Publications

the cellular exudate--mycobacterium leprae relationship and the critical reading of skin smears.	a careful reading of conventionally stained ziehl-neelsen skin smear preparations in leprosy provides a number of insights into the patient's situation, including his approximate position in the spectrum. this data serves as a cross-check on the primary results of the smear examination, and aids their interpretation for the purposes of diagnosis, assessment of the response to chemotherapy and the possible onset of relapse.	1989	2682107
tuberculoid (tt) leprosy; localization on a tattoo.		1989	2682108
[difficulties in demonstrating hansen's bacillus in lesions. analysis of a case].	in one case of leprosy, ziehl's classic staining technic could not demonstrate the bacteriologic evidence. after using a cold-staining procedure, the lapeyssonie and causse technic, numerous hansen's bacilli (b.h.) were detected in the lesions.	1989	2682127
nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of mycobacterium leprae manganese superoxide dismutase.		1989	2682526
blocking of mycobacterium leprae adherence to dissociated schwann cells by anti-mycobacterial antibodies.	the association of mycobacterium leprae with schwann cells may represent an early crucial step in m. leprae pathogenesis. using a dissociated schwann-cell system and anti-mycobacterial monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against surface and cytoplasmic components, we investigated the nature of m. leprae epitopes that mediate cytadhesion. antibodies to polysaccharide and lipid components of m. leprae cell wall inhibited cytadhesion, whereas those directed against both surface and cytopl ...	1989	2683036
an experimental animal model of granulomatous bowel disease.	a study has been undertaken of the granulomatous response induced in the ascending colon and terminal ileum of the guinea pig by the direct inoculation of mycobacterial antigens. live bcg (pasteur) 2 x 10(7) at two weeks induced epithelioid cell granulomas in both large and small bowel and in the draining lymph nodes. the area of infiltration was significantly greater for a given inoculum in the large bowel. acid fast bacilli were present on ziehl neelson stained sections of the large bowel infi ...	1989	2684805
correlation between occurrence of leprosy and fossil fuels: role of fossil fuel bacteria in the origin and global epidemiology of leprosy.	on the basis of correlative data on the global distribution of leprosy, its bacteria metabolizing fossil fuels (ff), and the ff themselves, the origin of leprosy in the world as a whole, and in the leprosy-free countries, in particular, as indigenous cases, appeared to be primarily due to a soil-to-man, and secondarily due to a man-to-man infection. these findings helped to elucidate similar problems of animal leprosies and nocardial diseases.	1989	2684847
immunology of leprosy. a comprehensive survey.		1989	2684882
serological response of patients with leprosy to a 28- to 30-kilodalton protein doublet from early cultures of mycobacterium bovis bcg.	analysis by western immunoblotting of mycobacterium bovis bcg short-term culture filtrates with a pool of serum samples from lepromatous leprosy patients revealed an immunodominant protein doublet with apparent molecular masses of 28 and 30 kilodaltons (kda). the humoral response to these antigens was also investigated by using individual serum samples from patients representative of the whole spectrum of leprosy and from tuberculosis patients, as well as from contacts of leprosy patients and co ...	1989	2685019
two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron capture detection for the sensitive determination of specific mycobacterial lipid constituents.	a method was developed for determining two characteristic mycobacterial lipid constituents, tuberculostearic acid (as its pentafluorobenzyl ester) and 2-eicosanol (as its pentafluorobenzoyl ester), by using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. a microprocessor-controlled column-switching system (two-dimensional gas chromatography) facilitated sample preparation and increased specificity. the usefulness of the technique was illustrated by its ability to reveal picogram amounts of t ...	1989	2685023
nongranulomatous involvement of the bone marrow in lepromatous leprosy.	bone marrow involvement in lepromatous leprosy has been characterized histologically by a proliferation of foamy histiocytes containing lepra bacilli, the so-called virchow cells. the authors have studied three patients with biopsy-proven lepromatous leprosy in whom fite stain, performed on histologic sections of bone marrow aspirates, demonstrated numerous bacilli lying free in the interstitium in the absence of virchow cells or focal collections of foamy macrophages. two of the patients had a ...	1989	2686398
cultivation of mycobacterium leprae in artificial culture medium.	a novel procedure in the cultivation of m. leprae in combined dubos-lowenstein-jenson medium after addition of thyroxine sodium is being reported. this has been found to be successful as the organisms, after multiplying vigorously in the thyroxine containing dubos medium, have produced a visible colony on the surface of lowenstein-jensen medium during 8-16 wks of incubation at 37 degrees c. the enhanced growth of this recalcitrant organism is due to stimulating effect of thyroxine as well as sup ...	1989	2687163
primary dapsone resistance in china.	ninety-seven strains of mycobacterium leprae recovered from patients with previously untreated multibacillary leprosy were tested for dapsone susceptibility. the specimens originated from shanghai municipality, jiang-su province and fu-jian province. approximately 28% of the strains either did not infect the mice or the results of susceptibility were inconclusive due to the low proportion of viable organisms in the bacterial populations. among the 70 strains in which dapsone susceptibility could ...	1989	2691789
structure-activity relationships of tetramethylpiperidine-substituted phenazines against mycobacterium leprae in vitro.	in a previous study of structure-activity relationships of selected phenazines against mycobacterium leprae in vitro, compounds containing a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine substitution at the imino nitrogen were most active. therefore, the effect of substitution at the para positions of the phenyl and anilino groups in tetramethylpiperidine-substituted phenazines was assessed. as determined by radiorespirometry, activity in ascending order was observed in compounds substituted with hydrogens or f ...	1989	2692516
