Publications

growth, productivity, and competitiveness of introgressed weedy brassica rapa hybrids selected for the presence of bt cry1ac and gfp transgenes.	concerns exist that transgenic crop x weed hybrid populations will be more vigorous and competitive with crops compared with the parental weed species. hydroponic, glasshouse, and field experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of introgression of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ac and green fluorescent protein (gfp) transgenes on hybrid productivity and competitiveness in four experimental brassica rapa x transgenic brassica napus hybrid generations (f1, bc1f1, bc2f1 and bc2f2). the av ...	2005	16101783
biomimetic extraction of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins from soil based on invertebrate gut fluid chemistry.	quantitative monitoring of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal crystal proteins in soil has been hampered by the lack of efficient extraction/detection methods. a novel approach for simple and effective bt protein extraction was explored by evaluating extraction solutions from invertebrate gut fluids. marine worm gut fluids were identified as promising for extracting bt protein from soil. an artificial gut fluid based on these marine worm gut fluids was developed using commercially availabl ...	2005	16104777
uptake of bt endotoxins by nontarget herbivores and higher order arthropod predators: molecular evidence from a transgenic corn agroecosystem.	the planting of transgenic crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins is widespread throughout the world; the prolific increase in their application exposes nontarget organisms to toxins designed to control pests. to date, studies have focused upon the effects of bt endotoxins on specific herbivores and detritivores, without consideration of their persistence within arthropod food webs. here, we report the first quantitative field evaluation of levels of bt endotoxin within nontarget her ...	2005	16029480
contribution of exsfa and exsfb proteins to the localization of bcla on the spore surface and to the stability of the bacillus anthracis exosporium.	spores of bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, and the closely related species bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis, possess an exosporium, which is the outermost structure surrounding the mature spore. it consists of a paracrystalline basal layer and a hair-like outer layer. to date, the structural contribution of only one exosporium component, the collagen-like glycoprotein bcla, has been described. it is the structural component of the hair-like filaments. here, we desc ...	2005	16030205
evaluation of upstream point treatment in flowing water ditches by aquabac (bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) against culex quinquefasciatus.	the effectiveness of the upstream point treatment by aquabac biolarvicide (bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, biological larvicide aqueous suspension) against culex quinquefasciatus say in slow-flowing water ditches has been evaluated in st. augustine beach, st. johns county, fl. the upstream point treatment by aquabac (liquid) at 0.5 liter/acre provided significant levels of larval control of cx. quinquefasciatus for all sections of the downstream for 9 days. the upstream point treatment ...	2005	16033130
[reaction of separate physiologic barriers in different races of honeybee apis mellifera in bacterial infection].		2005	16033212
efficient expression of vip184deltap gene under the control of promoters plus shine-dalgarno (sd) sequences of cry genes from bacillus thuringiensis.	to compare vip184deltap gene expression time course and vip184 protein yield under the control of promoters and shine-dalgarno (sd) sequences of vip184, cry3a and cry1a gene from bacillus thuringiensis respectively.	2005	16033476
control of chironomid midge larvae in wastewater stabilisation ponds: comparison of five compounds.	chironomid midge larvae are a valuable component of wastewater stabilisation pond (wsp) ecology. however, in high numbers, adult midge swarms can be a nuisance to near-by urban areas. improving wsp treatment by incorporating aerobic or maturation ponds or by the addition of pre-treatment to reduce organic loading also increases the availability of aerobic sediment (midge larva habitat) in the pond system and the potential for midge nuisance problems. the efficacy of maldison, an organophosphate ...	2005	16114682
improved production of insecticidal proteins in bacillus thuringiensis strains carrying an additional cry1c gene in its chromosome.	a cryic gene, whose product is active against spodoptera exigua, was introduced into wildtype bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain ybt1520 using an integrative and thermosensitive vector, pbmb-flce, which was developed based on b. thuringiensis transposon tn4430 harboring a tnpi-tnpa gene. with the mediation of tnpi-tnpa, the cry1c gene was integrated into the chromosome of the host strain. to prevent secondary integration, the integrative vector was eliminated by moving recombinant cultures t ...	2005	16116654
measuring gene flow in the cultivation of transgenic cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).	transgenic bt cotton newcott 33b and transgenic tfd a cotton tfd were chosen to evaluate pollen dispersal frequency and distance of transgenic cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) in the huanghe valley cotton-producing zone, china. the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of biosafety procedures used to reduce pollen movement. a field test plot of transgenic cotton (6 x 6 m) was planted in the middle of a nontransgenic field measuring 210 x 210 m. the results indicated that the pollen of bt cotton o ...	2005	16118411
