Publications

immunocytochemical localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid plasma membrane transporters in the tiger salamander retina.	gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) plasma membrane transporters (gats) play an important role in regulating gaba neurotransmission in the nervous system. the distribution of two gats, gat 1 and gat 3, in salamander retina was investigated by using affinity-purified polyclonal antisera directed to the predicted c-terminals of rat gat 1 and rat gat 3. gat 1-immunoreactivity (-ir) was found in type ib and iib orthotopic bipolar cells (bcs) located in the distal and middle of the inner nuclear layer (in ...	1997	9390763
genomic classification of fish nodaviruses by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein gene.	a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 25 isolates of fish nodaviruses, the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis of marine fish, was performed based on the nucleotide sequences (427 bases) of the coat protein gene. these fish nodaviruses were classified into four clusters: tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus, striped jack nervous necrosis virus, berfin flounder nervous necrosis virus, and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus.	1997	9097459
response sensitivity and voltage gain of the rod- and cone-bipolar cell synapses in dark-adapted tiger salamander retina.	response sensitivity and voltage gain of the rod- and cone-bipolar cell synapses in dark-adapted tiger salamander retina. j. neurophysiol. 78: 2662-2673, 1997. rods, cones, and bipolar cells were recorded in superfused, flat-mounted isolated retinas of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum, under dark-adapted conditions. voltage responses of 24 rods, 15 cones, and 41 bipolar cells in dark-adapted retinas to 500 nm light steps of various intensities were listed and fitted with hyperboli ...	1997	9356416
differential effects of mate competition and mate choice on eastern tiger salamanders	male tiger salamanders, ambystoma tigrinum tigrinumare slightly larger in body size and have considerably higher and longer tails than females. to determine how these dimorphic traits affected reproductive performance and success, we conducted breeding trials using 12 males and six females per trial and monitored male-female and male-male interactions. larger males had an advantage in most aspects of mate competition investigated. males with higher tails had no advantage in either mate competiti ...	1997	9236030
rapid classical conditioning of odor response in a physiological model for olfactory research, the tiger salamander.	in recent years there have been a number of important advances in the understanding of cellular mechanisms related to olfactory function. hypotheses regarding the complex relationships among odorant structure, physiological activity and behavioral outcome generated by these findings, however, remain largely untested due to a paucity of psychophysical data on stimulus discrimination in the same experimental species. comparisons between behavioral and physiological responses are essential for eluc ...	1997	9218140
interactions of androgens and estradiol on sex accessory ducts of larval tiger salamanders, ambystoma tigrinum.	immature tiger salamander larvae were treated with 12.5 or 25 micrograms of estradiol, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone (dht), or 12.5 micrograms of estradiol combined with 12.5 micrograms of either testosterone or dht. müllerian duct epithelium was more stimulated by combined steroid treatment than by any steroid alone. estradiol antagonized the action of dht in the wolffian duct. both of the androgens and estradiol when administered alone at the higher dose stimulated enlargement of connec ...	1997	9204368
maintenance of the adh polymorphism in ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum (tiger salamanders). i. genotypic differences in time to metamorphosis in extreme oxygen environments.	populations of gilled tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum) living in ephemeral ponds were studied in order to determine what evolutionary processes might be affecting genetic variation at the alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) locus. ponds frequently dried in late summer; salamanders that did not metamorphose and leave drying ponds died of desiccation. low levels of water oxygen significantly slowed metamorphosis of tiger salamanders in both natural and laboratory populations. adh- ss frequ ...	1997	16397643
genetic variation in asiatic lions and indian tigers.	previous reports have suggested that asiatic lions and tigers are highly inbred and exhibit very low levels of genetic variation. our analyses on these species have shown much higher degrees of polymorphism than reported. randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis of 38 asiatic lions, which exist as a single population in the gir forest sanctuary in india, shows an average heterozygosity of 25.82% with four primers. sperm motility studies by our colleagues corroborate this data. in india ...	1997	9378147
isolation and characterization of cyp6b4, a furanocoumarin-inducible cytochrome p450 from a polyphagous caterpillar (lepidoptera:papilionidae).	papilio glaucus (tiger swallowtail) is a generalist that rarely encounters plants containing furanocoumarins yet is constitutively capable of metabolizing low levels of these highly toxic allelochemicals. in larvae of this species, metabolism of linear (xanthotoxin, bergapten), and angular (angelicin, sphondin), furanocoumarins can be induced up to 30-fold by the presence of xanthotoxin in their diet. degenerate primers corresponding to conserved amino acid sequences in three insect p450s, musca ...	1997	9219364
chemical modification of notexin from notechis scutatus scutatus (australian tiger snake) venom with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.	notexin from notechis scutatus scutatus snake venom was subjected to lys modification with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp), and one major modified derivative was purified on a cation-exchanger sp-8hr column. the results of amino acid analysis and sequence determination revealed that only 2 lys residues at positions 82 and 115 out of 11 lys residues in notexin were modified. the incorporation of plp into the protein was accompanied by the loss of 53% lethal toxicity, but the modified notexin showed ...	1996	8895093
summation of activation: evidence from multiple primes that converge and diverge within semantic memory.	six experiments addressed the combinatorial influence of multiple related primes in naming, lexical decision and relatedness judgment performance. primes either converged on a single semantic representation (e.g., lion-stripes-tiger) or diverged onto distinct semantic representations (e.g., kidney-piano-organ). the facilitatory influence of 2 related primes was well predicted by the sum of the influences from the single-related-prime conditions (a) for both convergent and divergent primes, (b) i ...	1996	8708602
