Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| involvement of antizyme characterized from the small abalone haliotis diversicolor in gonadal development. | the small abalone haliotis diversicolor is an economically important mollusk that is widely cultivated in southern china. gonad precocity may affect the aquaculture of small abalone. polyamines, which are small cationic molecules essential for cellular proliferation, may affect gonadal development. ornithine decarboxylase (odc) and antizyme (az) are essential elements of a feedback circuit that regulates cellular polyamines. this paper presents the molecular cloning and characterization of az fr ... | 2015 | 26313647 |
| effective disposal of nitrogen waste in blood-fed aedes aegypti mosquitoes requires alanine aminotransferase. | to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the success of female mosquitoes in their disposal of excess nitrogen, we investigated the role of alanine aminotransferase (alat) in blood-fed aedes aegypti. transcript and protein levels from the 2 alat genes were analyzed in sucrose- and blood-fed a. aegypti tissues. alat1 and alat2 exhibit distinct expression patterns in tissues during the first gonotrophic cycle. injection of female mosquitoes with either double-stranded rna (dsrna)-alat1 ... | 2015 | 26310269 |
| de novo transcriptome assembly and analysis to identify potential gene targets for rnai-mediated control of the tomato leafminer (tuta absoluta). | providing double-stranded rna (dsrna) to insects has been proven to silence target genes, and this approach has emerged as a potential method to control agricultural pests by engineering plants to express insect dsrnas. a critical step of this technology is the screening of effective target genes essential for insect development and/or survival. the tomato leafminer (tuta absoluta meyrick) is a major solanum lycopersicum (tomato) pest that causes significant yield losses and has recently invaded ... | 2015 | 26306628 |
| a novel olfactory pathway is essential for fast and efficient blood-feeding in mosquitoes. | in mosquitoes, precise and efficient finding of a host animal is crucial for survival. one of the poorly understood aspects of mosquito blood-feeding behavior is how these insects target an optimal site in order to penetrate the skin and blood vessels without alerting the host animal. here we provide new findings that a piercing structure of the mouthpart of the mosquitoes, the stylet, is an essential apparatus for the stage in blood feeding. indeed, the stylet possesses a number of sensory hair ... | 2015 | 26306800 |
| estimation of the basic reproductive ratio for dengue fever at the take-off period of dengue infection. | estimating the basic reproductive ratio ℛ 0 of dengue fever has continued to be an ever-increasing challenge among epidemiologists. in this paper we propose two different constructions to estimate ℛ 0 which is derived from a dynamical system of host-vector dengue transmission model. the construction is based on the original assumption that in the early states of an epidemic the infected human compartment increases exponentially at the same rate as the infected mosquito compartment (previous work ... | 2015 | 26413140 |
| a catalog of proteins expressed in the ag secreted fluid during the mature phase of the chinese mitten crabs (eriocheir sinensis). | the accessory gland (ag) is an important component of the male reproductive system of arthropods, its secretions enhance fertility, some ag proteins bind to the spermatozoa and affect its function and properties. here we report the first comprehensive catalog of the ag secreted fluid during the mature phase of the chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis). ag proteins were separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled ... | 2015 | 26305468 |
| risk factors associated with asthma, atopic dermatitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in a rural senegalese cohort. | the world allergy organization estimates that 40 % of the world's population is affected by allergic diseases. the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood has completed phase iii and it has now become clear that these diseases have increased in developing countries, especially africa, where prevalence rates were formerly low. despite an increase in studies in africa, few sub-saharan west african countries are represented; the focus has remained on urban populations and little at ... | 2015 | 26306096 |
| β carbonic anhydrase is required for female fertility in drosophila melanogaster. | carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration reaction of carbon dioxide. cas are present as six structurally divergent enzyme families: α, β, γ, δ, ζ and η. β-cas have a wide distribution across different species including invertebrates. previously, we showed that drosophila melanogaster β-ca is a highly active mitochondrial enzyme. in this study, we investigated the function of drosophila β-ca by silencing the expression of the β-ca gene us ... | 2015 | 26300950 |
| genome analysis and polar tube firing dynamics of mosquito-infecting microsporidia. | microsporidia are highly divergent fungi that are obligate intracellular pathogens of a wide range of host organisms. here we review recent findings from the genome sequences of mosquito-infecting microsporidian species edhazardia aedis and vavraia culicis, which show large differences in genome size, although similar numbers of predicted genes. we also show a video of e. aedis polar tube firing, which is the dramatic mechanism used by microsporidia to deliver the germ cell (sporoplasm) into the ... | 2015 | 26300319 |
| oxidative stress and maxi calcium-activated potassium (bk) channels. | all cells contain ion channels in their outer (plasma) and inner (organelle) membranes. ion channels, similar to other proteins, are targets of oxidative impact, which modulates ion fluxes across membranes. subsequently, these ion currents affect electrical excitability, such as action potential discharge (in neurons, muscle, and receptor cells), alteration of the membrane resting potential, synaptic transmission, hormone secretion, muscle contraction or coordination of the cell cycle. in this c ... | 2015 | 26287261 |
| energy homeostasis control in drosophila adipokinetic hormone mutants. | maintenance of biological functions under negative energy balance depends on mobilization of storage lipids and carbohydrates in animals. in mammals, glucagon and glucocorticoid signaling mobilizes energy reserves, whereas adipokinetic hormones (akhs) play a homologous role in insects. numerous studies based on akh injections and correlative studies in a broad range of insect species established the view that akh acts as master regulator of energy mobilization during development, reproduction, a ... | 2015 | 26275422 |
| chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. | chitosan is a natural polycationic linear polysaccharide derived from chitin. the low solubility of chitosan in neutral and alkaline solution limits its application. nevertheless, chemical modification into composites or hydrogels brings to it new functional properties for different applications. chitosans are recognized as versatile biomaterials because of their non-toxicity, low allergenicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. this review presents the recent research, trends and prospects ... | 2015 | 26287217 |
