual veterinary antibiotics in meat can disrupt the fermentation process, giving pathogenic bacteria a chance to survive and multiply. we found that six commercially available starter cultures were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics, namely, oxytetracycline, penicillin, ...201222930338
molecular typing of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and serotype 4,5,12:i:- isolates from cattle by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis.to evaluate the usefulness of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (mlva) as a tool for the epidemiological analysis of bovine salmonellosis, salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and serotype 4,5,12:i:- isolates (544 and 18, respectively) obtained from cattle in hokkaido, japan, between 1977 and 2009, were characterised by mlva. mlva identified 184 profiles versus 121 profiles identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). cluster analysis of the mlva profiles demon ...201222717391
repression of salmonella enterica phop expression by small molecules from physiological bile.infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhi in humans causes the life-threatening disease typhoid fever. in the laboratory, typhoid fever can be modeled through the inoculation of susceptible mice with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. using this murine model, we previously characterized the interactions between salmonella typhimurium and host cells in the gallbladder and showed that this pathogen can successfully invade gallbladder epithelial cells and proliferate. additionally, we ...201222366421
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium bacteriophage spn3ub.salmonella is one of the major pathogenic bacteria that cause food poisoning. to elucidate the host infection mechanism of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-targeting phages, the bacteriophage spn3ub was isolated from a chicken fecal sample. this phage belongs morphologically to the siphoviridae family and infects the host via the o antigen of lipopolysaccharide (lps). to further understand its infection mechanism, we completely sequenced and analyzed the genome. here, we announce its comp ...201222354944
sodium metasilicate affects growth of salmonella typhimurium in fresh, boneless, uncooked chicken breast fillets stored at 4°c for 7 days.the objectives of this study were to determine the antimicrobial effects of sodium metasilicate (sms) against salmonella and psychrotrophic organisms in fresh, boneless, uncooked chicken breast fillets and to ascertain the effects of sms treatments on ph. chicken breast fillets were inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium treated with 0% sms and no inoculum (negative control), 0% sms and inoculum (positive control), 1% sms, or 2% sms solutions and stored at 4 ± 1°c. all samples w ...201222334748
obacunone represses salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 in an envz-dependent fashion.obacunone belongs to a class of unique triterpenoids called limonoids, present in citrus species. previous studies from our laboratory suggested that obacunone possesses antivirulence activity and demonstrates inhibition of cell-cell signaling in vibrio harveyi and escherichia coli o157:h7. the present work sought to determine the effect of obacunone on the food-borne pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 by using a cdna microarray. transcriptomic studies indicated that obacunone ...201222843534
the structures of coiled-coil domains from type iii secretion system translocators reveal homology to pore-forming toxins.many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria utilize type iii secretion systems (t3sss) to alter the normal functions of target cells. shigella flexneri uses its t3ss to invade human intestinal cells to cause bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) that is responsible for over one million deaths per year. the shigella type iii secretion apparatus is composed of a basal body spanning both bacterial membranes and an exposed oligomeric needle. host altering effectors are secreted through this energized unidire ...201222321794
the effect of low shear force on the virulence potential of yersinia pestis: new aspects that space-like growth conditions and the final frontier can teach us about a formidable pathogen.manned space exploration has created a need to evaluate the effects of space-like stress (sls) on pathogenic and opportunistic microbes. interestingly, several gram-negative enteric pathogens, e.g., salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, have revealed a transient hyper-virulent phenotype following simulated microgravity (smg) or actual space flight exposures. we have explored the virulence potential of yersinia pestis kim/d27 (yp) following exposure to mechanical low shear forces associated wi ...201222919696
vulnerabilities in yersinia pestis caf operon are unveiled by a salmonella vector.during infection, yersinia pestis uses its f1 capsule to enhance survival and cause virulence to mammalian host. since f1 is produced in large quantities and secreted into the host tissues, it also serves as a major immune target. to hold this detrimental effect under proper control, y. pestis expresses the caf operon (encoding the f1 capsule) in a temperature-dependent manner. however, additional properties of the caf operon limit its expression. by overexpressing the caf operon in wild-type sa ...201222558420
hemophagocytic macrophages in murine typhoid fever have an anti-inflammatory phenotype.histiocytes are white blood cells of the monocytic lineage and include macrophages and dendritic cells. in patients with a variety of infectious and noninfectious inflammatory disorders, histiocytes can engulf nonapoptotic leukocytes and nonsenescent erythrocytes and thus become hemophagocytes. we report here the identification and characterization of splenic hemophagocytes in a natural model of murine typhoid fever. the development of a flow-cytometric method allowed us to identify hemophagocyt ...201222868497
epidemiology of a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strain associated with a songbird outbreak.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is responsible for the majority of salmonellosis cases worldwide. this salmonella serovar is also responsible for die-offs in songbird populations. in 2009, there was an s. typhimurium epizootic reported in pine siskins in the eastern united states. at the time, there was also a human outbreak with this serovar that was associated with contaminated peanuts. as peanuts are also used in wild-bird food, it was hypothesized that the pine siskin ...201222885752
virulence and metabolic characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains with different sefd variants in hens.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of a few salmonella enterica serotypes that has sef14 fimbriae encoded by the sef operon, which consists of 4 cotranscribed genes, sefabcd, regulated by sefr. a parental strain was used to construct a sefd mutant and its complement, and all 3 strains were compared for gene expression, metabolic properties, and virulence characteristics in hens. transcription of sefd by wild type was suppressed at 42°c and absent for the mutant under conditions where ...201222729535