a rapid method for the detection of potentially viable mycobacterium leprae in human biopsies: a novel application of pcr.	a simple procedure based on the polymerase chain reaction has been developed to detect mycobacterium leprae, rapidly and unambiguously, in biological samples. its application to small numbers of m. leprae cells (approximately 10(2] isolated from armadillo liver, mouse footpads or human biopsies is discussed.	1989	2693204
finger-prick blood collection and computer-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for large-scale serological studies on leprosy.	an immunoglobulin m anti-phenolic glycolipid 1 assay was standardized and optimized using specimens of dried blood collected on commercial precut filter paper discs, followed by a computer-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the correlation between venepuncture and finger-prick methods, the calibration of the quantity of absorbed blood, and the reproducibility of the elisa test were excellent. a slight decline of activity was observed when the samples were stored for 3 months at ...	1989	2694471
drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium leprae in the bactec 460 system.	the susceptibility of mycobacterium leprae to clinical and experimental antileprosy agents was assessed in the bactec 460 system. nude-mouse-derived m. leprae (10(7) cells), incubated in bactec 12b medium at 33 degrees c under reduced oxygen, maintained a fairly constant growth index (14co2 evolution) for 2 to 3 weeks. at concentrations ranging from 0.031 to 2.0 micrograms/ml, dapsone, rifampin, clofazimine, ethionamide, ofloxacin, clarithromycin, and minocycline all effected reductions in the g ...	1989	2694952
effects of dietary composition on growth of m. leprae in mouse footpads.	the number of bacteria per mouse footpad were measured at intervals beginning with the third month in male, weanling balb/c mice infected with m. leprae and fed for a period of 6 months to test the effects of diet on multiplication of bacteria. the mean bacteria count per footpad in mice remaining at 6 months in the two high fat diets was higher (p = 0.014) than the mean of the two low fat diets. likewise, the pooled mean bacterial count of mice fed the two diets of animal origin had a tendency ...	1989	2695574
primary dapsone resistance as assessed by uptake of labelled thymidine by the macrophage resident mycobacterium leprae.	12 untreated lepromatous leprosy patients were screened for primary dapsone resistance by the uptake of labelled thymidine by macrophage resident m. leprae. there were found to harbour primary dapsone resistant strains of m. leprae and another three partially resistant strains to the drug. this rapid, simple and reliable method should be used routinely to screen leprosy patients, for drug resistance.	1989	2695575
bacillaemia and bone marrow involvement in leprosy.	fifty patients (24 new and 26 receiving specific treatment) of leprosy were investigated to study the concentration and morphological index (mi) of the lepra bacilli in skin, peripheral blood and bone marrow. the organisms were detected in 28 cases on skin slit smear examination, in 38 cases on bone marrow examination and in 38 cases on examination of smears made from buffy coat of peripheral blood. out of 22 cases negative for the bacilli on skin slit smears, 15 had the organisms either in buff ...	1989	2695576
effect of temperature, cholesterol and nerve tissue on multiplication of armadillo m. leprae.	the effect of temperature, nerve tissue and certain constituents of the medium on multiplication of armadillo m. leprae was studied using hanks bss. an equal or better growth was seen at 30 degrees c and 10 degrees c compared to 37 degrees c. multiplication was also seen at -20 degrees c. adding cholesterol, foetal calf serum, cystine-hcl, sodium thioglycollate or nerve suspension and covering medium with liquid paraffin each showed beneficial effect. hanks containing foetal calf serum, choleste ...	1989	2695577
growth of mycobacterium leprae in a redox system: iii. evidence of growth at low temperature (psychrophilia) and, further refinement of growth medium.	considerable growth enhancement, largely as non-acid fast, slender and long rods has been seen when incubated at 10 degrees c. concentration of some of the media constituents have been reduced that has improved the quantum of growth. a remarkable proneness to physical disintegration of the grown bacilli has been seen and its significance discussed. also, the possible immunogenic advantage of non-af m. leprae has been discussed. the question of identification is still not solved, and work is in p ...	1989	2695578
bacteriological study of urine samples from leprosy patients: a preliminary communication.	a.f.b. and biological structures related to its multiplication reported previously from skin and blood of patients were seen also in their urine. implications of these findings in transmission and possible application in detecting sub-clinical infections should be studied.	1989	2695579
process of disintegration and degradation of m. leprae: study of tissue imprints and tissues.	the existence, distribution and behaviour of degradation products of m. leprae in leprosy lesions were investigated in tissue specimens fixed in neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin. cytopathologic findings using tissue imprints were unsatisfactory. sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, acid-fast stains, silver methenamine and by an immunochemical (pap) technique using serial paraffin sections. a comparison in respect of the distribution of the bacilli within the macrophages showed ...	1989	2695580
[dapsone inhibition of the bactericidal action of rifampicin on mycobacterium leprae in mice].	in the experimental infection of mice by mycobacterium leprae, the bactericidal effect of 4 weekly doses of rifampicin (rmp) is completely suppressed if this administration is preceded by a daily treatment of dapsone (dds) during one month then continued in conjunction with rifampicin. the application of this methodology: the delayed adding of rifampicin clearly shows the bacillary persistence induced by dapsone (dds). the rifampicin appears to be less effective on mycobacterium leprae when its ...	1989	2695734
leprosy associated mycobacteria: implications.		1989	2696318
[immunologic aspects of leprosy].	lepromatous leprosy is accompanied by a complex deficit in cell mediated immunity concerning mycobacterium leprae. the physiological mechanism of this deficit remains unknown. according to some studies there may be, in those suffering from leprosy, a trouble in the macrophage and presentation of antigens. other studies suggest an increase in the suppressive activity of lymphocytes. recently some authors emphasized the deficit in the production of interleukin 2. it is difficult, for the time bein ...	1989	2696319
