Publications

[immunosuppression in leprosy].	many authors tried to show that in lepromatous leprosy (ll), suppressor mechanisms are involved in the immune response. we have previously shown that non-specific suppression (con a induced) was impaired in ll patients and tends to normalize during the erythema nodosum leprosum episode (enl). in this system we have shown that cd8+ cells (leu 2a+) can interfere with the generation of con a-induced suppression. we also observed that a high percentage of ll patients had an increased spontaneous sup ...	1989	2535042
on the mechanism of human t cell suppression.	previous evidence from several laboratories suggests that cd8+ t suppressor cells may be important regulatory elements governing specific unresponsiveness of lepromatous lepromatous leprosy patients to m.leprae. to analyse the mechanism of suppression, cd8+ ts clones were established from lesions and peripheral blood of lepromatous patients and tested for ability to suppress antigen-responsive cd4+. th clones or pbl. suppression required induction by specific m.leprae antigen, but was effected i ...	1989	2535060
suppression of monocyte oxidative response by phenolic glycolipid i of mycobacterium leprae.	mycobacterium leprae synthesizes a unique phenolic glycolipid (pgl-i) in abundant quantities. we studied the effect of pgl-i on the generation of superoxide anion (o2-) by stimulated human monocytes. peripheral blood monocytes pretreated with pgl-i released less o2- when stimulated with m. leprae than did control monocytes. monocytes pretreated with dimycocerosyl phthiocerol, mycoside a of mycobacterium kansasii, or mycoside b of mycobacterium microti, on the other hand, released o2- in quantiti ...	1989	2537362
microbial glycolipids: possible virulence factors that scavenge oxygen radicals.	two important pathogens of developing countries, mycobacterium leprae, the etiologic agent of leprosy, and leishmania donovani, the protozoal parasite that causes kalaazar, persist in the human host primarily in mononuclear phagocytes. the mechanisms by which they survive in these otherwise highly cytocidal cells are presently unknown. since the best understood cytocidal mechanism of these cells is the oxygen-dependent system that provides lethal oxidants including the superoxide anion (o2-), hy ...	1989	2538841
mycobacteria and the new quinolones.		1989	2540705
nerve damage in leprosy.		1989	2545801
interactions between simian immunodeficiency virus and mycobacterium leprae in experimentally inoculated rhesus monkeys.	thirty-four rhesus monkeys were inoculated with mycobacterium leprae inoculum isolated from sooty mangabey monkeys with leprosy. later it was learned that one of the m. leprae-donor mangabeys was asymptomatically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). thus, five of the rhesus monkey were coinoculated with m. leprae and siv. three of the five became siv-positive and developed signs of leprosy and an aids-like illness. two animals remained healthy. the coinoculated leprosy-positive rhe ...	1989	2547881
direct evidence for the oxidation of palmitic acid by host-grown mycobacterium leprae.	oxidation of palmitic acid by whole-cell suspensions of mycobacterium leprae free from host tissues was investigated using manometric techniques. after a lag period of about 6-8 h, m. leprae suspensions catalysed an active oxidation of palmitic acid, and the oxidative process (oxygen uptake) was quite sensitive to rotenone, atabrine, amytal, antimycin a and cyanide. the spectrophotometric observations indicated that the m. leprae cytochrome system, under anaerobic conditions, was reduced in the ...	1989	2552549
generation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody against phenolic glycolipid-i of m. leprae.	the development of an epstein-barr virus transformed human b-cell line secreting a monoclonal antibody (moab), kr2/b5 is described. kr2/b5 is an igm type of antibody and is highly specific for phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i) a component unique to m. leprae. the moab appears to be directed against the terminal sugar residue of the immunodominant trisaccharide component of pgl-i.	1989	2559933
genetic relationships among mycobacterium leprae, mycobacterium tuberculosis, and candidate leprosy vaccine strains determined by dna hybridization: identification of an m. leprae-specific repetitive sequence.	comparative dna hybridization studies of genomic dna indicated that, while different isolates of armadillo-derived mycobacterium leprae have a high degree of homology, binding of m. leprae genomic dna to dna of other species of mycobacteria or to corynebacteria was low, establishing that m. leprae is only remotely genetically related to any of the species examined. several candidate leprosy vaccine mycobacterial strains were similarly found to have little genetic similarity to m. leprae. in cont ...	1989	2565292
alteration of t cell subset pattern among in vitro m. leprae-stimulated blood lymphocytes of leprosy patients.		1989	2569800
a study of the relatedness of mycobacterium leprae isolates using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.	the inability to cultivate mycobacterium leprae in vitro has severely hampered comprehensive phenotypic analysis of individual isolates, leaving unanswered the question of the relatedness of these isolates. since the nucleotide sequence of a bacterial chromosome is its "genetic fingerprint", we have employed the use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of chromosomal dna of m. leprae isolates to assess the relatedness among these isolates. dna of m. leprae was harvested fr ...	1989	2569801
conservation of genomic sequences among isolates of mycobacterium leprae.	restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis has been used to assess relatedness among the genomes of four isolates of mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy. the m. leprae isolates were from human patients from india, a mangabey monkey from west africa, and an armadillo from louisiana. a total of 16 probes were used; these were insert fragments of m. leprae dna from plasmid recombinant libraries, 5 of which had genes with identifiable functions and 11 of which were randomly c ...	1989	2570057