| spatial and temporal clustering of chikungunya virus transmission in dominica. | using geo-referenced case data, we present spatial and spatio-temporal cluster analyses of the early spread of the 2013-2015 chikungunya virus (chikv) in dominica, an island in the caribbean. spatial coordinates of the locations of the first 417 reported cases observed between december 15th, 2013 and march 11th, 2014, were captured using the global positioning system (gps). we observed a preponderance of female cases, which has been reported for chikv outbreaks in other regions. we also noted st ... | 2015 | 26274813 |
| economic and disease burden of dengue in mexico. | dengue imposes a substantial economic and disease burden in most tropical and subtropical countries. dengue incidence and severity have dramatically increased in mexico during the past decades. having objective and comparable estimates of the economic burden of dengue is essential to inform health policy, increase disease awareness, and assess the impact of dengue prevention and control technologies. | 2015 | 25786225 |
| identification of communal oviposition pheromones from the black fly simulium vittatum. | the suite of pheromones that promote communal oviposition by simulium vittatum, a north american black fly species, was identified and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, electrophysiological, and behavioral bioassays. behavioral assays demonstrated that communal oviposition was induced by egg-derived compounds that were active at short range and whose effect was enhanced through direct contact. three compounds (cis-9-tetradecen-1-ol, 1-pentadecene, and 1-tridecene) were id ... | 2015 | 25786206 |
| a reevaluation of the role of aedes albopictus in dengue transmission. | 2015 | 25784727 | |
| silencing of end-joining repair for efficient site-specific gene insertion after talen/crispr mutagenesis in aedes aegypti. | conventional control strategies for mosquito-borne pathogens such as malaria and dengue are now being complemented by the development of transgenic mosquito strains reprogrammed to generate beneficial phenotypes such as conditional sterility or pathogen resistance. the widespread success of site-specific nucleases such as transcription activator-like effector nucleases (talens) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr)/cas9 in model organisms also suggests that repro ... | 2015 | 25775608 |
| risk factors for the presence of chikungunya and dengue vectors (aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus), their altitudinal distribution and climatic determinants of their abundance in central nepal. | the presence of the recently introduced primary dengue virus vector mosquito aedes aegypti in nepal, in association with the likely indigenous secondary vector aedes albopictus, raises public health concerns. chikungunya fever cases have also been reported in nepal, and the virus causing this disease is also transmitted by these mosquito species. here we report the results of a study on the risk factors for the presence of chikungunya and dengue virus vectors, their elevational ceiling of distri ... | 2015 | 25774518 |
| evaluation of simultaneous transmission of chikungunya virus and dengue virus type 2 in infected aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | the simultaneous transmission of chikungunya virus (chikv) and dengue viruses (denv) has been a major public health concern because of their sympatric distribution and shared mosquito vectors. groups of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) were orally infected with 1.5 × 10(5) pfu/ml of chikv and 3.2 × 10(6) ffu/ml of denv-2 simultaneously or separately in inverse orders and evaluated for dissemination and transmission by qrt-pcr. simultaneous dissemination of both viruses was detecte ... | 2015 | 26334820 |
| dengue on islands: a bayesian approach to understanding the global ecology of dengue viruses. | transmission of dengue viruses (denv), the most common arboviral pathogens globally, is influenced by many climatic and socioeconomic factors. however, the relative contributions of these factors on a global scale are unclear. | 2015 | 25771261 |
| impact of a dengue outbreak experience in the preventive perceptions of the community from a temperate region: madeira island, portugal. | the ability to effectively modify behaviours is increasingly relevant to attain and maintain a good health status. current behaviour-change models and theories present two main approaches for (healthier) decision-making: one analytical/logical, and one experiential/emotional/intuitive. therefore, to achieve an integral and dynamic understanding of the public perceptions both approaches should be considered: community surveys should measure cognitive understanding of health-risk contexts, and als ... | 2015 | 25767886 |
| draft genome sequences of two strains of serratia spp. from the midgut of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | here, we report the annotated draft genome sequences of two strains of serratia spp., ag1 and ag2, isolated from the midgut of two different strains of anopheles gambiae. the genomes of these two strains are almost identical. | 2015 | 25767231 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the allatotropin precursor and receptor in the desert locust, schistocerca gregaria. | allatotropins (ats) are pleiotropic neuropeptides initially isolated from the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta. in 2008, the first receptor for at-like peptides (atr) was characterized in bombyx mori. since then, atrs have also been characterized in m. sexta, tribolium castaneum, aedes aegypti and bombus terrestris. these receptors show sequence similarity to vertebrate orexin (orx) receptors. when generating an est-database of the desert locust (schistocerca gregaria) central nervous system, we ... | 2015 | 25814925 |
| de novo assembly and annotation of the asian tiger mosquito (aedes albopictus) repeatome with dnapipete from raw genomic reads and comparative analysis with the yellow fever mosquito (aedes aegypti). | repetitive dna, including transposable elements (tes), is found throughout eukaryotic genomes. annotating and assembling the "repeatome" during genome-wide analysis often poses a challenge. to address this problem, we present dnapipete-a new bioinformatics pipeline that uses a sample of raw genomic reads. it produces precise estimates of repeated dna content and te consensus sequences, as well as the relative ages of te families. we shows that dnapipete performs well using very low coverage sequ ... | 2015 | 25767248 |
| carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the akron strain of anopheles gambiae. | insecticide resistance in the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, is a serious problem, epitomized by the multi-resistant akron strain, originally isolated in the country of benin. here we report resistance in this strain to pyrethroids and ddt (13-fold to 35-fold compared to the susceptible g3 strain), but surprisingly little resistance to etofenprox, a compound sometimes described as a "pseudo-pyrethroid." there was also strong resistance to topically-applied commercial carbamates (45-fold to 8 ... | 2015 | 26047119 |
| a perilipin gene from clonostachys rosea f. catenulata hl-1-1 is related to sclerotial parasitism. | clonostachys rosea f. catenulata is a promising biocontrol agent against many fungal plant pathogens. to identify mycoparasitism-related genes from c. rosea f. catenulata, a suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) cdna library of c. rosea f. catenulata hl-1-1 that parasitizes the sclerotia of s. sclerotiorum was constructed. 502 clones were sequenced randomly, and thereby 472 expressed sequence tags (ests) were identified. forty-three unigenes were annotated and exhibited similarity to a wid ... | 2015 | 25761240 |