bacillus endophthalmitis: roles of bacterial toxins and motility during infection.	bacillus endophthalmitis is a highly explosive infection of the eye that commonly results in rapid inflammation and vision loss, if not loss of the eye itself, within a few days. quorum-sensing-controlled toxins are essential to virulence during infection. another unique characteristic of this disease is the ability of bacillus to replicate rapidly and migrate to all parts of the eye. this study was conducted to determine the combined roles of toxins and motility during bacillus endophthalmitis.	2005	16123424
structure and distribution of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin in lipid membranes.	bacillus thuringiensis cry delta-endotoxins cause death of susceptible insect larvae by forming lytic pores in the midgut epithelial cell membranes. the 65 kda trypsin activated cry4ba toxin was previously shown to be capable of permeabilizing liposomes and forming ionic channels in receptor-free planar lipid bilayers. here, magnetic acmode (macmode) atomic force microscopy (afm) was used to characterize the lateral distribution and the native molecular structure of the cry4ba toxin in the membr ...	2005	16125846
from metchnikoff to monsanto and beyond: the path of microbial control.	in 125 years since metchnikoff proposed the use of metarhizium anisopliae to control the wheat cockchafer and brought about the first field trials, microbial control has progressed from the application of naturalists' observations to biotechnology and precision delivery. this review highlights major milestones in its evolution and presents a perspective on its current direction. fungal pathogens, the most eye-catching agents, dominated the early period, but major mycological control efforts for ...	2005	16039302
insecticidal bacteria: an overwhelming success for invertebrate pathology.	the discovery and study of insecticidal bacteria, which began a little over a century ago, led to the development of commercial bacterial insecticides in the middle of the century that became the first successful and widely used microbial control agents. most of these products were based on bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium that kills insects through the use of insecticidal proteins that subsequently became known as cry proteins. while most of these products were only effective against lepidop ...	2005	16039303
insights into the genetic organization of the bacillus mycoides cryptic plasmids pdx14.2 and psin9.7 deduced from their complete nucleotide sequence.	bacillus mycoides, a member of the bacillus cereus group of bacteria, can be easily distinguished from close species because of colony shape, made by filaments of cells, resembling fungal hyphae, curving clock- or counterclockwise depending on the strain. two plasmids, one from a strain curving to the right (pdx14.2), the other from a strain curving to the left (psin9.7), were sequenced and analyzed for gene content and replication mode. rolling-circle replication modules and mobilization protei ...	2005	16040120
[lepidopterism due to the butterfly hylesia nigricans. preventive research-intervention in buenos aires].	a preventive research-intervention against the butterfly hylesia nigricans was performed after an increase in spontaneous reports of nonspecific dermatitis in el pato neighbourhood, berazategui county, buenos aires province. the overall pre-intervention incidence was estimated with a semistructured questionnaire carried out during march 2001. the trees in the street were sprayed with bacillus thuringiensis, and the insecticide effect was evaluated both in the field and in the laboratory (novembe ...	2005	16042136
x-ray structure of the r69d phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c enzyme: insight into the role of calcium and surrounding amino acids in active site geometry and catalysis.	phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase cs (plcs) are a family of phosphodiesterases that catalyze the cleavage of the p-o bond via transesterification using the internal hydroxyl group of the substrate as a nucleophile, generating the five-membered cyclic inositol phosphate as an intermediate or product. to better understand the role of calcium in the catalytic mechanism of plcs, we have determined the x-ray crystal structure of an engineered plc enzyme from bacillus thuringiensis to 2.1 a ...	2005	16042375
conjugative plasmid paw63 brings new insights into the genesis of the bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid pxo2 and of the bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pbt9727.	bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis belong to the genetically close-knit bacillus cereus sensu lato group, a family of rod-shaped gram-positive bacteria. paw63 is the first conjugative plasmid from the b. cereus group to be completely sequenced.	2005	16042811
occurrence and significance of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis in ready-to-eat food.	among 48,901 samples of ready-to-eat food products at the danish retail market, 0.5% had counts of bacillus cereus-like bacteria above 10(4) cfu g(-1). the high counts were most frequently found in starchy, cooked products, but also in fresh cucumbers and tomatoes. forty randomly selected strains had at least one gene or component involved in human diarrhoeal disease, while emetic toxin was related to only one b. cereus strain. a new observation was that 31 out of the 40 randomly selected b. cer ...	2005	16043311
evaluation of detection methods for genetically modified traits in genotypes resistant to european corn borer and herbicides.	detection of genetically modified (gm) traits in corn (zea mays l.) is urgently needed for preservation of genetic identity and marketing gm products. a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of different analytical methods to detect gm traits in corn. samples with known fractions of gm concentrations (bacillus thuringiensis [bt], liberty link [ll] and stacked [bt/ll] genes) from commercial seed companies and those derived from yellow kernels in a wh ...	2005	16047885