inhibition of human lymphoproliferative responses by mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids.	the effect of mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids from mycobacterium leprae, m. bovis bcg, and m. kansasii on in vitro proliferative responses by human blood mononuclear cells from healthy bcg vaccinees was investigated. all three phenolic glycolipids inhibited proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. inhibition was independent of the stimulus used and involved neither antigen-presenting cells nor antigen-specific cd8+ suppressor t cells. it was concluded that the phenomenon may be a ge ...	1989	2572559
[detection of amastigotes in cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis using the immunoperoxidase method, using polyclonal antibody: sensibility and specificity compared with conventional methods of diagnosis].	the indirect immunoperoxidase method was evaluated in 265 biopsies with the purpose of increasing the sensitivity of the diagnostic histopathology of tegumentary lesions caused by subspecies of the leishmania braziliensis complex. a diagnosis of leishmaniasis was established by parasitological methods (181) or clinical criteria (12) in 193 patients (72.8%). in the latter group of confirmed cases standard histochemistry and immunoperoxidase were compared with direct examination of tissue scraping ...	1989	2181244
the epidemiology of leprosy in a high prevalence village in papua new guinea.	in a village of about 1000 people in papua new guinea the prevalence of clinical leprosy was 8.6% compared to about 3% in surrounding villages. this exceptionally high prevalence could not be explained by recent introduction of the disease or by social factors. dapsone-resistant disease and faulty compliance with treatment are considered to be contributory to persistent infectivity of old cases which, together with the presence of 20 previously undiagnosed cases, comprised a large infective sour ...	1989	2603189
determination and evolutionary significance of nucleotide sequences near to the 3'-end of 16s ribosomal rna of mycobacteria.	the nucleotide sequence at the 3'-end of 16sr-rna (nucleotides 1305-1508) was determined, by the primer extension method, for mycobacterium smegmatis, mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium vaccae, in addition to mycobacterium leprae. no differences in nucleotide sequence were detected, indicating that this region of 16srrna is highly conserved among mycobacteria. the nucleotide sequence common to the four above-mentioned mycobacteria differs from that reported for species of other genera. ...	1989	2612878
a species-specific repetitive sequence in mycobacterium leprae dna.	a 2.2-kilobase mycobacterium leprae dna insert fragment from a recombinant genomic library (pya1065) was found to hybridize to at least 19 fragments of chromosomal m. leprae dna by southern hybridizations. the probe hybridized to identical fragments of chromosomal dna from four m. leprae isolates (two from patients with leprosy, one from a naturally infected armadillo, and one from a naturally infected mangabey monkey) whether the chromosomal dna was digested with bamhi, bsteii, psti, or saci. t ...	1989	2642523
vaccination of mice against mycobacterium leprae infection.	intradermal immunization with killed mycobacterium leprae renders mice immune to infection with viable m. leprae. this protection is long lasting and systemic in that immunization in the left flank results in protection in both the left and right footpads. immunization with mycobacterium vaccae was ineffective in protecting mice against m. leprae infection, while mycobacterium bovis bcg provided partial protection. mycobacterium habana tmc 5135 (now known as mycobacterium simiae) was found to be ...	1989	2643581
characterization and taxonomic implications of the rrna genes of mycobacterium leprae.	the number of rrna genes of mycobacterium leprae was determined by restriction analysis of m. leprae total chromosomal dna. a single set of rrna genes was found. this set was subcloned from a cosmid library of m. leprae dna into puc13 and was characterized by restriction analysis and hybridization with escherichia coli rrna genes. the 16s, 23s, and 5s genes of m. leprae were clustered on a 5.3-kilobase dna fragment. on one hand, restriction analysis of the set of rrna genes showed the uniqueness ...	1989	2644213
evidence for phagosome-lysosome fusion in mycobacterium leprae-infected murine schwann cells.	murine schwann cells were infected with viable armadillo-derived mycobacterium leprae in vitro, and the lysosomal marker enzyme, acid phosphatase, was stained by the gomori reaction. electron microscopic analysis revealed that schwann cells infected with m. leprae possess acid phosphatase and that lysosomes fuse with infected phagosomes.	1989	2645208
isolation and characterization of the highly immunogenic cell wall-associated protein of mycobacterium leprae.	in a recent study, we demonstrated that certain reactivities crucial to the immune response in leprosy are due to protein associated with the cell wall peptidoglycan "core" of mycobacterium leprae. we now describe a primary method for the isolation of a highly immunogenic, large molecular-size, cell wall protein (cw-p) complex from m. leprae, freed of soluble proteins, bound mycolates, arabinogalactan, and much of the peptidoglycan. the complex is of apparent relative molecular size 2 x 10(6) to ...	1989	2649561
characterization of mycobacterium leprae cell wall-associated proteins with the use of t lymphocyte clones.	development of a vaccine against leprosy depends on the identification of ag that stimulate cell-mediated immune responses. we have previously demonstrated that cell wall proteins of mycobacterium leprae are highly immunogenic. by using human cell wall-specific t cell clones we have begun to characterize soluble proteins that integrate into the cell wall skeleton. t cells from leprosy lesions were expanded with il-2 in vitro yet retained specificity to ag of the insoluble cell wall core (cwc) in ...	1989	2649562