| evolutionary genetics of insect innate immunity. | patterns of evolution in immune defense genes help to understand the evolutionary dynamics between hosts and pathogens. multiple insect genomes have been sequenced, with many of them having annotated immune genes, which paves the way for a comparative genomic analysis of insect immunity. in this review, i summarize the current state of comparative and evolutionary genomics of insect innate immune defense. the focus is on the conserved and divergent components of immunity with an emphasis on gene ... | 2015 | 25750410 |
| dengue: what it is and why there is more. | in 2014, china experienced the worst outbreak of dengue fever in the last decade with over 40,000 dengue cases including six deaths by the end of october. as one of the "neglected" tropical diseases, dengue is affecting substantially increasing number of people and proportion of global population due to factors including globalization, human settlement, and possibly climate change. here, the authors summarized the most recent data about dengue outbreaks in china and reviewed the global trend of ... | 2015 | 26640300 |
| role of vision and mechanoreception in bed bug, cimex lectularius l. behavior. | the role of olfactory cues such as carbon dioxide, pheromones, and kairomones in bed bug, cimex lectularius l. behavior has been demonstrated. however, the role of vision and mechanoreception in bed bug behavior is poorly understood. we investigated bed bug vision by determining their responses to different colors, vertical objects, and their ability to detect colors and vertical objects under low and complete dark conditions. results show black and red paper harborages are preferred compared to ... | 2015 | 25748041 |
| induction of excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress in the drosophila male accessory gland results in infertility. | endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress occurs when misfolded proteins accumulate in the lumen of the er. a cell responds to er stress with the unfolded protein response (upr), a complex program of transcriptional and translational changes aimed at clearing misfolded proteins. secretory tissues and cells are particularly well adapted to respond to er stress because their function requires high protein production and secretory load. the insect male accessory gland (ag) is a secretory tissue involved in ... | 2015 | 25742606 |
| the sterilizing effect of pyriproxyfen on the malaria vector anopheles gambiae: physiological impact on ovaries development. | adult females an. gambiae were exposed in 3 min cone test to treated nets with ppf before or after they were blood fed. the effects of ppf on ovaries development, females oviposition and eggs hatching were assessed. both unfed and fed mosquitoes exposed to ppf exhibited nearly complete inhibition of fecundity (70-100%) and fertility (90-100%). after females have been exposed once to ppf, the sterilizing effect on their fecundity was observed over 3 consecutive blood meals suggesting that ppf mig ... | 2015 | 25880844 |
| incidence of dengue virus infection in school-aged children in puerto rico: a prospective seroepidemiologic study. | dengue is a potentially fatal acute febrile illness caused by the mosquito-borne dengue viruses (denv-1 to -4). to estimate denv seroincidence in school-aged children, a 1-year prospective cohort study was conducted in patillas, puerto rico; 10- to 18-year-olds (n = 345) were randomly selected from 13 public schools. at enrollment, 49.8% of the entire cohort had denv immunoglobulin g (igg) anti-denv antibodies, and there were individuals with neutralizing antibodies specific to each of the four ... | 2015 | 25646256 |
| discovery of putative small non-coding rnas from the obligate intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis. | wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiotic bacterium that induces a wide range of effects in its insect hosts, including manipulation of reproduction and protection against pathogens. little is known of the molecular mechanisms underlying the insect-wolbachia interaction, though it is likely to be mediated via the secretion of proteins or other factors. there is an increasing amount of evidence that bacteria regulate many cellular processes, including secretion of virulence factors, using small non ... | 2015 | 25739023 |
| understanding the long-lasting attraction of malaria mosquitoes to odor baits. | the use of odor baits for surveillance and control of malaria mosquitoes requires robust dispensing tools. in this study, the residual activity of a synthetic mosquito attractant blend dispensed from nylon or low density polyethylene (ldpe) sachets was evaluated at weekly intervals for one year without re-impregnation. the potential role of bacteria in modulating the attraction of mosquitoes to odor-treated nylon that had been used repeatedly over the one year study period, without re-impregnati ... | 2015 | 25798818 |
| double nexus--doublesex is the connecting element in sex determination. | in recent years, our knowledge of the conserved master-switch gene doublesex (dsx) and its function in regulating the development of dimorphic traits in insects has deepened considerably. here, a comprehensive overview is given on the properties of the male- and female-specific dsx transcripts yielding dsx(f) and dsx(m) proteins in drosophila melanogaster, and the many downstream targets that they regulate. as insects have cell-autonomous sex determination, it was assumed that dsx would be expre ... | 2015 | 25797692 |
| no effect of insecticide treated curtain deployment on aedes infestation in a cluster randomized trial in a setting of low dengue transmission in guantanamo, cuba. | the current study evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of insecticide treated curtain (itc) deployment for reducing dengue vector infestation levels in the cuban context with intensive routine control activities. a cluster randomized controlled trial took place in guantanamo city, east cuba. twelve neighborhoods (about 500 households each) were selected among the ones with the highest aedes infestation levels in the previous two years, and were randomly allocated to the interventio ... | 2015 | 25794192 |
| correction: discovery and characterization of a potent and selective inhibitor of aedes aegypti inward rectifier potassium channels. | 2015 | 25793504 | |
| transcriptome comparison of the sex pheromone glands from two sibling helicoverpa species with opposite sex pheromone components. | differences in sex pheromone component can lead to reproductive isolation. the sibling noctuid species, helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa assulta, share the same two sex pheromone components, z9-16:ald and z11-16:ald, but in opposite ratios, providing an typical example of such reproductive isolation. to investigate how the ratios of the pheromone components are differently regulated in the two species, we sequenced cdna libraries from the pheromone glands of h. armigera and h. assulta. after ... | 2015 | 25792497 |
