Publications

temperature alters the respiratory surface area of crucian carp carassius carassius and goldfish carassius auratus.	we have previously found that the gills of crucian carp carassius carassius living in normoxic (aerated) water lack protruding lamellae, the primary site of o(2) uptake in fish, and that exposing them to hypoxia increases the respiratory surface area of the gills approximately 7.5-fold. we here examine whether this morphological change is triggered by temperature. we acclimated crucian carp to 10, 15, 20 and 25 degrees c for 1 month, and investigated gill morphology, oxygen consumption and the c ...	2005	15767311
[mitochondrial dna variation in diploid and triploid forms of silver crucian carp carassius auratus gibelio].	variation of two mtdna fragments amplified in polymerase chain reaction was compared by the rflp method in a population of the sympatric bisexual (diploid) and gynogenetic (triploid) forms of silver crucian carp. the mtdna haplotypes of all individuals differed in at least 2.5% of nucleotide substitutions and fall into two phylogroups. all gynogenetic individuals have haplotypes of a single phylogroup, whereas haplotypes of diploid fish belonged to both mtdna phylogroups. this testifies to a pos ...	2005	16080606
using the nucleolar biomarker and the micronucleus test on in vivo fish fin cells.	this study was aimed at developing the nucleolar biomarker and the micronucleus test on in vivo fish fin cells for assessing water cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. both biomarkers can be used either jointly or separately on fins of the same fish during the experiment. for studying the nucleolar characteristics, small pieces of the fin edge were cut several times during 30-180 min of fish exposure. for micronucleus testing, the fin tissue regenerating after its cutting was investigated after 2-5 da ...	2005	15978290
pentachlorophenol reduces b lymphocyte function through proinflammatory cytokines in carassius auratus.	cytokines and igm levels are important parameters in the acquired immunity of fish. in the present study, the effect of pentachlorophenol (pcp) on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tnf-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and il-1beta (interleukin 1) mrna levels of crucian carp, were determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method. to put the deduction of pcp's immunotoxicity on b cell function, b cells secretion of igm under exposure of ...	2005	15621336
cytoplasmic impact on cross-genus cloned fish derived from transgenic common carp (cyprinus carpio) nuclei and goldfish (carassius auratus) enucleated eggs.	in previous studies of nuclear transplantation, most cloned animals were obtained by intraspecies nuclear transfer and are phenotypically identical to their nuclear donors; furthermore, there was no further report on successful fish cloning since the report of cloned zebrafish. here we report the production of seven cross-genus cloned fish by transferring nuclei from transgenic common carp into enucleated eggs of goldfish. nuclear genomes of the cloned fish were exclusively derived from the nucl ...	2005	15469998
estrogenic effects in crucian carp (carassius carassius) exposed to treated sewage effluent.	to assess the estrogenicity of a municipal sewage treatment plant, sexually mature crucian carp of both sexes were exposed for 28 days to domestic treated sewage effluent running with a constant flow of water, with tap water and with different concentrations of the sewage effluent (25%, 50% and 100%). vitellogenin (vtg), gonadosomatic index (gsi), hepatosomatic index (hsi), and histological abnormalities were used to assess the estrogenic potency of the effluent. results show a significant (p<0. ...	2005	16216638
reproduction phase-related variations in the gnrh immunoreactive fibers in the pineal of the indian major carp cirrhinus mrigala (ham.).	we studied gnrh immunoreactivity in the pineal gland of the indian major carp cirrhinus mrigala during different phases of reproductive cycle. in the resting phase (december-january), gnrh immunoreactive (-ir) fibers were organized as paired fascicles above the posterior commissure that ascend in the stalk and distribute widely in the pineal gland. the gnrh-ir fiber density significantly declined (p<0.001) during the preparatory phase (february-april) and the fibers disappeared thereafter. while ...	2005	20035452
ontogeny of gnrh-like immunoreactive neuronal systems in the forebrain of the indian major carp, cirrhinus mrigala.	gnrh immunoreactivity appeared in the medial olfactory placode very early in the development of cirrhinus mrigala. the immunoreactive elements were divisible into distinct migratory and non-migratory components. the migratory component appeared as a patch of intensely immunoreactive cells located close to the olfactory epithelium in day 6 post-fertilization larvae. subsequently, these neurons migrate caudally along the ventromedial aspect of the developing forebrain and enroute give rise to gnrh ...	2005	15748717
digestive enzyme patterns and evaluation of protease classes in catla catla (family: cyprinidae) during early developmental stages.	digestive enzymes of catla catla were studied during ontogenic development. specific amylase activity was 0.12+/-0.01 mg maltose mg protein(-1) h(-1) in fish 4 days after hatching (dah) and reached a maximum on (0.41+/-0.12 mg maltose mg protein(-1) h(-1)) 34 dah. total protease activity was minimum (123.2+/-16.5 mu mg protein(-1) min(-1)) on day-8 and reached its highest level (2713+/-147.2 mu mg protein(-1) min(-1)) on day-32. trypsin activity showed constant increasing trend from day-16 onwar ...	2005	16048739
importance of photoperiods in the regulation of ovarian activities in indian major carp catla catla in an annual cycle.	the present study attempted for the first time to explore the importance of photoperiod in the regulation of seasonal ovarian functions in any subtropical major carp. adult indian major carp catla catla were transferred to a long photoperiod (lp; ld 16:8) or a short photoperiod (sp; ld 8:16) for 30 days on 4 dates corresponding to the beginnings of 4 reproductive phases in an annual cycle, and responsiveness of the ovary was evaluated by comparison with the gonadal weight (i(g)), relative number ...	2005	15834111
implication of melatonin in oocyte maturation in indian major carp catla catla.	importance of melatonin (n-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) in the regulation of oocyte maturation has been studied in a carp catla catla. melatonin secretory cells were immunocytochemically localized only in the end vesicle. diurnal and seasonal studies indicated that the serum levels of melatonin exhibit a minimum diurnal value in the mid-day of all seasons, but the peak value is attained either at mid-night or just before the onset of light. moreover, highest seasonal value of melatonin was noted ...	2005	20035459
in vitro toxicity of copper, cadmium, and chromium to isolated hepatocytes from carp, cyprinus carpio l.		2005	16400544
semantic competition between hierarchically related words during speech planning.	there is overwhelming evidence that during speech planning semantically related words become lexically activated and compete for selection with the to-be-produced target word. the vast majority of this evidence stems from studies using the picture-word task, in which a distractor word (e.g., bird) drawn from the same semantic category as the target (e.g., fish) was shown to inhibit the picture-naming response more strongly than did an unrelated distractor word. by contrast, corresponding evidenc ...	2005	16496720