[peripheral nerve lesions of experimental leprosy in monkeys. v. histopathological finding of cutaneous nerves and cutaneous sensory organs].	the skin samples of each palm side and dorsum side of finger, nose and peripheral nerves running under the finger skin at the area between proximal phalanx and distal phalanx of mangabey monkey a022 and rhesus monkey a125 were studied by histopathological methods (semithin section and light microscopic findings). results found about this study were as follows. 1. in spite of the existence of a large amount of leprosy bacilli at the areas of corium and subcutis, some of meissner's corpuscles, vat ...	1989	2697712
[epidemiological immunological studies on leprosy in okinawa. 6. lepromin, lymphocyte transformation, fla-abs and leproagglutination tests in the in-and out-patients with leprosy and the relationships among these tests and personal or family history or clinical findings of the patients].	in- and out-patients with leprosy in okinawa were surveyed by using the following immunological tests: cutaneous reaction to mitsuda's lepromin (40 million bacilli/ml) (lpr), lymphocyte transformation test with dharmendara's antigen (dl-ltt), that with phytohemagglutinin (pha-ltt), fluorescent leprosy antibody absorption test (fla-abs) and leproagglutination test with cardiolipin-lecithin antigen (lat). a correlation between two tests and a relationship between the test and personal or family hi ...	1989	2697714
polymerase chain reaction for the detection of mycobacterium leprae.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using heat-stable taq polymerase is described for the specific detection of mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy. a set of primers was selected on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding the 36 kda antigen of m. leprae. with this set of primers in the pcr, m. leprae could be detected specifically with a detection limit approximating one bacterium. this pcr appears to meet the criteria of specificity and sensitivity required for a ...	1989	2697743
phenolic glycolipid-1 from m. leprae inhibits oxygen free radical production by human mononuclear cells.	we studied the effect of pgl1, a phenolic glycolipid unique to mycobacterium leprae, on the activation of the phagocyte oxidative respiratory burst, by measuring the chemiluminescence (cl) generated by normal mononuclear cells. pgl1 induced a decrease in oxygen free radical production stimulated by mycobacteria (m. leprae, bcg and m. kansasii) or by phorbol myristate acetate, but did not prevent the binding or ingestion of fluorescein-conjugated mycobacteria. in contrast, mycoside a from m. kans ...	1989	2697907
[monitoring of the treatment effectiveness in patients with leprosy using solid-phase immunoenzyme assay].	serum samples from 184 lepers are studied by means of solid phase elisa with the semisynthetic antigen disaccharide-bovine albumin analogous of phenolic glycolipid i of mycobacterium leprae. patients are grouped according to the clinical presentation of the disease and course of time elapsed since the institution of therapy. bacilloscopic examinations were made also in 116 patients who were positive at diagnosis. for serologic testing, absorbance values over 0,160 were considered positive. resul ...	1989	2701181
[some properties of suppressor macrophages induced with mycobacterium leprae vaccine in mice].	splenic macrophages induced by intravenous injection of mycobacterium leprae vaccine (ml-vaccine) consisting of heat-killed m. leprae (hk-ml; 6 x 10(8)/ml) and live m. bovis bcg (10 mg/ml) were studied for their suppressive activity against lymphoproliferative response to concanavalin a (con a). spleen cells (spcs) of host mice received 0.1 ml of the vaccine 2 weeks before harvest showed markedly reduced con a mitogenic response. such phenomenon was seen also in the case of mice which were given ...	1989	2701885
suppression of con a response of mouse lymphocytes with unique m. leprae glycolipid.		1989	2701886
measurement of phagocyte chemiluminescence using a microtitre plate luminometer.	the use of chemiluminescence techniques to study the interaction between bacteria and phagocytes has been useful for examining the extent to which serum factors, such as opsonins, are important in internalization of the organisms and the response of the cell to phagocytosed bacteria. however, such methods have been limited by the number of experiments which can be performed at one time using most commercial luminometers. however, the recent introduction of the amerlite microtitre plate luminomet ...	1989	2728914
implementation of chemoprophylaxis of leprosy in the southern marquesas with a single dose of 25 mg per kg rifampin.	between 1967 and 1987 in the southern marquesas, a remote archipelago in french polynesia, the detection rate of leprosy was 48.9 per 100,000 when it was 8.6 per 100,000 for french polynesia as a whole. in 1988, a program of chemoprophylaxis of leprosy with a single dose of 25 mg/kg rifampin was implemented, and 2751 persons (98.7% of the population) were treated in the southern marquesas. in addition, 678 south marquesans and 2466 members of their families living in the northern marquesas and i ...	1989	2809347
characterization of an antibody-binding epitope from the 18-kda protein on mycobacterium leprae.	a murine mab, designated l5, appears to be specific for an epitope on a protein from mycobacterium leprae of restricted distribution within the mycobacteria. this protein, of mr 18,000 (18 kda) is of interest because monoclonal antibodies raised against it do not appear to cross-react with other mycobacterial pathogens. the l5 antibody-binding epitope has been mapped by two complementary methods; expression of gene fragments and synthesis of short peptides. this l5-binding region of the 18-kda p ...	1989	2465346
evidence for a highly conserved, immunoreactive lipid in mycobacterium tuberculosis.	a survey of the fractionated lipids of mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv was conducted using rabbit antiserum raised to homologous and heterologous mycobacteria. one minor, highly apolar lipid was resolved by florisil column chromatography, which reacted preferentially to anti-m. tuberculosis h37rv rabbit antibodies. other chromatographic properties, i.e., thin-layer chromatographic mobility and staining properties, suggested an analog of the phenolic glycolipid of mycobacterium leprae. prelimina ...	1989	2466430