| dna synthesis during endomitosis is stimulated by insulin via the pi3k/akt and tor signaling pathways in the silk gland cells of bombyx mori. | silk gland cells undergo multiple endomitotic cell cycles during silkworm larval ontogeny. our previous study demonstrated that feeding is required for continued endomitosis in the silk gland cells of silkworm larvae. furthermore, the insulin signaling pathway is closely related to nutritional signals. to investigate whether the insulin signaling pathway is involved in endomitosis in silk gland cells, in this study, we initially analyzed the effects of bovine insulin on dna synthesis in endomito ... | 2015 | 25794286 |
| mechanistic basis for morphological damage induced by essential oil from brazilian pepper tree, schinus terebinthifolia, on larvae of stegomyia aegypti, the dengue vector. | dengue has become the subject of public health programs worldwide. the lack of a vaccine and the high environmental risk of synthetic insecticides, arouse the interest in natural products against this vector. this study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of ripe fruits and seeds of schinus terebinthifolia raddi; to evaluate the essential oil effect on mortality of stegomyia aegypti (linnaeus, 1792) larvae; and to characterize the structural damage suffered by larvae ... | 2015 | 25886180 |
| digestive organ in the female reproductive tract borrows genes from multiple organ systems to adopt critical functions. | persistent adaptive challenges are often met with the evolution of novel physiological traits. although there are specific examples of single genes providing new physiological functions, studies on the origin of complex organ functions are lacking. one such derived set of complex functions is found in the lepidopteran bursa copulatrix, an organ within the female reproductive tract that digests nutrients from the male ejaculate or spermatophore. here, we characterized bursa physiology and the evo ... | 2015 | 25725432 |
| differential effect of human ivermectin treatment on blood feeding anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus. | widespread and large scale use of ivermectin in humans and domestic animals can have unexpected effects on non-target organisms. as a search for a possible explanation for an observed longitudinal decline in density of anopheline vector mosquitoes, but not in culex quinquefasciatus, in an area of north-eastern tanzania which has been exposed to ivermectin mass drug administration, this study assessed and compared the effect of human ivermectin treatment on blood feeding anopheles gambiae and cx. ... | 2015 | 25885477 |
| structure-function relationships of glycoprotein hormones and their subunits' ancestors. | glycoprotein hormones (gphs) are the most complex molecules with hormonal activity. they exist only in vertebrates but the genes encoding their subunits' ancestors are found in most vertebrate and invertebrate species although their roles are still unknown. in the present report, we review the available structural and functional data concerning gphs and their subunits' ancestors. | 2015 | 25767463 |
| reaching the melting point: degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors involved in baculovirus infection and dissemination. | baculovirus infection of a host insect involves several steps, beginning with initiation of virus infection in the midgut, followed by dissemination of infection from the midgut to other tissues in the insect, and finally culminating in "melting" or liquefaction of the host, which allows for horizontal spread of infection to other insects. while all of the viral gene products are involved in ultimately reaching this dramatic infection endpoint, this review focuses on two particular types of bacu ... | 2015 | 25724418 |
| myocarditis leading to severe dilated cardiomyopathy in a patient with dengue fever. | background. majority of dengue fever cases follow a benign self-limiting course but recently rare presentations and complications are increasingly seen due to rising burden of disease. cardiac involvement in dengue fever with fatal outcome is a very rare complication. we report a case of 44-year-old patient who presented with symptoms of severe acute congestive heart secondary to myocarditis induced cardiomyopathy caused by dengue virus infection. case presentation. a 44-year-old man presented t ... | 2015 | 25802766 |
| characterization of the juvenile hormone pathway in the viviparous cockroach, diploptera punctata. | juvenile hormones (jhs) are key regulators of insect development and reproduction. the jh biosynthetic pathway is known to involve 13 discrete enzymatic steps. in the present study, we have characterized the jh biosynthetic pathway in the cockroach diploptera punctata. the effect of exogenous jh precursors on jh biosynthesis was also determined. based on sequence similarity, orthologs for the genes directly involved in the pathway were cloned, and their spatial and temporal transcript profiles w ... | 2015 | 25706877 |
| evolution of dengue disease and entomological monitoring in santa cruz, bolivia 2002 - 2008. | in the context of a rapid increase of dengue cases in the americas, a monitoring system based on systematic serological control (igm) of patients consulting for suspected dengue was developed in bolivia at the end of the 1990s. in the most affected city of santa cruz, this system was complemented by an entomological surveillance program based on periodical search for immature stages of aedes aegypti in dwelling water-holding containers. here, we analyze these data and describe dengue patterns ov ... | 2015 | 25706631 |
| the germline of the malaria mosquito produces abundant mirnas, endo-sirnas, pirnas and 29-nt small rnas. | small rnas include different classes essential for endogenous gene regulation and cellular defence against genomic parasites. however, a comprehensive analysis of the small rna pathways in the germline of the mosquito anopheles gambiae has never been performed despite their potential relevance to reproductive capacity in this malaria vector. | 2015 | 25766668 |
| phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling of the pattern recognition receptors: insights into molecular recognition of invading pathogens in manduca sexta. | pattern recognition receptors (prrs) detect microbial pathogens and trigger innate immune responses. previous biochemical studies have elucidated the physiological functions of eleven prrs in manduca sexta but our understanding of the recognition process is still limited, lacking genomic perspectives. while 34 c-type lectin-domain proteins and 16 toll-like receptors are reported in the companion papers, we present here 120 other putative prrs identified through the genome annotation. these inclu ... | 2015 | 25701384 |
| moxidectin steady state prior to inoculation protects cats from subsequent, repeated infection with dirofilaria immitis. | infection of cats with dirofilaria immitis causes seroconversion on antibody tests and pulmonary pathology, often without subsequent development of adult heartworms. consistent administration of topical 10% imidacloprid-1% moxidectin has been shown to result in sustained plasma levels of moxidectin in cats after three to five treatments, a pharmacokinetic behavior known as "steady state". | 2015 | 25880531 |
