Publications

animal models in the pathogenesis and treatment of rabies.	various animal models have been developed for the study of the pathogenesis of rabies and of methods for halting its spread. the long incubation period and the relatively low mortality observed in human rabies can be mimicked by injecting mice in the footpad with rabies virus. to relate the immune response and efficacy of treatment to the situation in humans, however, it is necessary to corroborate the results in rodents with those in subhuman primates. methods effective and safe in subhuman pri ...	1988	3060960
antipeptide monoclonal antibodies inhibit the binding of rabies virus glycoprotein and alpha-bungarotoxin to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.	it has been reported that binding to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the post-synaptic membrane is an important event of the rabies virus neurotropism. the binding site can be located within the 190-203 region of the virus glycoprotein sharing a high degree of homology with the "toxic loop" of the curare-mimetic snake neurotoxins. we have synthesized a tetradecapeptide corresponding to this glycoprotein region and used it, following conjugation with an immunogenic carrier to raise mab ...	1988	3062388
[diagnosis of rabies by cell culture].	mouse inoculation test (mit) is a highly sensitive test for rabies diagnosis but slow and expensive. to detect rabies virus an in vitro technique using neuro 2a cell culture (cc) was compared with mit in two laboratories. in one laboratory, cc appeared to be on the whole more sensitive than mit, nevertheless mit was the only one to detect some positive samples. in the other laboratory, mit was more sensitive. these results justify the use of cc for epidemiological diagnosis but emphasize the int ...	1988	3064966
monoclonal antibodies to mokola virus for identification of rabies and rabies-related viruses.	rabies and rabies-related virus strains were studied by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against either nucleocapsid proteins or cell surface antigens of mokola virus (mok-3). each strain was used in parallel to infect cultured cells and mice. then, the patterns of reactivity of the different monoclonal antibodies were determined by the immunofluorescent-antibody staining procedure. on cells, the monoclonal antibodies differentiated fixed rabies virus strains (serotype 1) from rab ...	1988	3068246
the present status of rabies vaccine development and clinical experience with rabies vaccine.	attempts to control human rabies have a long history: animal and human vaccines provide efficient weapons for prevention. in this presentation, we would like to consider the different rabies vaccines available for human use, and particularly the modern vaccines produced in cell culture. rabies virus is considered as an unique virus, but in fact, 5 groups of rabies fixed strains are used throughout the world to produce human rabies vaccines: pasteur, beijing, flury, fuenzalida and sad strains. th ...	1988	3070767
[evaluation of 3 antigenically different strains of rabies virus, in mice. ii. study of viral dissemination, in various organs].		1988	3075342
[new research on the oral vaccination of wild animals].	successful oral immunization of wildlife against rabies has strongly stimulated research in the past decade. new approaches have been developed for vaccine production (e.g.: use of recombinant vaccines) as well as for better potency or safety testing procedures. it appears that man should also consider two important phenomena which already existed in nature before his research. the first one is an adaptation of the rabies virus, by serial passages, which favours the spreading of the disease amon ...	1988	3077440
epidemiology and diagnosis of rabies in greece.	during the decade 1951-1960, 8626 rabies cases were reported among domestic animals in greece and 53 deaths in humans. during the decades 1961-1970, 1971-1980 cases were reduced to 3009 and 242, respectively, while no more cases in man occurred since 1970. vaccination campaigns of dogs, besides the low prevalence of rabies among wild animals, resulted in its eradication from the country. immunofluorescence is the method used for diagnosis.	1988	3077442
new vaccines for immunization of man: new approaches towards the prevention of rabies in man.	cell culture rabies vaccines for human use, highly immunogenic and well tolerated, are now used for pre-exposure immunization as well as for post-exposure treatment. presently available cell culture rabies vaccines induce immunity against the sad modified live rabies virus used for oral immunization of foxes. they also induce immunity against the newly identified european bat rabies virus (duvenhage).	1988	2478948
[evaluation of 3 antigenically different strains of rabies virus, in mice. i. study of the clinical observation periods].		1988	2471254
[detection of antibodies to the rabies virus, using an immunoenzyme method, in blood samples collected on paper discs].		1988	2453731
immunologic study of human encephalitic and paralytic rabies. preliminary report of 16 patients.	lymphocyte proliferation tests to rabies antigen and myelin basic protein were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from nine patients with the encephalitic form and on seven with the paralytic form of human rabies. six of the nine patients with encephalitis had proliferative responses to rabies antigen, whereas all of the patients with paralysis had no response. two patients in each group also had a proliferative response to myelin basic protein. the myelin basic protein-reactive patients ...	1988	2456691