use of an antigen-capture assay for characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan.	monoclonal antibodies directed to six separate antigen molecules of mycobacterium leprae have been tested in an antigen-capture assay based on combined use of polyclonal ("capture") and monoclonal ("detector") antibody reagents. this approach provides a potentially versatile, sensitive and specific assay for detection and relative quantitation of m. leprae antigens. characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (lam-b) by the antigen-capture assay indicates that so ...	1989	2467001
anti-neural antibodies in leprosy sera: further characterization of the antigens.	sera or plasmas from 129 leprosy patients were tested by immunoblotting for antibodies that bound to proteins in a triton-insoluble fraction enriched in neural intermediate filaments (if fraction) from human or bovine spinal cord. sixty samples (47%) showed positive staining of proteins at 35 kda, 42 kda or both. the presence of these antibodies appeared to be evenly distributed across the spectrum of disease. the frequency of these antibodies in samples from 12 healthy ethiopians was similar to ...	1989	2463996
structure of mycobacteria: recent developments in defining cell wall carbohydrates and proteins.	work from this laboratory on the immunogens of mycobacterium species has focused on those based on carbohydrates (with a view to the development of specific tools for the serodiagnosis of mycobacterioses) and on the cell-wall proteins, as a source of protective immunity and as a means of observing specific delayed-type hypersensitivity. most mycobacteria are endowed with specific, highly antigenic glycolipids that are powerful for the serodiagnosis of individual mycobacterial infections: e.g., t ...	1989	2469120
cd2 expression and function in lepromatous leprosy.	leprosy is a spectral disease in which clinical presentation is thought to be related to the host immune response. previous investigations have suggested that selective unresponsiveness to mycobacterium leprae in patients with lepromatous leprosy is due to the presence of m. leprae-specific t-suppressor cells. however, it has recently been suggested that cd2 modulation was the mechanism for the observed impaired immune response in lepromatous patients. therefore, we studied the expression of cd2 ...	1989	2474503
biosynthetic pathways in mycobacterium leprae.	the scope of this paper is biosynthetic pathways which are found generally in living organisms. many are present in m. leprae but some are lacking, perhaps reflecting the parasitic mode of existence of this microbe. the biosynthesis of nucleotides (the immediate precursors of nucleic acids) and fatty acids (intermediates in the biosynthesis of most if not all mycobacterial lipids) has been studied in detail in m. leprae. for the former, m. leprae appears incapable of synthesising its own purines ...	1989	2475005
the primary structure of the 16srrna of mycobacterium leprae: its use in phylogeny and development of dna probes.	two long stretches of the 16s from mycobacterium leprae were sequenced using reverses transcriptase and the chain termination technique. homology values were calculated for 11 cultivable mycobacteria and a phylogenetic tree constructed from evolutionary distance values (knuc). slow and fast growing mycobacteria used in this study form a taxonomic unit but were phylogenetically well separated. it could be confirmed that m. leprae is a true member of the slowly growing pathogenic mycobacteria bran ...	1989	2475006
studies on ribosomal rna genes of mycobacteria including m. leprae.	information about specific genes specially of pathogenic mycobacteria could be used to unequivocally identify isolates of mycobacteria which are of clinical interest. both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomal rna (rrna) genes have been shown to comprise sequences which are conserved and others which are divergent. in the present study, rrna genes from several cultivable mycobacteria including m. tuberculosis and armadillo derived m. leprae have been investigated. rrna was isolated, made radioact ...	1989	2475007
improved staining of leprosy bacilli in tissues.	a technique which reliably demonstrates mycobacterium leprae, m. tuberculosis and fungi in tissues is described. it is based on the oxidation of cell wall lipid substances by chromic or periodic acid, and the subsequent release of aldehydes which are then capable of reducing ammoniacal silver salt solutions to metallic silver. the organisms so demonstrated appear uniformly solid. the sensitivity of the method and the ease of examination and recognition of bacilli and their products are recommend ...	1989	2475732
[serologic demonstration of the activity of a mycobacterium leprae antigen obtained by chemical synthesis].	following the chemical isolation and characterization of the glycolipid phenolic i by hunter and brennan in 1981, derived from infected armadillo liver, studies were continued to achieve the chemical synthesis of this trisaccharide, which is part of the glycolipid and, as it has been demonstrated, was the major antigenic determinant of this substance. the synthetic antigen obtained by fujiwara in 1984 and gigg in 1985, was conjugated with bovine albumin. immunodominance of the terminal residue 3 ...	1989	2475894
new data on the ultrastructure of the membrane of mycobacterium leprae.	in previous reports on the ultrastructure of mycobacterium leprae, we described the occurrence of symmetric membranes in normal-looking bacilli from fresh or frozen samples primarily fixed with aldehydes. in those reports we admitted that such a symmetric profile, which is not found in the other normal mycobacteria, would not represent the structure of the normal membrane of the leprosy bacillus. we, therefore, re-analyzed the ultrastructure of the membrane of m. leprae. in the present work the ...	1989	2471759
effect of mycobacterium leprae-infected schwann cells and their supernatant on lymphocyte neuroglia interaction.	since the resolution of neural lesions and subsequent nerve damage in leprosy must inevitably involve the participation of immune cells sensitized to mycobacteria, we have used the dissociated schwann cell culture model to study the relationship between m. leprae-infected schwann cells and sensitized immune cells. our earlier study on light and ultrastructural observations showed that on infection with m. leprae, the cytomorphology of schwann cells remains unaffected, while degenerative changes ...	1989	2925843