effects of light on trace elements and triiodothyronine levels in plasma of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio).	the changes of copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, manganese, and triiodothyronine as a result of short- and long-term isothermal exposure to light were determined in the plasma of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio). two groups of fish were subject to a 3-mo treatment that consisted of (1) 8 h of light followed by 16 h of darkness and (2) 16 h of light followed by 8 h of darkness at 25 degrees c. no significant changes were recorded between the two groups at the beginning of the study. after 3 mo, the tri ...	2005	16327068
behavioural and hematological responses of cyprinus carpio exposed to mercurial chloride.	the static bioassay experiments were conducted to study the hematological and behavioural responses of cyprinus carpio after exposure to mercuric chloride. three different concentrations i.e. 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ppm of mercuric chloride (hgcl2) were used for 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 124 hrs for evaluating behavioural responses. hematological responses were assessed after 60 days exposure to 0.1 ppm of hgcl2. the changes in body colour, movement, sluggishness or activeness, disbalance etc. constitu ...	2005	16334273
synergistic effect of ultrasound and phthalocyanines on nucleated erythrocytes in vitro.	the synergistic effect of ultrasound (us) and chemicals on cells is known as sonodynamic therapy. in this work, two phthalocyanines (zinc and chloroaluminum) have been tested as potential sonosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy. we studied the effect of us and phthalocyanines on carp erythrocytes, as a nucleated cell model. the level of hemolysis, osmotic fragility, lipid peroxidation and oxidation of hemoglobin were the markers of these reactions. red blood cells were preincubated with phthaloc ...	2005	16344133
[the cloning and expression analysis of sox9b in cyprinus carpio].	sox9 gene is one of the important transcription factors involved in developments of many tissues and organs, particularly in sex determination and chondrogenesis. in this article, the genomic dna of cyprinus carpio were amplified using degenerate primers. it was found for the first time that there were two versions of sox9 in c. carpio, sox9a and sox9b with the same deduced amino acid sequences in the hmg box. there is one intron in this box with the length 704bp in sox9a and 616bp in sox9b resp ...	2005	16363119
changes in selected biomarkers in freshwater teleost fish, cyprinus carpio var. communis exposed to sublethal concentrations of chromium sulphate toxicity.	the toxicity of chromium sulphate on plasma electrolytes (na+, k+, cl-) level and na+, k(+)-atpase activity of an economically important fish, cyprinus carpio var. communis was evaluated. during sublethal treatment, plasma sodium level was increased, whereas plasma chloride level decreased throughout the experimental period. plasma potassium level increased upto 10th day and then declined in the rest of the study period. the na+, k(+)-atpase activity decreased upto 15th day of treatment and slow ...	2005	16669338
comparative study of the estrogenic responses of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio) exposed to treated municipal sewage effluent (lisbon) during two periods in different seasons.	to assess the estrogenic potency of the treated domestic sewage effluent from a sewage treatment plant (stp) located in lisbon (chelas), 60 mirror carp (cyprinus carpio) were exposed to different concentrations of the sewage effluent (0%, 25%, 50% and 100%) for two periods of 28 days in two different seasons (winter/spring). vitellogenin induction in males was used as a biomarker of exposure to xenoestrogens. at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for vitellogenin analysis and th ...	2005	16198675
differential effects of morphine and naltrexone on the in vitro lh secretion from male and female carp pituitary gland.	the in vitro effects of morphine (10(-10), 10(-8), 10(-6) or 10(-5) m) or/and naltrexone (10(-6) or 10(-8) m) on lh release from male and female carp (cyprinus carpio l.) dispersed pituitary cells (obtained from fish at the time of late gonad recrudescence) were investigated. morphine alone at the lowest tested concentration (10(-10) m) increased lh secretion from the cells of males. on the contrary, in female cell incubations the highest concentrations of morphine (10(-6) or 10(-5) m) significa ...	2005	16198154
[levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans in sea fish samples in some sea areas in china].	to analyse the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (pcdd/fs) in sea fish samples in some sea area in china surveyed by using isotope dilution hrgc/hrms and was evaluated the local people with pcdd/fs exposure from eating fish.	2005	16194381
acute toxicity of dichlorvos (ddvp) to fingerling mirror carp, cyprinus carpio l.		2005	16222512
glycine modulates the center response of on type rod-dominant bipolar cells in carp retina.	effects of glycine on on type rod-dominant bipolar cells (rbcs) were studied in isolated, superfused carp retina by intracellular recording technique and in carp retinal slice preparation by whole cell recording. glycine of 4mm hyperpolarized rbcs and potentiated their light responses to large light spots, which was reversed by co-application of 10 microm strychnine. it was further found that illumination of the receptive field surround did not affect the depolarizing center response of rbcs. th ...	2005	16216698
interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha modulate cytochrome p450 activities in carp (cyprinus carpio).	in mammals, it has been shown that the activation of host defense mechanisms down-regulates microsomal cytochrome p450 by the liberation of cytokines. we investigated the effect of interleukin-1alpha (il1alpha) and tumor necrosis factoralpha (tnfalpha) on constitutive and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-mc)-induced biotransformation activities in carp. we have first measured the time course response of ethoxyresorufine o-decthylase (erod) activity in liver, head kidney, and spleen 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days ...	2005	16216629
seasonal environmental changes regulate the expression of the histone variant macroh2a in an eurythermal fish.	adaptation to cold and warm conditions requires dramatic change in gene expression. the acclimatization process of the common carp cyprinus carpio l. in its natural habitat has been used to study how organisms respond to natural environmental changes. at the cellular level, adaptation to cold condition is accompanied by a dramatic alteration in nucleolar structure and a down regulation of the expression of ribosomal genes. we show that the enrichment of condensed chromatin in winter adapted cell ...	2005	16213499
functional divergence of duplicated c-myc genes in a tetraploid fish, the common carp (cyprinus carpio).	the proto-oncogene c-myc is thought to be one of the most important genes in controlling cell proliferation. in a tetraploid fish, two c-myc genes (cam1 and cam2) were previously isolated from the common carp, cyprinus carpio, and were shown to have different expression patterns in adult tissues. here we found that cam1 and cam2 proteins had distinct properties in terms of their transcription regulation system, formation of the transcription activator complex myc/max, and transcriptional activat ...	2005	16242865