response sensitivity and voltage gain of the rod- and cone-horizontal cell synapses in dark- and light-adapted tiger salamander retina.	1. rods, cones, and horizontal cells (hcs) were recorded in superfused, flat-mounted isolated retinas of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum, under dark- and light-adapted conditions. 2. under dark-adapted conditions, hc responses to dim 500-nm light stimuli were mediated only by rods. in the linear voltage range (near the dark potentials), the average response to a light step of 0.5 s (500 nm, 0.438 photons per micron2 per s) was 0.41 +/- 0.06 (sd) mv for rods and 1.86 +/- 0.52 mv f ...	1996	8985884
receptive field of the retinal bipolar cell: a pharmacological study in the tiger salamander.	1. it is widely believed that signals contributing to the receptive field surrounds of retinal bipolar cells pass from horizontal cells to bipolar cells via gabaergic synapses. to test this notion, we applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) agonists and antagonists to isolated, perfused retinas of the salamander ambystoma tigrinum while recording intracellularly from bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and photoreceptors. 2. as we previously reported, administration of the gaba analogue d-aminovaler ...	1996	8890310
molecular cloning of a rhodopsin gene from salamander rods.	salamander photoreceptor cells have been used widely as models in vision research. however, the salamander opsin genes had not been cloned. the purpose of this study was to clone a salamander rhodopsin and to determine its primary structure and cell type-specific expression.	1996	8759361
distention and sugar feeding induce autogenous egg development by the asian tiger mosquito (diptera:culicidae).	mechanisms initiating autogenous egg development were studied using a selected strain of asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse), that required a sugar meal to develop eggs autogenously. caloric intake and the abdominal distention produced by ingesting sucrose solutions were interrelated in their effects on autogeny. distention of the abdomen with 2 microliters of saline, with no caloric intake, induced autogenous egg maturation in 66% of the females. abdominal distention produced by 2 mi ...	1996	8667383
serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a mexico city zoo.	a serologic survey of trichinella infection was carried out to determine the prevalence of this parasitosis among wild mammals kept in captivity at the chapultepec zoo. this was prompted by the necropsy finding of a heavy trichinella infection in a canadian polar bear (ursus maritimus) that had been kept at the zoo for more than 11 years. the parasites recovered were identified as t. nativa (t2). a serologic study based on elisa and western blot analysis was performed in serum samples from two p ...	1996	9017871
developmental synchrony of ascogregarina taiwanensis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) within aedes albopictus (diptera: cuclicidae).	development of ascogregarina taiwanensis lien & levine was synchronized with its host, the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse). trophozoites of the parasite migrate to the malpighian tubules where the gamonts fuse to form gametocysts and later mature oocysts. in this study, we observed that water temperature, which alters the development time of mosquito larvae, also affected parasite development. a. taiwanensis developed in a shorter time at 29 degrees c, whereas at 14 degrees c, the ...	1996	8742523
amino acid sequence of a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of notechis scutatus scutatus (australian tiger snake).	the complete amino acid sequence of notexin, a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of notechis scutatus scutatus (australian tiger snake), has been elucidated. the protein consists of a single chain of 119 amino acids cross-linked by seven disulfide bridges and has a formula weight of 13,578. the main fragmentation of the peptide chain was accomplished with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. a cyanogen bromide fragment and tryptic peptides were used to align the five major ...	1996	1158892
big cat attack: a case study.	a 28-year-old man was attacked by a large female tiger at an exotic animal farm, sustaining penetrating injuries to the neck and pharynx as well as a cervical spine fracture. this case and review of the literature demonstrates the ability of these animals to cause significant trauma and occult injuries. furthermore, this case demonstrates the need for a high index of suspicion when treating these patients, as serious underlying bony and soft tissue damage can easily be overlooked.	1996	8614090
origin and implications of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	all spongiform encephalopathies in animals, including humans, are slow developing infectious diseases. the current working theory links the origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) to the feeding of cattle with meat and bone meal prepared from scrapie-infected sheep remains. recycling of cattle meat and bones (mbm) essentially resulted in the selection of a single strain from the "wild type", a mixture of 20 strains. the bse agent is easily transmitted through ingestion, with some eviden ...	1996	8618936
isolation of vibrio harveyi from diseased kuruma prawns penaeus japonicus.	outbreaks of high mortality among the cultured kuruma prawn penaeus japonicus without overt gross signs occurred during august and december of 1994 in i-lan, taiwan. eleven luminous bacterial strains were isolated from the hepatopancreas of moribund prawns from five different farms by use of tryptic soy agar (tsa, supplemented with 2% nacl) and/or thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose (tcbs) agar. these strains, together with our two previously unpublished isolates, were characterized and identi ...	1996	8662185
experimental evidence against replication or dissemination of hepatitis c virus in mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) using detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.	in 3 laboratory experiments, mosquitoes were fed hepatitis c virus (hcv)-rna positive blood by using membrane feeders, separated into head, thorax, and abdomen, and tested by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for hcv-rna. hcv did not replicate or disseminate in mosquitoes that had ingested blood from patients that were hcv-viremic positive. when yellow fever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti (l.), were held for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after feeding, hcv-rna was detected in the abdomens of ...	1996	8667387
timing of ovulation after gonadotrophin induction and its importance to successful intrauterine insemination in the tiger (panthera tigris).	the ovarian response to equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg), the effect of timing of ovulation relative to hcg injection and the use of laparoscopic intrauterine artificial insemination (ai) were examined in two subspecies of tiger (panthera tigris). adult female tigers were subjected to the same ecg/hcg treatment followed by laparoscopy under xylazine/diazapam/ketamine hcl anaesthesia at 39-42 h (group i, n = 9), 46-49 h (group ii, n = 5) or 51-55 h (gro ...	1996	8699434