recognition of rabies and rabies-related viruses by t cells derived from human vaccine recipients.	human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and t-cell lines and clones from individuals immunized with rabies pm vaccine were tested for the ability to recognize antigenic determinants in rabies and rabies-related viruses in an antigen-induced proliferation assay. some, but not all, of the t cells from these individuals cross-reacted with various laboratory strains of rabies virus with rabies-related viruses such as duvenhage and mokola. in addition, these t cells were shown to react with epitopes ...	1988	2457112
genetic restriction and fine specificity of human t cell clones reactive with rabies virus.	rabies virus-specific t cell clones isolated from a human vaccine recipient were studied for their fine specificity and genetic restriction using synthetic peptides of the viral ag and mouse fibroblasts transfected with human mhc genes. two clones were found to react with an epitope present in the rabies glycoprotein, which was presented by the hla-dr7 molecule. other t cell clones recognized synthetic epitopes corresponding to the rabies nucleoprotein in association with the hla-dr7 or hla-dqw3 ...	1988	2459225
interleukin-2 production in vitro: a new approach to the study of rabies vaccine immunogenicity as appraised by testing different glycoprotein presentations.	when injected as an immunosome presentation (molecules anchored to preformed liposome), rabies glycoprotein (gp) is capable of protecting animals against rabies either before or after viral infection. the presentation of the gp molecules in the correct form seems to be essential for the induction of antirabies protection. this condition must be taken in account in the making-up of a rabies subunit vaccine. in order to study the relationship between the immune responses induced by the rabies gp a ...	1988	2461004
immunity against the european bat rabies (duvenhage) virus induced by rabies vaccines: an experimental study in mice.	protection experiments were performed in mice with different inactivated vaccines prepared with the fixed rabies virus strains: pm (pitman-moore), pv4 (pasteur virus) and lep (flury lep) against an intracerebral challenge with a european bat virus (duvenhage, strain hamburg, duv3). all vaccines protected mice against challenge with cvs (challenge virus standard). vaccines prepared with pv4 protected mice against a duv3 challenge. on the contrary, pm or lep vaccines did not protect mice against a ...	1988	2461007
the molecular biology of rabies viruses.	comparative nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses of the rna and proteins of several fixed rabies virus strains have allowed detailed characterization of structural-functional relations of individual virus components. several unique features of rabies viruses have been deduced from the complete nucleotide sequences of four of the five genes and the four intergenic regions of the genome. the most extensively analyzed rabies virus gene has been that of the surface glycoprotein. direc ...	1988	2462742
[effect of daily immunization and antirabies gamma-globulin on the development of immune t-killers in inbred mice infected with the street rabies virus].	daily administration of vaccine as well as combined use of antirabies gamma-globulin and vaccine were shown not to induce the production of immune t-killers possessing protective properties in adoptive transfer in mice pre-infected with street rabies virus in contrast to a single administration of a shock dose of antigen. immune splenocytes protected 31-43% of mice infected with street rabies virus in a dose of 2-4 im ld50 and did not protect the animals infected with a dose of 12 im-ld50. after ...	1988	2464240
human rabies--california, 1987.		1988	3130561
[antibody response in dogs to the administration of rabies vaccine in inactivated tissue and live forms].		1988	3142135
sequence of the 3386 3' nucleotides of the genome of the avo1 strain rabies virus: structural similarities in the protein regions involved in transcription.	dna fragments complementary to the genome of an avirulent strain (avo1) of the rabies virus were cloned and sequenced. the sequence of the 3386 nucleotides from the 3' end covers the genes encoding the leader rna, the nucleoprotein n, the phosphoprotein m1 and the matrix protein m2, as well as the intergenic regions. comparison of the avo1 sequence with those of other rabies strains reveals a very high conservation at both the nucleotide and the amino acid levels. the non-protein coding regions ...	1988	3147698
rapid quantitative assay of rabies post-vaccination antibody by elisa.	an improved method of elisa for rabies post-vaccination antibody determination has been developed comparing adsorption properties of polystyrene beads and microtitre plates which were coated with different concentrations of rabies virus antigen. all 106 human post-vaccination serum samples tested were found repeatedly positive within the range of mean values (mv) from 1.4 to 43.0 international units (iu)/0.1 ml. the plates displayed much higher coefficient of variation (cv) when testing lower se ...	1988	3179075
sensitivity of different cell lines for rabies virus isolation.		1988	3188725
epizootiology of skunk rabies in north america.	public health surveillance data from the united states and canada (1961 to 1982) were analyzed to determine if consistent temporal and spatial patterns in skunk rabies could be identified. enzootic/epizootic rabies was recognized in 18 states (enzootic states) based on the criteria of greater than or equal to 20 yr of reported skunk rabies and at least 1 yr with a minimum of 50 reported rabid skunks. in other wildlife species, epizootics have been demonstrated to expand along a wave-like front. ...	1988	3193556
[immunogenic properties of the liposomal form of the rabies vaccine].	the liposomal form of inactivated cultural whole-virion rabies vaccine was shown to induce formation of more intensive immunity than the vaccine without liposomes. these data have been obtained in immunity challenge by intracerebral inoculation of fixed virus as well as intramuscular inoculation of street rabies virus.	1988	3195143