modulation by melatonin of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the carp retina.	melatonin is involved in a variety of physiological functions through activating specific receptors coupled to gtp-binding protein. melatonin and its receptors are abundant in the retina. here we show for the first time that melatonin modulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission from cones to horizontal cells (hcs) in carp retina. immunocytochemical data revealed the expression of the mt1 receptor on carp hcs. whole-cell recordings further showed that melatonin of physiological concentrations p ...	2005	16239269
regulation of exogenous gene expression in fish cells: an evaluation of different versions of the tetracycline-regulated system.	the exogenous control of foreign gene expression is relevant to both basic research and biotechnological applications. in fish, the number of isolated genes has become larger in the last few years; however an efficient system for controlling gene expression is not yet available. the tetracycline-regulated system has proved to be efficient and it is widely used in mammals, but it has never been tested in fish. this work includes the establishment of the tetracycline-regulated system for use in fi ...	2005	16236467
spermatozoal competition in common carp (cyprinus carpio): what is the primary determinant of competition success?	the percentage of sperm motility (92-100%), spermatozoan velocity (112-163 microm.s(-1)) and control hatching rates (83-96%) were evaluated for each of six gold and five green male common carp (cyprinus carpio). in all 30 possible paired combinations of sperm-competition tests, hatching rates of 90-97% were achieved. the mean percentage of offspring sired was strongly influenced by the male used (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.91). the best male sired an average of 88% of the offspring in its competition tes ...	2005	16264099
are hearing sensitivities of freshwater fish adapted to the ambient noise in their habitats?	several groups of fishes, among them two thirds of all freshwater fishes, have developed hearing specializations that enhance auditory sensitivity and broaden frequency ranges compared with hearing non-specialists (generalists), which lack such adaptations. it has been speculated that the enhanced sensitivities of these so-called hearing specialists have evolved in quiet habitats such as lakes, backwaters of rivers, slowly flowing streams or the deep sea. to test this hypothesis, noise levels an ...	2005	16155225
impact of distillery effluent on carbohydrate metabolism of freshwater fish, cyprinus carpio.	the impact of distillery effluent on carbohydrate metabolism of cyprinus carpio was studied at different days during exposure (7, 14, and 21 days) in the ambient temperature of 28 +/- 1 degrees c. oxygen consumption in fish decreased with increasing effluent concentrations as well as duration of exposure. effluent concentrations and exposure durations (days) had a significant effect on oxygen consumption of tested fish (p < 0.0005). total carbohydrate, glycogen content and sdh enzyme activity in ...	2005	16151610
fiber connections of the anterior preglomerular nucleus in cyprinids with notes on telencephalic connections of the preglomerular complex.	fiber connections of the anterior preglomerular nucleus (pga) were studied in carp and goldfish by tracer injection experiments to the nucleus and telencephalon. the pga received fibers from the central nucleus of semicircular torus, perilemniscular nucleus, anterior tuberal nucleus, and medial pretoral nucleus, all of which are presumed auditory structures. the pga projected to the dorsal (ddm) and ventral (vdm) regions of medial part of dorsal telencephalic area. the caudomedial region of late ...	2005	16134137
fiber connections of the central nucleus of semicircular torus in cyprinids.	fiber connections of the presumed auditory portion of the semicircular torus or the central nucleus (tsc) as well as other central and peripheral auditory structures were studied by tract-tracing methods in carp and goldfish. major ascending projections to the tsc originated from the descending octaval nucleus (do) and medullary secondary octaval population (so). toropetal neurons of the do were within the saccular terminal zone. a small number of toropetal do neurons might receive inputs from o ...	2005	16134136
determination of malachite green and leucomalachite green in carp muscle by liquid chromatography with visible and fluorescence detection.	a liquid chromatography-vis/fld method for the analysis of malachite green (mg) and its major metabolite, leucomalachite green (lmg) in carp muscle has been described. the method consists in an extraction with acetonitrile-buffer mixture followed by partioning with dichloromethane. clean up and isolation were performed on scx solid phase extraction (spe) column. chromatographic separation was achieved by using phenyl-hexyl column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and acet ...	2005	16130786
biochemical effects of lead, zinc, and cadmium from mining on fish in the tri-states district of northeastern oklahoma, usa.	we assessed the exposure of fish from the spring and neosho rivers in northeast oklahoma, usa, to lead, zinc, and cadmium from historical mining in the tri-states mining district (tsmd). fish (n = 74) representing six species were collected in october 2001 from six sites on the spring and neosho rivers influenced to differing degrees by mining. additional samples were obtained from the big river, a heavily contaminated stream in eastern missouri, usa, and from reference sites. blood from each fi ...	2005	16117126
gill modifications in the freshwater fish cyprinus carpio after subchronic exposure to simazine.		2005	16094895
behavioral and clinical pathology changes in koi carp (cyprinus carpio) subjected to anesthesia and surgery with and without intra-operative analgesics.	fish surgery is becoming increasingly common in laboratory and clinical settings. behavioral and physiologic consequences of surgical procedures may affect experimental results, so these effects should be defined and, if possible, ameliorated. we document behavioral and clinical pathology changes in koi carp (cyprinus carpio) undergoing surgery with tricaine methanesulphonate (ms-222) anesthesia, with and without intraoperative administration of the opiate butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg intramuscularly) ...	2005	16089168
alpha2-macroglobulin in the marine fish sparus aurata.	the alpha2-macroglobulin proteinase inhibitors (alpha2ms) are a family of plasma proteins with the unique ability to inhibit a broad spectrum of proteinases, but are also known as binding proteins for many growth factors and cytokines, including growth hormone and members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. a partial cdna (475 amino acids) encoding the c-terminus of alpha2m was cloned from the liver of the marine teleostean fish sparus aurata. the deduced amino acid sequence of t ...	2005	16054852
the toxicokinetics of cadmium in carp under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.	temporal depletion of oxygen, i.e. hypoxic events, frequently occurs in natural waters. it has been suggested that accumulation of micro-pollutants increases in aquatic animals as a result of an increased ventilation rate during such occasions. the observed increased toxicity under hypoxia of micro-pollutants may support this hypothesis, but for heavy metals the available uptake studies are contradictory. the present study tests whether accumulation of cadmium in common carp, cyprinus carpio (l. ...	2005	16046241
