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micrornas as promising tools for improving stress tolerance in rice.rice (oryza sativa) represents one of the most important food crops in the world, since it feeds more than two billion people. the increased rice production can play significant roles in upgrading the economic status of countries like india and china. a great deal of research has been carried out in the recent past on the molecular biology, genomics and biotechnology of rice. by employing recombinant dna technology, remarkable progress had been made towards production of rice plants with increas ...201222902689
red strain oryza sativa-unpolished thai rice prevents oxidative stress and colorectal aberrant crypt foci formation in rats.oxidative stress has been proposed to be involved in colorectal cancer development. many dark pigments of plants have potent oxidative stress preventive properties. in this study, unpolished thai rice was assessed for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (abts) methods. red strain unpolished thai rice was also administered to rats exposed to azoxymethane (aom) for induction of aberrant crypt foci (acf). serum mal ...201222901149
oscillation regulation of ca2+ /calmodulin and heat-stress related genes in response to heat stress in rice (oryza sativa l.).the ca ( 2+) /calmodulin (cam) signaling pathway mediates the heat stress (hs) response and acquisition of thermotolerance in plants. we showed that the rice cam1-1 isoform can interpret a ca ( 2+) signature difference in amplitude, frequency, and temporal-spatial properties in regulating transcription of nucleoplasmic small heat-shock protein gene (shspc/n) during hs. ca ( 2+) and a23187 treatments under hs generated an intense and sustained increase in [ca ( 2+) ]cyt and accelerated the expres ...201222899079
dwarf and deformed flower 1, encoding an f-box protein, is critical for vegetative and floral development in rice (oryza sativa l.).recent studies have shown that f-box proteins constitute a large family in eukaryotes, and play pivotal roles in regulating various developmental processes in plants. however, their functions in monocots are still obscure. in this study, we characterized a recessive mutant dwarf and deformed flower 1-1 (ddf1-1) in oryza sativa (rice). the mutant is abnormal in both vegetative and reproductive development, with significant size reduction in all organs except the spikelet. ddf1 controls organ size ...201222897567
chimeric floral organs1, encoding a monocot-specific mads box protein, regulates floral organ identity in rice.the control of floral organ identity by homeotic mads box genes is well established in eudicots. however, grasses have highly specialized outer floral organs, and the identities of the genes that regulate the highly specialized outer floral organs of grasses remain unclear. in this study, we characterized a mikc-type mads box gene, chimeric floral organs (cfo1), which plays a key role in the regulation of floral organ identity in rice (oryza sativa). the cfo1 mutant displayed defective marginal ...201222891238
overexpression of rice sphingosine-1-phoshpate lyase gene osspl1 in transgenic tobacco reduces salt and oxidative stress tolerance.sphingolipids, including sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p), have been shown to function as signaling mediators to regulate diverse aspects of plant growth, development, and stress response. in this study, we performed functional analysis of a rice (oryza sativa) s1p lyase gene osspl1 in transgenic tobacco plants and explored its possible involvement in abiotic stress response. overexpression of osspl1 in transgenic tobacco resulted in enhanced sensitivity to exogenous abscisic acid (aba), and decrea ...201222889013
physiological basis of genetic variation in leaf photosynthesis among rice (oryza sativa l.) introgression lines under drought and well-watered conditions.to understand the physiological basis of genetic variation and resulting quantitative trait loci (qtls) for photosynthesis in a rice (oryza sativa l.) introgression line population, 13 lines were studied under drought and well-watered conditions, at flowering and grain filling. simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were conducted at various levels of incident irradiance and ambient co(2) to estimate parameters of a model that dissects photosynthesis into stomatal co ...201222888131
interdomain disulfide bridge in the rice granule bound starch synthase i catalytic domain as elucidated by x-ray structure analysis.the catalytic domain of rice (oryza sativa japonica) granule bound starch synthase i (osgbssi-cd) was overexpressed and the three-dimensional structures of the ligand-free and adp-bound forms were determined. the structures were similar to those reported for bacterial and archaeal glycogen synthases, which belong to glycosyltransferase family 5. they had rossmann fold n- and c-domains connected by canonical two-hinge peptides, and an interdomain disulfide bond that appears to be conserved in the ...201222878205
qtl analysis of novel genomic regions associated with yield and yield related traits in new plant type based recombinant inbred lines of rice (oryza sativa l.).rice is staple food for more than half of the world's population including two billion asians, who obtain 60-70% of their energy intake from rice and its derivatives. to meet the growing demand from human population, rice varieties with higher yield potential and greater yield stability need to be developed. the favourable alleles for yield and yield contributing traits are distributed among two subspecies i.e., indica and japonica of cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.). identification of novel fa ...201222876968
reaction specificities of the ε-ionone-forming lycopene cyclase from rice (oryza sativa) elucidated in vitro.lycopene cyclases responsible for the formation of ε-ionone rings (lcye) mark a plant-specific bifurcation of carotenogenesis. we investigated purified rice lcye (oslcye) in a liposome-based biphasic assay system. oslcye depends on reduced flavin cofactors stabilizing a transient state formed during the non-redox cyclization reaction. in contrast to oslcyb, oslcye produces predominantly monocyclic products and monocyclic carotene intermediates are not suitable substrates. determination of the os ...201222874758
the organelle genomes of hassawi rice (oryza sativa l.) and its hybrid in saudi arabia: genome variation, rearrangement, and origins.hassawi rice (oryza sativa l.) is a landrace adapted to the climate of saudi arabia, characterized by its strong resistance to soil salinity and drought. using high quality sequencing reads extracted from raw data of a whole genome sequencing project, we assembled both chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) genomes of the wild-type hassawi rice (hassawi-1) and its dwarf hybrid (hassawi-2). we discovered 16 indels (insertions and deletions) but no snp (single nucleotide polymorphism) is present ...201222870184
osdmi3 is a novel component of abscisic acid signaling in the induction of antioxidant defense in leaves of rice.ca(2+) and calmodulin (cam) have been shown to play an important role in abscisic acid (aba)-induced antioxidant defense. however, it is unknown whether ca(2+)/cam-dependent protein kinase (ccamk) is involved in the process. in the present study, the role of rice ccamk, osdmi3, in aba-induced antioxidant defense was investigated in leaves of rice (oryza sativa) plants. treatments with aba, h(2)o(2), and polyethylene glycol (peg) induced the expression of osdmi3 and the activity of osdmi3, and h( ...201222869603