a rabies agglutination test (rat) for rabies antibody detection.	an agglutination test has been developed for the detection of rabies antibodies after human vaccination. the rabies agglutination test (rat) is based on the capability of specific antibody to agglutinate sensitized polystyrene (or latex) beads. in the rat, latex beads were coated, in a first step, with inactivated and purified rabies virus (pv strain adapted and propagated on bhk-21 cells) and, in a second step, with bovine serum albumin. negative control beads were coated with bovine serum albu ...	1988	3198658
immunization of foxes against rabies with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein.	foxes were vaccinated orally (by bait), gastrically (by stomach tube) and by scarification with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein. neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus were detected at two weeks postvaccination in 8/8 foxes in the bait-fed group, in 3/6 foxes inoculated by stomach tube and in 2/2 of the scarified foxes. after challenge at three months postvaccination with street rabies virus, all foxes that had developed antibodies were protected. the high r ...	1988	3202696
skunk rabies.	in north america, the number of cases of rabies diagnosed in skunks generally exceeds that in either raccoons or foxes. enzootic skunk rabies occurs mainly in four geographic regions: (1) southern ontario and quebec and upper new york state; (2) the north central united states and the canadian provinces of manitoba, saskatchewan, and alberta; (3) california; and (4) south central united states (texas and several adjacent states). rabies in these areas (in skunks and, to a large extent, in other ...	1988	3206070
monoclonal antibody studies of rabies in insectivorous bats of the united states.	isolates of rabies virus from terrestrial animals in six geographically separate rabies enzootic areas of the united states were examined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the viral n protein. characteristic differences in immunofluorescence reactions permitted the formation of five antigenically distinct reaction groups from the 328 isolates tested. distinctive reaction patterns were also identified for isolates from four species of bats. these observations were used to determine the rol ...	1988	3206073
oral rabies vaccination: an overview.	the vaccination of wild animals against rabies was first attempted in 1962 after the repeated failure of poisoning or trapping to control the movement of the disease in these species. the initial requirements of such a vaccine were that it be efficacious and inexpensive, that it allow animals to immunize themselves, and that it not cause vaccine rabies in the target species. foxes were chosen for research purposes because they are a problem species and are exquisitely susceptible to rabies. the ...	1988	3206074
pathogenesis of rabies virus infection in dogs.	most dogs experimentally infected with street rabies virus showed clinical signs of rabies before death, but up to 18% of the dogs died without showing detectable signs of illness. in dogs showing signs, rabies was not invariably fatal. up to 20% of dogs recovered without any supportive treatment. some dogs inoculated with american (southern texas) or ethiopian canine street virus excreted virus in their saliva up to 14 days before signs appeared. there was no relation between the time of excret ...	1988	3206080
mass vaccination campaign against rabies: are dogs correctly protected? the peruvian experience.	in a mass vaccination campaign conducted in peru in march 1985, 270,000 dogs (65% of the estimated dog population) were vaccinated over the course of 1 month with an inactivated tissue culture vaccine. since that time no human rabies cases have been reported; in addition, the number of animal rabies cases has declined to only three from a previous mean of 292 cases per year since 1980. a serologic survey was also done to determine the immune response among randomly selected vaccinated dogs, with ...	1988	3206083
failure to thrive, wasting syndrome, and immunodeficiency in rabies: a hypophyseal/hypothalamic/thymic axis effect of rabies virus.	studies of rabies virus in several animal models consistently showed hypothalamic infection, hypophyseal infection, dramatic growth impairment (in the form of failure to thrive), wasting syndrome, and immune depletion. rabies virus infection was studied through routine monoclonal antinucleocapsid antibody immunofluorescence and through a peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoperoxidase method. the latter was modified to detect the in situ production of growth hormone by uninfected and rabies virus-inf ...	1988	3206086
antigenic diversity of the glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins of rabies and rabies-related viruses: implications for epidemiology and control of rabies.	rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have served to describe operationally the topography of the antigenic structure of the glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins of rabies virus. with the use of nucleocapsid protein-specific mabs and cleavage fragments of the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein, it has been possible to identify the chemical structure of two antigenic sites of the nucleoprotein and one antigenic site of the phosphoprotein. antisera produced to synthetic peptides that ...	1988	3206089
development of animal recombinant dna vaccine and its efficacy in foxes.	rabies is prevalent in most parts of the world. an extensive reservoir of the disease is present in the population of wild animals. the fox in particular is a major vector of the disease in north america and europe. although attempts to control rabies by vaccination of wild carnivores with attenuated rabies virus have met with some success, this approach remains controversial. the potential of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein for the protection of foxes against rab ...	1988	3206090