immunogold labeling method for mycobacterium leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid in glutaraldehyde-osmium-fixed and araldite-embedded leprosy lesions.	phenolic glycolipid (pgl)-i, a mycobacterium leprae-specific antigen currently used for serodiagnosis of preclinical leprosy, has thus far not been localized subcellularly in leprosy bacilli and their host cells. in this study, we developed an immunogold-labeling technique for qualitative identification of pgl-i sites in glutaraldehyde-osmium-fixed and araldite-embedded m. leprae and host macrophages in human skin biopsies. such "hard-fixed," plastic-embedded skin and nerve biopsies from patient ...	1989	2926124
antibody response to phenolic glycolipid i and mycobacterium w antigens and its relation to bacterial load in m. leprae-infected mice and leprosy patients.	twenty-six inbred balb/cby mice were infected with live mycobacterium leprae by injecting 6 x 10(3) bacilli in the hind footpad. bleeds were collected at monthly intervals. after 6 months, acid-fast bacilli (afb) were harvested monthly from the footpad of mice. the sera were analysed in enzyme immunoassay for antibodies against phenolic glycolipid i (pgl-i) of m. leprae and antigens of mycobacterium w (m. w); 21 out of 26 (80.7%) mice demonstrated the presence of antibodies against pgl-i and m. ...	1989	12412751
[study on short-term clinical trial of r-77-3 [3-(4-cyclo-pentyl-l-piperazinyl) imino methyl rifamycin sv] by mouse foot-pad technique].		1988	2978259
human monoclonal antibodies to phenolic glycolipid-1 from leprosy patients cross react with poly(adp-ribose), polynucleotides and tissue bound antigens.	antibodies which bind to poly(adp-ribose) have been described in systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) and a variety of infectious diseases. two igm kappa human monoclonal antibodies (mabs), th3 and pr4, produced from the fusion of peripheral blood lymphocytes of leprosy patients with the gm4672 lymphoblastoid cell line, were found to bind to poly(adp-ribose) in direct binding and inhibition elisas. significant inhibition of binding of these mabs to poly(adp-ribose) occurred with phenolic glycolipi ...	1988	2979617
efficacy of a cell-mediated reaction to the purified protein derivative of tuberculin in the disposal of mycobacterium leprae from human skin.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a delayed-type cell-mediated immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen on the mycobacterium leprae load in the skin of leprosy patients. twelve patients with the lepromatous form of leprosy have been injected intradermally with 5 units of the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (ppd). ten individuals responded with areas of induration ranging from 12 to 21 mm in diameter, and two were unresponsive (less than 10 mm). twent ...	1988	2969108
genetic control of murine t cell proliferative responses to mycobacterium leprae. v. evidence for cross-reactivity between host antigens and mycobacterium leprae.	t cell proliferative responses to mycobacterium leprae were measured by immunization of mice at the base of the tail with ag and challenging lymphocytes from draining lymph nodes in culture with m. leprae. c57bl/10j and b10.br mice were identified as low responder mice and the congenic strains b10.m, b10.q, and b10.akm as high responders whereas f1 (high x low) hybrid mice were found to be low responders. the cellular basis of low responsiveness did not appear to result from a defect in ag-prese ...	1988	2970509
immunogenic "subunit" of the icrc antileprosy vaccine.	the administration of a vaccine containing icrc bacilli, which is currently undergoing clinical trials in india, induces persistent lepromin conversion in lepromatous leprosy (ll) patients and lepromin-negative healthy subjects, with "upgrading" of tissue response in the former. a sonicate of icrc bacilli, when subjected to gel-filtration chromatography using high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc), yields a high molecular weight glycolipoprotein (pp-i) with an apparent molecular weight of 10 ...	1988	3131465
serological activity of natural disaccharide octyl bovine serum albumin (nd-o-bsa) in sera from patients with leprosy, tuberculosis, and normal controls.	we studied the natural disaccharide-octyl-bovine serum albumin (nd-o-bsa) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in sera from 151 leprosy patients, 20 tuberculosis patients, and 42 normal persons from a nonendemic area. the three elisas, whole mycobacterium leprae (wml), phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i), and nd-o-bsa, are all highly sensitive for detecting antibodies against m. leprae. the results indicate that the serological activity has highly significant, positive correlations among the thre ...	1988	3131466
cellular, humoral, and gamma interferon responses to mycobacterium leprae and bcg antigens in healthy individuals exposed to leprosy.	protective immunity against mycobacteria is dependent on antigen-specific t cells. the antibodies induced upon immunization with mycobacteria have no apparent role in host protection. serological techniques have detected some antigens that are also recognized by human t cells but may fail to recognize others. potentially, there may be differences in the epitopes seen by the t and b cell anti-mycobacterial antigen repertoires. we have screened the different components of sonicated bcg or mycobact ...	1988	3131867
stress proteins are immune targets in leprosy and tuberculosis.	to understand the immune response to infection by tuberculosis and leprosy bacilli and to develop improved vaccines, the nature of antigens that are involved in humoral and cell-mediated immunity was investigated. we have determined that five immunodominant protein antigens under study are homologues of stress proteins. this finding and observations with other pathogens suggest that infectious agents may respond to the host environment by producing stress proteins and that these proteins can be ...	1988	3132709
evidence of cell-mediated immune contrasuppression in lepromatous leprosy: modulation of a putative t contrasuppressor cell-subset.	some lepromatous leprosy (ll) patients are characterized by the presence of activated suppressor t cells that specifically inhibit the immune response to mycobacterium leprae antigens. immune contrasuppressor (cs) cell activity antagonize suppressor function. whereas the former function has been extensively studied in leprosy, the latter has not been explored. we studied the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmnc) of 20 patients with leprosy (10 lepromatous and 10 tuberculoid) and six healthy ...	1988	3133142