biochemistry of mycobacterium leprae: its implications in culture of the bacillus and chemotherapy of leprosy.		1989	2649620
some observations on non acid fast bacilli grown from lepromatous tissues.		1989	2649621
pharmacochemical aspects of leprosy. recent developments and prospects for new drugs.	from a pharmacochemical point of view the existing anti-leprotics as well as possible innovations in the chemotherapy of leprosy are discussed. of the main anti-leprotics, which are used nowadays--dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine, isoniazide, ethionamide and prothionamide--the mechanism of action, the main problems in their application and possibilities to develop improved variants are reviewed. based on the chemistry of mycobacterium leprae, the target systems for new anti-leprotics are identif ...	1989	2652092
diglycosyl phenol phthiocerol diester of mycobacterium leprae.	a diglycosyl phenol phthiocerol diester that had not been previously detected was isolated from m. leprae-infected armadillo tissues. spectroscopy methods allowed the elucidation of its structure. the diglycoside was a 2,3-di-o-methylrhamnopyranosyl (alpha 1----2)3-o-methylrhamnopyranosyl (alpha 1-linked to the phenolic hydroxyl of phthiocerol dimycocerosates). it differs from the major phenolic glycolipid (pgl i) only by the absence of the terminal 3,6-di-o-methylglucopyranosyl unit. the diglyc ...	1989	2653442
late onset of a reversal reaction in borderline leprosy.		1989	2654221
pyrimidine scavenging by mycobacterium leprae.	mycobacterium leprae incorporated exogenously supplied pyrimidines as bases or nucleosides, but not as a nucleotide, into its nucleic acids. notably, thymine was incorporated approximately 5 times more rapidly than thymidine by both suspensions of, or intracellular m. leprae. thymine incorporation was significantly inhibited by clofazamine and dapsone at near-pharmacological levels. therefore, incorporation of thymine is preferable as an activity for assessing viability of m. leprae. nucleosides ...	1989	2656380
pyrimidine biosynthesis de novo in m. leprae.	mycobacterium leprae can synthesise pyrimidines de novo. although pyrimidine synthesis could not be detected in intact bacteria, extracts contained all four enzymes unique to the de novo pathway which are detectable in mycobacteria by the methods used. inhibition of aspartate transcarbamylase by utp and atp suggested that lack of pyrimidine synthetic activity in whole m. leprae could be a result of strong feedback inhibition.	1989	2656381
leprosy.		1989	2656555
evaluation of mycobacterium leprae antigens in the serological monitoring of a clofazimine-based chemotherapeutic study of dapsone resistant lepromatous leprosy patients in cebu, philippines.	thirty-one dapsone resistant lepromatous leprosy patients receiving clofazimine based therapy were serologically monitored throughout their 5-year period of treatment. sequentially collected sera were used to examine 4 mycobacterium leprae antigens to evaluate their usefulness in elisa's for monitoring the progress of their therapy. the elisa results were compared with decline in bacterial load over the treatment period and with duration of treatment. in addition the elisa's were compared with e ...	1989	2657302
t cell responses to fractionated mycobacterium leprae antigens in leprosy. the lepromatous nonresponder defect can be overcome in vitro by stimulation with fractionated m. leprae components.	protective immunity against mycobacterium leprae is dependent on m. leprae-reactive t lymphocytes. m. lepare-directed t cell reactivity is high in the localized tuberculoid form of leprosy but specifically absent in the disseminated lepromatous type of the disease. two important questions that are relevant for the understanding of the immune response in leprosy as well as for the design of rational immunoprophylaxis and -therapy strategies are: (a) what are the antigens that trigger t cell respo ...	1989	2659369
t-cell recognition of the 18-kilodalton antigen of mycobacterium leprae.	the 18-kilodalton (kda) antigen of mycobacterium leprae was expressed as a fusion protein with a 2-kda leader peptide and used in proliferation assays with peripheral blood cells. fifty percent of untreated tuberculoid leprosy patients and 93% of long-term leprosy contacts responded to the recombinant protein in lymphocyte transformation tests. comparison of the stimulation indices in the two groups showed that the contacts responded more strongly than the tuberculoid leprosy patients. seventy p ...	1989	2659530
hla-dr-restricted antigen-induced proliferation and cytotoxicity mediated by cd4+ t-cell clones from subjects vaccinated with killed m. leprae.	thirteen cd4+ t-cell clones raised against mycobacterium leprae from three m. leprae-vaccinated subjects were studied for major histocompatibility complex (mhc) restriction in proliferative and cytotoxicity assays. these t-cell clones recognized at least nine different epitopes, ranging from m. leprae-specific to broadly crossreactive. restriction studies with a panel of antigen-presenting cells (apcs) suggest that all of the t-cell clones recognized antigens in the context of the dr locus. thre ...	1989	2659694
a critique on the interpretation of the lepromin reaction using heat-killed m. leprae vaccine.		1989	2659695
investigations into cultivation of m. leprae under low oxygen tension.		1989	2659696
single lesion subpolar lepromatous leprosy and its possible mode of origin.	three case reports of patients with a single, nodular, subpolar lepromatous skin lesion, one on the left elbow, another on the posterior aspect of the left leg, and the third on the extensor ulnar aspect of the right forearm, are presented. the lesions, clinically and histopathologically, resemble lepromas which develop at the site of experimental inoculation of mycobacterium leprae in armadillos. these are sites on the body which are likely to be traumatized. with the distinct possibility of th ...	1989	2659697