effect of bt corn on broiler growth performance and fate of feed-derived dna in the digestive tract.	the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect on broiler performance of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn containing the cry1a(b) protein compared with the corresponding near isogenic corn and to analyze the degradation of the cry1a(b) gene in the digestive tract. ross male broilers (432) were fed for 42 consecutive days with diets containing bt or isogenic corn. diet, bt corn, and the isogenic form of the bt corn were analyzed for composition and aflatoxin b1, fumonisin b1, and deox ...	2005	16050119
cloning and characterization of two novel genes, cry24b and s1orf2, from a mosquitocidal strain of bacillus thuringiensis serovar sotto.	two new crystal protein genes, cry24b and s1orf2, were cloned from a mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis serovar sotto strain. the cry24b and s1orf2 genes encoded a 76-kda and 62-kda protein, respectively. the cry24b protein retained five conserved regions commonly found in the existing cry proteins. the amino acid sequence of the s1orf2 had a high homology to that of the orf2 protein of b. thuringiensis serovar jegathesan. southern hybridization experiments with a cry24b gene-specific probe re ...	2005	16059769
growth, sporulation, delta-endotoxins synthesis, and toxicity during culture of bacillus thuringiensis h14.	growth, sporulation, synthesis of delta-endotoxins, and toxicity against the larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens were studied during fermentation of bacillus thuringiensis h14 in a 20-l fermentor. measurements of optical density and dielectric permittivity for biomass determination suggest a highly promising technique for on-line evaluation of sporulation. the synthesis of 65-, 25- and 130-kda proteins started at 16, 18, and 23 h, respectively. these proteins were enriched in different way ...	2005	16059772
identification and quantification of three genetically modified insect resistant cotton lines using conventional and taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction methods.	as the genetically modified organisms (gmos) labeling policies are issued in many countries, qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques are increasingly used for the detection of genetically modified (gm) crops in foods. qualitative pcr and taqman real-time quantitative pcr methods to detect and identify three varieties of insect resistant cotton, i.e., mon531 cotton (monsanto co.) and gk19 and sgk321 cottons (chinese academy of agricultural sciences), which were app ...	2005	16076097
identification of a novel cytotoxic protein, cry45aa, from bacillus thuringiensis a1470 and its selective cytotoxic activity against various mammalian cell lines.	parasporal inclusion proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis strain a1470 exhibit strong cytotoxicity against human leukemic t cells when activated by protease treatment. one of the cytotoxic proteins was separated by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography and designated cry45aa. its gene was then expressed in recombinant escherichia coli, in which the cry45aa precursor was accumulated in an inclusion body. it was solubilized in sodium carbonate buffer and processed ...	2005	16076112
will bt cotton remain effective in india?		2005	16082355
[residual effect of commercial applications of larvicides temefos and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on aedes aegypti larvae in recipients with water renewal].	the residual effect of temefos (commercial applications a, b and c) and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (d and e) on aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated, in recipients with water renewal. forty-four beakers of 1,000ml each (8 for each application and 4 controls) were used. in each beaker, 25 larvae were introduced daily. after 24 hours, the dead larvae were counted, the beakers emptied to 200ml and refilled to original volume, with addition of new larvae. the duration of the maximum residual e ...	2005	16082478
location of the bombyx mori aminopeptidase n type 1 binding site on bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa toxin.	we analyzed the binding site on cry1aa toxin for the cry1aa receptor in bombyx mori, 115-kda aminopeptidase n type 1 (bmapn1) (k. nakanishi, k. yaoi, y. nagino, h. hara, m. kitami, s. atsumi, n. miura, and r. sato, febs lett. 519:215-220, 2002), by using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that block binding between the binding site and the receptor. first, we produced a series of mabs against cry1aa and obtained two mabs, mabs 2c2 and 1b10, that were capable of blocking the binding between cry1aa and ...	2005	16000811
bt toxin not guilty by association.		2005	16003355
influence of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on oviposition of aedes albopictus (skuse).	the effect of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (b.t.i.) on the oviposition behavior of aedes albopictus was evaluated in the field and laboratory in clemson, sc, u.s.a. in the field, water taken from containers in which mosquito larvae were reared (conditioned water) was placed in 16 containers. eight containers received 50 jld of b.t.i., and eight with water only were kept as controls. in the laboratory, field-collected females of ae. albopictus were placed in rearing chambers and provide ...	2005	16007954