significant versus insignificant prostate cancer--can we identify the tigers from the pussy cats?		1996	8709309
effect of changing temperature on the ionic permeation through the cyclic gmp-gated channel from vertebrate photoreceptors.	native cgmp-gated channels were studied in rod outer segments of the larval tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum. the alpha subunit of the cgmp-gated channel from bovine rods, here referred to as the wild type (w.t.), and mutant channels were heterologously expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. these channels were studied in excised membrane patches in the inside-out configuration and were activated by the addition of 100 or 500 microm cgmp. the effect of temperature on the ionic permeation was st ...	1996	8744300
acute, flaccid quadriplegia in three cats with suspected coral snake envenomation.	three cats were evaluated for acute, ascending, flaccid quadriplegia; depression; and reduced nociception. complete or partial neuromuscular junction blockade was found on nerve stimulation studies during electromyographic examinations. two of the cases had wounds on the chin or paw compatible with coral snake bites. although a coral snake was found in only one case, coral snake envenomation was suspected because potential for exposure, clinical signs, and electrodiagnostic findings were similar ...	1996	8784725
efficacy and potency of antivenoms in neutralizing the procoagulant effects of australian snake venoms in dog and human plasma.	the efficacy and potency of commonwealth serum laboratories (csl) snake antivenoms in neutralizing the procoagulant action of australian snake venoms was studied in vitro. the procoagulant action of venoms from tiger, brown and taipan snakes were measured in pooled canine or pooled human plasma. mixtures of the venoms and their appropriate antivenoms, ranging from 0.1 to 15 times the recommended neutralizing dose of antivenom were then added to pooled canine or pooled human plasma and the effica ...	1996	8805896
a fatal infection in a bengal tiger resembling cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats.	a young bengal tiger born and kept in a german zoo had died of an unknown protozoal infection in 1984. retrospective histological and electron microscopical examination of the organs showed the changes to be identical with those of cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats. this is the first report of fatal cytauxzoonosis in a tiger.	1996	8814537
fatal cytauxzoonosis in a captive-reared white tiger (panthera tigris).	fatal (panthera tigris) cytauxzoonosis was diagnosed in a 7-year-old female white tiger. the tiger presented with a 2-day history of anorexia and lethargy. she was mildly dehydrated, with a temperature of 105.2 f and a hematocrit of 26%. over the next day, icterus developed, and her physical condition progressed to recumbency, coma, and death. hematologic findings obtained shortly before death included icteric plasma, severe thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, hematuria, and parasites consistent with ...	1996	8826011
virulence of vibrio alginolyticus isolated from diseased tiger prawn, penaeus monodon.	outbreaks of mass mortality among cultured tiger prawns (penaeus monodon) with white spotted syndrome (wss) in the carapace occurred in the summer of 1994 in i-lan, taiwan. a swarming strain val was isolated from hemolymph of the moribund prawns with tryptic soy agar (tsa, supplemented with 1% nacl, oxoid) and/or thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose (tcbs, difco) agar. this strain was characterized and identified to be vibrio alginolyticus. the strain was susceptible to antibiotics such as chlo ...	1996	8867464
snake envenomation in cats and its detection by rapid immunoassay.	to determine the usefulness of a snake venom detection kit (svdk) in the management of envenomed cats.	1996	8894022
equivalence of background and bleaching desensitization in isolated rod photoreceptors of the larval tiger salamander.	psychophysical experiments have shown an equivalence between sensitivity reduction by background light and by bleaches for the human scotopic system. we have compared the effects of backgrounds and bleaches on the light-sensitive membrane-current responses of isolated rod photoreceptors from the salamander ambystoma tigrinum. the quantum catch loss was factored out from the desensitization due to bleaching to give the fraction of "extra" desensitization due to adaptation. for backgrounds, desens ...	1996	8894981
conservation of living resources in a changing world	/ conservation of living resources is no longer parochial in scope; it is a global challenge. ecological, social, political, and business interests operate in a network that reaches across seas, continents, and nations. industries, including the electric utility industry, are diversifying in products and expanding into international markets. they soon discover that, while all nations have common goals for their peoples, conservation and environmental issues in less-developed nations have differe ...	1996	8895415
inter- and intraspecific variation in resistance to desiccation by adult aedes (stegomyia) spp. (diptera: culicidae) from indonesia.	desiccation survival times of adult mosquitoes were studied for yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.) (6 strains), asian tiger mosquito, ae. albopictus (skuse) (5 strains), and ae. paullusi stone & farmer (1 strain) colonized from south sulawesi, indonesia. at both 90 and 70% rh, ae. aegypti males and females outlived the other species. the forest species ae. paullusi was least resistant to desiccation. strains of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus from urban areas were more resistant to desicca ...	1996	8906905
aspirin: tiger or pussy cat?		1996	8935643
isolation and characterization of vibrio alginolyticus isolated from diseased kuruma prawn, penaeus japonicus.	outbreaks of serious mortality among cultured kuruma prawns (penaeus japonicus) with white spotted syndrome in the carapace occurred in the summer of 1993 in i-lan, taiwan. a swarming bacterium, strain swy, was isolated from the hepatopancreas of the moribund prawns using tryptic soy agar supplemented with 1% nacl and/or thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar. this strain was characterized and identified as vibrio alginolyticus on the basis of a number of biochemical tests. the swy strain w ...	1996	8936369
myotoxic activity of the toxic phospholipase, notexin, from the venom of the australian tiger snake.	notexin is a neurotoxic and myotoxic phospholipase a2 derived from the venom of the australian tiger snake, notechis scutatus. though the phospholipase activity has been implicated in the toxicity of notexin, little is understood of its site and mode of action. in this study we investigated the myotoxicity of notexin on the skeletal muscle of the rat. using immunogold labeling both in vivo and in vitro, we demonstrated that notexin bound exclusively to the sarcolemma. at the early stages when no ...	1996	8957446