mapping and characterization of the major quantitative trait locus qss7 associated with increased length and decreased width of rice seeds.seed shape in rice (oryza sativa) is an important factor that determines grain appearance, cooking quality and grain yield. here, we report a major quantitative trait locus qss7 on the long arm of chromosome 7 for seed length, seed width and the ratio of seed length to width, identified using a segregating population derived from a cross between an indica variety zhenshan97 and a chromosomal segment substitution line of a japonica variety cypress within the genetic background of zhenshan97. the ...201222864386
the rice rad51c gene is required for the meiosis of both female and male gametocytes and the dna repair of somatic cells.the reca/rad51 family of rice (oryza sativa) consists of at least 13 members. however, the functions of most of these members are unknown. here the functional characterization of one member of this family, rad51c, is reported. knockout (ko) of rad51c resulted in both female and male sterility in rice. transferring rad51c to the rad51c-ko line restored fertility. cytological analyses showed that the sterility of rad51c-ko plants was associated with abnormal early meiotic processes in both megaspo ...201222859673
genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analyses of putative fe-s biogenesis genes in rice (oryza sativa).iron-sulfur (fe-s) proteins are ubiquitous in nature and carry fe-s clusters (iscs) as prosthetic groups that are essential in maintaining basic biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, and dna repair. in the present investigation, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was carried out to find all the genes involved in the formation of iscs in rice ( oryza sativa l.) through a systematic est and genomic dna sequence data mining. this analysis profiled 44 rice is ...201222856514
suppression of α-amylase genes improves quality of rice grain ripened under high temperature.high temperature impairs rice (oryza sativa) grain filling by inhibiting the deposition of storage materials such as starch, resulting in mature grains with a chalky appearance, currently a major problem for rice farming in asian countries. such deterioration of grain quality is accompanied by the altered expression of starch metabolism-related genes. here we report the involvement of a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme, α-amylase, in high temperature-triggered grain chalkiness. in developing seeds, hig ...201222967050
increased polyamine biosynthesis enhances stress tolerance by preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species: t-dna mutational analysis of oryza sativa lysine decarboxylase-like protein 1.a highly oxidative stress-tolerant japonica rice line was isolated by t-dna insertion mutation followed by screening in the presence of 50 mm h(2)o(2). the t-dna insertion was mapped to locus os09g0547500, the gene product of which was annotated as lysine decarboxylase-like protein (genbank accession no. ak062595). we termed this gene osldc-like 1, for oryza sativa lysine decarboxylase-like 1. the insertion site was in the second exon and resulted in a 27 amino acid n-terminal deletion. despite ...201222965749
selenium in soil inhibits mercury uptake and translocation in rice (oryza sativa l.).a great number of studies have confirmed that mercury-selenium (hg-se) antagonism is a widespread phenomenon in microorganisms, fish, poultry, humans, and other mammals. however, by comparison, little attention has been paid to plants. to investigate the influence of se on the uptake and translocation of methylhg/inorganic hg (mehg/ihg) in the rice-soil system, we determined the levels of se, ihg, and mehg in different parts of rice plants (including the root, stem, leaf, husk, and grain (brown ...201222916794
increased leaf photosynthesis caused by elevated stomatal conductance in a rice mutant deficient in slac1, a guard cell anion channel protein.in rice (oryza sativa l.), leaf photosynthesis is known to be highly correlated with stomatal conductance; however, it remains unclear whether stomatal conductance dominantly limits the photosynthetic rate. slac1 is a stomatal anion channel protein controlling stomatal closure in response to environmental [co(2)]. in order to examine stomatal limitations to photosynthesis, a slac1-deficient mutant of rice was isolated and characterized. a tilling screen of n-methyl-n-nitrosourea-derived mutant l ...201222915747
mil2 (microsporeless2) regulates early cell differentiation in the rice anther.the formation of diverse, appropriately patterned cell types is critical in the development of all complex multicellular organisms. in flowering plants, anther patterning is a complex process essential for successful sexual reproduction. however, few genes regulating this process have been characterized to date. we report here that the gene microsporeless2 (mil2) regulates early anther cell differentiation in rice (oryza sativa). the anthers of mil2 mutants were characterized using molecular mar ...201222913653
identification of two stably expressed qtls for fat content in rice (oryza sativa).fat content (fc) is an important component of the nutritional quality of the rice (oryza sativa l.) grain and a partial determinant of grain quality. three fc qtls were identified from an analysis of a set of rice 'kasalath'/'koshihikari' backcross inbred lines, which were grown in three independent environments. two of these qtls (qfc7.1 and qfc7.2) were located on chromosome 7, and they were detected in all three environments. the presence of qfc7.1 and qfc7.2 was further confirmed by testing ...201222849582
rna silencing induced by an artificial sequence that prevents proper transcription termination in rice.posttranscriptional gene silencing (ptgs) is a sequence-specific mrna degradation caused by small rna, such as microrna (mirna) and small interfering rna (sirna). mirnas are generated from mirna loci, whereas sirnas originate from various sources of double-stranded rna. in this study, an artificial rna silencing inducible sequence (rsis) was identified in rice (oryza sativa). this sequence causes ptgs of 5' or 3' flanking-sequence-containing genes. interestingly, two target genes can be simultan ...201222843666
agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation of rice using two selectable marker genes derived from rice genome components.a method for agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation of rice (oryza sativa l.) was developed using rice-derived selection markers. two t-dnas were efficiently introduced into separate loci using selectable marker gene cassettes consisting of the mutated acetolactate synthase gene (mals) under the control of the callus-specific promoter (csp) (csp:mals) and the ferredoxin nitrite reductase gene (nir) under the control of its own promoter (nir p:nir). the csp:mals gene cassette confers sulfonylur ...201222843026
transcriptional network analysis of the tryptophan-accumulating rice mutant during grain filling.in a previous study, we selected a high tryptophan (trp)-accumulating rice (oryza sativa l.) mutant line by in vitro mutagenesis using gamma rays. to obtain detailed information about the trp biosynthetic pathway during the grain-filling in rice, we investigated the gene expression profiles in the wild-type (cv. dongan) and the high-level trp-accumulating mutant line (mrvii-33) at five different grain-filling stages using microarray analysis. the mutant line showed approximately 6.3-fold higher ...201222836167
a pyramid breeding of eight grain-yield related quantitative trait loci based on marker-assistant and phenotype selection in rice (oryza sativa l.).1000-grain weight and spikelet number per panicle are two important components for rice grain yield. in our previous study, eight quantitative trait loci (qtls) conferring spikelet number per panicle and 1000-grain weight were mapped through sequencing-based genotyping of 150 rice recombinant inbred lines (rils). in this study, we validated the effects of four qtls from nipponbare using chromosome segment substitution lines (cssls), and pyramided eight grain yield related qtls. the new lines con ...201222835980