appraisal of two mycobacterium leprae-specific serological assays for monitoring chemotherapy in lepromatous (ll/bl) leprosy patients.	two of the mycobacterium leprae-specific assays--a serum antibody competition (for an epitope on 35-kda protein) test (sact) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the disaccharide epitope of phenolic glycolipid-i (pgds)--were comparatively evaluated as tools for monitoring chemotherapy in 125 lepromatous leprosy (ll/bl) patients. an adaptation of the sact from a radioimmunoassay (ria) to an elisa procedure is also described. a moderate but statistically significant correlation was ...	1989	2659698
a pilot study of three potential vaccines for leprosy in bombay.	three vaccines, bcg glaxo alone (vaccine a), bcg glaxo plus 10(7) killed mycobacterium vaccae (vaccine b), and bcg glaxo plus 10(7) killed m. leprae (vaccine c), were given to groups of selected children. the effects of these vaccines on subsequent quadruple skin testing 1-3 years after vaccination were compared. all three vaccines equally and significantly (p less than 0.00001) increased positivity to tuberculin, but only vaccine b was found to significantly enhance development of skin-test pos ...	1989	2659699
vaccination and skin test studies on the children of leprosy patients.	in an attempt to achieve maximal skin-test positivity to leprosin a in children of leprosy patients living in baba baghi leprosy sanatorium in iranian azerbaijan, two new vaccines have been employed. children without scars of previous bcg and without response to leprosin a were given a vaccine containing 10(8) viable units of bcg glaxo plus 10(7) killed mycobacterium vaccae per dose (vaccine b). children with bcg pasteur (teheran) scars but without response to leprosin a were given a vaccine con ...	1989	2659700
vaccination and skin test studies on children living in villages with differing endemicity for leprosy and tuberculosis.	the purpose of this study carried out in iranian azerbaijan was to determine the pattern of skin-test positivity to mycobacterial antigens in children living in the valley, and to assess the effect on this of a series of vaccines against mycobacterial disease. set up in 1978, 1707 tuberculin-negative children without scars of previous bcg vaccination were vaccinated with bcg glaxo alone (vaccine a) or with the addition of a suspension of killed mycobacterium vaccae (vaccine b). one hundred child ...	1989	2659701
light- and electron-microscopic study of m. leprae-infected armadillo nerves.	lesions in peripheral nerves of armadillos experimentally infected with mycobacterium leprae were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. bacilli could be found clearly inside axons of unmyelinated nerve fibers. heavily bacillated schwann cells were seen embracing unmyelinated axons with interrupted cytoplasmic membranes. this indicated the initiation of rupture of those cells which were responsible for the liberation of bacilli into the axons. the nerve lesions were divided into three grades ...	1989	2659702
the use of antigen-bearing nitrocellulose particles derived from western blots to study proliferative responses to 27 antigenic fractions from mycobacterium leprae in patients and controls.	antigens present in sonicates of mycobacterium leprae were separated by sds-page, blotted electrophoretically on to nitrocellulose, and visualized with a colloidal gold stain. six bands identified by existing monoclonal antibodies, and a further 21 bands not previously studied, were converted into antigen-bearing nitrocellulose particles for use in vitro lympho-proliferation studies. controls (putative non-contacts) responded poorly to the antigenic fractions presented in this way. contacts resp ...	1989	2661418
cellular immune responses of leprosy contacts to fractionated mycobacterium leprae antigens.	antigens of armadillo-derived mycobacterium leprae sonic extract were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane, and the unstained blot was converted into 20 fractions of antigen-bearing particles. these were tested in cellular proliferation assays, and reproducible results were obtained between batches of fractions. peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy contacts of leprosy patients (presumed to have protective imm ...	1989	2663725
[electron microscopic study of fine structures of m. leprae and m. lepraemurium].		1989	2663803
studies on lipids in mycobacterial cell wall: their important structure and function relating to pathogenicity and their biological activity.	the lipids cord-factor, mycosides and sulpholipids are supposed to be vitally linked with the pathogenecity of mycobacteria. in this paper an attempt has been made to clarify the understanding of the occurrence, organisation and possible interaction of the diverse lipids present in the mycobacterial cell wall and their possible structure and function.	1989	2664014
morphology of m. leprae (?) in vs3e medium--a preliminary communication.	in a previous attempted culture of m. leprae in vs2m medium non-acid fast organisms were seen initially and acid fast organisms appeared later. a drop of a sonicated suspension from a subculture of this was inoculated in vs3e medium. the inoculum consisted mostly of acid fast granules. the culture yielded pure growth of acid fast organisms. morphology typical of m. leprae could be seen only after 60th day of culture.	1989	2664015
results of a modified who regimen in highly bacilliferous bl/ll patients.	a regimen consisting of 600 mg of rifampin once a month, 100 mg of clofazimine on alternate days, and 100 mg of dapsone daily was used in 56 untreated, highly bacillated borderline lepromatous/lepromatous (bl/ll) patients with an average bacterial index (bi) of 4.45. treatment was continued until skin-smear negativity. after 2 years of therapy, none of the patients had become smear negative and the average bi was 2.56. there was no growth on inoculation of skin-tissue biopsies in the normal mous ...	1989	2664042