potential international spread of multidrug-resistant invasive salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.in developing countries, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis causes substantial illness and death, and drug resistance is increasing. isolates from the united kingdom containing virulence-resistance plasmids were characterized. they mainly caused invasive infections in adults linked to africa. the common features in isolates from these continents indicate the role of human travel in their spread.201222709653
caprylic acid reduces salmonella enteritidis populations in various segments of digestive tract and internal organs of 3- and 6-week-old broiler chickens, therapeutically.we investigated the efficacy of feed supplemented with caprylic acid (ca), a natural, 8-carbon fatty acid for reducing salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in commercial broiler chickens. in separate 3- and 6-wk trials, 1-d-old straight-run broiler chicks (n = 70 birds/trial) were assigned to a control group (challenged with salmonella enteritidis, no ca) and 2 replicates of 0.7 and 1% ca (n = 14 birds/group). water and feed were provided ad libitum. on d 1, birds were tested for ...201222700516
characterization of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates recovered from blood and stool specimens in thailand.bacteremia due to salmonella spp. is a life-threatening condition and is commonly associated with immune compromise. a 2009 observational study estimated risk factors for the ten most common non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) serovars isolated from thai patients between 2002-2007. in this study, 60.8% of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates (n = 1517) were recovered from blood specimens and infection with salmonella serovar enteritidis was a statistically significant risk factor for bact ...201222672324
comparison of the prevalence of salmonella infection in layer hens from commercial layer farms with high and low rodent densities.a comparison on the prevalence of salmonella infection in layer hens from commercial layer farms with high and low rodent densities was investigated. out of 280 laying hens sampled from three commercial layer farms with high rodent densities, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) was isolated from 20 (7.14%) hens and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis (salmonella infantis) from three (1.07%) hens. in contrast, layer hens sampled from f ...201222545525
development of an antigen-capture monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and comparison with culture for detection of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in poultry hatchery environmental samples.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for use as a presumptive screening test for detection of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and other group d salmonella in poultry hatchery environments. a mixture of 2 monoclonal antibodies that recognize different forms of the lipopolysaccharide o-antigen was used for specific detection of group d salmonella. the performance of the elisa was evaluated in comparison to standard salmonella culture procedures. cultur ...201222529117
genetic analysis of multiple antimicrobial resistance in salmonella isolated from diseased broilers in egypt.to date, no information has been available on the molecular bases of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella spp. from poultry in egypt or even in africa. therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze, at the molecular level, the mechanisms of multidrug-resistance in isolates of salmonella recovered from diseased broilers in egypt. twenty-one salmonella isolates were identified; 13 of these isolates were salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and eight salmonella enterica serovar typhimu ...201222500933
salmonella enterica induces joint inflammation and expression of interleukin-17 in draining lymph nodes early after onset of enterocolitis in mice.in developing countries, one-third of reactive arthritis (rea) cases are associated with salmonella enterocolitis; nevertheless, there is no animal model for studying this pathology. here we induced a self-limiting salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis enterocolitis in mice to analyze the onset of rea. balb/c mice received orally 20 μg of streptomycin 24 h before intragastric inoculation of a low dose (3 × 10(3) to 4 × 10(3) cfu) of s. enteritidis. in response to salmonella infection, a 30-fol ...201222493084
hla-b27 modulates intracellular growth of salmonella pathogenicity island 2 mutants and production of cytokines in infected monocytic u937 cells.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis pt4 ks8822/88 replicates rapidly in hla-b27-transfected human monocytic u937 cells. in this process, salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2) genes play a crucial role. our previous study indicated that 118 salmonella genes, including 8 spi-2 genes were affected by hla-b27 antigen during salmonella infection of u937 cells.201222470519
[antagonistic activity of lactobacilli of the colon].study of antagonistic activity of lactobacilli of the colon against members of its autochthonous bacterial flora and agents of some acute infectious and chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.201222442970
loxoribine pretreatment reduces salmonella enteritidis organ invasion in 1-day-old chickens.young poultry exhibit a transient colonization by some food-borne pathogens, including salmonella, during the first week of life that stems from immature innate and acquired defense mechanisms. consequently, modulation of the hosts' natural immune response is emerging as an important area of interest for food animal producers, including the poultry industry. toll-like receptor (tlr) agonists have been shown to boost the innate immune response in young chickens and increase their resistance to co ...201222399745
cytokine signaling in splenic leukocytes from vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens after intravenous infection with salmonella enteritidis.in order to design a new salmonella enterica vaccine, one needs to understand how naive and immune chickens interact differently when exposed to s. enterica. in this study we therefore determined the immune response of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens after intravenous infection with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis). using flow cytometry we showed that 4 days post infection (dpi), counts of cd4 and b-lymphocytes did not change, cd8 and γδ t-lymphocytes decreased and ...201222384225
decreased colonization of chicks by salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum expressing mannose-sensitive fimh adhesin from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.to investigate the role of non-hemagglutinating type 1 fimbriae in the pathogenesis of salmonella gallinarum, the isogenic mutant elaborating type 1 fimbriae with mannose-sensitive (ms) variant of the fimh adhesin from salmonella enteritidis and the mutant strain with no fimh expression were constructed. their binding to chicken leukocytes in vitro and invasiveness in 1-day-old chicks were studied. our results demonstrated that s. gallinarum type 1 fimbriae with an endogenous variant of the fimh ...201222364838
reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a rapid screening/monitoring tool for salmonella enterica detection in liquid whole eggs.reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) is a novel molecular detection method that is specific, fast, and simple. it is based on reverse transcription followed by dna amplification using the bst dna polymerase large fragment requiring one temperature and a simple waterbath, without the need for any expensive equipment. detection is by turbidity or agarose gel electrophoresis. our objective was to apply this lamp-based technology to rapidly and sensitively detect sa ...201222352954
the asd(+)-dadb(+) dual-plasmid system offers a novel means to deliver multiple protective antigens by a recombinant attenuated salmonella vaccine.we developed means to deliver multiple heterologous antigens on dual plasmids with non-antibiotic-resistance markers in a single recombinant attenuated vaccine strain of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. the first component of this delivery system is a strain of s. typhimurium carrying genomic deletions in alr, dadb, and asd, resulting in obligate requirements for diaminopimelic acid (dap) and d-alanine for growth. the second component is the asd(+)-dadb(+) plasmid pair carrying wild-typ ...201222868499
co-administration of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing swine interleukin-18 and interferon-α provides enhanced th1-biased protective immunity against inactivated vaccine of pseudorabies virus.the co-administration of two or more cytokines may generate additive or synergistic effects for controlling infectious diseases. however, the practical use of cytokine combinations for the modulation of immune responses against inactivated vaccine has not been demonstrated in livestock yet, primarily due to protein stability, production, and costs associated with mass administration. in light of the current situation, we evaluated the immunomodulatory functions of the combined administration of ...201222551253
reduction of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in 20-day-old broiler chickens by the plant-derived compounds trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol.the efficacies of trans-cinnamaldehyde (tc) and eugenol (eg) for reducing salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens were investigated. in three experiments for each compound, 1-day-old chicks (n = 75/experiment) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups (n = 15/treatment group): negative control (-ve s. enteritidis, -ve tc, or eg), compound control (-ve s. enteritidis, +ve 0.75% [vol/wt] tc or 1% [vol/wt] eg), positive control (+ve s. enteritidis, -ve tc, or ...201222327574
vaccination of chickens with salmonella pathogenicity island (spi) 1 and spi2 defective mutants of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.in this study we were interested in the vaccine potential of two attenuated mutants of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis for poultry. the first mutant was attenuated by the removal of the whole salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) and the second mutant was devoid of the whole spi2. these 2 mutants were used for oral vaccination of 2 chicken lines; lohmann brown and isa brown. chickens were vaccinated orally on day 1 of life, revaccinated on day 21 and challenged on day 42. the challeng ...201222300724
characterization of a novel inactivated salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis vaccine candidate generated using a modified ci857/λ pr/gene e expression system.a new strategy to develop an effective vaccine is essential to control food-borne salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infections. bacterial ghosts (bgs), which are nonliving, gram-negative bacterial cell envelopes, are generated by expulsion of the cytoplasmic contents from bacterial cells through controlled expression using the modified ci857/λ p(r)/gene e expression system. in the present study, the pjhl99 lysis plasmid carrying the mutated lambda pr37-ci857 repressor and phix174 lysis gen ...201222290147
survival and virulence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis filaments induced by reduced water activity.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strain e40 filaments were developed under conditions of a reduced water activity (a(w)) of 0.95 in tryptic soy broth (tsb) or tryptic soy agar (tsa) supplemented with 8% or 7% nacl, respectively. filament formation was accompanied by an increase of biomass without an increase in cfu and was affected by incubation temperature and the physical milieu. the greatest amount of filaments was recovered from tsa with 7% nacl and incubation at 30°c. within 2 h of t ...201222287000
molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolates from humans by antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major serovar associated with human salmonellosis. a total of 425 clinical s. enteritidis isolates of human origin were collected between june 2009 and september 2010 from north carolina. the isolates were further characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance coding determinants, virulence genes, and fingerprint profiles to determine whether they were similar or different to the s. enteritidis strain respons ...201222283616
analysis of immune-related gene expression in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells following salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection in vitro.we examined mrna expression of eight genes, tlr4, tlr5, tlr15, interleukin (il)-1β, il-6, transforming growth factor-β4 (tgf-β4), cxcli2, and a macrophage inflammatory protein (mip) family chemokine called ccli2, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) isolated from the blood of chickens after in vitro exposure to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se). the chickens of four chinese native lines, qingjiaoma, sanhuang, wugu, and xueshanma, were evaluated for mrna expression levels at 2 ...201222244688
characterization of chicken spleen transcriptome after infection with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.in this study we were interested in identification of new markers of chicken response to salmonella enteritidis infection. to reach this aim, gene expression in the spleens of naive chickens and those intravenously infected with s. enteritidis with or without previous oral vaccination was determined by 454 pyrosequencing of splenic mrna/cdna. forty genes with increased expression at the level of transcription were identified. the most inducible genes encoded avidin (avd), extracellular fatty aci ...201223094107