gia roots: software for the high throughput analysis of plant root system architecture.characterizing root system architecture (rsa) is essential to understanding the development and function of vascular plants. identifying rsa-associated genes also represents an underexplored opportunity for crop improvement. software tools are needed to accelerate the pace at which quantitative traits of rsa are estimated from images of root networks.201222834569
rnai knockdown of rice se5 gene is sensitive to the herbicide methyl viologen by the down-regulation of antioxidant defense.plant heme oxygenase (ho) catalyzes the oxygenation of heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide (co), and free iron (fe(2+))-and arabidopsis and rice (oryza sativa) hos are involved in light signaling. here, we identified that the rice photoperiod sensitivity 5 (se5) gene, which encoded a putative ho with high similarity to ho-1 from arabidopsis (hy1), exhibited ho activity, and localized in the chloroplasts. rice rnai mutants silenced for se5 were generated and displayed early flowering under long-d ...201222829206
up-regulation of a magnesium transporter gene osmgt1 is required for conferring aluminum tolerance in rice.magnesium (mg)-mediated alleviation of aluminum (al) toxicity has been observed in a number of plant species, but the mechanisms underlying the alleviation are still poorly understood. when a putative rice (oryza sativa) mg transporter gene, oryza sativa magnesium transporter1 (osmgt1), was knocked out, the tolerance to al, but not to cadmium and lanthanum, was decreased. however, this inhibition could be rescued by addition of 10 μm mg, but not by the same concentration of barium or strontium. ...201222732245
proteomic analysis of salt-responsive ubiquitin-related proteins in rice roots.ubiquitination of proteins plays an important role in regulating a myriad of physiological functions in plants such as xylogenesis, senescence, cell cycle control, and stress response. however, only a limited number of proteins in plants have been identified as being ubiquitinated in response to salt stress. the relationships between ubiquitination and salt-stress responses in plants are not clear.201222730086
pathways and relative contributions to arsenic volatilization from rice plants and paddy soil.recent studies have shown that higher plants are unable to methylate arsenic (as), but it is not known whether methylated as species taken up by plants can be volatilized. rice (oryza sativa l.) plants were grown axenically or in a nonsterile soil using a two-chamber system. arsenic transformation and volatilization were investigated. in the axenic system, uptake of as species into rice roots was in the order of arsenate (as(v)) > monomethylarsonic acid (mmas(v)) > dimethylarsinic acid (dmas(v)) ...201222724924
[quantifying rice (oryza sativa l.) photo-assimilated carbon input into soil organic carbon pools following continuous 14c labeling].the microcosm experiment was carried out to quantify the input and distribution of photo-assimilated c into soil c pools by using a 14c continuous labeling technique. destructive samplings of rice (oryza sativa) were conducted after labeling for 80 days. the allocation of 14c-labeled photosynthates in plants and soil c pools such as dissolved organic c (doc) and microbial biomass c (mbc) in rice-planted soil were examined over the 14c labeling span. the amounts of rice shoot and root biomass c w ...201222720588
genomic profiling of rice sperm cell transcripts reveals conserved and distinct elements in the flowering plant male germ lineage.genomic assay of sperm cell rna provides insight into functional control, modes of regulation, and contributions of male gametes to double fertilization. sperm cells of rice (oryza sativa) were isolated from field-grown, disease-free plants and rna was processed for use with the full-genome affymetrix microarray. comparison with gene expression omnibus (geo) reference arrays confirmed expressionally distinct gene profiles. a total of 10,732 distinct gene sequences were detected in sperm cells, o ...201222716952
semi-rolled leaf1 encodes a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein and modulates rice leaf rolling by regulating the formation of bulliform cells.leaf rolling is an important agronomic trait in rice (oryza sativa) breeding and moderate leaf rolling maintains the erectness of leaves and minimizes shadowing between leaves, leading to improved photosynthetic efficiency and grain yields. although a few rolled-leaf mutants have been identified and some genes controlling leaf rolling have been isolated, the molecular mechanisms of leaf rolling still need to be elucidated. here we report the isolation and characterization of semi-rolled leaf1 (s ...201222715111
inorganic mercury accumulation in rice (oryza sativa l.).to investigate the source and process of inorganic mercury (ihg) accumulation in rice, we monitored the concentrations of ihg in tissues of rice plants (oryza sativa l.) from four experimental plantation plots. biweekly during the rice-growing season, tissues of rice plants, corresponding soil, precipitation, and irrigation water samples were collected. the sampling data support the following: (1) the atmosphere is the principal source of ihg to the aboveground parts of the rice plant; (2) both ...201222707079
thiamine primed defense provides reliable alternative to systemic fungicide carbendazim against sheath blight disease in rice (oryza sativa l.).a novel pathogen defense strategy by thiamine priming was evaluated for its efficacy against sheath blight pathogen, rhizoctonia solani ag-1a, of rice and compared with that of systemic fungicide, carbendazim (bcm). seeds of semidwarf, high yielding, basmati rice variety vasumati were treated with thiamine (50 mm) and bcm (4 mm). the pot cultured plants were challenge inoculated with r. solani after 40 days of sowing and effect of thiamine and bcm on rice growth and yield traits was examined. hi ...201222705591
molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of the flavonoid, tricin from njavara rice (oryza sativa l.) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: possible role in the inflammatory signaling.flavonoids are a group of natural substances that are located in sources of vegetal origin and are able to regulate acute and chronic inflammatory responses. the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects corroborate with the preferential use of njavara, a rice variety in indigenous medicine and the phytochemical investigations revealed the occurrence of a flavonoid, tricin at significantly higher levels compared to staple varieties. this study describes the new aspects of inflammatory suppressi ...201222705359
mtr1 encodes a secretory fasciclin glycoprotein required for male reproductive development in rice.in flowering plants, formation of the haploid male gametophytes in anthers requires the interaction between reproductive cells and the neighboring somatic cells, yet the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. here, we reveal the crucial role of a fasciclin glycoprotein, microspore and tapetum regulator1 (mtr1), in controlling the development of sporophytic and reproductive cells in rice (oryza sativa). mtr1 is specifically expressed in the male reproductive cells, yet its mutant exhibit ...201222698279
the c2h2-type zinc finger protein zfp182 is involved in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defense in rice.c(2) h(2) -type zinc finger proteins (zfps) are thought to play important roles in modulating the responses of plants to drought, salinity and oxidative stress. however, direct evidence is lacking for the involvement of these zfps in abscisic acid (aba)-induced antioxidant defense in plants. in this study, the role of the rice (oryza sativa l. sub. japonica cv. nipponbare) c(2) h(2) -type zfp zfp182 in aba-induced antioxidant defense and the relationship between zfp182 and two rice mapks, osmpk1 ...201222693960