reactive oxygen intermediates inactivate mycobacterium leprae in the phagocytes from human peripheral blood.	reactive oxygen intermediates such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals are important microbicidal components, and they could also play a role in an infection with mycobacterium leprae. a comparative study of the level of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide produced by peripheral blood phagocytes from normal healthy individuals and lepromatous leprosy patients showed a deficiency in superoxide production in the patients. in the phagocytes from normal healthy individuals, there wa ...	1989	2664043
an electron microscopic study of lymphatics in the dermal lesions of human leprosy.	the dermal lymphatic vessels in lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy lesions were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. in the lepromatous patient, lymphatic vessels were seen in both intra- and peri-granulomatous areas. the lymphatic lining cells contained lipid droplets, lysosomes, and numerous pinocytotic vesicles. cells bearing bacilli were only occasionally seen. in the tuberculoid cases, lymphatic vessels were seen only along the edges of the granulomas and the lining cells were less p ...	1989	2664044
the macrophage in leprosy: a review on the current status.		1989	2664045
relapse or late reversal reaction?		1989	2664046
controlled clinical trial for evaluation of antimicrobial drug activity against m. leprae.		1989	2664047
hla-dq molecules may be products of an immune suppression gene responsible for mycobacterium leprae-specific nonresponsiveness.		1989	2664049
icrc 'anti-leprosy vaccine'.	a vaccine containing icrc bacilli, which are leprosy-derived cultivable mycobacteria, induces lepromin conversion in ll patients and lepromin-negative persons. 'up-grading' of lesions and reversal reaction are observed in some vaccinated patients. the bacillus shows antigenic cross-reactivity with mycobacterium leprae. these observations provided the basis for launching a large-scale field trial of the vaccine in india in february 1987. the objective of the two-arm trial is to assess efficacy of ...	1989	2665352
in vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on mycobacterium leprae in mouse peritoneal macrophages.	mycobacterium leprae synthesizes large quantities of a specific phthiocerol-containing phenolic glycolipid in vivo. we have shown earlier that viable m. leprae readily incorporates radiolabeled palmitic acid into phenolic glycolipid i when residing in cultured macrophages in vitro and that this process is inhibited by the antileprosy drug rifampin. in the present paper we report that application of this observation to the rapid evaluation of over 25 antimicrobial agents for potential antileprosy ...	1989	2665640
in vitro suppression of interleukin 2 production by mycobacterium leprae antigen.	the suppressive activity of three different lots and sources of mycobacterium leprae (m. leprae) was studied by measuring the inhibitory effect on interleukin 2 (il-2) production in normal subjects. all three m. leprae preparations had suppressive activity on il-2 production when peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes (pbml) were stimulated with the mitogens pha-p or con a in a dose response. m. leprae also had suppressive activity on il-2 production when pbml were stimulated with the specific ...	1989	2665977
kellersberger memorial lecture, 1988. technology for leprosy control--progress and prospects.		1989	2666127
[secondary sulfone resistance--presentation of a case of leprosy-oswaldo cruz foundation, rio de janeiro-brazil].	report on a case of dapsone resistance in a bl patient with clinical diagnosis and laboratory confirmation. the resistance appeared after 17 years of dapsone treatment, and the laboratory tests revealed total resistance to all the tested dapsone concentrations. the case reported occurred in the city of rio de janeiro (brazil) which presents a leprosy prevalence of 1.79/1,000.	1989	2666794
leprosy vaccine: india finally agrees to trials.		1989	2666862
bcg infection induces responsiveness to dead mycobacterium leprae in hamsters. a mitsuda-like reaction.	hamsters inoculated with bcg become responsive to dead mycobacterium leprae. the response is characterized by a typical perineural granulomatous reaction, observed 16 days after the injection of a suspension of dead m. leprae into the foot pad of animals previously sensitized with bcg.	1989	2667670
immunological characterization of a human homolog of the 65-kilodalton mycobacterial antigen.	a human mitochondrial protein, designated p1 (63 kilodaltons [kda], shows extensive sequence homology (47% identical residues and an additional approximately 20% conserved changes) to the 65-kda mycobacterial antigen. to understand the relationship of these proteins, the cross-reactivity of several monoclonal antibodies directed against the 65-kda mycobacterium leprae antigen towards human, chinese hamster, chicken, and bacterial cells has been examined. a number of antibodies (y1-2, ml 30-a2, a ...	1989	2668187
influence of mycobacterium leprae and its soluble products on the cutaneous responsiveness of leprosy patients to antigen and recombinant interleukin 2.	experiments were carried out in the skin of patients with leprosy to examine whether suppressor cell populations either exist in the skin of multibacillary lepromatous leprosy patients, can be activated with antigen, or are induced to emigrate into a cutaneous site from the circulation. for this purpose, purified protein derivative of tuberculin, a delayed-type antigen that generates a cell-mediated immune response, was introduced into the skin alone or with nonviable mycobacterium leprae bacill ...	1989	2668961
effects of a derivative of serotonin (deoxyfructoserotonin) and other antileprosy drugs on attachment and uptake of mycobacterium leprae by schwann cells in vitro.	the association (attachment and/or uptake) of mycobacterium leprae with cultured schwann cells was studied at 8 and 72 h in the presence of a new antileprosy compound, deoxyfructoserotonin (dfs), as well as conventional antileprosy drugs such as rifampin (rfp) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (dds). dfs significantly inhibited bacterial association with schwann cells at 8 h. rfp also affected the association of m. leprae but not to the same extent as dfs. a similar inhibition at 8 h was noted wh ...	1989	2669627