limited in vitro multiplication of mycobacterium leprae.	the inability to cultivate mycobacterium leprae in vitro has been a major bottleneck in leprosy research. there have been numerous reports on successful in vitro cultivation of this organism, but these reports could not be confirmed by others in the field. hence, in vitro multiplication of m. leprae was evaluated in various culture media. only 2 media supported limited multiplication of m. leprae. one medium was used previously by one of the authors (amd) for in vitro growth of m. lepraemurium a ...	1988	3136783
human phagocytic cell responses to mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin. an in vitro comparison of leprosy vaccine components.	components of current vaccines for hansen's disease include mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) and killed mycobacterium leprae. bcg infections in humans are rare and most often occur in immune-compromised individuals. m. leprae on the other hand, although not causing clinical disease in most exposed individuals, is capable of infecting and replicating within mononuclear phagocytes. lymphocytes from patients with the lepromatous form of hansen's disease exhibit defective lymphokin ...	1988	3137262
who expert committee on leprosy.		1988	3140498
serological responses of patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy to 30-, 31-, and 32-kilodalton antigens of mycobacterium tuberculosis.	sera from patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy were examined in immunoblot assays for antibodies to mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate antigens. antibodies to 30- and 31-kilodalton proteins were present in 88 and 81%, respectively, of 16 patients with lepromatous disease and absent in 16 patients with tuberculoid disease. antibodies to a 32-kilodalton protein were found in 12 and 38% of lepromatous and tuberculoid patients, respectively. these reactivities may be useful for ...	1988	3141462
relative cross reactivity of habanin, lepromin and tuberculin in guinea pigs sensitized with homologous and heterologous mycobacteria.	an atypical strain mycobacterium habana has been studied for its antigenic cross reactivity with delayed type of hypersensitivity responses in guinea pigs. guinea pigs sensitized with m. habana, m. leprae and m. tuberculosis when challenged with habanin, lepromin and tuberculin in criss-cross fashion have demonstrated strong cross reactivity with each other. possibilities of developing m. habana as a vaccine against tuberculosis and/or leprosy has been discussed.	1988	3143770
[correlation of skin tests and the production of gamma-interferon in leprosy patients].	the responsiveness of 25 leprosy patients to an in vitro correlate of cell-mediated immunity to m. leprae antigen, (the production of y-ifn by peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was compared to their response to skin tests routinely used to evaluate cell-mediated immunity to a number of antigens including m. leprae. the results indicate that among the polar lepromatous patients (ll) there was a clear correlation between low responses in the in vitro assay (y-ifn production), negative skin test ...	1988	3143869
antigenic relatedness of a strongly immunogenic 65 kda mycobacterial protein antigen with a similarly sized ubiquitous bacterial common antigen.	in gene libraries of mycobacterium bovis bcg, mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae recombinants were frequently found expressing an immunodominant 65 kda protein antigen. in this study polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the 65 kda antigen were found to react with a variety of different bacteria. furthermore it is shown that the 65 kda mycobacterial protein belongs to the family of antigens previously designated 'common antigen' due to their presence in a large variety of ...	1988	3143894
antibodies to hiv-1 in sera from patients with mycobacterial infections.	sera from 478 persons (348 leprosy patients, 33 tuberculosis patients, 29 healthy contacts of leprosy patients, 38 normal healthy indians, and 30 normal healthy europeans) were screened for anti-hiv-1 igg antibodies by elisa. none was positive. in addition, 132 samples (from 43 leprosy patients, 21 tuberculosis patients, 5 healthy contacts of leprosy patients, 33 normal healthy indians, and 30 normal healthy europeans) were also tested by western blot assay for anti-hiv-1 igg antibodies. only 1 ...	1988	3146610
mechanisms of mycobacterium leprae-specific t-cell deficiency in lepromatous leprosy.	patients suffering from lepromatous leprosy fail to develop an efficient cell-mediated immunity towards mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent. the mechanism of such a specific t-cell tolerance to the bacillus remains a key question in the pathophysiology of leprosy. macrophages do not show any intrinsic defect in phagocytizing and killing m. leprae or in presenting antigen to helper t-cells. on the other hand, m. leprae-reactive helper t-cells do persist in lepromatous patients, but their ac ...	1988	3147697
immunological responsiveness to m. leprae and bcg antigens in 98 leprosy patients and their household contacts.	1. the cellular immune response to m. leprae and bcg antigens was evaluated in 98 leprosy patients and 143 household contacts lacking clinical manifestation of the disease. 2. the proliferative responses and release of interferon-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assessed and both patients and contacts were classified as low or high responders to m. leprae. 3. the high responder contacts constituted 54.8% of the population analyzed, a three times higher proportion when compared to ...	1988	3147795
serological tests in leprosy. the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of elisa tests based on phenolic glycolipid antigens, and the implications for their use in epidemiological studies.	this paper examines the sensitivity and specificity of two elisa assays for igm antibodies to mycobacterium leprae, one employing natural phenolic glycolipid and the other employing a synthetic disaccharide glycoconjugate as antigen. estimates of sensitivity and specificity are derived, based on a panel of sera from leprosy cases in malawi and various non-leprosy controls from the uk. though both assays were able to identify a high proportion of multibacillary patients, neither was able to detec ...	1988	3042436
influence of in vitro administered immune complexes on serum levels of complement and circulating immune complexes in mycobacterium leprae infected mice.		1988	3042618
seroepidemiological studies of leprosy in northern malawi based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using synthetic glycoconjugate antigen.	a total of 6002 blood samples from total population samples in four separate areas within karonga district, northern malawi, were tested for anti-mycobacterium leprae antibody using an elisa based on synthetic glycoconjugate antigen. results are presented using different criteria for seropositivity. regardless of the criterion used, the proportion of individuals classified as "positive" rose to a peak at 20-30 years of age and then fell, and it was higher at all ages in females than in males. th ...	1988	3045222