discovery of a novel immunoglobulin heavy chain gene chimera from common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).	in fish, two types of immunoglobulin heavy chain (igh) genes, namely, igm and igd, have been cloned and characterized. recently, a new igh isotype specific to teleosts had been identified from zebra fish, rainbow trout, and fugu. in zebra fish, the domains of this new gene are present upstream of the mu region along the igh locus. during this study, a novel igh chimera (igm-igz) has been discovered from common carp. the cloned cdna encodes a typical leader peptide, a variable region, two constan ...	2005	16025325
modelling energetic costs of fish swimming.	the oxygen consumption rates of two cyprinid fishes, carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and roach (rutilus rutilus (l.)), were analysed for a wide range of body mass and swimming speed by computerized intermittent-flow respirometry. bioenergetic models were derived, based on fish mass (m) and swimming speed (u), to predict the minimal speed and mass-specific active metabolic rate (amr) in these fishes (amr=ambuc). mass and speed together explained more than 90% of the variance in total swimming costs in ...	2005	16013050
[microsatellite marker analysis of genetic variation between the allotetraploid crucian-carp and their original parents].	twelve individuals from the allotetraploid crucian-carp,common carp, and red crucian carp were analyzed by using 32 pairs microsatellite primers of the poly (ca) type which were isolated from common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) by crooijmans et al. electrophoretogram patterns showed that 15 pairs of microsatellite primers reproducibly produced the well-identifiable bands. the number of alleles per marker varied from 1 to 8, and the size of alleles ranged from 100 bp to 420 bp. the genetic similarit ...	2005	16011029
multiple and highly divergent il-11 genes in teleost fish.	interleukin-11 (il-11) is a key cytokine in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors and is also involved in bone formation, adipogenesis, and protection of mucosal epithelia. despite this prominent role in diverse physiological processes, il-11 has been described in only four mammalian species, and recently, in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). here we report the presence of il-11 in common carp (cyprinus carpio), a bony fish species related to zebrafi ...	2005	16003467
hypocorticism and interrenal hyperplasia are not directly related to masculinization in xx mas(-1)/mas(-1) carp, cyprinus carpio.	this study reports on a homozygous xx male strain of common carp (e5), which fail to mount a normal cortisol stress response. earlier classical genetic analysis had indicated that masculinization of e5 fish was caused by a putative recessive mutation (mas(-1)/mas(-1)). hypocorticism in e5 fish was studied to investigate if it was related to masculinization. head-kidney tissues isolated from e5 fish showed a low cortisol-producing capacity in vitro, and also demonstrated a reduced sensitivity to ...	2005	15993106
concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining-influenced waters of northeastern oklahoma: sampling of blood, carcass, and liver for aquatic biomonitoring.	the tri-states mining district (tsmd) of missouri (mo), kansas (ks), and oklahoma (ok), usa, was mined for lead (pb) and zinc (zn) for more than a century. mining ceased more than 30 years ago, but wastes remain widely distributed in the region, and there is evidence of surface- and groundwater contamination in the spring river-neosho river (sr-nr) system of northeastern ok. in october 2001, we collected a total of 74 fish from six locations in the sr-nr system that included common carp (cyprinu ...	2005	15981034
rag expression identifies b and t cell lymphopoietic tissues during the development of common carp (cyprinus carpio).	the generation of lymphoid cells during carp development was studied by analyzing expression of the recombination activating genes (rag) using in situ hybridization and real time quantitative pcr. these data were combined with immunohistochemistry using the mab's wcl9 (cortical thymocytes) and wci12 (b cells). carp rag-1 and rag-2 showed 90 and 89% amino acid identity, respectively, to the corresponding zebrafish sequences. rag-1 was first expressed in the thymus at 4 days post-fertilization (dp ...	2005	15967501
immunisation of fish by bath immersion using ultrasound.	ultrasonic irradiations (usi) as a means to open routes in the skin, thus facilitating the transdermal delivery of vaccines that will improve the effectiveness of vaccination by immersion, are reviewed in this paper. based on our recent results in goldfish and carp it could be summarized that: (i) usi significantly improved the antigen uptake and enhanced antibody response; (ii) the requirements for high antigen concentrations, which are needed for simple bath immersion, could be considerably re ...	2005	15962476
identification of expressed genes in carp (cyprinus carpio) head kidney cells after in vitro treatment with immunostimulants.	we analysed a total of 530 expressed genes from the head kidney cells of common carp (cyprinus carpio) treated by immunostimulants. sequences of the cdna clones were compared with sequences in the genbank database. immune-related genes identified after in vitro stimulation of carp head kidney cells were: bpi/lbp, c-type lectins, fucolectins, cc-chemokine, cxc-chemokine, cd18, cyclophilin, fcgammar, g-csfr, hsp 70, ig heavy and light chains, nitr, integrin beta2-alpha, mx, interleukin-1beta, beta ...	2005	15962469
bioaccumulation studies of organochlorinated pesticides in tissues of cyprinus carpio.	freshwater fish cyprinus carpio was selected for the study of bioaccumulation of organochlorinated pesticides in tissues like gills, muscle, intestine, kidney, and liver in a continuous fed system. the pesticides used were aldrin, dieldrin, bhc, and ddt. the bioaccumulation of dieldrin was maximum of 85.0 microg g(-1) wet weight in liver tissue while minimum of 7.30 microg g(-1) wet weight for ddt at 30 days exposure time. bioconcentration factor (bcf) has followed the same trend in liver tissue ...	2005	15913013
glycosylation is essential for translocation of carp retinol-binding protein across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.	retinoid transport is well characterized in many vertebrates, while it is still largely unexplored in fish. to study the transport and utilization of vitamin a in these organisms, we have isolated from a carp liver cdna library retinol-binding protein, its plasma carrier. the primary structure of carp retinol-binding protein is very conserved, but presents unique features compared to those of the correspondent proteins isolated and characterized so far in other species: it has an uncleavable sig ...	2005	15910754
fish community characterization in two stretches upstream and downstream of the lambro river confluence with the po river.	this study aimed to characterize the fish community in two stretches of the po river, upstream and downstream of the lambro river confluence, to verify the environmental effects of the presence of endocrine disrupters (eds). more than 5000 specimens were captured, identified at the species level, and recorded for biometric parameters. plasma, liver, and gonad fragments were sampled for histological and biochemical analyses. few specimens belonging to carp and barbel showed gonads with the concom ...	2005	15891083