efficacy of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine in raccoons (procyon lotor).	raccoon rabies exists in epizootic proportions in the southeastern and mid-atlantic regions of the united states, but efficacious oral vaccines for control of rabies in this important vector have not been previously demonstrated. alternatively, a vaccinia recombinant virus vaccine (v-rg) expressing the era (evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth) rabies virus glycoprotein was highly immunogenic for laboratory animals and raccoons by the intradermal, intramuscular, and oral routes. raccoons that ate a synthe ...	1988	3206091
glimpses into the future of rabies research.	much is now known about the chemical composition of the rabies virus but little is known of its pathogenesis. techniques used commonly in molecular biology research can and should be applied to questions about the behavior of the rabies virus and the responses of the challenged host so that new generations of vaccines may be produced. the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine acts by inducing neutralizing antibody to rabies virus and completely protects various species of vaccinated a ...	1988	3206092
research on susceptibility of cats to the oral administration of rabies vaccine sad b 19 tü.		1988	3206948
the epidemiology of the human rabies threat in the grand duchy of luxembourg.	epidemiological data were recorded and blood samples were obtained from a group of 297 individuals from luxembourg who had been in contact with rabies-infected or -suspected animals from 1979 to 1985, and who had been vaccinated with a complete course of hdcs rabies vaccine. the majority of the subjects were farmers aged between 30 and 59. the most frequent source of infection was cattle, followed by foxes, sheep and cats. dogs were in the fifth position only, probably as a direct result of obli ...	1988	3207500
immunological relationships between rabies virus and rabies-related viruses studied with monoclonal antibodies to mokola virus.	specific monoclonal antibodies (mab) were prepared against a rabies-related lyssavirus, mokola virus. a strain isolated in the central african republic, mok-3, was used as immunogen. after 3 fusions more than 90 hybridoma cultures secreting mab were identified. according to their different patterns of reactivity against rabies and rabies-related viruses, 61 ascites fluids were obtained. the antibody class was igm for 2 of them and igg for 59. they were specific for one of the 4 major viral prote ...	1988	3207504
fatal encephalitis caused by a bat-borne rabies-related virus. clinical findings.	the clinical findings are described in the first reported european case of fatal encephalitis of bat origin caused by a rabies-related virus. a bat zoologist developed the symptoms of rabies 51 days after his last exposure to a bat bite. the clinical disease of 23 days duration was a combination of the paralytic and 'furious' forms of rabies. serial baep and eeg recordings, ct and mr scans of the brain, as well as csf findings, demonstrated severe ascending destruction of the brain. an unusual p ...	1988	3208067
comparison of spongiform lesions in experimental scrapie and rabies in skunks.	striped skunks were inoculated intracerebrally with the scrapie agent (suspension of brain from a naturally infected suffolk sheep) or intramuscularly with street rabies virus (suspension of salivary glands from naturally infected skunks). those given the scrapie agent developed clinical signs of weakness, posterior ataxia, and emaciation after incubated periods of 8 to 23 months. those inoculated with rabies virus developed clinical signs of rabies (aggressive behavior, hyperexcitability, ataxi ...	1988	3213430
a field trial in belgium to control fox rabies by oral immunisation.	campaigns of fox vaccination against rabies were carried out in belgium in september 1986 and june and september 1987. the sad b19 attenuated strain of rabies virus was inserted into baits which were distributed over an area of 2100 km2 at a density of 11 baits/km2. as recommended by the world health organisation, the efficacy and the innocuity of the method were controlled in the field and in the laboratory. samples of blood and brain and jaw were taken from foxes which were shot or found dead ...	1988	3218039
use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus for oral vaccination of fox cubs (vulpes vulpes, l) against rabies.	thirteen fox cubs were orally administered 10(7.2) plaque-forming units of live vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus. on day 28 post-vaccination, all but 1 cub had produced rabies virus antibodies. twelve animals were intramuscularly inoculated with 10(3.2) mouse intracerebral ld50 of rabies virus suspension on days 33 (5 foxes), 180 (4 foxes) or 360 (3 foxes) after vaccination. eleven of them resisted rabies challenge. unvaccinated foxes, either put in contact with 1 vaccinated animal ...	1988	3218072
[era rabies vaccinal strain in guinea pigs infected with cvs rabies strain].		1988	3218811
stability of rabies suckling mouse brain vaccine stored at different temperatures.		1988	3224228
improved antigenicity of the hiv env protein by cleavage site removal.	the hiv env glycoprotein mediates virus infection and cell fusion through an interaction with the cd4 molecule present at the surface of t4+ lymphocytes. although env presents a major antigenic target, vaccinia recombinants expressing env elicit low titres of anti-env antibody (kieny et al., bio/technology, 4, 790-795, 1986). to delimit the functional domains of env and to improve the immunogenicity of the vaccinia recombinants we constructed variants expressing env proteins in which the site pe ...	1988	3237686