evidence of iron cyanides as supplementary nitrogen source to rice seedlings.the effect of iron cyanides on activities of nitrate reductase (nr) and glutamine synthetase (gs) of plants was investigated. young rice seedlings (oryza sativa l. cv. xzx 45) were grown in the nutrient solutions containing kno(3) or nh(4)cl and treated with ferro-cyanide [k(4)fe(cn)(6)] or ferri-cyanide [k(3)fe(cn)(6)]. total cyanide and free cyanide in solutions and in plant materials were analyzed. activities of nr and gs in different parts of plants were assayed in vivo. results indicated th ...201222684732
expression analysis of a type s2 eul-related lectin from rice in pichia pastoris.rice (oryza sativa) expresses different putative carbohydrate-binding proteins belonging to the class of lectins containing an euonymus lectin (eul)-related domain, one of them being orysaeuls2. the orysaeuls2 sequence consists of a 56 amino acid n-terminal domain followed by the eul sequence. in this paper the original sequence of the eul domain of orysaeuls2 and some mutant forms have been expressed in pichia pastoris. subsequently, the recombinant proteins were purified and their carbohydrate ...201222684190
identification of qtls with main, epistatic and qtl × environment interaction effects for salt tolerance in rice seedlings under different salinity conditions.salt tolerance of rice (oryza sativa l.) at the seedling stage is one of the major determinants of its stable establishment in saline soil. one population of recombinant inbred lines (rils, f (2:9)) derived from a cross between the salt-tolerant variety jiucaiqing and the salt-sensitive variety ir26 was used to determine the genetic mechanism of four salt tolerance indices, seedling height (sh), dry shoot weight (dsw), dry root weight (drw) and na/k ratios (na/k) in roots after 10 days in three ...201222678666
regeneration of plantlets from mature embryo calli of western ghats land race cultivar of rice, oryza sativa l.the malnad region located in the western ghats of karnataka is known for the cultivation of indigenous rain fed land race cultivar of rice. the present study was to investigate the callogenic and caulogenic potentialities of the two indigenous rice cultivar namely karimundaga and kanadatumba using dehusked mature embryo explants. for callus and shoot bud differentiation, the explants were cultured on murashige and skoog (ms) medium supplemented with 2,4-d (1-3 mg/l), iaa (1-2 mg/l), kn (1-4 mg/l ...201222670480
evolution and association analysis of ghd7 in rice.plant height, heading date, and yield are the main targets for rice genetic improvement. ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the aforementioned traits simultaneously. in this study, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (o.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and six insertions and deletions were foun ...201222666315
the effects of biochars from rice residue on the formation of iron plaque and the accumulation of cd, zn, pb, as in rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings.a historically multi-metal contaminated soil was amended with biochars produced from different parts of rice plants (straw, husk and bran) to investigate how biochar can influence the mobility of cd, zn, pb and as in rice seedlings (oryza sativa l.). rice shoot concentrations of cd, zn and pb decreased by up to 98%, 83% and 72%, respectively, due to biochar amendment, though that of as increased by up to 327%. biochar amendments significantly decreased pore water concentrations (c(pw)) of cd and ...201222664390
effect of variations in the redox potential of gleysol on barium mobility and absorption in rice plants.two assays were designed to obtain information about the influence of redox potential variations on barium mobility and bioavailability in soil. one assay was undertaken in leaching columns, and the other was conducted in pots cultivated with rice (oryza sativa) using soil samples collected from the surface of gleysol in both assays. three doses of barium (100,300 mg kg(-1) and 3000 mg kg(-1)-soil dry weight) and two redox potential values (oxidizing and reducing) were evaluated. during the incu ...201222652443
carbohydrate content and antioxidative potential of the seed of three edible indica rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivars.rice (oryza sativa l.) grains or seeds are known to lose much of their nutrient and antioxidant contents, following polishing. the current study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the carbohydrate content and antioxidant parameters in the unpolished and polished seeds of three edible indica rice cultivars, namely swarna (sw), the most popular indica rice cultivar in india and aromatic or scented cultivars gobindobhog (gb) and pusa basmati (pb). while both the sucrose and starch content was t ...201222650009
recent and projected increases in atmospheric co2 concentration can enhance gene flow between wild and genetically altered rice (oryza sativa).although recent and projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide can alter plant phenological development, these changes have not been quantified in terms of floral outcrossing rates or gene transfer. could differential phenological development in response to rising co(2) between genetically modified crops and wild, weedy relatives increase the spread of novel genes, potentially altering evolutionary fitness? here we show that increasing co(2) from an early 20(th) century concentration (300 ...201222649533
ricerbp: a resource for experimentally identified rna binding proteins in oryza sativa.rna binding proteins (rbps) play an important role not only in nuclear gene expression, but also in cytosolic events, including rna transport, localization, translation, and stability. although over 200 rbps are predicted from the arabidopsis genome alone, relatively little is known about these proteins in plants as many exhibit no homology to known rbps in other eukaryotes. furthermore, rbps likely have low expression levels making them difficult to identify and study. as part of our continuing ...201222645600
morphostructural characterization of rice grain (oryza sativa l.) variety morelos a-98 during filling stages.the morphostructure of grain rice morelos a-98 was characterized in five stages of physiological maturation, in order to generate morphometric information during the filling process. micrographic images from optical and scanning electron microscopy coupled to a digital capture system were used. images were digitally processed to measure different descriptors such as shape, fractal dimension, and surface texture. results showed that, two weeks after anthesis, an accelerated grain filling was obse ...201222645473
molecular cloning and characterization of oschr4, a rice chromatin-remodeling factor required for early chloroplast development in adaxial mesophyll.mi-2 protein, the central component of the nurd nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase complex, plays a role in transcriptional repression in animals. mi-2-like genes have been reported in arabidopsis, though their function in monocots remains largely unknown. in the present study, a rice mi-2-like gene, oschr4 (oryza sativa chromatin remodeling 4, loc_os07g03450), was cloned from a rice mutant with adaxial albino leaves. the oschr4 mutant exhibited defective chloroplasts in adaxial mesop ...201222644768