regulation of the stress response in early vertebrates.	the acute stress response is a key regulatory system for the maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium that is activated upon an imminent or ongoing disturbance of the "milieu interieur". in general, the stress response in bony fish is similar to that of mammals. the recent cloning and characterization of corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein (crh-bp) in carp (cyprinus carpio l.) reflects the conservation of the crh signaling system throughout vertebrates. now, we can start to investigate ...	2005	15891057
in vivo and in vitro exposures of carp and carp tissues to graded concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals.	the objective of this study was to correlate morphological and biochemical parameters of reproductive activity in fish exposed to graded concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals. two-year-old carps were exposed for two weeks to graded concentrations of ethynyl-estradiol, tamoxifen, and flutamide. for each chemical, morphological alterations of the gonads and liver were described according to biomarker and sex steroid levels. in parallel, isolated follicular cells (fcs) and testis fragmen ...	2005	15891032
acth, alpha-msh, and control of cortisol release: cloning, sequencing, and functional expression of the melanocortin-2 and melanocortin-5 receptor in cyprinus carpio.	cortisol release from fish head kidney during the acute phase of the stress response is controlled by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) from the pituitary pars distalis (pd). alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) and beta-endorphin, from the pars intermedia (pi), have been implicated in cortisol release during the chronic phase. the present study addresses the regulation of cortisol release by acth and alpha-msh in common carp (cyprinus carpio) and includes characterization of th ...	2005	15890786
phylogeny and ontogeny of fish leucocytes.	in contrast to higher vertebrates, most fish species hatch at the embryonic stage of life. consequently, they have to defend against a variety of micro-organisms living in their aquatic environment. this paper is focussed on the development of leucocytes functioning within this early innate system and later on in the acquired immune system (b and t cells). most of the data are derived from cyprinid fish (zebrafish, carp), which are excellent models to study early ontogeny. attention is also paid ...	2005	15890532
uncoupling protein 1 in fish uncovers an ancient evolutionary history of mammalian nonshivering thermogenesis.	uncoupling proteins (ucps) increase proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane. thereby, ucp1 in brown adipose tissue dissipates proton motive force as heat. this mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis is considered as a monophyletic trait of endothermic placental mammals that emerged about 140 million years ago and provided a crucial advantage for life in the cold. the paralogues ucp2 and ucp3 are probably not thermogenic proteins but convey mild uncoupling, which may serve to redu ...	2005	15886331
four types of smad4 found in the common carp, cyprinus carpio.	smad4 is defined as the common-mediator smad (co-smad) required for transducing signals for all transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) superfamily members. in this study, we have isolated eight distinct smad4 full-length cdnas from the common carp (cyprinus carpio). these cdnas were classified into four types and each type consisted of two subtypes. the eight cdnas encoded four distinct proteins ranging from 505aa to 568aa in size, with close similarities in the mad homology 1 and 2 (mh1 and ...	2005	15880772
nitric oxide release is induced by dopamine during illumination of the carp retina: serial neurochemical control of light adaptation.	several lines of indirect evidence have suggested that nitric oxide may play an important role during light adaptation of the vertebrate retina. we aimed to verify directly the effect of light on nitric oxide release in the isolated carp retina and to investigate the relationship between nitric oxide and dopamine, an established neuromodulator of retinal light adaptation. using a biochemical nitric oxide assay, we found that steady or flicker light stimulation enhanced retinal nitric oxide produ ...	2005	15869516
the effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on lymphocyte proliferation in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).	the sensitivity of lymphocyte proliferation as bioindicator of pollution stress was evaluated in the common carp (cyrinus carpio l.). the time course response of peripheral blood leukocyte proliferation in response or not to mitogens was measured from 1 to 7 days after peritoneal injection of 3-methylcholantrene (3-mc), and compared to the time course response of a highly sensitive biomarker, induction of cytochrome p450. 3-methylcholanthrene (40 mg kg(-1)) inhibited both b- and t-lymphocyte pro ...	2005	15863259
transferrin and antiproteases are major proteins of common carp seminal plasma.		2005	15863018
comparison of respiratory burst activity of inflammatory neutrophils in ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) and carp (cyprinus carpio).	neutrophils of ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) were previously shown to have unusually high respiratory burst activity (rba). to understand this unique character of ayu neutrophils, the rbas of resting and inflammatory neutrophils of ayu and carp (cyprinus carpio) were compared. inflammation was induced in the peritoneal cavity by injecting killed-bacteria. the rba of peritoneal-exudate (inflammatory) neutrophils was measured after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (pma). resting neutrophi ...	2005	15863016
quantitative structure-activity relationships for the toxicity of substituted benzenes to cyprinus carpio.	to measure the 96h-lc50 values of 32 substituted benzenes to the carp and to study the relationship between quantitative structure-activity and structural parameters of chemicals.	2005	15861779
biochemical properties of ordinary and dark muscle myosin from carp skeletal muscle.	two types of myosin isolated from ordinary (fast) and dark (slow) muscles of carp were examined by atpase and in vitro motility assays. vmax of the atpase activity and sliding velocity of ordinary myosin showed 1.6 and 1.5 times higher activities than those of dark myosin, whereas those of mammalian fast myosin were much higher, 3 to 10 times, than those of slow myosin. although ordinary myosin had almost identical activities to those of mammalian fast myosin, activities of dark myosin was twice ...	2005	16169876
uniquely stable 40 kda subfragment-2 in carp myosin.	digestion of carp myofibrils at 30 degrees c in 0.5 m kcl medium with calcium ion generated unique 135 kda heavy meromyosin (hmm). the hmm was not produced when digested at 10 degrees c. a further digestion of the 135 kd hmm isolated in the absence of calcium ion generated uniquely short subfragment-2 (s-2) with a size of 40 kda (40 kda s-2) together with subfragment-1 (s-1). the 40 kda s-2 was identified by n- and c-end sequencing, and demonstrated to locate the amino end of the rod portion. th ...	2005	15769163