toxicity and effects of microbial mosquito larvicides and larvicidal oil on the development and fecundity of the tadpole shrimp triops newberryi (packard) (notostraca: triopsidae).	tadpole shrimp (tps), triops newberryi (packard) (notostraca: triopsidae), is a predatory agent for immature mosquitoes breeding in aquatic habitats. this biological control agent could be used with other larvicides in mosquito control programs. in order to elucidate compatibility of the tps and commonly used mosquito larvicides, studies were initiated to investigate effects of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (b.t.i.) de barjac, bacillus sphaericus neide and golden bear-1111 larvicidal o ...	2005	16007963
evaluation of various control agents against mosquito larvae in rice paddies in taiwan.	a field test was conducted in rice paddies adjacent to wufeng, taichung county in central taiwan to evaluate the efficacy of control agents against mosquito larvae. the agents included bacillus thuringienesis israelensis (bti), two lagenidium giganteum products (lg product a and t), and temephos. the major mosquito species found in the rice paddies were culex tritaeniorhynchus/vishnui and anopheles sinensis. compared to controls, a 7-day treatment with bti or lg products a and t caused overall r ...	2005	16007966
non-larvicidal effects of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and bacillus sphaericus on oviposition and adult mortality of culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae).	two microbial mosquito larvicides, bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (bti) and bacillus sphaericus (bsph), have been shown to be highly effective in controlling mosquito larvae and have been used in larvicidal programs for many years. in exploring other modes of action of these agents, we studied the ovipositional response of bsph susceptible and resistant culex quinquefasciatus to aqueous suspensions of bti and bsph water dispersible granules (wdg). we quantified the level of mortality of ...	2005	16007971
genes and environment interact to determine the fitness costs of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis.	genes which provide resistance to novel challenges such as pesticides, toxins or pathogens often impose fitness costs on individuals with a resistant phenotype. studies of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis and its insecticidal cry toxins indicate that fitness costs may be variable and cryptic. using two field populations (karak and serd4) of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, we tested the hypothesis that the costs associated with resistance to the b. thuringiensis toxin cry1ac would ...	2005	16011928
association analysis between serotype, cry gene content, and toxicity to helicoverpa armigera larvae among bacillus thuringiensis isolates native to spain.	serotyping, cry gene content, and toxicity to helicoverpa armigera were determined for 178 isolates of bacillus thuringiensis native to spain. a total of 13 different cry1 and cry2 genes were detected when isolates were screened by pcr analysis. results showed that cry2 and cry1ia were the most frequent cry genes in the collection (74 and 57%, respectively); whereas cry1d, cry1aa, cry1ab, and cry1c were only moderately abundant (49, 48, 47, and 36%, respectively). the most uncommon cry genes wer ...	2005	16019024
residual effect of two bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis products assayed against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in laboratory and outdoors at rio de janeiro, brazil.	resistance of the dengue vector to temephos stimulated its substitution for bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) since 2001 in brazil. the persistence of the two bti formulations employed at that time by the health ministry, vectobac g and aquabac g, was assayed under laboratory and outdoor conditions. both formulations were tested at 0.2 g/10 liters of water, the same concentration applied in the field for vector control. the tests were done against ae. aegypti third instar larvae (roc ...	2005	16021284
association between resistance to bt cotton and cadherin genotype in pink bollworm.	two strains of pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders), each derived in 1997 from a different field population, were selected for resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin cry1ac in the laboratory. one strain (mov97-r) originated from mohave valley in western arizona; the other strain (saf97-r) was from safford in eastern arizona. relative to a susceptible laboratory strain, cry1ac resistance ratios were 1700 for mov97-r and 520 for saf97-r. for the two resistant strains, larval ...	2005	16022286
suitability of commercially available insect traps and pheromones for monitoring dusky sap beetles (coleoptera: nitidulidae) and related insects in bt sweet corn.	two trap types and pheromone sources for the dusky sap beetle, carpophilus lugubris murray (coleoptera: nitidulidae), were compared in bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and non-bt sweet corn fields over a 3-yr period. overall, commercial traps and pheromones were equally effective as experimental traps and pheromones used previously for capturing c. lugubris and other sap beetle species. the commercial trap often caught significantly more glischrochilus quadrisignatus say than the experimental trap th ...	2005	16022314
effects of cotton cultivar on fitness costs associated with resistance of pink bollworm (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) to bt cotton.	fitness costs associated with insect resistance to transgenic crops producing toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) reduce the fitness on non-bt refuge plants of resistant individuals relative to susceptible individuals. because costs may vary among host plants, choosing refuge cultivars that increase the dominance or magnitude of costs could help to delay resistance. specifically, cultivars with high concentrations of toxic phytochemicals could magnify costs. to test this hypothesis, we compa ...	2005	16022327