efficacy of rabies vaccines against duvenhage virus isolated from european house bats (eptesicus serotinus), classic rabies and rabies-related viruses.	isolates of rabies from separate enzootics can be distinguished by their reactions with panels of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed to different sites on the nucleocapsid and glycoproteins of the virus. estimates of antigenic relatedness can be made by comparing similarities among groups. in this manner it can be shown that while classic strains of rabies react with most of the mabs, the rabies related lyssaviruses (mokola, lagos and duvenhage) react with only a few of the mabs and isolates ...	1988	3245296
[antigenic activity of rabivak-vnukovo-32 administered intradermally].		1988	3247694
[biological traits and immunologic value of the babeş strain of fixed rabies virus].		1988	3250362
one year booster vaccination with purified vero cell rabies vaccine.		1988	3256120
enhancement of antigen-specific interleukin 2 production by adding liposomes to rabies antigens for priming.	antigen-specific il-2 production was assessed, using splenocytes from rabies immune mice incubated for 24 h with rabies virus antigen. the antigenic material used for in vivo priming was either purified glycoprotein from rabies virus, or the inactivated virus. the time between priming, harvesting and restimulation of the splenocytes was 7 days. it was found that when antigenically inert liposomes were injected, together with antigenic material, to the prospective splenocyte donor mice, il-2 prod ...	1988	3259943
interleukin 2 increases protection against experimental rabies.	vaccination with either whole inactivated rabies virus or immunosome (rabies glycoprotein anchored on liposomes) induces a high level of interleukin 2 (il 2) production after in vitro specific stimulation of splenocytes from primed mice (9). on the contrary, infection with a live rabies virus does not specifically induce the production of il 2: splenocytes from ill mice previously infected with wild rabies virus cannot be specifically stimulated by rabies antigens, whereas they can be non-specif ...	1988	3261273
ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies.	two areas of the united states presently are experiencing epizootics of raccoon rabies, which have been followed by the development of an enzootic state. these include four southeastern and five mid-atlantic states. information was obtained from 1,610 raccoons submitted for rabies testing in four of the affected mid-atlantic states during 1982 and 1983 and from 798 raccoons from virginia during 1984 and 1985. analysis of the two sets of data provided an opportunity to characterize certain aspect ...	1988	3264616
[production of monoclonal antibodies against a strain of rabies virus].		1988	3268054
present status of bat-rabies in europe.	since 1985 there has been an increase of bat rabies in europe, especially in denmark, the federal republic of germany and the netherlands. the present knowledge on the epidemiology, diagnosis and prophylaxis of the disease is summarized.	1988	3268764
[health ethology of the fox and antirabies vaccine in the italian experience].	in order to contribute to the planning of antirabies oral vaccination of foxes a series of ethological and ecological investigations have been carried out. the results obtained are briefly summarized and discussed together with experimental data on antirabies immunization of dogs and foxes with different vaccines.	1988	3268766
[experience with antirabies vaccination of foxes using the oral route coordinated among several european countries and perspectives on the use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus].	campaigns of fox vaccination against rabies were carried out in belgium, grand-duchy of luxembourg and france in september 1986, june and september 1987. the sad b19 attenuated strain of rabies virus, contained in baits (tübingen baits) was used as vaccine. baits were distributed at a range density of 11 to 15 baits per km2. first results are very encouraging. a recombinant vaccinia virus harbouring the rabies virus glycoprotein gene has been developed. this recombinant virus can be given to the ...	1988	3268767
[the italian experience in the control of rabies. ii. laboratory research].	diagnoses of rabies have been performed at the zooprophylactic institutes of brescia and padua since 1977, 5,765 foxes have been examined and 1,805 (31.30%) resulted positive. the same institutes have performed also the laboratory tests in order to control the presence of tetracycline, the serum conversion and the presence of wild or attenuated viruses in the nervous tissue of foxes and other wild animals in occasion of the oral vaccination campaigns of foxes.	1988	3268769
[oral vaccination in the control of feral rabies].	the authors briefly report the results of laboratory and epidemiological investigations on living modified and inactivated antirabies vaccines, started in 1975 and carried out in collaboration with public health authorities and scientific institutions. the antirabies oral vaccination of foxes, using a live and modified vaccine (sadb19 tüb.) began in brescia province (val camonica) in 1984 and was extended in 1985 to bolzano and trento provinces. since july 1986 no more cases of rabies have been ...	1988	3268770
[the italian experience in the control of rabies. iii. laboratory studies on sadb19 tü vaccine used in the fox vaccination campaign].	results of laboratory investigations on the sadb19 tü vaccine used for oral vaccination of fox show: 1) the need to check the vaccine efficacy before its application in the field; 2) the importance of monoclonal antibodies to distinguish sylvatic from vaccinal virus strains in the diagnosis of rabies during the vaccination campaigns; 3) the relevance of a careful evaluation of the epidemiological risk encountered when releasing baits containing activated vaccine.	1988	3268771
[prevention of feral rabies in the province of rome].	this summary briefly describes the work carried out in recent years by the staff of the province of rome for prevention of sylvatic rabies.	1988	3268775