synaptic inputs mediating bipolar cell responses in the tiger salamander retina.	postsynaptic receptors in bipolar cells were studied by focal application of glutamate and gaba to the outer and inner plexiform layers (opl and ipl) under visual guidance in living retinal slices of the tiger salamander. two different types of conductance change could be elicited in bipolar cells by applying glutamate to the opl. in off-center cells, which had axon telodendria ramifying in the distal 55% of the ipl, glutamate elicited a conductance increase associated with a reversal potential ...	1996	9068854
the fixative lipid of tiger pheromone.	tigers communicate with one another with the help of marking fluid (mf) which is a lipid-rich fluid sprayed upwards and backwards through the urinary channel of both the sexes. the volatile molecules of the mf are made to last longer with the help of lipid 'fixatives' the total amount of which is 1-2 mg/ml. this lipid comprises cholesterol ester, wax ester, triglyceride, free fatty acids, diglyceride, monoglyceride, free sterol and phospholipid as revealed by thin layer chromatography. the gas l ...	1996	9029376
a molecular phylogeny of the tiger beetles (cicindelidae): congruence of mitochondrial and nuclear rdna data sets.	as a basis for comparative studies in the family cicindelidae (tiger beetles), a phylogenetic hypothesis for major groups was established based on molecular data, focusing on the taxa of the new world. two markers, mitochondrial 16s rrna and nuclear 18s rrna, were sequenced for a total of 912 nucleotides and 30 taxa. all cicindelidae were inferred to be a monophyletic group by the presence of a segment in the 5' region of the 18s rdna which is predicted to fold into a single stem-loop structure ...	1996	8975689
on the tail of the tiger. is a tasmanian legend still wandering the bush?		1996	8797295
glutamate immunoreactivity in the tiger salamander retina differentiates between gaba-immunoreactive and glycine-immunoreactive amacrine cells.	a higher proportion of retinal amacrine cells, largely thought to be inhibitory, in tiger salamander retina are immunoreactive (+) for the excitatory amino acid glutamate than for either of the inhibitory amino acids, gaba and glycine. the colocalizations of glutamate immunoreactivity, gaba immunoreactivity and glycine immunoreactivity were studied in the proximal retina of tiger salamander using postembedding immunocytochemical methods in consecutive semithin sections. a considerable degree of ...	1996	8866240
immunohistochemical study of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in panthera tigris tigris.	the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a case of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor are described in a 14-yr-old female bengal tiger (panthera tigris tigris) housed at the new biblical zoo of jerusalem, jerusalem, israel, 1994. the neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically negative for insulin and glucagon, slightly positive for neuron-specific enolase, moderately positive for serotonin and somatostatin, and markedly positive for chromogranine a and gastrin. this is the first ...	1996	8827685
the dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel subtype in cone photoreceptors.	high-voltage activated ca channels in tiger salamander cone photoreceptors were studied with nystatin-permeabilized patch recordings in 3 mm ca2+ and 10 mm ba2+. the majority of ca channel current was dihydropyridine sensitive, suggesting a preponderance of l-type ca channels. however, voltage-dependent, incomplete block (maximum 60%) by nifedipine (0.1-100 microm) was evident in recordings of cones in tissue slice. in isolated cones, where the block was more potent, nifedipine (0.1-10 microm) o ...	1996	8740375
preoperative mri diagnosis of lhermitte-duclos disease: case report with associated enlarged vessel and syrinx.	the most common primary cerebellar tumor is hemangioblastoma, a lesion which is associated with magnetic resonance imaging (mr)-detectable vascularity in over 60%. lhermitte-duclos disease is an uncommon cause of a cerebellar mass that is not typically vascular.	1996	8629250
learning from the tigers: stakeholder health care.		1996	8598763
immunocytochemical localization of polyamines in the tiger salamander retina.	the polyamines spermine and spermidine are present in neural tissue, but their functions there are not well understood. recent work suggests that the nmda subtype of glutamate receptors, other glutamate receptor subtypes, and certain k(+)-channels, are neural targets for polyamines. to better understand the neuron-specific roles of polyamines, we have developed antibodies that interact with spermine and spermidine in aldehyde-fixed tissue and used these antibodies in immunocytochemical studies t ...	1996	8725001
'any willing provider': a toothless tiger?		1996	10157309
the mechanism by which nbqx enhances nmda currents in retinal ganglion cells.	when the quinoxaline nbqx (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo (f) quinoxaline), a ka/ampa antagonist, is bath applied to the tiger salamander retina, a paradoxical action is evident in the light-evoked synaptic responses of ganglion cells: nbqx enhances excitatory synaptic currents at light onset observed under whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions in a perfused retinal slice preparation. this observation was surprising because synaptic inputs into ganglion cells that are mediated by ka/ampa r ...	1996	8833754
genetics of mimicry in the tiger swallowtail butterflies, papilio glaucus and p. canadensis (lepidoptera: papilionidae).	the tiger swallowtail butterfly, papilio glaucus, exhibits a female-limited polymorphism for batesian mimicry; the canadian tiger swallowtail, papilio canadensis, lacks the mimetic (dark) form entirely. the species hybridize to a limited extent where their ranges overlap. field collections and censuses indicate that mimetic females occur throughout the range of p. glaucus but at lowest frequencies in populations at the latitudinal edges of its geographic range such as the southernmost part of fl ...	1996	28568864
the polytypic species revisited: genetic differentiation and molecular phylogenetics of the tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum (amphibia: caudata) complex.	we present a phylogenetic analysis of the ambystoma tigrinum complex, based on approximately 840 base pairs of mitochondrial-dna sequence from the rapidly evolving d-loop and an adjacent intron. our samples include populations of the continentally distributed species, a. tigrinum, plus all described species of mexican ambystomatids. sequence divergence is low, ranging from 0-8.5%, and most phylogenetic groupings are weakly supported statistically. we identified eight reasonably well-defined clad ...	1996	28568845
tiger balm as a treatment of tension headache. a clinical trial in general practice.	to assess the efficacy of a topical medication, tiger balm, in the treatment of acute tension headache.	1996	8839380