| identification and characteristics of micrornas from army worm, spodoptera frugiperda cell line sf21. | micrornas play important regulatory role in all intrinsic cellular functions. amongst lepidopteran insects, mirnas from only bombyx mori have been studied extensively with a little focus on spodoptera sp. in the present study, we identified a total of 226 mirnas from spodoptera frugiperda cell line sf21. of the total, 116 mirnas were well conserved within other insects, like b. mori, drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castenum while the remaining 110 mirnas were identified as novel based on c ... | 2015 | 25693181 |
| protective immune responses to dengue virus infection and vaccines: perspectives from the field to the bench. | 2015 | 25741345 | |
| insect capa neuropeptides impact desiccation and cold tolerance. | the success of insects is linked to their impressive tolerance to environmental stress, but little is known about how such responses are mediated by the neuroendocrine system. here we show that the capability (capa) neuropeptide gene is a desiccation- and cold stress-responsive gene in diverse dipteran species. using targeted in vivo gene silencing, physiological manipulations, stress-tolerance assays, and rationally designed neuropeptide analogs, we demonstrate that the drosophila melanogaster ... | 2015 | 25730885 |
| fine-scale temperature fluctuation and modulation of dirofilaria immitis larval development in aedes aegypti. | we evaluated degree-day predictions of dirofilaria immitis development (hdu) under constant and fluctuating temperature treatments of equal average daily temperature. aedes aegypti mosquitoes were infected with d. immitis microfilariae and parasite development was recorded at set time points in dissected mosquitoes. time to l3 development in malpighian tubules and detection in mosquito heads was shorter for larvae experiencing a daily regime of 19±9°c than larvae at constant 19°c; larval develop ... | 2015 | 25747489 |
| rhamnolipids: solution against aedes aegypti? | aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the primary transmitters of dengue fever, urban yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses. this mosquito has developed resistance to the insecticides currently used to control their populations. these chemical insecticides are harmful to the environment and can have negative effects on human health. rhamnolipids are environmentally compatible biological surfactants, but their insecticidal activity has not been extensively studied. the present study evaluated the potentia ... | 2015 | 25762986 |
| utility of mosquito surveillance data for spatial prioritization of vector control against dengue viruses in three brazilian cities. | vector control remains the primary defense against dengue fever. its success relies on the assumption that vector density is related to disease transmission. two operational issues include the amount by which mosquito density should be reduced to minimize transmission and the spatio-temporal allotment of resources needed to reduce mosquito density in a cost-effective manner. recently, a novel technology, mi-dengue, was implemented city-wide in several brazilian cities to provide real-time mosqui ... | 2015 | 25889533 |
| silencing the buzz: a new approach to population suppression of mosquitoes by feeding larvae double-stranded rnas. | mosquito-borne diseases threaten over half the world's human population, making the need for environmentally-safe mosquito population control tools critical. the sterile insect technique (sit) is a biological control method that can reduce pest insect populations by releasing a large number of sterile males to compete with wild males for female mates to reduce the number of progeny produced. typically, males are sterilized using radiation, but such methods can reduce their mating competitiveness ... | 2015 | 25880645 |
| species-specific temperature sensitivity of trpa1. | transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (trpa1) is a polymodal ion channel sensitive to temperature and chemical stimuli. the importance of temperature and aversive chemical detection for survival has driven the evolutionary diversity of trpa1 sensitivity. this diversity can be observed in the various roles of trpa1 in different species, where it is proposed to act as a temperature-insensitive chemosensor, a heat transducer, a noxious cold transducer, or a detector of low-intensity heat for prey ... | 2015 | 27227025 |
| transcriptome analysis between invasive pomacea canaliculata and indigenous cipangopaludina cahayensis reveals genomic divergence and diagnostic microsatellite/ssr markers. | pomacea canaliculata is an important invasive species worldwide. however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind species displacement, adaptational abilities, and pesticide resistance, partly because of the lack of genomic information that is available for this species. here, the transcriptome sequences for the invasive golden apple snail p. canaliculata and the native mudsnail cipangopaludina cahayensis were obtained by next-generation-sequencing and used to compare genomic diver ... | 2015 | 25888264 |
| insect-derived cecropins display activity against acinetobacter baumannii in a whole-animal high-throughput caenorhabditis elegans model. | the rise of multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii and a concomitant decrease in antibiotic treatment options warrants a search for new classes of antibacterial agents. we have found that a. baumannii is pathogenic and lethal to the model host organism caenorhabditis elegans and have exploited this phenomenon to develop an automated, high-throughput, high-content screening assay in liquid culture that can be used to identify novel antibiotics effective against a. baumannii. the screening as ... | 2015 | 25583713 |
| proliferation and differentiation of trypanosoma cruzi inside its vector have a new trigger: redox status. | trypanosoma cruzi proliferate and differentiate inside different compartments of triatomines gut that is the first environment encountered by t. cruzi. due to its complex life cycle, the parasite is constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ros). we tested the influence of the pro-oxidant molecules h2o2 and the superoxide generator, paraquat, as well as, metabolism products of the vector, with distinct redox status, in the proliferation and metacyclogenesis. these molecules are heme, hemozo ... | 2015 | 25671543 |
| the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone via nongenomic pathway activates ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii to regulate gene expression. | the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) triggers calcium signaling pathway to regulate 20e response gene expression, but the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. we propose that the 20e-induced phosphorylation of ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii (camkii) serves an important function in 20e response gene transcription in the lepidopteran insect helicoverpa armigera. camkii showed increased expression and phosphorylation during metamorphosis. 20e elevated camkii pho ... | 2015 | 25670853 |
| estimating drivers of autochthonous transmission of chikungunya virus in its invasion of the americas. | background chikungunya is an emerging arbovirus that has caused explosive outbreaks in africa and asia for decades and invaded the americas just over a year ago. during this ongoing invasion, it has spread to 45 countries where it has been transmitted autochthonously, infecting nearly 1.3 million people in total. methods here, we made use of weekly, country-level case reports to infer relationships between transmission and two putative climatic drivers: temperature and precipitation averaged acr ... | 2015 | 25737803 |