seasonal modulation of growth hormone mrna and protein levels in carp pituitary: evidence for two expressed genes.	adaptation of eurythermal fish to naturally varying environmental conditions involves modulation of expressions of various factors in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. here we used three complementary approaches to assess the seasonal variation of growth hormone (gh) protein and mrna levels in pituitary glands of acclimatized carp fish. first, a polyclonal antibody raised against an oligopeptide derived from the carp gh sequence was used for immunohistochemistry; second, oligonucleotides specifi ...	2005	15731922
systemic priming of alloreactive cytotoxic cells in carp, following anal administration of allogeneic cell antigens.	in the present study, we confirmed that cellular immune responses, especially specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity, could be induced in systemic carp leucocytes, following anal administration of antigens. effector cells isolated from systemic lymphoid tissues (head kidney, spleen and peripheral blood) of carp that were immunised anally with allogeneic cells (epc or kg cell line) efficiently lysed immunogenic target cells. the lytic activity was increased as a result of secondary sensitisation and ...	2005	15722230
ca2+-permeable and ca2+-impermeable ampa receptors coexist on horizontal cells.	fura-2 fluorescent calcium imaging was used for analyzing the subtype of ampa receptors in freshly dissociated horizontal cells of carp retina. exogenous application of ampa induced an increase of intracellular concentration of free ca2+ ([ca2+]i) in horizontal cells, while the [ca2+]i increase was partly inhibited by nifedipine. the residual [ca2+]i increase was completely eliminated by joro spider toxin-3, a blocker of ca2+-permeable ampa receptors. on the other hand, the application of pentob ...	2005	15706232
[construction and characteristics analysis of somatic cell lines from common carp cyprinus carpio].	epithelia of rostral side and fins from common carp were taken to culture in vitro. as a result, cells of tail fins were successfully passed from generation to generation, and constructed cell lines. during the culture procedure, the passage cells were observed and their biological characteristics were analyzed, which consist of morphologic analysis, drawing of growth curve, detection of producing rate for clones, insight of adaptation to temperatures, calculation of chromosomes and investigatio ...	2005	15839211
protection of cultured cyprinus carpio against a lethal viral disease by an attenuated virus vaccine.	massive mortality of koi and common carp--cyprinus carpio species--has been observed since 1998 in many countries worldwide, resulting in severe economic losses. the cause of the disease is an as yet unclassified large dna virus, designated carp nephritis gill necrosis virus (cngv) or koi herpes virus (khv). previously, we demonstrated that the wild type cngv lost its pathogenecity following serial transfer in cell culture, and that clones isolated from the attenuated population can be used as a ...	2005	15837363
characterisation of t cell antigen receptor alpha chain isotypes in the common carp.	t cell receptor alpha (tcralpha) chain has been characterised in several teleost species to date. here, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) strategy was used to isolate cdna clones encoding tcralpha chain from an individual of the common carp (cyprinus carpio.l.). the valpha sequences identified were most similar to valpha of other teleosts, and could be classified into as many as 14 valpha families. for the jalpha sequences, diversity comparable to that seen in other tele ...	2005	15820122
the immunomodulatory effects of the dimer of lysozyme (klp-602) in carp (cyprinus carpio l)--in vivo study.	the dimer of lysozyme was administered to carp (cyprinus carpio l.) in an attempt to reduce the suppression of response in fish exposed to the cypermethrin. experimental studies were carried out on cells isolated from blood and pronephros of carp. in the in vivo studies fish were intoxicated with cypermethrin (synthetic pesticide) at a dose of ld5. after 24 h fish were injected intraperitoneally with a modulator-the dimer of lysozyme (klp-602) at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg of body weight. in the study ...	2005	15814318
uptake and enantioselective elimination of chlordane compounds by common carp (cyprinus carpio, l.).	an analytical method involving supercritical fluid extraction (sfe) followed by a two-dimensional gas chromatography (2d-gc) analysis was developed to determine the concentration (first gc) and enantiomeric ratio (second gc) of cis- and trans-chlordanes at the ppb (ng/g) level in fish tissue. the sfe method allowed concentration of the compounds of interest, and reduced the number of extraction and sample clean-up manipulations as compared to classical solvent extraction techniques. four hundred ...	2005	15788172
undetectable apolipoprotein a-i gene expression suggests an unusual mechanism of dietary lipid mobilisation in the intestine of cyprinus carpio.	high density lipoprotein (hdl) has been shown to play an important role in the dietary lipid mobilisation in the carp. in spite of this, previous studies have failed to demonstrate the synthesis of the major protein component of hdl, apolipoprotein a-i (apoa-i), in the proximal intestine of the carp. therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of apoa-i throughout the entire intestine. curiously, no transcription of the apoa-i gene could be detected either by northern ...	2005	15781899
hypoxia and recovery perturb free radical processes and antioxidant potential in common carp (cyprinus carpio) tissues.	the effects of hypoxia exposure and subsequent normoxic recovery on the levels of lipid peroxides (looh), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars), carbonylproteins, total glutathione levels, and the activities of six antioxidant enzymes were measured in brain, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of the common carp cyprinus carpio. hypoxia exposure (25% of normal oxygen level) for 5h generally decreased the levels of oxidative damage products, but in liver tbars content were elevated. hypox ...	2005	15778094
aspartic acid scanning mutation analysis of a goldfish growth hormone-releasing hormone (ghrh) receptor specific to the ghrhsalmon-like peptide.	growth hormone-releasing hormone (ghrh) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of growth. the study of goldfish ghrh and its receptor is of particular interest as it is so far the only animal model in which two forms of ghrh-like (catfish-like and salmon-like) peptides coexist, and these peptides share only 30-40% of amino acid sequence identities with their mammalian counterparts. for these reasons, we have previously characterized a goldfish ghrh receptor, which is specific for a synthetic car ...	2005	15596070
[evidence of the unreduced diploid eggs generated from the diploid gynogenetic progeny of allotetraploid hybrids].	following activation by uv-irradiated sperms from scatter scale common carp and without the treatment for doubling the chromosome number, the eggs generated by the diploid gynogenetic progeny (g1) with 100 chromosomes,developed into diploid gynogenetic progeny (g2) with 100 chromosomes. both the males and females of the tetraploids with 200 chromosomes were obtained from the offsprings (g1 x at) produced by mating the eggs of g1 with the diploid sperms from the allotetraploid hybrids. the result ...	2005	15759860