[rabies in austria 1966-1986].	the epidemiology of rabies in central europe with particular reference to austria is described. fox represents the vector of the infection while other animals are involved in the epidemiological picture only incidentally. oral immunization of foxes has been successfully achieved.	1988	3268777
[campaign against fox rabies in belgium: 1st campaign for the vaccination of foxes by the oral route].	the procedures followed in the first antirabies campaign carried out in belgium with oral vaccination of foxes are described. although the evaluation of the results is planned after the third campaign, preliminary data show a decrease in the expected number of cases in the vaccine treated zone.	1988	3268778
naturally acquired serum rabies neutralizing antibody in a canadian inuit population.		1988	3272719
increased mortality in mice infected with rabies virus and subsequently vaccinated against rabies.	when mice infected 1 or 2 days before by an im inoculation after high passage of the virus in the species ("challenge virus standard" strain) received an injection of live (flury) or inactivated virus, their mortality was increased in comparison with unvaccinated controls. in the case of the inactivated virus vaccine, mortality was proportional to the dose of vaccine received. conversely, when vaccination was carried out in mice recently infected with the same doses of a heterologous strain adap ...	1988	2972508
morphologic appearance of inclusion bodies and their association with the antigenic composition of naturally occurring rabies viruses.	a total of 112 rabies virus-infected skunk brain samples from naturally occurring cases (64 from missouri, 48 from kentucky) were code labeled and grouped into two morphologic categories according to the appearance and size of the discrete particles observed by immunofluorescent-antibody staining. the reactivity of the blind-labeled samples was then determined using a panel of 23 antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies to test whether morphologic appearance was associated with antigenicity. two c ...	1988	3277995
studies of era/bhk-21 rabies vaccine in skunks and mice.	era rabies vaccine virus grown in bhk-21 13s cells (era/bhk-21) and street rabies virus were titrated in mice by intracerebral, intranasal and intramuscular inoculation. mice were also given undiluted era/bhk-21 in baits. skunks were given undiluted era/bhk-21 in baits and by intramuscular, intranasal and intestinal inoculation. virus neutralizing antibody titers against rabies virus were measured over a three month observation period. the surviving skunks were challenged by intramuscular inocul ...	1988	3280109
use of the avidin-biotin peroxidase system to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.	we stained rabies-infected nervous and salivary-gland tissues fixed in formalin or acetone and embedded in paraffin with the avidin-biotin peroxidase system. with this system, rabies-virus antigen was detected in neurons, glandular acinar cells, and vascular endothelial cells more effectively than by immunofluorescence, especially when tissues were enzyme-digested with pronase before immunoperoxidase staining. the avidin-biotin peroxidase system should be useful for routine diagnosis, retrospect ...	1988	3284894
measurement of rabies-specific antibodies in carnivores by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we describe an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that utilizes anticanine immunoglobulin for the measurement of rabies-specific antibody in the sera of the major domestic and wildlife reservoirs of rabies in north america. sufficient cross-reactivity was found to exist between anticanine igg and serum antibody from all carnivores tested, including dogs, cats, foxes (vulpes vulpes), skunks (mephitis sp.) and raccoons (procyon lotor). with sera of most species, good correlation wa ...	1988	3286905
serological survey for rabies antibodies in raptors from california.	fifty-three newly captive birds of prey were tested serologically for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus, using a fluorescent focus inhibition test. no significant antibody titers were detected with this sensitive and specific technique in any of these birds. this study supports the contention that free-ranging birds of prey are of limited importance in the epidemiology of rabies.	1988	3286906
successful oral rabies vaccination of raccoons with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	two infectious raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants for expressing rabies virus surface spike glycoprotein (g) were produced by homologous recombination between raccoon poxvirus dna and chimeric plasmids previously used for production of vaccinia virus recombinants. expression of g protein was controlled by vaccinia virus promoter p7.5 (early/late class) or by p11 (late class). immunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts indicated that both of the rcn recombinants directed faithful expression o ...	1988	3291388
rabies.		1988	3292491
leads from the mmwr. human rabies despite treatment with rabies immune globulin and human diploid cell rabies vaccine--thailand.		1988	3334758
row over vaccine trial.		1988	3340199
inhibition of rabies virus infection by a soluble membrane fraction from the rat central nervous system.	this paper describes the inhibitory effect of a normal rat brain solubilized membrane preparation (rbsm-liposomes) on rabies virus infection. rabies virus was incubated with rbsm-liposomes or their separated components (proteins, phospholipids, gangliosides) before infection of cer or neuroblastoma cells. in addition, both rbsm-liposomes and target cells were treated with enzymes prior to the infection step. all these experimental procedures showed that the active components were mainly lipids.	1988	3341923