functional identification of oshk6 as a homotypic cytokinin receptor in rice with preferential affinity for ip.cytokinins are involved in key developmental processes in rice (oryza sativa), including the regulation of cell proliferation and grain yield. however, the in vivo action of histidine kinases (oshks), putative cytokinin receptors, in rice cytokinin signaling remains elusive. this study examined the function and characteristics of oshk3, 4 and 6 in rice. oshk6 was highly sensitive to isopentenyladenine (ip) and was capable of restoring cytokinin-dependent arr6 reporter expression in the ahk2 ahk3 ...201222642989
activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in rice seedlings during cyanide metabolism.a study was conducted to investigate activities of nitrate reductase (nr) and glutamine synthetase (gs) in plants during cyanide metabolism. young rice seedlings (oryza sativa l. cv. xzx 45) were grown in the nutrient solutions containing kno(3) or nh(4)cl and treated with free cyanide (kcn). cyanide in solutions and in plant materials was analyzed to estimate the phyto-assimilation potential. activities of nr and gs in different parts of rice seedlings were assayed in vivo. seedlings grown on n ...201222633925
development of a deletion and genetic linkage map for the 5a and 5b chromosomes of wheat (triticum aestivum).the aims of the present study were to provide deletion maps for wheat ( triticum aestivum l.) chromosomes 5a and 5b and a detailed genetic map of chromosome 5a enriched with popular microsatellite markers, which could be compared with other existing maps and useful for mapping major genes and quantitative traits loci (qtl). physical mapping of 165 gssr and est-ssr markers was conducted by amplifying each primer pair on chinese spring, aneuploid lines, and deletion lines for the homoeologous grou ...201222624876
transcription factor oshsfc1b regulates salt tolerance and development in oryza sativa ssp. japonica.salt stress leads to attenuated growth and productivity in rice. transcription factors like heat shock factors (hsfs) represent central regulators of stress adaptation. heat shock factors of the classes a and b are well established as regulators of thermal and non-thermal stress responses in plants; however, the role of class c hsfs is unknown. here we characterized the function of the oshsfc1b (os01g53220) transcription factor from rice.201222616023
the effect of in vitro digestion on steryl ferulates from rice (oryza sativa l.) and other grains.polished and cargo rice, wild rice, rice bran, corn bran, and wheat bran were subjected to a static in vitro digestion model, to monitor changes in their steryl ferulate content and composition. free sterols, possible hydrolysis products of steryl ferulates, were also measured. additionally, steryl ferulate bioaccessibility was calculated as the percentage of steryl ferulates liberated from the grain matrix into the digestive juice. steryl ferulate content ranged between 6.1 and 3900 μg/g and de ...201222607464
characterization of high-value bioactives in some selected varieties of pakistani rice (oryza sativa l.).the present study reports the composition and variation of fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols and γ-oryzanol among selected varieties namely basmati super, basmati 515, basmati 198, basmati 385, basmati 2000, basmati 370, basmati pak, ksk-139, ks-282 and irri-6 of pakistani rice (oryza sativa l). oil content extracted with n-hexane from different varieties of brown rice seed (unpolished rice) ranged from 1.92% to 2.72%. total fatty acid contents among rice varieties tested varied between 18240 an ...201222605998
recent retrotransposon insertions are methylated and phylogenetically clustered in japonica rice (oryza sativa spp. japonica).in plants, the genome of the host responds to the amplification of transposable elements (tes) with dna methylation. however, neither the factors involved in te methylation nor the dynamics of the host-te interaction are well resolved. here, we identify 5,522 long terminal repeat retrotransposons (ltr-rt) in the genome of oryza sativa ssp. japonica and then assess methylation for individual elements. our analyses uncover three strong trends: long ltr-rts are more highly methylated, the insertion ...201222593226
nramp5 is a major transporter responsible for manganese and cadmium uptake in rice.paddy rice (oryza sativa) is able to accumulate high concentrations of mn without showing toxicity; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying mn uptake are unknown. here, we report that a member of the nramp (for the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) family, nramp5, is involved in mn uptake and subsequently the accumulation of high concentrations of mn in rice. nramp5 was constitutively expressed in the roots and encodes a plasma membrane-localized protein. nramp5 was polarly ...201222589467
quantifying atp turnover in anoxic coleoptiles of rice (oryza sativa) demonstrates preferential allocation of energy to protein synthesis.oxygen deprivation limits the energy available for cellular processes and yet no comprehensive atp budget has been reported for any plant species under o(2) deprivation, including oryza sativa. using 3-d-old coleoptiles of a cultivar of o. sativa tolerant to flooding at germination, (i) rates of atp regeneration in coleoptiles grown under normoxia (aerated solution), hypoxia (3% o(2)), and anoxia (n(2)) and (ii) rates of synthesis of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and cell walls, as well as k( ...201222585748
overexpression of the qc-snare gene ossyp71 enhances tolerance to oxidative stress and resistance to rice blast in rice (oryza sativa l.).ossyp71 is an oxidative stress and rice blast response gene that encodes a qc-snare protein in rice. qc-snare proteins belong to the superfamily of snares (soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors), which function as important components of the vesicle trafficking machinery in eukaryotic cells. in this paper, 12 qc-snare genes were isolated from rice, and expression patterns of 9 genes were detected in various tissues and in seedlings challenged with oxidative stres ...201222583826
a large increase in iaa during development of rice grains correlates with the expression of tryptophan aminotransferase ostar1 and a grain-specific yucca.the indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) content of developing grains of oryza sativa subsp. japonica was measured by combined liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction-monitoring mode. the increase from 50 ng g(-1) fresh weight to 2.9 µg g(-1) fresh weight from 1 to 14 days after pollination was much larger than that previously reported by enzyme-linked immunoassay methods. the largest increase in iaa content coincided with the start of the major starch deposition phase of grai ...201222582989
qtl analysis of percentage of grains with chalkiness in japonica rice (oryza sativa).appearance quality of rice grains is a major problem for rice production in many areas of the world. we conducted a molecular marker-based genetic analysis of percentage of grains with chalkiness (pgwc), which is a determining factor for appearance quality; it strongly affects milling, eating and cooking quality. an f(8) recombinant inbred line population, which consists of 261 lines derived from a cross between koshihikari (japonica) and c602 (japonica), was used for qtl mapping. three qtls rel ...201222576829
a pcr-based marker for a locus conferring the aroma in myanmar rice (oryza sativa l.).aromatic rice is an important commodity for international trade, which has encouraged the interest of rice breeders to identify the genetic control of rice aroma. the recessive os2ap gene, which is located on chromosome 8, has been reported to be associated with rice aroma. the 8-bp deletion in exon 7 is an aromatic allele that is present in most aromatic accessions, including the most popular aromatic rice varieties, jasmine and basmati. however, other mutations associated with aroma have been ...201222576235