noise analysis of the glutamate-activated current in photoreceptors.	the glutamate-activated current in photoreceptors has been attributed both to a sodium/glutamate transporter and to a glutamate-activated chloride channel. we have further studied the glutamate-activated current in single, isolated photoreceptors from the tiger salamander using noise analysis on whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. in cones, the current is generated by chloride channels with a single-channel conductance of 0.7 ps and an open lifetime of 2.4 ms. the number of channels per cell is i ...	1996	8789090
[ultrastructural analysis of anastomosis group 9 of rhizoctonia solani].	the ultrastructure of r. solani ag-9 (s-21, atcc 62804) was investigated with transmission electron microscopy (tem). the most important characteristics were those related with cell wall thickness, cytoplasmic matrix composition, number of nuclei and nucleoli and secretory material production. the majority of examined hyphae showed lateral cell walls thinner than those recorded before. the cytoplasmic matrix consistently appeared differentiated into two classes, one formed by a highly electron d ...	1996	9334448
the closed-loop nature of the tymbal response in the dogbane tiger moth, cycnia tenera (lepidoptera, arctiidae).	the dogbane tiger moth, cycnia tenera, emits ultrasonic sounds by rhythmically buckling a pair of tymbals when stimulated by pulsed sounds resembling bat echolocation. we monitored the central pattern generator governing this response by recording the motor output of the tymbal branch of the metathoracic leg nerve. the rhythm of the tymbal motor pattern can be altered midway (500 m/sec from its initiation) by changing the period and, to a lesser degree, the intensity of the stimulus. the tymbal ...	1996	8872318
how to get paid for having fun.	as i look back, i am still amazed that i was actually paid to do something i loved and others could describe as work. yet my situation is no different from that of most scientists who find that they are asked to pursue their innate curiosity to solve puzzles, the solutions to which fortunately are of value to society. i enjoyed the beautiful logic of mathematics in elementary grades and was entranced by the exciting solution of puzzles described by dekruif. so i drifted into the scientific profe ...	1996	8811172
brittle and sparse hair with normal cystine content caused by methionine deficiency?	the unusual case of an 8-year-old girl with a hair disorder is presented, characterized by brittle, short and sparse hair. on polarizing microscopy the latter reveals a "tiger tail" pattern, whereas severe cuticular defects are detected on scanning electron microscopy. the patient's hair has a normal cystine content but is completely devoid of methionine and reveals distinct changes of its visoelastic parameters. it is presently unknown whether the lack of methionine may be implicated in the pat ...	1996	8721497
generating 'tiger' as an animal name or a word beginning with t: differences in brain activation.	positron emission tomography was used to investigate differences in regional cerebral activity during word retrieval in response to different prompts. the contrast of semantic category fluency and initial letter fluency resulted in selective activation of left temporal regions; the reverse contrast yielded activation in left frontal regions (ba44/6). a further comparison between types of category fluency demonstrated a more anterior temporal response for natural kinds and more posterior activati ...	1996	8805836
simple and rapid method for determination of oxolinic acid in tiger shrimp ( penaeus monodon ) by high-performance liquid chromatography.	a simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining oxolinic acid in tiger shrimp ( penaeus monodon ) tissue has been developed. the sample was simply extracted with ethyl acetate without further clean-up. the extract was analyzed using reversed-phase chromatography with uv detection at 330 nm. an extraction efficiency of 97.4 ± 10.3% was obtained. the within-run precision ranged from 1.46 to 4.21% and the between-run precision ranged from 6.01 to 9.77%. detection of oxolinic ...	1996	31159009
sensory receptors on the adult labial and maxillary palpi and galea of cicindela sexguttata (coleoptera: cicindelidae).	five types of sensilla are situated on the apical area of the labial and maxillary palpi and galea of cicidela sexguttata. large, conical, and peg-like sensilla are in rows on the central region of each palpus. these sensilla have a hollow cuticular peg, with an apical pore and multi-innervation. this central region of palpal sensilla is surrounded by campaniform sensilla that are disc-shaped and small conical peg sensilla. a similar type of conical sensillum as the found in the palpal central r ...	1995	29865329
comparison of the actions of glycine and related amino acids on isolated third order neurons from the tiger salamander retina.	whole cell voltage and current clamp recordings were obtained from third order neurons isolated from the salamander retina. using cross desensitization, the structure-function relationship of short chain amino acids on the glycine receptor were examined. l-serine, l-alanine, beta-alanine and taurine all cross desensitized with glycine, but did not show significant cross desensitization with gaba. this indicates that these amino acids act at the glycine receptor. the order of potency was glycine ...	1995	7708201
nephrotoxicity of notexin in experimental mice.	notexin, a well known neurotoxin, derived from tiger snake venom, was shown to have direct nephrotoxic properties in experimental mice. a single subcutaneous dose of 1.38 micrograms/kg body weight of notexin produced renal tubular and glomerular damage within 24 hours. renal damage increased in severity proportional to the dose of notexin injected. at a high dose of notexin, thrombotic "spherules" were found in glomeruli. these thrombotic spherules have not been previously reported to be associa ...	1995	7580101
multiple ion binding sites in ih channels of rod photoreceptors from tiger salamanders.	the mechanism of ion permeation in k+/na(+)-permeable ih channels of tiger salamander rod photoreceptors was investigated using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. ih channels showed features indicative of pores with multiple ion binding sites: in mixtures of k+ and thallium (t1+), the amplitude of the time-dependent current showed an anomalous mole fraction dependence, and k+ permeation was blocked by other permeant ions (with k0.5 values: t1+, 44 microm; rb+, 220 microm and nh4+, 1100 micr ...	1995	7545280
care-planning in long term care.	a comprehensive nursing care plan was revised to streamline documentation within a long-term care environment, often a "paper tiger" arena. the care plan guides certified nursing assistants to prevent and identify resident problems while delivering safe care. not only are separate care protocols identified, but the care plan explains the specific nursing interventions to alleviate the residents' concerns or problems.	1995	7731599