the preparation of cultured rabies virus and the production of antiserum for human use.	in this paper we describe a methodology for the preparation of the pasteur strain of fixed rabies virus in bhk-21 clone 13 cells and also its use for the production of antisera in horses. the methodology showed here is simple, rapid, facilitates the attainment of high protective titers, and the antisera produced are of high quality.	1988	3350822
antigenic variation of wild and vaccine rabies strains of egypt.	nineteen street rabies virus strains, isolated in egypt from humans (two), dogs (nine), cats (two), farm animals (two), gerbils (three), and a jackal were antigenically analyzed. the pasteur strain used for the preparation of human rabies vaccine, the flury high and low egg passage stains (hep, lep) used for animal vaccines, and the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain were also assayed. all were examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, using a panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies again ...	1988	3351484
vaccination challenge studies with variants of street rabies virus isolated in nigeria.	in a preliminary study it was observed that adult icr mice immunized with serial dilutions of an inactivated experimental human rabies vaccine from the pitman-moore (pm) vaccine virus were well protected against challenge with homologous virulent pm virus and challenge virus standard (cvs). however only one of five variant representatives in five of seven groups of 41 isolates of street rabies virus from nigeria characterized by hybridoma monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleocapsid and g ...	1988	3354253
effectiveness and tolerance of pre- and postexposure treatment with purified inactivated rabies vaccine prepared on vero cell line.	the results are reported of a field trial which was designated to demonstrate the inocuity and efficacy of the purified inactivated rabies vaccine (pvrv), produced on vero cells by the institut mérieux, lyon, france in pre- and postexposure treatment in man. four sex and age matched groups of veterinary students and medical personnel received the vaccine. the vaccine was given according to who recommendations for pre- and postexposure regimens. the 82 volunteers were divided into four groups and ...	1988	3354256
[specific activity of a concentrated, chromatography-purified cultured rabies vaccine].	animal experiments and trials on humans have shown that purified and concentrated chromatographic tissue-culture rabies vaccine is safe and essentially more potent than commercial tissue-culture rabies vaccine.	1988	3364079
pathogenesis of rabies virus from a danish bat (eptesicus serotinus): neuronal changes suggestive of spongiosis.	rabies virus strains isolated from a european bat (eptesicus serotinus) in denmark (dbv), a north american big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) in new york state (ny-bat), and a human in south africa (duvenhage strain (duv-1) were studied by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and by inoculating mice, cats, and dogs. the ten danish virus isolates from the same bat species reacted identically with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. immunofluorescence, monoclonal antibody, and histopathologic studie ...	1988	3369944
leads from the mmwr. human rabies--california, 1987.		1988	3373656
[rabies antibodies in ferrets after a single rabies vaccination].		1988	3376624
growth characteristics in cell culture and pathogenicity in mice of two terrestrial rabies strains indigenous to canada.	two strains of street rabies virus from striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were used to infect either a murine neuroblastoma (na 1300) or a baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/c13) cell culture and the cell infection rates were noted during 4 days postinfection. these cultures were then passaged for four consecutive passages, and the viruses obtained in the supernatant fluids of passage 4 were then treated as original isolates and used to infect both neuroblastoma and baby hamster kidney cells. the mort ...	1988	3378201
rapid diagnosis of rabies infection by means of a dot hybridization assay.	dot hybridization was used to detect specific rabies rna in brains, either from experimental infection in mouse or from brain material to be processed for routine diagnosis. 32p cdna probes were employed to identify minute amounts of specific viral rna. purified rna was obtained after phenol extraction. the rna was fixed on nylon membranes and hybridized with a pool of m13 inserts complementary to 200-400 nucleotides of each rabies gene and mrna. hybridized, labelled probes were detected by auto ...	1988	3380107
rabies in vaccinated dogs in gabon.		1988	3381454
[veterinary chief inspection of public health. the 'rabies in bats' scenario].		1988	3388400
completion of the rabies virus genome sequence determination: highly conserved domains among the l (polymerase) proteins of unsegmented negative-strand rna viruses.	we have now completed the rabies genome structure by the cloning and the sequencing of the entire l gene and the 5' untranscribed region. the l gene encodes a single open reading frame 2142 amino acids in length (244,206 da) that corresponds to the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. in contrast with other isofunctional proteins, the rabies polymerase exhibits a high degree of homology with the vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase, and a lesser degree, although significant, with those of sendai ...	1988	3407152
[biological properties of variants of the rabies street virus].	experiments in dogs inoculated intracerebrally with biological variants of paralytic (prv) and convulsive (crv) rabies virus isolated from the yak strain population of street rabies virus demonstrated distinct differences in the biological properties of the variants prv induced in dogs paralytic rabies with a short incubation period (average 6.4 days) and crv induced an atypical convulsive form characterized by attacks of tonic convulsions of the body, legs, and head twitching, and a longer incu ...	1988	3414067