dwarf50 (d50), a rice (oryza sativa l.) gene encoding inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, is required for proper development of intercalary meristem.rice internodes are vital for supporting high-yield panicles, which are controlled by various factors such as cell division, cell elongation and cell wall biosynthesis. therefore, formation and regulation of the internode cell-producing intercalary meristem (im) are important for determining the shape of internodes. to understand the regulation of internode development, we analysed a rice dwarf mutant, dwarf 50 (d50). previously, we reported that parenchyma cells in the elongated internodes of d ...201222574770
inflorescence meristem identity in rice is specified by overlapping functions of three ap1/ful-like mads box genes and pap2, a sepallata mads box gene.in plants, the transition to reproductive growth is of particular importance for successful seed production. transformation of the shoot apical meristem (sam) to the inflorescence meristem (im) is the crucial first step in this transition. using laser microdissection and microarrays, we found that expression of panicle phytomer2 (pap2) and three apetala1 (ap1)/fruitfull (ful)-like genes (mads14, mads15, and mads18) is induced in the sam during meristem phase transition in rice (oryza sativa). pa ...201222570445
rice choline monooxygenase (oscmo) protein functions in enhancing glycine betaine biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco but does not accumulate in rice (oryza sativa l. ssp. japonica).glycine betaine (gb) is a compatible quaternary amine that enables plants to tolerate abiotic stresses, including salt, drought and cold. in plants, gb is synthesized through two-step of successive oxidations from choline, catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (cmo) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh), respectively. rice is considered as a typical non-gb accumulating species, although the entire genome sequencing revealed rice contains orthologs of both cmo and badh. several studies unraveled ...201222569963
genetic diversity in basmati rice (oryza sativa l.) germplasm as revealed by microsatellite (ssr) markers.genetic diversity among rice genotypes, including 15 indica basmati advance lines and 5 basmati improved varieties were investigated by 28 ssr markets including one indel marker. the ssrs covered all the 12 chromosomes that distributed across the rice genomes. the mean number of alleles per locus was 3.60, showing average number of polymorphism information content was 0.48. a total of 101 alleles were also identified from the microsatellite marker loci. a number of ssr markers were also identifi ...201222567855
posttranscriptional control of photosynthetic mrna decay under stress conditions requires 3' and 5' untranslated regions and correlates with differential polysome association in rice.abiotic stress, including drought, salinity, and temperature extremes, regulates gene expression at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. expression profiling of total messenger rnas (mrnas) from rice (oryza sativa) leaves grown under stress conditions revealed that the transcript levels of photosynthetic genes are reduced more rapidly than others, a phenomenon referred to as stress-induced mrna decay (smd). by comparing rna polymerase ii engagement with the steady-state mrna level ...201222566494
rubisco activase is a key regulator of non-steady-state photosynthesis at any leaf temperature and, to a lesser extent, of steady-state photosynthesis at high temperature.the role of rubisco activase in steady-state and non-steady-state photosynthesis was analyzed in wild-type (oryza sativa) and transgenic rice that expressed different amounts of rubisco activase. below 25°c, the rubisco activation state and steady-state photosynthesis were only affected when rubisco activase was reduced by more than 70%. however, at 40°c, smaller reductions in rubisco activase content were linked to a reduced rubisco activation state and steady-state photosynthesis. as a result, ...201222563799
miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (mites) in rice were originated and amplified predominantly after the divergence of oryza and brachypodium and contributed considerable diversity to the species.miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (mites) are ubiquitous in high eukaryotic genomes. more than 178,000 mite sequences of 338 families are present in the genome of rice (oryza sativa) cultivar nipponbare. interestingly, only two of the 338 mite families have homologous sequences in the genome of brachypodium distachyon, a relative in the grass family. therefore, the vast majority of mites in the rice genome were originated and amplified after the divergence of oryza and brachypodium ...201223061018
effects of temperature on mate location in the planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (homoptera: delphacidae).the planthopper, nilaparvata lugens stål (homoptera: delphacidae), uses acoustic signals generated by abdominal vibration and transmitted through rice (oryza sativa l.) plants to locate mates. the influence of temperature (20, 28, and 32°c) on abdominal vibration patterns of individual females and males, proportion of mated females, and responsivity of male to female vibrational signals was investigated. when female and male adults were observed individually, temperatures of 20 and 32°c inhibite ...201223068181
effects of salt stress on ion balance and nitrogen metabolism of old and young leaves in rice (oryza sativa l.).it is well known that salt stress has different effects on old and young tissues. however, it remains largely unexplored whether old and young tissues have different regulatory mechanism during adaptation of plants to salt stress. the aim of this study was to investigate whether salt stress has different effects on the ion balance and nitrogen metabolism in the old and young leaves of rice, and to compare functions of both organs in rice salt tolerance.201223082824
the submergence tolerance gene sub1a delays leaf senescence under prolonged darkness through hormonal regulation in rice.leaf senescence is a natural age-dependent process that is induced prematurely by various environmental stresses. typical alterations during leaf senescence include breakdown of chlorophyll, a shift to catabolism of energy reserves, and induction of senescence-associated genes, all of which can occur during submergence, drought, and constant darkness. here, we evaluated the influence of the submergence tolerance regulator, submergence1a (sub1a), in the acclimation responses during leaf senescenc ...201223073696
nonredundant regulation of rice arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by two members of the phosphate transporter1 gene family.pi acquisition of crops via arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis is becoming increasingly important due to limited high-grade rock pi reserves and a demand for environmentally sustainable agriculture. here, we show that 70% of the overall pi acquired by rice (oryza sativa) is delivered via the symbiotic route. to better understand this pathway, we combined genetic, molecular, and physiological approaches to determine the specific functions of two symbiosis-specific members of the phosphate tran ...201223073651
dynamic changes in the distribution of minerals in relation to phytic acid accumulation during rice seed development.phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate [insp(6)]) is the storage compound of phosphorus in seeds. as phytic acid binds strongly to metallic cations, it also acts as a storage compound of metals. to understand the mechanisms underlying metal accumulation and localization in relation to phytic acid storage, we applied synchrotron-based x-ray microfluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the simultaneous subcellular distribution of some mineral elements (phosphorus, calcium, potassium, iron, z ...201223090587