intestinal epithelial responses to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis: effects on intestinal permeability and ion transport.salmonella infection of chickens that leads to potential human foodborne salmonellosis continues to be a major concern. chickens serve as carriers but, in contrast to humans, rarely show any clinical signs including diarrhea. the present investigations aimed to elucidate whether the absence of diarrhea during acute salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) infection may be linked to specific changes in the electrophysiological properties of the chicken gut. immediately aft ...201223091155
polyphasic characterization of salmonella enteritidis isolates on persistently contaminated layer farms during the implementation of a national control program with obligatory vaccination: a longitudinal study.since 2007, a national salmonella control program including obligatory vaccination has been ongoing in belgium. in this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the diversity of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates on 5 persistently contaminated belgian layer farms and to examine the potential sources and transmission routes of salmonella enteritidis contamination on the farms during successive laying rounds. a collection of 346 salmonella isolates originating from th ...201223091125
draft genome sequences of 21 salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is a common food-borne pathogen, often associated with shell eggs and poultry. here, we report draft genomes of 21 s. enteritidis strains associated with or related to the u.s.-wide 2010 shell egg recall. eleven of these genomes were from environmental isolates associated with the egg outbreak, and 10 were reference isolates from previous years, unrelated to the outbreak. the whole-genome sequence data for these 21 human pathogen strains ar ...201223045502
inactivation of salmonella enterica by uv-c light alone and in combination with mild temperatures.the aim of this investigation was to study the efficacy of the combined processes of uv light and mild temperatures for the inactivation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and to explore the mechanism of inactivation. the doses to inactivate the 99.99% (4d) of the initial population ranged from 18.03 (salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stcc 878) to 12.75 j ml(-1) (salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis atcc 13076). the ph and water activity of the treatment medium did not change the uv ...201223001665
immunization with outer membrane protein a from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis induces humoral immune response but no protection against homologous challenge in chickens.vaccination of poultry is one promising strategy to mitigate salmonella infection in poultry and, in turn, humans as well. we evaluated the efficacy of outer membrane protein a (ompa) as a novel vaccine candidate against salmonella in poultry. native ompa purified from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis was mixed with adjuvant and administered intramuscularly to 41-d-old chicks. the vaccinated birds showed no decrease in cecal excretion and tissue colonization compared with the unvaccinated ...201222991526
transposon mutagenesis of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis identifies genes that contribute to invasiveness in human and chicken cells and survival in egg albumen.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is an important food-borne pathogen, and chickens are a primary reservoir of human infection. while most knowledge about salmonella pathogenesis is based on research conducted on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enteritidis is known to have pathobiology specific to chickens that impacts epidemiology in humans. therefore, more information is needed about s. enteritidis pathobiology in comparison to that of s. typhimurium. we used transposon mutag ...201222988017
survival and growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in membrane-processed liquid egg white with ph, temperature, and storage conditions as controlling factors.processing temperature and ph are known to influence the lethality and cell injury in many microbial interventions. a study was undertaken to determine the effects of variations in solution ph and process temperature on the removal and growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in liquid egg white (lew) by microfiltration (mf) membrane process. the effects of various storage conditions on the growth of salmonella in membrane-separated lew were evaluated. pretreated and ph-adjusted (ph 6 t ...201222980004
salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs: evolving concerns and innovative control measures.the issue of egg contamination with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis rose to prominence several decades ago with increasing rate of infection around the world. recent outbreaks have assured that this problem maintains a place in the public consciousness. extensive research has been conducted to investigate the factors precipitating contamination events, their avoidance, and mitigation of the threat of contaminated eggs; consequently, regulations have been put in place to increase the safe ...201222958532
investigation into the role of five salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis genomic islands in colonization of the chicken reproductive tract and other organs following oral challenge.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is a major cause of human gastrointestinal tract disease, infection being due in large part to the consumption of contaminated eggs. recent genome sequencing of s. enterica serovars has identified genomic islands, the presence of which differs between serovars. using defined mutants, we have investigated the contribution that five such loci play in the colonization of the avian reproductive tract, other organs and avian macrophages. all loci appear to play ...201222889182
high pressure treatments on the inactivation of salmonella enteritidis and the characteristics of beef carpaccio.the effect of high pressure (hp) on salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis in beef carpaccio stored under temperature abuse conditions (8 °c) during 30 days was investigated. after treatment, reductions of s. enteritidis were 3.68 and 5.94 log cfu/g in samples pressurized at 450 mpa for 5 and 10 min, respectively, whereas the pathogen was only detected after enrichment of samples treated at 450 mpa for 15 min. during storage, counts of s. enteritidis decreased 0.26 log cfu/g in ...201222863078
efficacy of soluble recombinant flic protein from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis as a potential vaccine candidate against homologous challenge in chickens.flic, the flagellin antigen of salmonella enteritidis, was tested as a vaccine candidate for protective effect against a homologous challenge in chickens. after immunization with recombinant flic (rflic) or administration of phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) at 56 days old, the chickens were challenged with 10(9) colony-forming units of salmonella enteritidis at 76 days old. the vaccinated birds showed significantly decreased bacterial counts in the liver and cecal contents compared to those admin ...201222856193