long-term potentiation and olfactory memory formation in the carp (cyprinus carpio l.) olfactory bulb.	long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission is considered to be an elementary process underlying the cellular mechanism of memory formation. in the present study we aimed to examine whether or not the dendrodendritic mitral-to-granule cell synapses in the carp olfactory bulb show plastic changes after their repeated activation. it was found that: (1) the dendrodendritic mitral-to-granule cell synapses showed three types of plasticity after tetanic electrical stimulation applied to the olfact ...	2005	15750817
whole-blood and plasma cholinesterase levels in normal koi (cyprinus carpio).	organophosphate and carbamate insecticides produce their toxic effects by binding with cholinesterase enzymes, resulting in the inhibition of acetylcholine catabolism. excessive acetylcholine levels cause excessive synaptic neurotransmitter activity. in most animal species, whole blood is the preferred sample for evaluation of cholinesterase activity. previous reports of cholinesterase activity in carp have involved sampling of serum, plasma, brain, liver, muscle, and heart. whole-blood samples ...	2005	15690957
comparative immunohistochemical study of carassius rfamide localization in teleost guts in different salinity habitats.	carassius rfamide (c-rfa) is a peptide, isolated originally from the brain of japanese crucian carp and sharing homologies with mammalian prolactin-releasing peptides. from the physiological aspect, it is known that c-rfa has contraction-promoting action on fish intestines, but its localization in peripheral tissues is unknown. we observed the localization of c-rfa in teleost guts using an immunohistochemical technique. c-rfa-like immunoreactive (irc-rfa) sites were observed in not only the smoo ...	2005	15684584
responses of molecular indicators of exposure in mesocosms: common carp (cyprinus carpio) exposed to the herbicides alachlor and atrazine.	common carp (cyprinus carpio) were treated in aquatic mesocosms with a single pulse of the herbicides atrazine or alachlor to study the bioavailability and biological activity of these herbicides using molecular indicators: liver vitellogenin gene expression in male fish for estrogenic activity, liver cytochrome p4501a1 gene expression, and dna damage in blood cells using the single-cell gel electrophoresis method. both alachlor and atrazine showed dose-related increases in dna strand breaks at ...	2005	15683183
avoidance behavior and brain monoamines in fish.	the crucian carp performs a typical avoidance behavior when exposed to olfactory cues from injured skin of conspecifics. they swim rapidly to the bottom and hide in available material. this work examines the effects of skin extract exposure and availability of hiding material on this behavior, and concomitant changes in brain monoaminergic activity in crucian carp. individual fish were exposed to skin extract in aquaria with or without hiding material. exposure to skin extract resulted in the ex ...	2005	15680947
using mitochondrial nucleotide sequences to investigate diversity and genealogical relationships within common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).	direct sequencing of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) d-loop (745 bp) and mtatpase6/mtatpase8 (857 bp) regions was used to investigate genetic variation within common carp and develop a global genealogy of common carp strains. the d-loop region was more variable than the mtatpase6/mtatpase8 region, but given the wide distribution of carp the overall levels of sequence divergence were low. levels of haplotype diversity varied widely among countries with chinese, indonesian and vietnamese carp showing th ...	2005	15670127
impact of pcb mixture (aroclor 1254) and tbt and a mixture of both on swimming behavior, body growth and enzymatic biotransformation activities (gst) of young carp (cyprinus carpio).	the sensitivity of carp to chronical stress due to single and combined mixtures (each 50%) of tbt and pcb was evaluated under laboratory conditions. and concluded, mixed exposures were partially more or less toxic than single ones. xenobiotic stress led to both decreased mean daily swimming speed and an increased mean swimming speed during darkness. also a decreased preferred swimming depth (nearer to the surface) during nighttime was observed. we found approximately synergistic effects of tbt a ...	2005	15642631
clinical trials update from the american heart association meeting: acorn-csd, primary care trial of chronic disease management, peace, create, shield, a-heft, gemini, vitamin e meta-analysis, escape, carp, and scd-heft cost-effectiveness study.	this article provides information and a commentary on landmark trials presented at the american heart association meeting held in november 2004, relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of heart failure. an open trial of the acorn cardiac support device (csd) showed encouraging preliminary results in patients with severe heart failure. the peace (prevention of events with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition) study supports data from previous studies showing that ace inhibi ...	2005	15642544
plasma alpha-msh and acetylated beta-endorphin levels following stress vary according to crh sensitivity of the pituitary melanotropes in common carp, cyprinus carpio.	pituitary melanotropes release alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) and acetylated beta-endorphin (nac beta-end) during stress responses. however, effects of stressors on plasma concentrations of these hormones are highly inconsistent among fish species. here, we show that also within a species, the common carp (cyprinus carpio), fish sometimes respond with elevated alpha-msh and nac beta-end plasma levels, and at other times not. the origin of this variable response was investigated ...	2005	15639149
brain responses to ambient temperature fluctuations in fish: reduction of blood volume and initiation of a whole-body stress response.	spatial and temporal ambient temperature variations directly influence cellular biochemistry and thus the physiology of ectotherms. however, many aquatic ectothermic species maintain coordinated sensorimotor function during large acute body-temperature changes, which points to a compensatory mechanism within the neural system. here we used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain responses to a drop of 10 degrees c of ambient water temperature in common carp. we obser ...	2005	15615828
differential infectivity of transversotrema patialense for naive fish.	the discovery of transversotrema patialense cercariae in an aquarium harboring tropical fish triggered the present study. the purpose was to estimate the potential range of infection of local freshwater and fishpond populations by t. patialense. experimental infection of t. patialense differed among 3 species employed: 76.5% for tilapia zillii, 37.8% for gambusia affinis, and none for 2 varieties of cyprinus carpio. these patterns of infectivity are different from those published previously for ...	2005	17089771
b cell and immunoglobulin heterogeneity in carp (cyprinus carpio l.); an immuno(cyto)chemical study.	b cell and immunoglobulin (ig) heterogeneity was demonstrated in carp, cyprinus carpio l., using two monoclonal antibodies (mabs; wc14, wci12) produced against carp serum ig. immunochemical results showed that both wci4 and wci12 react with a protein determinant on the heavy chain of ig (relative molecular mass approximately 70,000). immunofluorescence microscopic and flow cytometric analyses of lymphoid cells suggest three distinct subpopulations of b cells and plasma cells: wci4+12- cells, wci ...	2005	7615142