[the phenomenon of "early and stimulated death" in mice infected and then vaccinated against rabies].	live (diluted) and inactivated rabies vaccines of low antigen content induce early and enhanced death in mice, inoculated before vaccination with a wild type of rabies virus. such vaccines, which neither induce interferon nor protect, produce a low level of antibodies which appear later than with vaccines of higher antigenicity. it is recommended to examine rabies vaccines not only by the usual (pre-exposure) potency test-nih test or modified nih test (one vaccination), but also by a post-exposu ...	1988	3415193
interaction of rabies vaccine with human rabies immunoglobulin and reliability of a 2-1-1 schedule application for postexposure treatment.	five commercially available rabies vaccines (hdcv, fbkc vaccine, pcec vaccine, pvrv and pdev) applied alone or combined with human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) were administered, by random allocation, to 161 volunteer vaccinees, using the abbreviated 2-1-1 postexposure immunization schedule. protective levels of rabies antibody were demonstrated in all vaccinees by day 14, and in all but one vaccinee from day 21 to day 90. partial inhibition of the antibody response due to hrig was observed for ...	1988	3420976
immunohistochemical staining of rabies virus antigen with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in paraffin tissue sections.		1988	3420993
antigenic site ii of the rabies virus glycoprotein: structure and role in viral virulence.	twelve monoclonal antibodies neutralizing the cvs strain of rabies virus were used to characterize antigenic site ii of the viral glycoprotein. nineteen antigenic mutants resistant to neutralization by some of these antibodies were selected; some continued to normally or partially bind the antibody, whereas others did not. mutations conferring resistance to neutralization by site ii-specific monoclonal antibodies were localized into two clusters, the first between amino acids 34 and 42 (seven gr ...	1988	2446011
bat rabies in british columbia 1971-1985.	rabies virus was demonstrated in 99 of 1154 bats submitted from british columbia between 1971 and 1985. rabies was diagnosed in seven species including big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), the latter accounting for 51% of all positive cases. colonial species represented 92.9% of all identified bats and 87.7% of all rabid cases. most bats were submitted from the more densely populated areas of the province, and submissions and positive cases both peaked in the month of august. daytime activity and ...	1988	17422945
structure of the nucleocapsid protein gene of sonchus yellow net virus.	the structure of the gene adjacent to the "leader rna" gene of sonchus yellow net virus (synv), a plant rhabdovirus, was deduced by dideoxyribonucleotide sequence analysis of synv genomic (g) rna and a series of plasmids constructed from synv grna or polyadenylated [poly(a)+] rna from synv-infected plants. evidence that this gene encodes the nucleocapsid (n) protein was obtained by reaction of synv n protein with polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant proteins derived from the cloned g ...	1987	18644572
rabies virus infection of cultured rat sensory neurons.	the axonal transport of rabies virus (challenge virus strain of fixed virus) was studied in differentiated rat embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells. in addition, we observed the attachment of rabies virus to neuronal extensions and virus production by infected neurons. a compartmentalized cell culture system was used, allowing infection and manipulation of neuronal extensions without exposing the neural soma to the virus. the cultures consisted of 60% large neuronal cells whose extensions exhibi ...	1987	2441076
the causes of the syndromes of landry (1859) and of guillain, barré and strohl (1916).	post-infectious and post-vaccinal peripheral neuritis or encephalomyelitis have frequently been considered the human equivalents of experimental allergic neuritis (ean) or encephalomyelitis (eae). the major basis for these comparisons between diseases in humans and experimental animals rests on the classical observations of "paralytic accidents" of pasteur-type vaccination against rabies. these old observations in humans injected with brain tissue indicate a remarkable heterogeneity of periphéra ...	1987	2445014
localization and immunological characterization of antigenic domains of the rabies virus internal n and ns proteins.	to locate epitopes on internal antigens of rabies virus, purified n and ns proteins of the nucleocapsid were cleaved at methionine, tryptophan or glutamic acid residues, transferred to nitrocellulose and immunostained using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for n and ns proteins, respectively. five mab-positive fragments of n protein and one fragment of ns protein were located after nh2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis within the deduced amino acid sequences of n and ns proteins. antige ...	1987	2445121
reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the newly developed purified chick embryo cell (pcec)-rabies vaccine in man.	purified chick embryo cell (pcec) rabies vaccine was given to 88 healthy adults according to six different vaccination schedules. local side effects were reported on reactivity forms after 16.4% of pcecv injections, general symptoms were recorded after 15.1% of the 292 doses administered. ige antibodies specific for chicken proteins determined by the radio allergo sorbens test (rast) could not be shown before and after the vaccinations. with no exception, all 88 vaccinees developed high titres o ...	1987	2445127