immune response to liposome-associated recombinant sef21 following oral immunization in chickens.in order to generate salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis fimbriae antigens (rsef21), the intact region encoding sef21 was amplified from salmonella enteritidis by pcr and subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector pet-28a(+) to yield pet-28a(+)-sef21. the rsef21 protein was highly expressed and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. liposomeassociated rsef21 was prepared for oral immunization to seek protective efficacy for intestinal infection with salmonella enteritidis. evidence ...201222856192
cpg oligonucleotides and recombinant interferon-γ in combination improve protection in chickens to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis challenge as an adjuvant component, but have no effect in reducing salmonella carriage in infected chickens.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the most common cause of human salmonellosis in many developed nations. it is frequently associated with both poultry meat and eggs. in the present study we have determined whether cpg oligonucleotides that stimulate the immune system via toll like-receptors 15 and 21 in the chicken can be used as immunomodulatory agents to break carriage of s. enteritidis in in vitro and in vivo infection models. we also investigated its use as a component in an adjuva ...201222845324
epigenetic modification: possible approach to reduce salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis susceptibility under stress conditions.stressors may influence chicken susceptibility to pathogens such as salmonella enterica. feed withdrawal stress can cause changes in normal intestinal epithelial structure and may lead to increased attachment and colonization of salmonella. this study aimed to investigate modulatory effects of epigenetic modification by feed restriction on s. enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens subjected to feed withdrawal stress. chicks were divided into four groups: ad libitum feeding ...201222834548
numbers of salmonella recovered by sponge or low volume whole carcass rinse sampling of inoculated commercial turkey carcasses.processed turkey carcasses are sampled for salmonella via sponge sampling, whereas broilers are sampled via whole carcass rinses. because different sampling methods have been reported to produce different results, sponge sampling and whole carcass rinsing (wcr) were performed on turkey hen carcasses inoculated with a known amount of nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. five turkey hen carcasses were collected from the shackle line in a commercial processing plant in ...201222802199
significance of the bacteriophage treatment schedule in reducing salmonella colonization of poultry.salmonella remains the major cause of food-borne diseases worldwide, with chickens known to be the main reservoir for this zoonotic pathogen. among the many approaches to reducing salmonella colonization of broilers, bacteriophage offers several advantages. in this study, three bacteriophages (uab_phi20, uab_phi78, and uab_phi87) obtained from our collection that exhibited a broad host range against salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were characte ...201222773654
a novel phage element of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis p125109 contributes to accelerated type iii secretion system 2-dependent early inflammation kinetics in a mouse colitis model.salmonella enterica subsp. i serovar enteritidis exhibits type iii secretion system 2 (ttss2)-dependent early colonization and inflammation kinetics faster than those of closely related s. enterica serovar typhimurium. to investigate the accelerated ttss-2-dependent pathogenic potential of s. enteritidis, we focused on its genome. results of a previously published comparative genomic study revealed the presence of mutually exclusive genes in both serovars. in this study, we investigated the role ...201222753379
complete genomic sequence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage se2.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis has remained a major food-borne pathogen in humans. we isolated a virulent s. enterica serovar enteritidis bacteriophage, se2, which belongs to the family siphoviridae. phage se2 could lyse s. enterica serovar enteritidis pt-4, and its virulence was maintained even at ambient temperature. the genomic sequence of phage se2 was composed of 43,221 bp with close similarity to those of salmonella phage setp3 and salmonella phage ss3e. the strong and stable lyti ...201222733878
immunological changes at point-of-lay increase susceptibility to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection in vaccinated chickens.chicken eggs are the main source of human salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection. s. enteritidis infects the oviduct and ovary of the chicken leading to infection of developing eggs. therefore, control in poultry production is a major public health priority. vaccination of hens has proved successful in control strategies in united kingdom leading to a 70% drop in human cases since introduced. however, as hens reach sexual maturity they become immunosuppressed and it has been postulate ...201223133568
detection of non-pcr amplified s. enteritidis genomic dna from food matrices using a gold-nanoparticle dna biosensor: a proof-of-concept study.bacterial pathogens pose an increasing food safety and bioterrorism concern. current dna detection methods utilizing sensitive nanotechnology and biosensors have shown excellent detection, but require expensive and time-consuming polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify dna targets; thus, a faster, more economical method is still essential. in this proof-of-concept study, we investigated the ability of a gold nanoparticle-dna (aunp-dna) biosensor to detect non-pcr amplified genomic salmonella ...201223112611
effect of high hydrostatic pressure and pressure cycling on a pathogenic salmonella enterica serovar cocktail inoculated into creamy peanut butter.the ability of salmonella enterica serovars to survive in high fat content, low water activity foods like peanut butter has been demonstrated by large foodborne illness outbreaks in recent years. this study investigates the potential of high hydrostatic pressure processing, including pressure cycling, to inactivate salmonella inoculated into creamy peanut butter. a cocktail of pathogenic strains of salmonella enteritidis pt30, salmonella tennessee, salmonella oranienburg, salmonella anatum, salm ...201222221373
infection cycle of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in latent carrier mice.this work reports the distribution of an oral dose of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) in c57bl/6-bcgr mice, to study its pathogenesis in a latent carrier animal. mice orally inoculated with a high dose of se developed a latent infection characterized by the absence of clinical symptoms in which the cecum is functioning as a "strategic site" of se proliferation, releasing bacteria into feces intermittently over the 4-week study. a sequence of disruptions occurred in the small intesti ...201223210996