verification of water equivalence of femri gels using monte carlo simulation.	dosimetric characteristics of the femri gels for various energy photon and electron beams were investigated using the integrated tiger series (its) monte carlo codes. the femri gels have been reported as being tissue-substitutes which can be shaped to any desired contour for three-dimensional (3d) mapping of dose distribution using magnetic resonance (mr) scanning. this study indicated that the central axis depth dose, off-axis depth dose, transverse profile at the depth of 50% of maximum dose, ...	1995	7609731
acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration: a report of three patients, including the second reported case with hypoprebetalipoproteinemia (harp syndrome).	we describe an example of a variant of hallervorden-spatz disease, characterized by hypoprebeta-lipoproteinemia, acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration (harp syndrome), in an 18-year-old woman who presented with longstanding intellectual subnormality, night blindness, and a 2-year history of orobuccolingual dystonia causing dysarthria and dysphagia. investigation showed acanthocytosis and hypoprebetalipoproteinemia, and electroretinograms were typical of tapetoretinal de ...	1995	7898702
"riding the tiger": lessons from a health promotion activity aimed at reducing the use of alcohol by youth.	this paper outlines a health promotion activity entitled "riding the tiger". "riding the tiger" aims to reduce binge drinking among youth and is an applicable intervention for both rural and urban areas. the paper aims to provide health care workers wishing to reduce the binge drinking of youth with a practical guide.	1995	16203341
maintenance of ecologically significant genetic variation in the tiger swallowtail butterfly through differential selection and gene flow.	differential selection in a heterogeneous environment is thought to promote the maintenance of ecologically significant genetic variation. variation is maintained when selection is counterbalanced by the homogenizing effects of gene flow and random mating. in this study, we examine the relative importance of differential selection and gene flow in maintaining genetic variation in papilio glaucus. differential selection on traits contributing to successful use of host plants (oviposition preferen ...	1995	28568537
block of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in salamander olfactory receptor neurons by the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ly83583.	1. using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ly83583 [6-(phenylamino)-5,8-quinolinedione] is shown to act as a potent blocker of cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) channels in isolated olfactory receptor neurons (orns) of the tiger salamander. 2. under our experimental conditions, onset of the blockade by ly83583 occurs on the time scale of seconds and is completely reversed upon wash-out of the drug. dose-response curves reveal a kd of 1.4 microm (at -60 mv). other da ...	1995	8747232
[the specialists' competence must be worth while the bother! today it's a paper tiger without guts].		1995	7490964
hyperosmotic activation of transmitter release from presynaptic terminals onto retinal ganglion cells.	a method for evoking neurotransmitter release without light stimulation has been developed and applied to a retinal slice preparation of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrum). this method utilizes a micropipette containing hyperosmotic levels of sucrose in ringer, positioned within the inner plexiform layer (ipl) under visual control. intermittent pressure (between 0.1 and 2 bars) applied to the pipette evoked release of neurotransmitters which were evaluated with whole-cell recording (wcr) te ...	1995	8750098
characterization of guanylate cyclase activity in single retinal rod outer segments.	cgmp mediates vertebrate phototransduction by directly gating cationic channels on the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor outer segment. this second messenger is produced by a guanylate cyclase and hydrolyzed by a light-activated cgmp-phosphodiesterase. both of these enzyme activities are ca2+ sensitive, the guanylate cyclase activity being inhibited and the light-activated phosphodiesterase being enhanced by ca2+. changes in these activities due to a light-induced decrease in intracellular ca ...	1995	8648296
[quality assurance in health care--a paper tiger?].		1995	7482449
glutamate-gated chloride channel with glutamate-transporter-like properties in cone photoreceptors of the tiger salamander.	1. using the patch-clamp technique, we investigated whether the glutamate-elicited current in mechanically isolated cone photoreceptors from the salamander retina is generated by a cl- channel or a glutamate transporter. 2. the current reversed near the equilibrium potential for cl-, was decreased by three cl- channel blockers, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino) benzoic acid, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate, and diphenylamine 2,2'-dicarboxylic acid, and was eliminated when gluconate w ...	1995	8989410
regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and membrane excitability in olfactory receptor cells by carbon monoxide.	1. the effect of the putative neural messenger carbon monoxide (co) and the role of the cgmp second-messenger system for olfactory signal generation was examined in isolated olfactory receptor neurons (orns) of the tiger salamander. 2. with the use of whole cell voltage-clamp recordings in combination with a series of ionic and pharmological tests, it is demonstrated that exogenously applied co is a potent activator (k1/2 = 2.9 microm) of cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) channels previously describ ...	1995	8989388
cone photoreceptors respond to their own glutamate release in the tiger salamander.	pulse-like currents resembling miniature postsynaptic currents were recorded in patch-clamped isolated cones from the tiger salamander retina. the events were absent in isolated cones without synaptic terminals. the frequency of events was increased by either raising the osmotic pressure or depolarizing the cell. it was decreased by the application of either glutamate or the glutamate-transport blockers dihydrokainate and d,l-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate. the events required external na+ for which l ...	1995	7568144
nbqx, an improved non-nmda antagonist studied in retinal ganglion cells.	the quinoxaline derivative, 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo (f) quinoxaline (nbqx), significantly reduced the currents evoked by exogenous application of quisqualate (qq), kainate (ka) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (ampa) when applied to ganglion cells, using whole-cell recording in a slice preparation of the tiger salamander retina. a comparison between nbqx and cnqx indicates that nbqx is more effective in blocking ampa receptors. also, at up to 10 microm, ...	1995	8548303