| surveillance of aedes aegypti: comparison of house index with four alternative traps. | the mosquito aedes aegypti, vector of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, is an important target of vector control programs in tropical countries. most mosquito surveillance programs are still based on the traditional household larval surveys, despite the availability of new trapping devices. we report the results of a multicentric entomological survey using four types of traps, besides the larval survey, to compare the entomological indices generated by these different surveillance to ... | 2015 | 25668559 |
| class i myosins have overlapping and specialized functions in left-right asymmetric development in drosophila. | the class i myosin genes are conserved in diverse organisms, and their gene products are involved in actin dynamics, endocytosis, and signal transduction. drosophila melanogaster has three class i myosin genes, myosin 31df (myo31df), myosin 61f (myo61f), and myosin 95e (myo95e). myo31df, myo61f, and myo95e belong to the myosin id, myosin ic, and myosin ib families, respectively. previous loss-of-function analyses of myo31df and myo61f revealed important roles in left-right (lr) asymmetric develo ... | 2015 | 25659376 |
| inhibition of anopheles gambiae odorant receptor function by mosquito repellents. | the identification of molecular targets of insect repellents has been a challenging task, with their effects on odorant receptors (ors) remaining a debatable issue. here, we describe a study on the effects of selected mosquito repellents, including the widely used repellent n,n-diethyl-meta-toluamide (deet), on the function of specific ors of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. this study, which has been based on quantitative measurements of a ca(2+)-activated photoprotein biosensor of ... | 2015 | 25657000 |
| insect inhibitor-of-apoptosis (iap) proteins are negatively regulated by signal-induced n-terminal degrons absent within viral iap proteins. | inhibitor-of-apoptosis (iap) proteins are key regulators of the innate antiviral response by virtue of their capacity to respond to signals affecting cell survival. in insects, wherein the host iap provides a primary restriction to apoptosis, diverse viruses trigger rapid iap depletion that initiates caspase-mediated apoptosis, thereby limiting virus multiplication. we report here that the n-terminal leader of two insect iaps, spodoptera frugiperda sfiap and drosophila melanogaster diap1, contai ... | 2015 | 25653450 |
| neolignans and other metabolites from ocotea cymosa from the madagascar rain forest and their biological activities. | ten new neolignans including the 6'-oxo-8.1'-lignans cymosalignans a (1a), b (2), and c (3), an 8.o.6'-neolignan (4a), ococymosin (5a), didymochlaenone c (6a), and the bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoids 7-10 were isolated along with the known compounds 3,4,5,3',5'-pentamethoxy-1'-allyl-8.o.4'-neolignan, 3,4,5,3'-tetramethoxy-1'-allyl-8.o.4'-neolignan, didymochlaenone b, virologin b, ocobullenone, and the unusual 2'-oxo-8.1'-lignan sibyllenone from the stems or bark of the madagascan plant ocotea cymosa. th ... | 2015 | 25650896 |
| the interrelationship between dengue incidence and diurnal ranges of temperature and humidity in a sri lankan city and its potential applications. | temperature, humidity, and other weather variables influence dengue transmission. published studies show how the diurnal fluctuations of temperature around different mean temperatures influence dengue transmission. there are no published studies about the correlation between diurnal range of humidity and dengue transmission. | 2015 | 26632645 |
| health seeking behaviour and treatment intentions of dengue and fever: a household survey of children and adults in venezuela. | dengue in venezuela is a major public health problem with an increasing incidence of severe cases. early diagnosis and timely treatment influences the outcome of dengue illness, as delay in care-seeking is significantly associated with complications leading to severe dengue. we aimed to understand patterns of health seeking behaviour (hsb) in individuals exposed to high dengue incidence in order to improve early attendance to health centres. | 2015 | 26624283 |
| aedes aegypti has spatially structured and seasonally stable populations in yogyakarta, indonesia. | dengue fever, the most prevalent global arboviral disease, represents an important public health problem in indonesia. control of dengue relies on the control of its main vector, the mosquito aedes aegypti, yet nothing is known about the population history and genetic structure of this insect in indonesia. our aim was to assess the spatio-temporal population genetic structure of ae. aegypti in yogyakarta, a densely populated region on java with common dengue outbreaks. | 2015 | 26627473 |
| a venom gland extracellular chitin-binding-like protein from pupal endoparasitoid wasps, pteromalus puparum, selectively binds chitin. | chitin-binding proteins (cbps) are present in many species and they act in a variety of biological processes. we analyzed a pteromalus puparum venom apparatus proteome and transcriptome and identified a partial gene encoding a possible cbp. here, we report cloning a full-length cdna of a sequence encoding a chitin-binding-like protein (ppcbp) from p. puparum, a pupal endoparasitoid of pieris rapae. the cdna encoded a 96-amino-acid protein, including a secretory signal peptide and a chitin-bindin ... | 2015 | 26633500 |
| how reticulated are species? | many groups of closely related species have reticulate phylogenies. recent genomic analyses are showing this in many insects and vertebrates, as well as in microbes and plants. in microbes, lateral gene transfer is the dominant process that spoils strictly tree-like phylogenies, but in multicellular eukaryotes hybridization and introgression among related species is probably more important. because many species, including the ancestors of ancient major lineages, seem to evolve rapidly in adaptiv ... | 2015 | 26709836 |
| trends in dengue cases imported into the united states from pan america 2001-2012. | the objective of this study was to improve risk assessments of travel on dengue (den) virus (denv) distribution. we investigated the exposure risk of us citizens traveling to den-endemic pan american countries. the number of den cases reported in 51 pan american countries from 2001 to 2012 was compared to the population of the same countries. the number of us travelers visiting the pan american countries was categorized by region, and travel-related den infections were analyzed. us residents vis ... | 2015 | 26766913 |
| leading indicators of mosquito-borne disease elimination. | mosquito-borne diseases contribute significantly to the global disease burden. high-profile elimination campaigns are currently underway for many parasites, e.g., plasmodium spp., the causal agent of malaria. sustaining momentum near the end of elimination programs is often difficult to achieve and consequently quantitative tools that enable monitoring the effectiveness of elimination activities after the initial reduction of cases has occurred are needed. documenting progress in vector-borne di ... | 2015 | 27512522 |