effect of ultrasound on nucleated erythrocytes.	in this experimental study, carp erythrocytes were used as nucleated cell models to test the hypothesis that ultrasound (us) exposure can cause the change in plasma membranes and hemoglobin. to identify target cell damage, we studied hemolysis, osmotic fragility, lipid peroxidation of red blood cells and oxidation of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes. the erythrocytes were exposed to 1 mhz continuous-wave us at the intensities of 0.61 to 2.44 w/cm2 for 5 min. these results showed that us sonication ...	2005	15653240
genetic variability and relationships in mitochondrial dna co ii gene sequence of red common carps in china.	nucleotide sequence of cytochrome coxidase subunit ii (co ii) of mitochondrial dna ( mtdna) was analyzed from four populations of the red common carp (c. c. var. singuonensis, c. c. var. wananensis, c. c. var. wuyuanensis and c. c. var. color) as well as one population of wild common carp in china to detect their genetic variability and phylogenetic relationship. nineteen nucleotide variable positions were detected in analyzed 607 bp length sequence and 15 haplotypes were defined among five popu ...	2004	15651674
effect of hexavalent carcinogenic chromium on carp cyprinus carpio immune cells.	chromium is widely used in industrial processes, and is released into aquatic environments by electroplating, tannery and textile industries. fishes in natural waters or in aquaculture facilities supplied with these waters are exposed to chromium waste and are presumed to be affected by deposits. herein, we examine the effect of hexavalent chromium on carp cyprinus carpio derived immune cells. in vitro exposure of carp leukocytes to hexavalent chromium induced cytotoxicity, decreased mitogen-ind ...	2004	15648842
3-methylcholanthrene induces lymphocyte and phagocyte apoptosis in common carp (cyprinus carpio l) in vitro.	polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) are an important class of environmental pollutant that are known to be carcinogenic and immunotoxic. in mammals it was suggested that pah compromise the immune system in part through the induction of programed cell death (apoptosis). in fish, no study has reported the importance of this physiological process in pah-induced immunotoxicity. we have therefore investigated the capacity of 3-methylcholanthrene to induce lymphocyte and phagocyte apoptosis in carp ...	2004	15129772
anoxia tolerant brains.	while medical science has struggled to find ways to counteract anoxic brain damage with limited success, evolution has repeatedly solved this problem. the best-studied examples of anoxia-tolerant vertebrates are the crucian carp and some north american freshwater turtles. these can survive anoxia for days to months, depending of temperature. both animals successfully fight any major fall in brain atp levels, but the strategies they use to accomplish this are quite divergent. the anoxic turtle su ...	2004	15129179
influences of traditional chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).	the influence of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) formulation from astragalus root (radix astragalin seu hedysari) and chinese angelica root (r. angelicae sinensis) at a ratio of 5:1 (w/w) on non-specific immunity of jian carp, cyprinus carpio var. jian was investigated. the number of nbt-positive cells in the blood and lysozyme and complement activities in the serum of carp fed with commercial feed supplemented with 1.0% (diet 1) and 1.5% (diet 2) tcm at 10 day of post-feeding were not differ ...	2004	15123322
calcein am release-based cytotoxic cell assay for fish leucocytes.	a non-specific cytotoxic cell assay for fish is presented that is based on the release of the activated fluorochrome calcein am from lysed carp epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cells. to establish the suitability of treating epc cells with calcein am the uptake and spontaneous release of the calcein am by the epc cells was evaluated. incubation of 5 microm calcein am in culture medium with 1x10(5)epc cells well(-1)for a minimum of 3 h provided sufficient labelling. spontaneous release of fluo ...	2004	15123317
analysis of gangliosides from carp intestinal mucosa.	the gangliosides of carp intestinal mucosa were isolated and analysed by thin-layer chromatography (tlc), tlc immunostaining test, and tlc/secondary ion mass spectrometry (tlc/sims). four species of gangliosides, designated as g-1, g-2, g-3 and g-4, were separated on tlc. the tlc/sims analysis of the g-1 ganglioside of carp intestinal mucosa revealed a series of [m-h](-)ions from m/z 1061 to m/z 1131 representing the molecular mass range of gm4-like ganglioside with neuac. g-2, g-3 and g-4 gangl ...	2004	15123316
characterisation of a fourth immunoglobulin light chain isotype in the common carp.	three isotypes of immunoglobulin (ig) light (l) chain, designated l1a, l1b, and l3, have been characterised in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) to date. in this paper the molecular cloning of a fourth igl isotype in carp, designated l2, is described. a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method including 5'- and 3'-race was used to isolate carp l2 cdna clones. the vl sequences could be divided into two distinct vl families, designated vl2-1 and vl2-2, most similar to rai ...	2004	15123304
occurrence and pathology of sinergasilus lieni (copepoda: ergasilidae), a parasite of the silver carp and bighead, in hungarian ponds.	sinergasilus lieni yin, 1949, a well-known and pathogenic parasitic copepod in china and russia, has been detected in hungarian carp farms for the first time. the parasite infected the third-year generation of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (aristichthys nobilis). the gills of the infected fish specimens showed severe pathological changes. at the attachment sites of female copepods clubbing and fusing of the gill filaments were observed and in some parts of the pale or whi ...	2004	15119787
humoral immune factors modulated by copper and chitosan in healthy or parasitised carp (cyprinus carpio l.) by ptychobothrium sp. (cestoda).	as an environmental protection point of view, the potential toxicity of chitosan on aquatic animal health, alone or associated with copper must be investigated. fish possess defence mechanisms to counteract the impact of toxics. the non-cellular and non-specific immune defences (total immunoglobulin, ceruloplasmin, lysozyme and potential killing activity of phagocytic cells) can be modulated by the potential environmental pollutants but also by natural stimulants such as bacteria, viruses or par ...	2004	15177950
levels of synthetic musk compounds in municipal wastewater for potential estimation of biota exposure in receiving waters.	we analyzed water samples from the confluence of three municipal sewage treatment effluent streams, surface water, and whole carp (cyprinus carpio) for synthetic musks for a period of 7-12 months. the lipid content of each fish was determined and compared with the concentration of musks in the whole fish tissue. enhanced methods were used for water sampling and musk extraction. the data presented here provide insight as to the relationship between concentrations of synthetic musks in the municip ...	2004	15173905