application of bioluminescent technology to patient care and research in leprosy.		1989	2671178
application of atp assay for in vitro drug screening testing against human derived m. leprae.	in this study, the atp content of m. leprae exposed to various antimicrobial agents has been measured to evaluate its usefulness in drug sensitivity screening. purified m. leprae suspensions from human biopsies have been incubated at 30 degrees c in a modified dubos medium in the presence of different concentrations of various drugs viz., rifampicin, ethionamide, ethambutol, cycloserine, dapsone, clofazimine, erythromycin and tetracycline. atp levels were estimated at 0, 7 days, 14 days of incub ...	1989	2671179
effect of diet on growth of m. leprae in mouse footpads.	semipurified diets, with equal amounts of vitamins, minerals and fibre, but varied in protein and fat content from pork, barbel fish or soya beans were tested for their possible effect on the growth of m. leprae in mouse footpads. 105 balb/c male weanling mice were randomly divided into five diet groups of 21 mice each and fed for six months. differences between bacterial counts of diet groups were found. the mouse foot pad model is suitable for dietary study in leprosy.	1989	2671180
combined regimens of one year duration in the treatment of multibacillary leprosy--i. combined regimens with rifampicin administered during one year.	in 1981, 1982 and 1983, 216 multibacillary patients in anjouan (comores) and burundi were treated for 8 weeks with daily rifampicin (600 mg) ethionamide (500 mg) and dapsone (100 mg) or clofazimine (100 mg) followed for 44 weeks by once weekly rifampicin (600 mg) and daily ethionamide (500 mg) and dapsone (100 mg) or clofazimine (100 mg). there were 109 previously untreated patients and 107 patients who had dapsone monotherapy, 16 of whom were infected with proven dapsone resistant mycobacterium ...	1989	2671559
failure of mycobacterium leprae soluble antigens to suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin.	in order to test a published claim that the inclusion of mycobacterium leprae antigens with a tuberculin skin test reagent can suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) to tuberculin in both paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy cases, 109 leprosy cases and 104 non-leprosy controls were skin-tested simultaneously with tuberculin with and without m. leprae soluble antigens. tests were randomized between arms and carried out double-blind. there was a clear tendency for larger dth responses ...	1989	2673590
study of multidrug therapy in paucibacillary leprosy.	a study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of multidrug therapy (mdt) in paucibacillary leprosy. out of 155 fresh cases studied 48 had indeterminate, 38 tuberculoid and 69 had borderline tuberculoid leprosy. out of 155 cases, 64 patients in the first group were treated with dapsone 100 mg daily for 12 months. in the second group, 91 patients were given mdt, consisting of rifampicin 600 mg once a month and dapsone 100 mg daily for consecutive 12 months. the cases receiving dapsone and the ca ...	1989	2674283
changing concept in leprosy germ culture.		1989	2674286
study of 39 documented relapses of multibacillary leprosy after treatment with rifampin.	among 39 strains of mycobacterium leprae isolated from patients with multibacillary leprosy who relapsed after treatment with rifampin (rmp), 22 strains were resistant to rmp and 17 were susceptible. all of the rmp-resistant strains were recovered from patients who had been treated with more than 50 doses of rmp, usually given as monotherapy. rmp-susceptible strains were recovered from only six patients who had received more than 50 doses of rmp, and from 11 patients who had received no more tha ...	1989	2674301
lymphoproliferation and in vitro antibody synthesis in leprosy patients.	an in vitro system to assess b-cell function in leprosy patients is described. in vitro lymphoproliferation and antibody synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) in response to pokeweed mitogen (pwm) and formalin-treated staphylococcus aureus cowan i (fsa) from 31 leprosy patients and 13 healthy controls were studied. dna synthesis was induced by both pwm and fsa in pbmc from all of the leprosy patients and control subjects. lepromatous leprosy (ll) patients' cells showed higher re ...	1989	2674302
identification of mycobacterium leprae antigens in tissues of leprosy patients using monoclonal antibodies.	five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against antigens of mycobacterium leprae were tested for their ability to bind to components of tissue sections prepared from biopsies taken from patients with various forms of leprosy. immunoperoxidase was the most successful marker system used, although immunofluorescence and alkaline phosphatase were also successful in certain cases. positivity was high with all five antibodies successfully staining those sections containing a bacterial index of 3+ o ...	1989	2674303
intracellular parasitism of parenchymal cells by mycobacterium leprae.	the liver, skeletal muscle, and adrenal gland obtained from two nine-banded armadillos infected with mycobacterium leprae were studied using an electron microscope. m. leprae were found in varying numbers inside hepatocytes, kupffer's cells, striated muscle cells, adrenal cortical and adrenal medullary cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages. there was evidence to suggest that m. leprae were actively phagocytosed by the liver and skeletal muscle cells. the inert nature of m. leprae and its beh ...	1989	2674304
immunological tools in leprosy control.		1989	2674305
serum antibodies of normals and leprosy patients show equal binding to peripheral nerve.		1989	2674306