a large outbreak of typhoid fever associated with a high rate of intestinal perforation in kasese district, uganda, 2008-2009.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (salmonella typhi) causes an estimated 22 million typhoid fever cases and 216 000 deaths annually worldwide. in africa, the lack of laboratory diagnostic capacity limits the ability to recognize endemic typhoid fever and to detect outbreaks. we report a large laboratory-confirmed outbreak of typhoid fever in uganda with a high proportion of intestinal perforations (ips).201222357703
multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the malawi-mozambique border.salmonella enterica serovar typhi causes an estimated 22 million cases of typhoid fever and 216 000 deaths annually worldwide. we investigated an outbreak of unexplained febrile illnesses with neurologic findings, determined to be typhoid fever, along the malawi-mozambique border.201222357702
gene expression analysis of salmonella enterica enteritidis nal(r) and salmonella enterica kentucky 3795 exposed to hcl and acetic acid in rich medium.in the united states, serovar kentucky has become one of the most frequently isolated salmonella enterica serovars from chickens. the reasons for this prevalence are not well understood. phenotypic comparisons of poultry salmonella isolates belonging to various serovars demonstrated that serovar kentucky isolates differed from those of most other serovars in their response to acid. microarray and qpcr analyses were performed with aerated exponentially growing poultry isolates, salmonella enteric ...201222356573
wild birds as sentinels for multiple zoonotic pathogens along an urban to rural gradient in greater chicago, illinois.wild birds are important in the maintenance and transmission of many zoonotic pathogens. with increasing urbanization and the resulting emergence of zoonotic diseases, it is critical to understand the relationships among birds, vectors, zoonotic pathogens, and the urban landscape. here, we use wild birds as sentinels across a gradient of urbanization to understand the relative risk of diseases caused by three types of zoonotic pathogens: salmonella pathogens, mosquito-borne west nile virus (wnv) ...201222353581
effect of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles or sugar beet pulp on prevalence of salmonella enterica typhimurium in weaned pigs.salmonella enterica typhimurium (st) is of concern in the swine industry with relevance for animal health and consumer safety. nutritional strategies might help to reduce st infection and transmission. this study examined the potential of wheat (triticum aestivum) distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) and sugar beet (beta vulgaris) pulp (sbp) to alter intestinal microbial communities and st shedding using a trojan model. weaned pigs (n = 105; 28.5 ± 3.5 d of age) were separated into 3 tre ...201223365269
refractory salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis-related renal cyst infection in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treated successfully with intracystic ciprofloxacin infusion.to report a potential salvage therapy for refractory renal cyst infection secondary to salmonellaenterica serotype choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis).201222710499
association of extended-spectrum β-lactamase veb-5 and 16s rrna methyltransferase arma in salmonella enterica from the united kingdom. 201222710120
salmonellosis outbreak traced to playground sand, australia, 2007-2009.a community outbreak of gastroenteritis in australia during 2007-2009 was caused by ingestion of playground sand contaminated with salmonella enterica paratyphi b, variant java. the bacterium was also isolated from local wildlife. findings support consideration of nonfood sources during salmonellosis outbreak investigations and indicate transmission through the animal-human interface.201222709539
emergence of an sgi1-bearing salmonella enterica serotype kentucky isolated from septic poultry in nigeria.salmonella enterica serotype kentucky was isolated from septic poultry in nigeria. the objective of this study was to characterize this isolate by screening for sgi1 and hyper-virulence.201222706190
the feoa protein is necessary for the feob transporter to import ferrous iron.in many bacterial feo loci, the feoa gene is associated with the feob gene. while the feob-encoded feob protein has been demonstrated as a ferrous iron [fe(ii)] transporter, the function of the feoa gene product, feoa, is unknown. in the present study, we report that the feoa protein interacts with the feob fe(ii) transporter, which is required for feob-mediated fe(ii) uptake in salmonella enterica. iron uptake assay revealed that in the absence of feoa, feob import of fe(ii) is impaired. bacter ...201222705302
assessment of pathogen survival potential during managed aquifer recharge with diffusion chambers.to evaluate the efficacy of using in situ diffusion chambers for pathogen decay studies in the aquifer.201222702409
control of a salmonella virulence locus by an atp-sensing leader messenger rna.the facultative intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica resides within a membrane-bound compartment inside macrophages. this compartment must be acidified for salmonella to survive within macrophages, possibly because acidic ph promotes expression of salmonella virulence proteins. we reasoned that salmonella might sense its surroundings have turned acidic not only upon protonation of the extracytoplasmic domain of a protein sensor but also by an increase in cytosolic atp levels, because condi ...201222699622
characterization of the salmonella bacteriophage vb_sens-ent1.the bacteriophage vb_sens-ent1 (ent1) is a member of the family siphoviridae of tailed bacteriophages and infects a broad range of serovars of the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica. the virion particle is composed of an icosahedral head 64 nm in diameter and a flexible, non-contractile tail of 116 × 8.5 nm possessing terminal fibres. the adsorption rate constant at 37 °c is 6.73 × 10(-9) ml min(-1). latent and eclipse periods are 25 and 20 min, respectively, and the burst size is 35 progeny p ...201222694898
genetic fine structure of a salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain associated with the 2005 outbreak of typhoid fever in kelantan, malaysia.among enteric pathogens, salmonella enterica serovar typhi is responsible for the largest number of food-borne outbreaks and fatalities. the ability of the pathogen to cause systemic infection for extended durations leads to a high cost of disease control. chronic carriers play important roles in the evolution of salmonella typhi; therefore, identification and in-depth characterization of isolates from clinical cases and carriers, especially those from zones of endemicity where the pathogen has ...201222689247
complete genome sequence of the strong mutator salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype heidelberg strain b182.in bacteria, normal mutation frequencies are mostly around 10(-10) per base pair. however, there exists natural isolates, called "mutators," that exhibit permanent mutation occurrences up to 1,000-fold greater than usual. as mutations play essential roles, particularly in the evolution of antibiotic resistance, bacteria showing elevated mutation rates could have an important responsibility in the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in the clinical background. in this announcement, we ...201222689230