activity of ofloxacin against mycobacterium leprae in the mouse.	mice inoculated with 4800 mycobacterium leprae in the left hind foot pad were treated from day 62 to day 150 after infection with 50 mg or 150 mg of ofloxacin per kg body weight, 150 mg pefloxacin per kg, or 50 mg prothionamide per kg. these drugs were administered by esophageal cannula 5 days weekly with dapsone (0.01 g per 100 g diet). multiplication of m. leprae in the treated and in untreated control mice was assessed by monthly harvests. the treatment of mice with the smaller dosage ofloxac ...	1988	3045223
identification of t-cell-activating recombinant antigens shared among three candidate antileprosy vaccines, killed m. leprae, m. bovis bcg, and mycobacterium w.	antigenic crossreactivity among three candidate antileprosy vaccines, killed mycobacterium leprae, bcg, and mycobacterium w, was studied using t-cell lines and clones raised from bcg- and killed-m. leprae-vaccinated subjects. to identify the crossreactive antigens, the t-cell lines and clones were tested against escherichia coli lysates containing 65-, 36-, 28-, 18-, and 14-kilodalton (kda) and 13b3 m. leprae antigens and 65-, 19-, and 12-kda m. tuberculosis antigens. the short-term t-cell lines ...	1988	3045224
partial characterization of antigens from m. leprae evoking igg and igm antibodies in armadillos.	armadillo igg and igm antibody responses to mycobacterium leprae were analyzed using isotypic-specific antisera by means of immunoblotting. blots developed for igg antibodies to m. leprae showed multiple protein antigens (mr = 12-90 k) in some heavily infected armadillos. in contrast, blots developed for igm antibodies to m. leprae showed a single, broad, diffuse band of immunoreactivity at approximately 33 kda. the 33-kda immunogen was detectable with silver stain modified for carbohydrate reac ...	1988	3045225
histologic responses in sixty multibacillary leprosy patients inoculated with autoclaved mycobacterium leprae and live bcg.	sixty lepromatous or borderline lepromatous patients were submitted to immunotherapy with a mixture of autoclaved mycobacterium leprae and bcg. the histopathologic findings in skin biopsy specimens taken before and after immunotherapy were evaluated independently by six histopathologists in a workshop setting. their pooled observations on diagnosis and classification were analyzed to assess the histopathologic changes following various periods of immunotherapy. expressing the results as the aver ...	1988	3045226
leprosy vaccine--a reappraisal.		1988	3045227
leprosy: the immunologist and the patient.		1988	3045228
dapsone susceptibility of mycobacterium leprae isolated before 1977.		1988	3045229
[current thoughts on the immunology of leprosy].		1988	3045919
presence of mycobacterium leprae-reactive lymphocytes in lymph nodes of lepromatous leprosy patients.	a critical problem in leprosy is the relative deficiency of antigen-specific t cell-mediated immunity. we were successful in detecting a significant response to viable m. leprae in mononuclear cells isolated from the lymph nodes of lepromatous leprosy patients in contrast to the apparent m. leprae-specific energy seen in the peripheral blood. this observation suggests that antigen-reactive lymphocytes are generated in the lymph nodes of lepromatous patients but the inability to detect them in th ...	1988	3045948
[histopathological and ultrastructural study of a case of leproma involving the entire cornea].		1988	3046262
leprosy in six isolated residents of northern louisiana. time-clustered cases in an essentially nonendemic area.	northern louisiana has been essentially free of indigenous leprosy, and now it is not. six new cases of leprosy have been diagnosed: three in 1986, the other three in 1985, 1983, and 1982, respectively. the patients had been lifelong residents of six scattered rural parishes. leprosy had never been reported from five of them. no patient had had contact with human leprosy. the patients were white; four were women; the mean +/- sd age at onset was 60.3 +/- 16.4 years (age range, 31 to 80 years); a ...	1988	3046539
infectivity of secondary dapsone-resistant cases.	the incidence rate of leprosy among 517 household contacts of 113 cases of secondary dapsone resistance with 5074 person years at risk were studied. the incidence rate of leprosy was 4.3 per 1000 person years at risk, which is very similar to the incidence rate (4.8) among household contacts of lepromatous cases. two, possibly three, cases of primary dapsone resistance were detected among the 27 contacts who developed multibacillary leprosy. there was no evidence of dapsone resistance among 48 p ...	1988	3047282
armadillo igg and igm antibody responses to phenolic glycolipid-i during experimental infection with m. leprae.	the kinetics of antibody responses of mycobacterium leprae-infected armadillos to phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i) were studied by means of elisa. the levels of both igg and igm antibodies to pgl-i increased with time. some animals were less susceptible to disseminations of m. leprae infection and lived longer than others. these animals had high absorbance values (greater than 0.7) for igg anti-pgl-i compared to more susceptible armadillos that had lower absorbance values for igg anti-pgl-i.	1988	3047283
histopathological changes in the eyes of mangabey monkeys with lepromatous leprosy.	leprosy is the third leading cause of preventable blindness; however, little is known about the spread of infection to the eye. we have studied the eyes of three sooty managabey monkeys. two were experimentally infected with mycobacterium leprae; the third was not infected. in one of the infected animals there was histopathological evidence of lepromatous leprosy as evidenced by a chronic inflammatory infiltrate at the limbus, and detection of acid-fast bacilli in the corneal stroma, blood vesse ...	1988	3047285
studies of a common idiotype pr4 in autoimmune rheumatic disease.	a new common idiotype, designated pr4, is described. this idiotype was originally identified on a human hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibody from a patient with leprosy, which binds the major mycobacterium leprae-derived antigen, phenolic glycolipid-1, poly(adp)-ribose, dna, and poly(dt). the pr4 idiotype was found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) (70%), rheumatoid arthritis (40%), and sjögren's syndrome (15%). it was not, however, found in the spouses of the sle patients or ...	1988	3048272