| combining rna-seq and proteomic profiling to identify seminal fluid proteins in the migratory grasshopper melanoplus sanguinipes (f). | seminal fluid proteins control many aspects of fertilization and in turn, they play a key role in post-mating sexual selection and possibly reproductive isolation. because effective proteome profiling relies on the availability of high-quality dna reference databases, our knowledge of these proteins is still largely limited to model organisms with ample genetic resources. new advances in sequencing technology allow for the rapid characterization of transcriptomes at low cost. by combining high t ... | 2015 | 26694822 |
| a white spot syndrome virus microrna promotes the virus infection by targeting the host stat. | jak/stat pathway plays an important role in invertebrates during virus infection. however the microrna (mirna)-mediated regulation of jak/stat is not intensively investigated. viral mirnas, encoded by virus genome, have emerged as important regulators in the virus-host interactions. in this study, a wssv (white spot syndrome virus)-encoded mirna (wssv-mir-22) was characterized in shrimp during virus infection. the results showed that the viral mirna could promote wssv infection in shrimp by targ ... | 2015 | 26671453 |
| some like it hot, but not too hot. | a temperature-sensitive receptor prevents mosquitoes from being attracted to targets that are hotter than a potential host. | 2015 | 26670880 |
| quantifying interspecific variation in dispersal ability of noctuid moths using an advanced tethered flight technique. | dispersal plays a crucial role in many aspects of species' life histories, yet is often difficult to measure directly. this is particularly true for many insects, especially nocturnal species (e.g. moths) that cannot be easily observed under natural field conditions. consequently, over the past five decades, laboratory tethered flight techniques have been developed as a means of measuring insect flight duration and speed. however, these previous designs have tended to focus on single species (ty ... | 2015 | 26811783 |
| different effects of bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ab on midgut cell transmembrane potential of mythimna separata and agrotis ipsilon larvae. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry toxins from the cry1a family demonstrate significantly different toxicities against members of the family noctuidae for unknown reasons. in this study, membrane potential was measured and analyzed in freshly isolated midgut samples from mythimna separata and agrotis ipsilon larvae under oral administration and in vitro incubation with bt toxin cry1ab to elucidate the mechanism of action for further control of these pests. bioassay results showed that the larvae of ... | 2015 | 26694463 |
| intra-cellular bacterial infections affect learning and memory capacities of an invertebrate. | how host manipulation by parasites evolves is fascinating but challenging evolutionary question remains. many parasites share the capacity to manipulate host behavior increasing their transmission success. however, little is known about the learning and memory impact of parasites on their host. wolbachia are widespread endosymbionts and infect most insect species. these bacteria are maternally transmitted and mainly alter the reproduction of hosts with weak virulence. we tested the impact of par ... | 2015 | 26675213 |
| the evolutionarily conserved tre2/bub2/cdc16 (tbc), lysin motif (lysm), domain catalytic (tldc) domain is neuroprotective against oxidative stress. | oxidative stress is a pathological feature of many neurological disorders; therefore, utilizing proteins that are protective against such cellular insults is a potentially valuable therapeutic approach. oxidation resistance 1 (oxr1) has been shown previously to be critical for oxidative stress resistance in neuronal cells; deletion of this gene causes neurodegeneration in mice, yet conversely, overexpression of oxr1 is protective in cellular and mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. how ... | 2015 | 26668325 |
| methoprene-tolerant (met) and krüpple-homologue 1 (kr-h1) are required for ovariole development and egg maturation in the brown plant hopper. | the brown plant hopper is one of the most destructive known pests of rice. we studied the roles of the jh receptor met and the downstream transcription factor kr-h1 in ovariole development and egg maturation. the predicted met protein in n. lugens (nlmet) contained 517 amino acids. qrt-pcr showed that nlmet was expressed in all tissues and that the highest expression occurred in the embryonic stage. in nlmet- or nlkr-h1-silenced female adults, ovarian development varied significantly, whereas th ... | 2015 | 26658174 |
| comparison of the epidemiological aspects of imported dengue cases between korea and japan, 2006-2010. | to compare the epidemiological characteristics of dengue cases imported by travelers or immigration in both korea and japan, we determined dengue incidence and related risk factors. during 2006-2010, 367 and 589 imported dengue cases were reported in korea and japan, respectively. in korea, the presumptive origins for the dengue infections were southeast asia (82.6%), southern asia (13.9%), eastern asia (1.1%), south america (0.3%), central america (0.3%), africa (0.3%), and other countries (1.6 ... | 2015 | 26981346 |
| three-month real-time dengue forecast models: an early warning system for outbreak alerts and policy decision support in singapore. | with its tropical rainforest climate, rapid urbanization, and changing demography and ecology, singapore experiences endemic dengue; the last large outbreak in 2013 culminated in 22,170 cases. in the absence of a vaccine on the market, vector control is the key approach for prevention. | 2015 | 26662617 |
| coevolution of the ile1,016 and cys1,534 mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel gene of aedes aegypti in mexico. | worldwide the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) is the principal urban vector of dengue viruses. currently 2.5 billion people are at risk for infection and reduction of ae. aegypti populations is the most effective means to reduce the risk of transmission. pyrethroids are used extensively for adult mosquito control, especially during dengue outbreaks. pyrethroids promote activation and prolong the activation of the voltage gated sodium channel protein (vgsc) by interacting with two distinct pyrethroid ... | 2015 | 26658798 |
| knockdown of a nutrient amino acid transporter gene ldnat1 reduces free neutral amino acid contents and impairs leptinotarsa decemlineata pupation. | a leptinotarsa decemlineata slc6 nat gene (ldnat1) was cloned. ldnat1 was highly expressed in the larval alimentary canal especially midgut. ldnat1 mrna levels were high right after the molt and low just before the molt. jh and a jh analog pyriproxyfen activated ldnat1 expression. rnai of an allatostatin gene ldas-c increased jh and upregulated ldnat1 transcription. conversely, silencing of a jh biosynthesis gene ldjhamt decreased jh and reduced ldnat1 expression. moreover, 20e and an ecdysteroi ... | 2015 | 26657797 |
| the drosophila zinc finger transcription factor ouija board controls ecdysteroid biosynthesis through specific regulation of spookier. | steroid hormones are crucial for many biological events in multicellular organisms. in insects, the principal steroid hormones are ecdysteroids, which play essential roles in regulating molting and metamorphosis. during larval and pupal development, ecdysteroids are synthesized in the prothoracic gland (pg) from dietary cholesterol via a series of hydroxylation and oxidation steps. the expression of all but one of the known ecdysteroid biosynthetic enzymes is restricted to the pg, but the transc ... | 2015 | 26658797 |