evolution of salmonella enterica virulence via point mutations in the fimbrial adhesin.whereas the majority of pathogenic salmonella serovars are capable of infecting many different animal species, typically producing a self-limited gastroenteritis, serovars with narrow host-specificity exhibit increased virulence and their infections frequently result in fatal systemic diseases. in our study, a genetic and functional analysis of the mannose-specific type 1 fimbrial adhesin fimh from a variety of serovars of salmonella enterica revealed that specific mutant variants of fimh are co ...201222685400
heterogeneity of multifunctional il-17a producing s. typhi-specific cd8+ t cells in volunteers following ty21a typhoid immunization.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality world-wide. cd8+ t cells are an important component of the cell mediated immune (cmi) response against s. typhi. recently, interleukin (il)-17a has been shown to contribute to mucosal immunity and protection against intracellular pathogens. to investigate multifunctional il-17a responses against s. typhi antigens in t memory subsets, we developed multiparamet ...201222679502
a positive selection approach identifies residues important for folding of salmonella enterica pat, an n(ε)-lysine acetyltransferase that regulates central metabolism enzymes.in salmonella enterica, the protein acetyltransferase (pat) enzyme is part of the sirtuin-dependent acylation/deacylation system (sdpads) that modulates the activity of several proteins via the acylation of lysine residues critical to their activities. pat is a ~98 kda protein with two distinct domains, an n-terminal acyl-coa synthetase (ndp-forming) domain (~700 aa) and a c-terminal acetyltransferase domain (~160 aa), with homology to proteins of the gcn5-related n-acetyltransferase (gnat) supe ...201222677774
emergence of salmonella enterica serovar infantis harboring inci1 plasmid with bla(ctx-m-14) in a broiler farm in japan.cefotaxime (ctx)-resistant and -susceptible salmonella enterica serovar infantis isolates obtained from broilers raised on a farm in january 2010 in japan were characterized to establish their resistance determinants. the ctx-resistant isolates produced ctx-m-14 extended-spectrum β-lactamase and harbored 2 distinct plasmid of approximately 140- and 95-kb, whereas the ctx-susceptible isolates harbored one 140-kb plasmid. the 95-kb plasmids were replicon typed as inci1 carrying the bla(ctx-m-14) g ...201222673563
molecular typing and resistance analysis of travel-associated salmonella enterica serotype typhi.salmonella enterica serotype typhi is a human pathogen causing 12 to 30% mortality and requiring antibiotic therapy to control the severity of the infection. typhoid fever in united states is often associated with foreign travel to areas of endemicity. increasing resistance to multiple drugs, including quinolones, is associated with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (dcs). we investigated 31 clinical strains isolated in florida from 2007 to 2010, associated with travel to six countries, ...201222649021
genome sequences of five salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg isolates associated with a 2011 multistate outbreak in the united states.salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg has caused numerous outbreaks in humans. here, we report draft genomes of five isolates of serovar heidelberg associated with the recent (2011) multistate outbreak linked to ground turkey in the united states. isolates 2011k-1110 and 2011k-1132 were recovered from humans, while isolates 2011k-1138, 2011k-1224, and 2011k-1225 were recovered from ground turkey. whole-genome sequence analysis of these isolates provides a tool for studying the short-term evolut ...201222628505
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the indicator of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility of salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolated from dhulikhel hospital, nepal.monitoring the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is important for efficiently managing cases of typhoid fever. in this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 114 s. typhi isolates, which were collected from a university hospital in nepal during july 2009-december 2010, were investigated by disc diffusion assays. all of the s. typhi isolates were sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. more than 95% of the isolates were sensitive to c ...201222627312
antibiotic resistant salmonella and vibrio associated with farmed litopenaeus vannamei.salmonella and vibrio species were isolated and identified from litopenaeus vannamei cultured in shrimp farms. shrimp samples showed occurrence of 3.3% of salmonella and 48.3% of vibrio. the isolates were also screened for antibiotic resistance to oxolinic acid, sulphonamides, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, norfloxacin, ampicillin, doxycycline hydrochloride, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin. salmonella enterica serovar corvallis isolated from shrimp showed individu ...201222619583
salmonella strains isolated from galápagos iguanas show spatial structuring of serovar and genomic diversity.it is thought that dispersal limitation primarily structures host-associated bacterial populations because host distributions inherently limit transmission opportunities. however, enteric bacteria may disperse great distances during food-borne outbreaks. it is unclear if such rapid long-distance dispersal events happen regularly in natural systems or if these events represent an anthropogenic exception. we characterized salmonella enterica isolates from the feces of free-living galápagos land an ...201222615968
a maximum likelihood qtl analysis reveals common genome regions controlling resistance to salmonella colonization and carrier-state.the serovars enteritidis and typhimurium of the gram-negative bacterium salmonella enterica are significant causes of human food poisoning. fowl carrying these bacteria often show no clinical disease, with detection only established post-mortem. increased resistance to the carrier state in commercial poultry could be a way to improve food safety by reducing the spread of these bacteria in poultry flocks. previous studies identified qtls for both resistance to carrier state and resistance to salm ...201222613937
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrb19 in non-typhoidal salmonella enterica strains isolated in venezuela. 201222610715
a retrospective study of community-acquired salmonella infections in patients attending public hospitals in lagos, nigeria.a retrospective cohort study on salmonella-associated diseases (sads) was conducted in 14 public hospitals across lagos state, nigeria, between 1999 and 2008.201222610704