size and homology of the genomes of leprosy-derived corynebacteria, mycobacterium leprae, and other corynebacteria and mycobacteria.	the genomes of mycobacterium leprae and leprosy-derived corynebacteria (ldc), which have a similar base composition of guanine + cytosine 56 mol %, have been compared with those of reference bacteria of the cmn group (genera corynebacterium, mycobacterium, nocardia). genome sizes of three ldc strains were (1.2-2.5) x 10(6) base pairs. dna from four of seven ldc strains examined had homology levels greater than 60%. two other strains had a homology of 40% when compared with the cmn strains and on ...	1988	3050108
leprosy as a zoonosis: an update.	naturally-acquired leprosy has been reported in nine-banded armadillos captured in the southern united states, a chimpanzee from sierra leone, and in two "sooty" mangabey monkeys from nigeria. a significant prevalence of leprosy in wild armadillos establishes this animal as a reservoir of m. leprae, and exposure to armadillos has been implicated as a source of leprosy in humans. current evidence suggests that leprosy is a zoonosis in certain nonhuman primate species. control and eradication prog ...	1988	3051854
in vitro interaction of m. leprae-infected schwann cells and splenic cells.	the interaction between m. leprae-infected cultured schwann cells and sensitized splenic cells was noted both under light and electron microscopy. no evidence of cytomorphological changes in infected schwann cells was obtained. however, sensitized splenic cells were noted to undergo degenerative changes suggestive of the phenomenon of apoptosis. subsequently a large number of these degenerated cells were observed within the schwann cell. such a process has not been hitherto reported in the histo ...	1988	3051867
the nature and kinetics of a delayed immune response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin in the skin of lepromatous leprosy patients.	we have analyzed the nature and kinetics of a delayed, cell-mediated immune response to a purified protein derivative of tuberculin (ppd) in the skin of 154 naturally sensitized patients with lepromatous leprosy. after the intradermal injection of 5 u of ppd, biopsies were taken at 1-21 d and studied for the composition, extent, persistence, and organization of the emigratory cell response by light and electron microscopy. induration of positive sites occurred promptly, reached a maximum diamete ...	1988	3053962
isolation, purification and quantification of phenolic glycolipid-1 from human leprosy skin tissues.	phenolic glycolipid-i, a marker lipid of mycobacterium leprae, was isolated from skin biopsies obtained from untreated lepromatous leprosy patients by silicic acid and florisil column chromatography and purified by thin layer chromatography. tissues with varying bacillary loads were analysed for their phenolic glycolipid content. a good correlation was observed between the bacillary population of the tissues and the phenolic glycolipid content.	1988	3055463
structure-activity relationships of selected phenazines against mycobacterium leprae in vitro.	structure-activity relationships of phenazines against mycobacterium leprae were investigated by using an in vitro radiorespirometric assay. in general, activity in ascending order was observed in compounds containing no chlorine atoms, a monochlorinated phenazine nucleus, and chlorines in the para positions of both the anilino and phenyl rings. the most active compounds contained a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine substitution at the imino nitrogen. most of these chlorinated phenazines were consid ...	1988	3056241
the control of infective skin diseases--the lessons of leprosy research.		1988	3056496
polyspecificity of human monoclonal antibodies reactive with mycobacterium leprae, mitochondria, ssdna, cytoskeletal proteins, and the acetylcholine receptor.	the origin of autoantibodies against ubiquitous autoantigens (e.g., single-stranded (ss) dna, cytoskeletal proteins, mitochondria) is obscure. patients with lepromatous leprosy have many such autoantibodies in their serum. in order to study the polyspecificities of human autoantibodies expressed during infection with mycobacterium leprae we prepared human monoclonal antibodies derived from the fusion of peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient with lepromatous leprosy to the human lymphoblastoi ...	1988	3056642
the use of a 'universal' yeast expression vector to produce an antigenic protein of mycobacterium leprae.	this report describes the use of a recombinant yeast expression vector to synthesize and secrete the mycobacterium leprae 18 kda antigenic protein. the protein is secreted with a short hydrophilic 'flag' octapeptide fused to its amino-terminus. the fusion protein can be purified directly from yeast culture supernatant through an anti-flag antibody affinity column and the flag octapeptide removed using enterokinase. the method provides a simple and rapid means of obtaining recombinant 18 kda anti ...	1988	3056856
a protein antigen of mycobacterium leprae is related to a family of small heat shock proteins.	the gene encoding an immunologically important 18-kilodalton protein antigen of mycobacterium leprae has been sequenced, and the amino acid sequence of the antigen has been deduced. the 18-kilodalton antigen is strikingly similar in size and sequence to a family of eucaryotic heat shock proteins.	1988	3056923
evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay based on sonicate supernatant antigens of mycobacterium w for immunodiagnosis of leprosy.	an enzyme immunoassay (eia) based on sonicate supernatant antigens of a cultivable, atypical bacterium, mycobacterium w (m. w), for immunodiagnosis of leprosy is described. m. w was selected after screening of sonicate supernatant antigens of seven cultivable mycobacteria in eia. the results of the assay were compared with that of eia using phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i). the m. w assay was more sensitive than pgl-i based eia, for detection of leprosy patients of all categories, including long te ...	1988	3057081
involvement of palate and cheek in leprosy.	22 cases of bacillary positive leprosy with no apparent lesion in the oral cavity, soft or hard palate were studied for any evidence of pathological involvement. granulomata were present in 11 (65%) out of 17 cheek biopsies studied. m. leprae were identified in four specimens only. 9 specimens (64%) out of 14 palate biopsies showed definite granulomata. m. leprae were seen in six specimens.	1988	3057083