| genome-wide identification and expression profiling of serine proteases and homologs in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). | serine proteases (sps) are crucial proteolytic enzymes responsible for digestion and other processes including signal transduction and immune responses in insects. serine protease homologs (sphs) lack catalytic activity but are involved in innate immunity. this study presents a genome-wide investigation of sps and sphs in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), a globally-distributed destructive pest of cruciferous crops. | 2015 | 26653876 |
| genome sequence of the mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis strain br58, a biopesticide product effective against the coffee berry borer (hypothenemus hampei). | bacillus thuringiensis is an important microbial control agent against insect pests. the draft genome sequence of the brazilian strain br58 described here contains the insecticidal genes cry4a, cry4b, cry10a, cry11a, cry60a, cry60b, and cyt1a, which show toxicity to both aedes aegypti and hypothenemus hampei larvae. | 2015 | 26659669 |
| only a minority of broad-range detoxification genes respond to a variety of phytotoxins in generalist bemisia tabaci species. | generalist insect can utilize two different modes for regulating their detoxification genes, the constitutive mode and the induced mode. here, we used the bemisia tabaci sibling species meam1 and med, as a model system for studying constitutive and induced detoxification resistance and their associated tradeoffs. b. tabaci adults were allowed to feed through membranes for 24 h on diet containing only sucrose or sucrose with various phytotoxins. quantitative real-time pcr analyses of 18 detoxific ... | 2015 | 26655836 |
| dengue knowledge and preventive practices in iquitos, peru. | as part of a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate insecticide-treated curtains for dengue prevention in iquitos, peru, we surveyed 1,333 study participants to examine knowledge and reported practices associated with dengue and its prevention. entomological data from 1,133 of these households were linked to the survey. most participants knew that dengue was transmitted by mosquito bite (85.6%), but only few (18.6%) knew that dengue vectors bite during daytime. most commonly recognized dengue symp ... | 2015 | 26503276 |
| (e)-caryophyllene and α-humulene: aedes aegypti oviposition deterrents elucidated by gas chromatography-electrophysiological assay of commiphora leptophloeos leaf oil. | aedes aegypti is responsible for the transmission of dengue, a disease that infects millions of people each year. although essential oils are well recognized as sources of compounds with repellent and larvicidal activities against the dengue mosquito, much less is known about their oviposition deterrent effects. commiphora leptophloeos, a tree native to south america, has important pharmacological properties, but the chemical profile and applicability of its essential oil in controlling the spre ... | 2015 | 26650757 |
| estimating dengue type reproduction numbers for two provinces of sri lanka during the period 2013-14. | dengue is an endemic disease in the southeast asian country sri lanka. two seasonal peaks of dengue incidence were observed every year since 2002 onwards. in this study, we formulate a 2-strain dengue model for analyzing the monthly seasonal dengue incidence data from 2 provinces of sri lanka during the period april 2013 to september 2014. the seasonality is incorporated in the model in terms of mosquito biting rate, which we assume to be time periodic. we estimated 2 primary reproduction number ... | 2015 | 26646355 |
| the ancestral gene repertoire of animal stem cells. | stem cells are pivotal for development and tissue homeostasis of multicellular animals, and the quest for a gene toolkit associated with the emergence of stem cells in a common ancestor of all metazoans remains a major challenge for evolutionary biology. we reconstructed the conserved gene repertoire of animal stem cells by transcriptomic profiling of totipotent archeocytes in the demosponge ephydatia fluviatilis and by tracing shared molecular signatures with flatworm and hydra stem cells. phyl ... | 2015 | 26644562 |
| within-species divergence in the seminal fluid proteome and its effect on male and female reproduction in a beetle. | male seminal fluid proteins (sfps), transferred to females during mating, are important reproductive proteins that have multifarious effects on female reproductive physiology and that often show remarkably rapid and divergent evolution. inferences regarding natural selection on sfps are based primarily on interspecific comparative studies, and our understanding of natural within-species variation in sfps and whether this relates to reproductive phenotypes is very limited. here, we introduce an e ... | 2015 | 26627998 |
| evidence for an overwintering population of aedes aegypti in capitol hill neighborhood, washington, dc. | aedes aegypti is an invasive, highly anthropophilic mosquito and a major vector for dengue and chikungunya. population persistence in the continental united states is reportedly limited to southward of the average 10°c winter isotherm, which in the east, bisects alabama, mississippi, georgia, and south carolina. we report on summer collections and genotypic analyses of ae. aegypti collected in the capitol hill neighborhood in washington, dc (wdc). analysis of a 441-bp fragment of the mitochondri ... | 2015 | 26526922 |
| dengue in china: comprehensive phylogenetic evaluation reveals evidence of endemicity and complex genetic diversity. | despite the increasing threat of dengue outbreaks in china, it is still considered as an imported disease and its introduction and/or circulation patterns remain obscure. on the basis of the most extensive phylogenetic analysis to date, we showed highly complex genetic diversity of dengue viruses (denvs) in south china with up to 20 different clades/lineages from multiple serotypes co-circulating in the same year. despite that most of these clades/lineages were resulted from imported cases, evid ... | 2015 | 26458780 |
| dissecting japan's dengue outbreak in 2014. | despite japan's temperate climate, a dengue outbreak occurred in tokyo for the first time in over 70 years in 2014. we dissected this dengue outbreak based on phylogenetic analysis, travel interconnectivity, and environmental drivers for dengue epidemics. comparing the available dengue virus 1 (denv1) e gene sequence from this outbreak with 3,282 unique denv1 sequences in national center for biotechnology information suggested that the denv might have been imported from china, indonesia, singapo ... | 2015 | 26711518 |
| the spatiotemporal trajectory of a dengue epidemic in a medium-sized city. | understanding the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases is important to allow for improvements of control measures. to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of an epidemic dengue occurred at a medium-sized city in the northeast region of brazil in 2009, we conducted an ecological study of the notified dengue cases georeferenced according to epidemiological week (ew) and home address. kernel density estimation and space-time interaction were analysed using the knox method. the evolution o ... | 2015 | 26061236 |