the relationship between light-evoked synaptic excitation and spiking behaviour of salamander retinal ganglion cells.	1. light-evoked input-output characteristics of ganglion cells in dark-adapted tiger salamander retina were studied in the slice preparation using patch-clamp techniques. excitatory postsynaptic currents (epscs), isolated by blocking inhibitory inputs and evoked by a range of light stimulus intensities, were recorded under whole-cell voltage clamp. spike responses, evoked by the same light intensities, were recorded extracellularly from the same cells using the cell-attached patch-clamp techniqu ...	1995	8544133
desensitizing glutamate receptors shape excitatory synaptic inputs to tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells.	ampa/kainate (ka) receptors mediate a component of ganglion cell excitatory postsynaptic currents (epscs). we investigated whether desensitization at these receptors contribute to the shape of transient epscs in on-off ganglion cells. whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings were made from ganglion cells in the retinal slice or in isolation. epscs were evoked by either stimulating the slice with light or puffing k+ at the outer plexiform layer (opl). the ampa/ka receptor-mediated component of the ep ...	1995	7666201
in vivo diagnosis of hallervorden-spatz disease.	the authors present the mri findings of two children with insidious walking difficulties, signs of corticospinal tract involvement, and signs and symptoms of extrapyramidal dysfunction such as rigidity and generalized dystonia, the latter with predominance of oromandibular involvement. in one child, mri revealed prominent hypo-intensity in the globus pallidus and in the substantia nigra on t2-weighted spin echo images, consistent with iron deposition and thus with previous post-mortem findings o ...	1995	7589865
from paper tigers to consumer-centered quality assurance tools: reforming incident-reporting systems.	a practical framework for program administrators seeking to improve the effectiveness of their incident reporting and investigation procedures and practices was provided. too often, these systems, which are designed by outside parties, are viewed by program administrators as instruments of risk exposure rather than viable tools for risk management and quality improvement. program administrators were encouraged to take control of their incident-reporting systems by transforming them into viable c ...	1995	7565146
dopamine modulates gabac receptors mediating inhibition of calcium entry into and transmitter release from bipolar cell terminals in tiger salamander retina.	using optical recording techniques, we directly monitored pre- and postsynaptic calcium dynamics at bipolar cell terminals while inhibiting synaptic release with applied gaba and modulating inhibition with dopamine. to monitor pre-synaptic activity, individual bipolar cells in the retinal slice were filled with either fura-2 or fluo-3 through a patch electrode. calcium entry into bipolar terminals, elicited by depolarization from -60 mv to 0 mv, was reduced to 36% of control in the presence of 2 ...	1995	7623108
evidence for glycine modulation of excitatory synaptic inputs to retinal ganglion cells.	the actions of glycine on the nmda receptor-mediated synaptic responses of ganglion cells were studied in the tiger salamander retinal slice. ganglion cell excitatory postsynaptic currents (epscs) were elicited either by exciting bipolar cells with potassium puffs or by light stimulation, and were measured using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. increasing bath glycine concentrations to 10 microm had little effect on the amplitude of the puff-evoked epscs, indicating either that synaptic glycin ...	1995	7790926
[precocious parkinson's disease associated with "eye-of-the-tiger" type pallidal lesions].	we report the case of a 56-years-old woman patient, born to unrelated parents, who since 26-years-old gradually developed bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor of both hands, and speech and gait difficulties. her past history was unremarkable. there was no family history of neurologic disease. she was admitted to our hospital at age 39 and at that time she presented a full parkinsonian syndrome. the following tests were normal or negative: routine blood studies, serum copper, ceruloplasmin and cerebros ...	1995	7487542
characterization of auditory afferents in the tiger beetle, cicindela marutha dow.	we have identified a nerve carrying auditory afferents and characterized their physiological responses in the tiger beetle, cicindela marutha. 1. the tympana are located at the lateral margins of the first abdominal tergum. the nerve carrying the tympanal afferents is a branch of the dorsal root from the first abdominal ganglion. 2. both male and female auditory afferent responses are sharply tuned to 30 khz with sensitivities of 50-55 db spl. 3. the auditory afferents show little adaptation and ...	1995	7769565
comparative anatomy of the cardiac foramen ovale in cats (felidae), dogs (canidae), bears (ursidae) and hyaenas (hyaenidae).	the structure of the foramen ovale from 16 species representing 4 carnivore families, the felidae, canidae, ursidae and hyaenidae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. the felidae were represented by 9 domestic cat fetuses (felis catus), 2 snow leopard neonates (uncia uncia), an ocelot neonate (leopardus pardalis), 2 lion neonates (panthera leo), a panther neonate (panthera pardus) and 3 tigers (neofelis tigris), comprising 2 fetuses and a neonate. the canidae were represented by ...	1995	7649822
a wavelet-based metric for visual texture discrimination with applications in evolutionary ecology.	much work on natural and sexual selection is concerned with the conspicuousness of visual patterns (textures) on animal and plant surfaces. previous attempts by evolutionary biologists to quantify apparency of such textures have involved subjective estimates of conspicuousness or statistical analyses based on transect samples. we present a method based on wavelet analysis that avoids subjectivity and that uses more of the information in image textures than transects do. like the human visual sys ...	1995	7696817
analysis of human remains recovered from a shark.	trauma caused by marine scavengers and predators, especially sharks, is not well known. this paper describes the effect of shark attack on human remains. they were found in the stomach of a tiger shark caught by fishermen near hollywood beach, florida. the remains belonged to a white male in his late twenties or early thirties with a stature of 175 cm. the damages to the skeleton and the association of these damages with the behaviours of tiger sharks is also analyzed. the trauma affecting long ...	1995	7705731
amino acid sequence of a new type of toxic phospholipase a2 from the venom of the australian tiger snake (notechis scutatus scutatus).	venom from the common tiger snake, notechis scutatus scutatus, contains several toxic acidic proteins which promote hypotension and hemorrhage in mice. one of these toxins, hte, has a phospholipase a2 (pla2) amino acid sequence. it contains 125 amino acids rather than the 119/120 found in other n. s. scutatus pla2s, because it also has the loop of residues (62-66) found in helix d of pancreatic pla2s, the gamma-subunit of taipoxin, and the d-subunit of textilotoxin. high sequence identity is fou ...	1995	7733680