comments on leprosy vaccination.		1989	2674307
iga antibodies against phenolic glycolipid i from mycobacterium leprae in serum of leprosy patients and contacts: subclass distribution and relation to disease activity.	the anti-pgl-i iga response against phenolic glycolipid i (pgl-i) a specific surface antigen of mycobacterium leprae, was demonstrated to be essentially of the iga1 subclass in sera from leprosy patients and contacts. anti-pgl-i iga1 mean levels were found to increase significantly from the tuberculoid toward the lepromatous pole of the leprosy disease spectrum, thus resembling the predominating anti-pgl-i igm response. furthermore, anti-pgl-i iga1 values were shown to increase significantly wit ...	1989	2676273
isoprodian and rifampicin in the treatment of leprosy: a descriptive evaluation of therapy durations in 475 paraguayan leprosy patients.	in paraguay, the national leprosy/tuberculosis program is based on a combined chemotherapy with isoprodian and rifampicin. the aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the therapy durations used so far in the treatment of 475 leprosy patients and to analyze the criteria responsible for the wide-ranging differences in therapy durations. as initial criteria, the following parameters were identified to have a significant influence on the therapy duration: patients never treated before or pr ...	1989	2676405
in vitro responses to a 65-kilodalton mycobacterial protein by synovial t cells from inflammatory arthritis patients.	bacterial ag, especially those of mycobacteria, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental inflammatory arthritis in rodents, while in man, reactive arthritis has a clear temporal relationship to infection with particular bacteria. to investigate the role of immune responses to bacterial ag in inflammatory arthritis, we have examined the proliferative responses of paired synovial fluid and pbmc when stimulated with 1) suspensions of irradiated or heat-killed bacteria associated wit ...	1989	2677142
evaluation of fluorescent leprosy antibody absorption test versus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with phenolic glycolipid 1 and their use in immuno-epidemiological studies on leprosy.	we systematically conducted comparative studies on the validity, reliability and practicality of fla-abs.t/pgi-elisa in large samples. namely, 284 leprosy patients, 20 tuberculosis patients, 172 normal controls (from nonendemic area of leprosy), 425 leprosy household contacts (hc) and 2573 random samples from the general population (rs) were involved. the results indicated that fla-abs.t/pgi-elisa are highly sensitive and specific for detecting antibodies against m. leprae. their youden's indexe ...	1989	2678095
antagonism between dapsone and rifampicin in experimental mycobacterium leprae infections in mice.	in experimental infections of normal mice with mycobacterium leprae, the bactericidal activity of four consecutive weekly doses of rifampicin (rmp) was suppressed when this treatment was preceded, for one month, by daily administration of dapsone (dds), and then the latter. up until now, it has been impossible to detect this antagonism between the action of rmp and dds, since all studies involved the simultaneous administration of these two drugs, and such a phenomenon would therefore have been ...	1989	2678328
inflammation induced by a glycolipid fraction from mycobacterium leprae.	1. the inflammatory properties of a glycolipid fraction isolated from human recovered mycobacterium leprae were investigated. the inflammatory reaction induced in mouse lung by the inoculation of the glycolipid fraction adsorbed to charcoal particles was characterized by a large influx of macrophages at various stages of maturation and of epithelioid cells around the particles. 2. when injected as an aqueous emulsion into the footpad of mice, the same fraction evoked a dose-dependent massive inf ...	1989	2679936
mycobacterial disease, immunosuppression, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the mycobacteria are an important group of acid-fast pathogens ranging from obligate intracellular parasites such as mycobacterium leprae to environmental species such as m. gordonae and m. fortuitum. the latter may behave as opportunistic human pathogens if the host defenses have been depleted in some manner. the number and severity of such infections have increased markedly with the emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic. these nontuberculous mycobacteria tend to b ...	1989	2680057
vaccine development. on relating immunology to the third world: some studies on leprosy.	leprosy is of interest to immunologists because the varied clinical manifestations of the disease correlate closely with the immunological spectrum. resistance to infection is dependent on appropriate cell-mediated immunity, but patients with the lepromatous form fail to respond to antigens of m. leprae. in vitro studies have revealed the existence of t-suppressor cells of the phenotype cd8+, cd3+, hla-dr+, fcr+, 9.3-, which are restricted by major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii antig ...	1989	2680926
pgl-i antigen and antibody detection in leprosy patients: evolution under chemotherapy.	multibacillary (mb) and paucibacillary (pb) leprosy patients were tested for circulating phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i) antigen and antibodies before treatment. in the 27 mb patients tested, 27 (100%) were antigen positive with levels ranging from 50 to 5000 ng/ml, and 26 (96%) were antibody positive with titers ranging from 1000 to 64,000. although the antigen and antibody levels were much higher in mb than in pb patients, we could not demonstrate a correlation between the number of acid-fast ba ...	1989	2681456