molecular evolution of the tac1 gene from rice (oryza sativa l.).tiller angle is a key feature of the architecture of cultivated rice (oryza sativa), since it determines planting density and influences rice yield. our previous work identified tiller angle control 1 (tac1) as a major quantitative trait locus that controls rice tiller angle. to further clarify the evolutionary characterization of the tac1 gene, we compared a tac1-containing 3164-bp genomic region among 113 cultivated varieties and 48 accessions of wild rice, including 43 accessions of o. rufipo ...201223089365
genome-wide transcriptome profiling of ros scavenging and signal transduction pathways in rice (oryza sativa l.) in response to different types of ionizing radiation.ionizing radiation directly and indirectly affects gene expression within the plant genome. to access the antioxidant response of rice to different types of ionizing radiation, rice seeds were exposed to gamma-ray, cosmic-ray and ion beam radiation. exposure to ionizing radiation dramatically decreased the shoot length in all plants but not the root length compared with a non-irradiated plant. electron spin resonance, confirmed that the number of free radicals in cell was greatly increased by di ...201223086269
phyllochron dynamics during the course of late shoot development might be affected by reproductive development in rice (oryza sativa l.).phyllochron, defined as the interval time between appearances of successive leaves on a shoot, is an important measurement to know the developmental state of a shoot apex in rice. previous studies revealed that phyllochron dynamics during the course of shoot development of rice was divided into three stages, regardless of environment and genotype: (1) maintenance of short phyllochron in the early developmental stage, (2) drastic increase of phyllochron depending on leaf number from the base in t ...201223096942
knockdown of a rice stelar nitrate transporter alters long-distance translocation but not root influx.root nitrate uptake is well known to adjust to the plant's nitrogen demand for growth. long-distance transport and/or root storage pools are thought to provide negative feedback signals regulating root uptake. we have characterized a vascular specific nitrate transporter belonging to the high-affinity nitrate transporter2 (nrt2) family, osnrt2.3a, in rice (oryza sativa ssp. japonica 'nipponbare'). localization analyses using protoplast expression, in planta promoter-β-glucuronidase assay, and in ...201223093362
ion-beam irradiation, gene identification, and marker-assisted breeding in the development of low-cadmium rice.rice (oryza sativa l.) grain is a major dietary source of cadmium (cd), which is toxic to humans, but no practical technique exists to substantially reduce cd contamination. carbon ion-beam irradiation produced three rice mutants with <0.05 mg cd⋅kg(-1) in the grain compared with a mean of 1.73 mg cd⋅kg(-1) in the parent, koshihikari. we identified the gene responsible for reduced cd uptake and developed a strategy for marker-assisted selection of low-cd cultivars. sequence analysis revealed tha ...201223132948
an ornithine δ-aminotransferase gene osoat confers drought and oxidative stress tolerance in rice.ornithine δ-aminotransferase (δ-oat) is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme that has been proposed to be involved in proline (pro) and arginine (arg) metabolism. however, the actual role of δ-oat in abiotic responses in plants remains to be clarified. here we characterized an ornithine δ-aminotransferase gene osoat that confers multi-stress tolerance in rice (oryza sativa). we confirmed that osoat is a direct target of the stress-responsive nac transcription factor snac2. osoat is responsi ...201223116672
overexpression of a protein disulfide isomerase-like protein from methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicum enhances mercury tolerance in transgenic rice.mth1745, from thermophilic archaea methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicum, is a protein disulfide isomerase-like protein (pdil) with a chaperone function and disulfide isomerase activity. mercuric cations have a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups and consequently inhibit plant growth. disulfide compounds (e.g., copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, cu/zn sod) and sulfhydryl compounds (e.g., glutathione, phytochelatins, and metallothioneins) play important roles in mercury (hg) response. to study t ...201223116667
aluminium localization and toxicity symptoms related to root growth inhibition in rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings.we correlated root growth inhibition with aluminium (al(3+)) localization and toxicity symptoms in rice roots using seedlings of two genotypes (tolerant and sensitive) that were exposed to different alcl(3) concentrations. al(3+) localization was evaluated by hematoxylin in primary roots and by morin in cross-sections of the root tips. neutral invertase enzyme activity and callose (1 -- 3, beta-d-glucan) accumulation were observed and compared with al(3+) accumulation sites. root growth was inhi ...201223151797
identification and characterization of an epi-allele of fie1 reveals a regulatory linkage between two epigenetic marks in rice.dna methylation and histone h3 lys 9 dimethylation (h3k9me2) are important epigenetic repression marks for silencing transposons in heterochromatin and for regulating gene expression. however, the mechanistic relationship to other repressive marks, such as histone h3 lys 27 trimethylation (h3k27me3) is unclear. fertilization-independent endosperm1 (fie1) encodes an esc-like core component of the polycomb repressive complex 2, which is involved in h3k27me3-mediated gene repression. here, we ident ...201223150632
qtl analysis of na+ and k+ concentrations in roots and shoots under different levels of nacl stress in rice (oryza sativa l.).the key to plant survival under nacl salt stress is maintaining a low na(+) level or na(+)/k(+) ratio in the cells. a population of recombinant inbred lines (rils, f(2:9)) derived from a cross between the salt-tolerant japonica rice variety jiucaiqing and the salt-sensitive indica variety ir26, was used to determine na(+) and k(+) concentrations in the roots and shoots under three different nacl stress conditions (0, 100 and 120 mm nacl). a total of nine additive qtls were identified by qtl cart ...201223236455
endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase gene families in the grasses: temporal and spatial co-transcription of orthologous genes.endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase (cellulase) glycosyl hydrolase gh9 enzymes have been implicated in several aspects of cell wall metabolism in higher plants, including cellulose biosynthesis and degradation, modification of other wall polysaccharides that contain contiguous (1,4)-β-glucosyl residues, and wall loosening during cell elongation.201223231659
a kelch motif-containing serine/threonine protein phosphatase determines the large grain qtl trait in rice.a thorough understanding of the genetic basis of rice grain traits is critical for the improvement of rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties. in this study, we generated an f₂ population by crossing the large-grain japonica cultivar cw23 with peiai 64 (pa64), an elite indica small-grain cultivar. using qtl analysis, 17 qtls for five grain traits were detected on four different chromosomes. eight of the qtls were newly-identified in this study. in particular, qgl3-1, a newly-identified grain length qtl ...201223137285