bicuspid evolution of the arterial and venous atrioventricular valves.	atrioventricular valves were studied in pisces (shark), amphibians (frog), reptiles (turtle, snake and crocodile) and aves (duck, chicken and quail). dog shark, tiger shark and hammerhead shark have a contractile common atrioventricular orifice with anterior and posterior bridging leaflets. angel shark resembles the frog in having a contractile oval common atrioventricular orifice guarded by two lateral (right and left) and two central bridging (anterior and posterior) leaflets. in turtles and s ...	1995	7742994
[effectiveness of coils and mats for protection against malaria vectors in cameroon].	the evaluation of the effectiveness of coils and mats on mosquitoes, especially malaria vectors was carried out in the southern cameroon. the study was performed in the nsimalen village from november 1993 to august 1994. two brands of coils: timor and moon tiger containing 0.15% w/w of esbiothrin and two brands of mats: ars mats (containing d-allethrin) and moon tiger (with s biothrin and diethyl-toluamide) were tested. the evaluation was based on night catches on human bait inside houses. a cat ...	1995	7780671
the multi-ion nature of the cgmp-gated channel from vertebrate rods.	1. native cgmp-gated channels were studied in rod outer segments of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. the alpha-subunit of the cgmp-gated channel, here referred to as the wild type (wt), and mutant channels were heterologously expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. these channels were studied in excised membrane patches in the inside-out configuration and were activated by the addition of 100 or 500 microm cgmp. the current carried by monovalent cations was measured under voltage-cl ...	1995	7473247
a tiger behind many doors: multiple genetic pathways to malignant glioma.	malignant gliomas are the most common primary human brain tumours, but their classification remains controversial and effective therapies remain elusive. as a result, malignant gliomas have come under intense scientific scrutiny, in the hope of elucidating the molecular basis of glial tumourigenesis. these studies have yielded insights into the genetic events that underlie glioma formation and progression, and have shown multiple distinct genetic pathways that lead to the common malignant endpoi ...	1995	7482768
kinematics of feeding in bluegill sunfish: is there a general distinction between aquatic capture and transport behaviors?	despite numerous studies of food transport in terrestrial vertebrates, little is known about this aspect of the feeding repertoire in aquatic vertebrates. previous work had predicted that the kinematics of aquatic prey capture by suction feeding should be similar to those of prey transport. however, recent analyses of aquatic prey capture and transport in the tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum have contradicted this hypothesis, and document numerous differences between these two behaviors. in t ...	1995	9318463
n-acetyltransferase, hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase and melatonin in the optic lobes of the giant tiger shrimp penaeus monodon.	the activities of the enzymes n-acetyltransferase (nat) and hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase (hiomt) and the hormone melatonin were studied in the optic lobe of the subadult giant tiger shrimp penaeus monodon. compared with the level in other species, a relatively high level of nat activity that was temperature- and ph-dependent were observed. the nat enzyme had a relatively high maximum velocity (vmax, 100 pmol/hr/micrograms protein) and low michaelis constant (km, 22 microm), when tryptamine ...	1995	8531052
a north american model to contain the spread of aedes albopictus through tire legislation.	the introduction, spread, and establishment of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, in the united states has been facilitated by used or waste tires. this species has not only caused considerable concern among public health officials but also highlighted that the growing accumulations of used tires are a serious solid waste problem and a challenge to the recycling industry. this paper illustrates how the state of illinois addressed the public health and solid waste problems associated wit ...	1995	8778655
nitric oxide synthase in tiger salamander retina.	previous studies have indicated that nitric oxide, a labile freely diffusible biological messenger synthesized by nitric oxide synthase, may modulate light transduction and signal transmission in the retina. in the present work, the large size of retinal cells in tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) allowed the utilization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph)-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry to delineate the cell-specific intracellular lo ...	1995	8550897
ancestry of an isolated subspecies of salamander, ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi lowe: the evolutionary significance of hybridization.	most phylogenetic systematists assume speciation results in dichotomously branching phylogenies. hybridization that gives rise to a new lineage can produce character homoplasty that might obscure a species' true history. we report the results of a restriction-enzyme analysis of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) variation in three tiger salamander subspecies (ambystoma trigrinum mavortium, ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, and ambystoma trigrinum stebbinsi) and compare the results to studies of morphological ...	1995	7663764
separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial dna haplotypes in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	nonrandom associations of alleles or haplotypes with geographical location can arise from restricted gene flow, historical events (fragmentation, range expansion, colonization), or any mixture of these factors. in this paper, we show how a nested cladistic analysis of geographical distances can be used to test the null hypothesis of no geographical association of haplotypes, test the hypothesis that significant associations are due to restricted gene flow, and identify patterns of significant as ...	1995	7498753
calcium waves in dissociated retinal glial (müller) cells are evoked by release of calcium from intracellular stores.	calcium imaging techniques were used to study intracellular free calcium ion regulation in isolated müller cells in response to changes in extracellular potassium concentration and to caffeine and ryanodine. müller cells were dissociated from the adult tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) retina and studied using the calcium indicator fura-2 and video imaging microscopy techniques. our results demonstrate that elevation of extracellular potassium in the presence of extracellular calcium evokes ...	1995	7615342