serum antibodies to defined carbohydrate antigens during the course of treated leprosy.	sequential monitoring of 724 sera for antibodies to a neoantigen based on phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i) and native lipoarabinomannan (lam) in 90 leprosy patients undergoing therapy in san francisco was conducted. untreated lepromatous patients frequently (91%) had significant antibodies to both moieties. antibodies were less frequently found in tuberculoid patients (74% to neoantigen and 37% to lam). in the first 3 years of treatment, average serum antibodies to both moieties fell significantly. ...	1989	2681457
immunoepidemiological studies on subclinical infection among leprosy household contacts in thailand.	three-thousand-fourteen leprosy house-hold contacts in thailand were surveyed by their personal history, physical examination, and immunological tests. the results were compared with those obtained from villagers in leprosy-endemic and nonendemic areas. the percentages of young people, students, children and grandchildren of the patient, the contacts of multibacillary leprosy cases, long duration of contact, bcg vaccination, fla-abs and dharmendra's lepromin-positive responders were significantl ...	1989	2681458
quantitative antibody elisa for leprosy.	quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were established to measure igm and igg antibody levels to soluble mycobacterium leprae sonicate (cd60) and to the synthetic disaccharide antigen based on the phenolic glycolipid-i antigen of m. leprae coupled to bovine serum albumin in 46 leprosy patients. separate reference pools for igm and igg antibody were established. the reciprocal of the antibody titer was expressed as the number of arbitrary units in the reference pools which was ...	1989	2681459
effect of preincubation on the proliferative response to antigen by cells from leprosy patients and healthy controls.	one of the postulated mechanisms contributing to the selective t-cell hyporesponsiveness in patients with leprosy is receptor blockade, the characteristic feature of which is reversibility following preincubation of cells in vitro. to test this hypothesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) obtained from 17 leprosy patients and 10 healthy mantoux-positive and -negative controls were cultured freshly or after a period of preincubation in serum-containing medium, and the proliferative respo ...	1989	2681460
a peptidoglycan protein complex purified from m. leprae cell walls contains most or all immunodominant m. leprae t-cell antigens.	the outcome of an infection with mycobacterium leprae is correlated with the t-cell-mediated immune response developed against this pathogenic agent. the identification of m. leprae antigens that are recognized by t cells is therefore of great importance. in this paper we present the results of in vitro lymphoproliferation assays in which t-cell reactivity was measured against a peptidoglycan-protein complex (ppc) which was purified from the cell wall of m. leprae. twelve m. leprae-reactive t-ce ...	1989	2681461
specific anti-m leprae pgl-i antibodies and mitsuda reaction in the management of household contacts in new caledonia.	household contacts of leprosy patients have been tested for anti-phenolic glycolipid-i igm antibodies (anti-pgl-i igm) by an elisa using the natural disaccharide (ndo) and natural trisaccharide (nto) synthetic antigens. a group of healthy subjects without known exposure to mycobacterium leprae served as controls. the percentages of positivity observed in multibacillary patients, paucibacillary patients, and household contacts were significantly higher than those of the negative controls. the abs ...	1989	2681462
overproduction, affinity purification and characterization of 65-kda protein of mycobacterium leprae in escherichia coli.	the 65-kda protein of mycobacterium leprae was produced in an escherichia coli strain carrying a plasmid harboring the recloned gene coding for the protein. the protein was purified through affinity chromatography prepared with the igg fraction of a monoclonal antibody which was prepared against the 65-kda protein. the purified 65-kda protein also reacted immunologically with the monoclonal antibody iiie9, which recognizes the epitope for m. leprae, prepared by buchanan, et al. balb/c mice were ...	1989	2681463
prospects for new generation vaccines for leprosy: progress, barriers, and future strategies.		1989	2681465
cultivation of mycobacterium leprae: a new approach.		1989	2681467
evaluation of mycobacterium leprae antigens in the monitoring of a dapsone-based chemotherapy of previously untreated lepromatous patients in cebu, philippines.	thirty-five previously untreated lepromatous patients receiving dapsone-based therapy were monitored throughout their 5-year period of treatment by serology and by pathology. sequentially collected sera were used to evaluate the usefulness of four mycobacterium leprae antigens as used in elisa to monitor the progress of their therapy. elisa results were compared with each other and with bacterial load over the treatment period and with duration of treatment. the elisas, based on the measurement ...	1989	2682104
bacillaemia in leprosy and effect of multidrug therapy.	twenty-five patients of bacilliferous leprosy (17 ll, 8 bl) were studied by the modified haemolysis method for occurrence of bacillaemia and its clearance after two multidrug therapy regimens. acid-fast bacilli were found in 76% of all patients and in 88.2% ll and 50% bl patients. bacillaemia occurred with significantly reduced frequency in patients with type ii reaction. acid-fast bacilli were demonstrable in peripheral blood after 1 month in one patient on mdt of an indian working group and 3 ...	1989	2682105
leprosy in children: correlation of clinical, histopathological, bacteriological and immunological parameters.	the study of leprosy in children has indicated an incidence of 10% amongst leprosy patients attending the clinic. the duration of the disease was usually less than 2 years. the expression of leprosy in this group was either a macule and/or a plaque. classification was, therefore, different and conforms to indeterminate (i), borderline tuberculoid (bt) and borderline (bb) leprosy. only occasionally were other clinical variants seen. the bacteriology was largely unproductive by slit-skin smears. t ...	1989	2682106