characterization and identification of cold tolerant near-isogenic lines in rice.to exploit the genetic mechanism of cold tolerance in rice, cold tolerant near-isogenic lines (nils) were developed by backcrossing kunmingxiaobaigu (kmxbg), reported to be the most cold-tolerant variety at the booting stage, as donor, with the cold sensitive japanese commercial japonica variety, towada. comparisons of cold tolerance-related traits between five bc(6)f(5) nils and recurrent parent towada under cold treatment and normal temperatures at the booting stage showed that the differences ...201223136531
comparison of physiological and yield traits between purple- and white-pericarp rice using sls.five physiological and eleven yield traits of two pairs of sister lines generated from a high generation with similar genetic background (sls) for purple pericarp were investigated to explore the reasons behind low-yield production of colored rice. of the five physiological traits examined, except grain anthocyanin content, there were generally similar trends between the p (purple-pericarp) lines and the corresponding w (white-pericarp) lines over two seasons (in the year 2009 and 2010 separatel ...201223136516
genetic characterization of rainfed upland new rice for africa (nerica) varieties.a total of 18 rainfed upland new rice for africa (nerica) varieties were categorized as the heavy panicle and low tillering types and early heading, in compared with 32 different varieties. these chromosome components were clarified using 243 ssr markers which showed polymorphism among nerica varieties and their parents, cg 14 (o. glaberrima steud.) and one of the recurrent parents, wab-56-104 (o. sativa l.). nerica varieties were classified into three groups, which corresponded with these paren ...201223136511
characterization of near-isogenic lines carrying qtl for high spikelet number with the genetic background of an indica rice variety ir64 (oryza sativa l.).total spikelet number per panicle (tsn) is one of the most important traits associated with rice yield potential. this trait was assessed in a set of 334 chromosomal segment introgression lines (ils: bc(3)-derived lines), developed from new plant type (npt) varieties as donor parents and having the genetic background of an indica-type rice variety ir64. among the 334 ils, five lines which had different donor parents and showed significantly higher tsn than ir64 were used for genetic analysis. qu ...201223136510
expression analysis of calmodulin and calmodulin-like genes from rice, oryza sativa l.in plants, a large family of calmodulin (cam) and cam-like (cml) proteins transduce the increase in cytosolic ca2+ concentrations by binding to and altering the activities of target proteins, and thereby affecting the physiological responses to a vast array of stimuli. here, transcript expression analysis of cam and cml gene family members in rice (oryza sativa l.) was extensively examined.201223134977
arsenic contamination in soil-water-plant (rice, oryza sativa l.) continuum in central and sub-mountainous punjab, india.in the present study, arsenic (as) concentrations in underground water, soil, and plants (rice) and their inter-relationships in central and sub-mountainous punjab, india were studied. approximately, 32% of the tubewell water samples had as concentrations greater than the maximum permissible limit (10 μg as l(-1)) set by the world health organization (who) whereas in hand pump waters, as concentrations were within the safe range (i.e. <10 μg as l(-1)). as concentrations in tubewell waters were s ...201222926503
comparative analysis of swirm domain-containing proteins in plants.chromatin-remodeling complexes affect gene expression by using the energy of atp hydrolysis to locally disrupt or alter the association of histones with dna. swirm (swi3p, rsc8p, and moira) domain is an alpha-helical domain of about 85 residues in chromosomal proteins. swirm domain-containing proteins make up large multisubunit complexes by interacting with other chromatin modification factors and may have an important function in plants. however, little is known about swirm domain-containing pr ...201222924025
photosynthetic and physiological analysis of the rice high-chlorophyll mutant (gc).chlorophyll (chl) molecules are essential for harvesting light energy in photosynthesis. a rice high-chlorophyll mutant (gc) with significantly increased chl b was identified previously in zhenshan 97b (oryza sativa indica). however, the mechanism underlying this higher chl b content and its effects on photosynthetic efficiency are still unclear. immunoblot and blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (bn-page) with a second dimension electrophoresis followed by the matrix-assisted laser-d ...201222922107
germination and plantlet regeneration of encapsulated microshoots of aromatic rice (oryza sativa l. cv. mrq 74).plant tissues such as somatic embryos, apical shoot tips, axillary shoot buds, embryogenic calli, and protocom-like bodies are potential micropropagules that have been considered for creating synthetic seeds. in the present study, 3-5 mm microshoots of oryza sativa l. cv. mrq 74 were used as explant sources for obtaining synthetic seeds. microshoots were induced from stem explants on murashige and skoog (ms) medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l benzylaminopurine (bap). they were encapsulated in 3% ...201222919338
effect of long-term paddy-upland yearly rotations on rice (oryza sativa) yield, soil properties, and bacteria community diversity.a 10-year-long field trial (between 2001 and 2010) was conducted to investigate the effect of paddy-upland rotation on rice yield, soil properties, and bacteria community diversity. six types of paddy-upland crop rotations were evaluated: rice-fallow (control; ck), rice-rye grass (rr), rice-potato with rice straw mulches (rp), rice-rapeseed with straw incorporated into soil at flowering (rof), rice-rapeseed incorporated in soil after harvest (rom), and rice-chinese milk vetch (rc). analysis of t ...201222919301
heart of endosymbioses: transcriptomics reveals a conserved genetic program among arbuscular mycorrhizal, actinorhizal and legume-rhizobial symbioses.to improve their nutrition, most plants associate with soil microorganisms, particularly fungi, to form mycorrhizae. a few lineages, including actinorhizal plants and legumes are also able to interact with nitrogen-fixing bacteria hosted intracellularly inside root nodules. fossil and molecular data suggest that the molecular mechanisms involved in these root nodule symbioses (rns) have been partially recycled from more ancient and widespread arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis. we used a comp ...201222970303
transgenerational inheritance of modified dna methylation patterns and enhanced tolerance induced by heavy metal stress in rice (oryza sativa l.).dna methylation is sensitive and responsive to stressful environmental conditions. nonetheless, the extent to which condition-induced somatic methylation modifications can impose transgenerational effects remains to be fully understood. even less is known about the biological relevance of the induced epigenetic changes for potentially altered well-being of the organismal progenies regarding adaptation to the specific condition their progenitors experienced.201222984395
a killer-protector system regulates both hybrid sterility and segregation distortion in rice.hybrid sterility is a major form of postzygotic reproductive isolation that restricts gene flow between populations. cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.) consists of two subspecies, indica and japonica; inter-subspecific hybrids are usually sterile. we show that a killer-protector system at the s5 locus encoded by three tightly linked genes [open reading frame 3 (orf3) to orf5] regulates fertility in indica-japonica hybrids. during female sporogenesis, the action of orf5+ (killer) and orf4+ (partne ...201222984070
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