influence of serotype on the growth kinetics and the ability to form biofilms of salmonella isolates from poultry.the influence of the serotype on the growth behaviour and the ability to form biofilms of salmonella enterica strains was investigated. the relationships between biofilm formation and growth kinetic parameters were also determined. a total of 69 strains (61 isolates from poultry and 8 reference strains from culture collections) belonging to 10 serotypes (s. enterica serotype typhimurium, s. newport, s. paratyphi b, s. poona, s. derby, s. infantis, s. enteritidis, s. virchow, s. agona and s. typh ...201222608221
salmonella cross-contamination in swine abattoirs in portugal: carcasses, meat and meat handlers.in this study the occurrence of salmonella in swine, pork meat and meat handlers along with their clonal relatedness is evaluated at abattoir level. samples from the lymph nodes, carcass surface and meat of 100 pigs and 45 meat handlers were collected in eight abattoirs (july 2007-august 2008). salmonella isolates were serotyped and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). from the pigs tested, 42 produced at least one positive sample. a relatively high frequency of salmonella occur ...201222607810
first outbreak of food poisoning caused by salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar berta in italy.to provide an epidemiologic interpretation of a suspected outbreak of food poisoning caused by salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar berta strains isolated from humans and from the leftovers of the implicated foods (cream, dairy-based desserts and eggs).201222607387
a gold nanoparticles based immuno-bioprobe for detection of vi capsular polysaccharide of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.a rapid and sensitive gold-nanobioprobe based immunoassay format has been presented for the detection of capsular vi polysaccharide of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (surface antigen) using anti-vi antibodies. the vi antigen was extracted from serovar typhi cells, under the optimised growth conditions for its over-expression. anti-vi antibodies were produced and conjugated with gold nanoparticles (gnps) of definite size (~30 nm), which served as the nano-bioprobe in the detection system. a sa ...201222592180
shedding light on salmonella carriers.host-to-host transmission in most salmonella serovars occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route. salmonella enterica serovar typhi is a human host-adapted pathogen and some s. typhi patients become asymptomatic carriers. these individuals excrete large numbers of the bacteria in their feces and transmit the pathogen by contaminating water or food sources. the carrier state has also been described in livestock animals and is responsible for food-borne epidemics. identification and treatment of ca ...201222591832
salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections.salmonella enterica causes an estimated 1 million cases of domestically acquired foodborne illness in humans annually in the united states; enteritidis (se) is the most common serotype. public health authorities, regulatory agencies, food producers, and food processors need accurate information about rates and changes in se infection to implement and evaluate evidence-based control policies and practices.201222572674
application of the random forest method to analyse epidemiological and phenotypic characteristics of salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- and salmonella typhimurium strains.salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of s. typhimurium. in the last decade, its prevalence rose sharply. although s. 4,[5],12:i:- and s. typhimurium are known to pose a considerable public health risk, there is no detailed information on the circulation of these serovars in italy, particularly as far as veterinary isolates are concerned. for this reason, a data set of 877 strains isolated in the north-east of italy from foodstuffs, animals and environment was analysed during ...201222583909
selection of salmonella enterica serovar typhi genes involved during interaction with human macrophages by screening of a transposon mutant library.the human-adapted salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) causes a systemic infection known as typhoid fever. this disease relies on the ability of the bacterium to survive within macrophages. in order to identify genes involved during interaction with macrophages, a pool of approximately 10(5) transposon mutants of s. typhi was subjected to three serial passages of 24 hours through human macrophages. mutants recovered from infected macrophages (output) were compared to the initial pool (in ...201222574205
chronic proliferative rhinitis associated with salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1, 5, (7) in sheep in spain.a chronic proliferative rhinitis in sheep associated with salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1, 5, (7) is described. ten adult sheep from eight traditionally managed rasa aragonesa flocks located in aragon (spain) were studied. clinical signs began with bilateral thick mucus nasal discharge, wheezing and snoring and progressed to partial or complete obstruction of the nostrils. necropsy examination revealed swollen ventral nasal turbinates with a roughened mucosal surface par ...201222572396
salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid impairs dendritic cell responses to infection.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) evades from innate immunity by expression of a variety of pathogenic factors. the "pr(st98)" plasmid of s. typhi is involved in multidrug-resistant and virulence of s. typhi. however, its exact effect on host cell function remains elusive. dendritic cells (dcs) play an important role in shaping immune response against salmonella. for the purpose of investigation whether pr(st98) might target dcs involved in adaptive immune response, murine dcs were in ...201222569891
frequency and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella serotypes on beef carcasses at small abattoirs in jalisco state, mexico.the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella serotypes on beef carcasses from four small abattoirs in jalisco state, mexico, were investigated during a 10-month period. following u.s. department of agriculture food safety and inspection service protocols, salmonella was isolated from 78 (15.4%) beef carcasses (n = 505) after the final carcass water wash. isolation frequency differed by establishment (p < 0.05) and was higher (p < 0.05) during the wet season (may through september) f ...201222564935
microbiological analysis of bovine lymph nodes for the detection of salmonella enterica.bovine peripheral lymph nodes (lns) have been identified as a potential source of salmonella when trim containing these nodes is incorporated into ground beef. studies examining the prevalence of salmonella in peripheral lns of cattle are few in number, and the microbiological methods used for these analyses have not been validated. given that salmonella contamination may be found on postintervention carcasses, it is important to understand the extent to which salmonella contamination from surro ...201222564933
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