economic analysis of dynamic management strategies utilizing. transgenic corn for control of western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).	we studied management strategies for western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, using transgenic corn, zea mays l., from both a biological and an economic perspective. in areas with and without populations adapted to a 2-yr rotation of corn and soybean (rotation-resistant), the standard management strategy was to plant 80% of a cornfield (rotated and continuous) to a transgenic cultivar each year. in each area, we also studied dynamic management strategies where the proportio ...	2005	16022329
season-long variation in expression of cry1ac gene and efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis toxin in transgenic cotton against helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the insertion of genes encoding insecticidal cry1a delta-endotoxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner variety kurstaki (bt) into varieties of cotton (gossypium spp.) was undertaken to assist in the control of a range of lepidopteran pests. in australia, where helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren) are major pests, the level of control is useful, but not complete, because efficacy declines as the crop matures. fluctuations in the efficacy of bt cott ...	2005	16022333
effects of bt maize-fed prey on the generalist predator poecilus cupreus l. (coleoptera: carabidae).	we investigated the effects of transgenic maize (zea mays) expressing bacillus thuringienses toxin (bt maize) on larval and adult poecilus cupreus carabid beetles in laboratory studies. in no-choice trials, neonate p. cupreus larvae were fed exclusively with spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, which had been raised on bt maize. s. littoralis raised on conventional maize or "high quality" calliphora sp. pupae were fed to the beetle larvae in two control treatments. bt-maize-fed caterpillar prey i ...	2005	16022384
effects of bt maize on the herbivore spodoptera littoralis (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and the parasitoid cotesia marginiventris (hymenoptera: braconidae).	recent studies have shown that transgenic insect resistant plants can have negative effects on non-target herbivores as well as on beneficial insects. the study of tritrophic interactions gives insight into the complex mechanisms of food webs in the field and can easily be incorporated into a tiered risk assessment framework. we investigated the effects of transgenic maize (zea mays) expressing insecticidal proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt maize) on spodoptera littoralis, a non-t ...	2005	16022385
the cost of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis varies with the host plant of trichoplusia ni.	selection for resistance to insecticides, diseases and parasitoids is assumed to be costly and often requires tradeoffs with reproductive fitness. the costs of resistance, however, are often difficult to measure. cabbage looper, trichoplusia ni, a generalist lepidopteran herbivore, has become highly resistant following the extensive use of the microbial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (bt) in vegetable greenhouses. we compared the growth rate, pupal size and survival of resistant, s ...	2005	16024361
impact of environmental factors on the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis ips82 to chironomus kiiensis.	to determine the feasibility of microbiological control of chironomid larvae in water sources for the city of shenzhen, china, the toxicity characteristics of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) ips82 on chironomus kiiensis tokunaga were studied. tests on fermentation products of ips82 showed good correlations between toxicity, cell density, dissolved oxygen, and the spore-forming phase. in this study, bioassays were carried out with different stage larvae. results showed that the lc50 ...	2005	15825763
integration of bacillus thuringiensis h-14 formulations and pyriproxyfen for the control of larvae of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.	studies were carried out on the bioefficacy and residual activity of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis h-14 (bti) (water-dispersible granules of vectobac abg 6511 and liquid formulations of vectobac 12as) and pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator, sumilarv 0.5%) as direct applications for control of larvae of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. two dosages of each bti formulation (285 and 570 international toxic units [itu]/liter) and the integration of both bti formulations and pyriproxyfen we ...	2005	15825767
comparison of the localization of bacillus thuringiensis cry1a delta-endotoxins and their binding proteins in larval midgut of tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta.	tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta, is a model insect for studying the action of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry toxins on lepidopterans. the proteins, which bind bt toxins to midgut epithelial cells, are key factors involved in the insecticidal functions of the toxins. three cry1a-binding proteins, viz., aminopeptidase n (apn), the cadherin-like bt-r1, and membrane-type alkaline phosphatase (m-alp), were localized, by immunohistochemistry, in sections from the anterior, middle, and posterior regio ...	2005	15902495
field studies on the environmental fate of the cry1ab bt-toxin produced by transgenic maize (mon810) and its effect on bacterial communities in the maize rhizosphere.	field studies were done to assess how much of the transgenic, insecticidal protein, cry1ab, encoded by a truncated cry1ab gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), was released from bt-maize mon810 into soil and whether bacterial communities inhabiting the rhizosphere of mon810 maize were different from those of the rhizosphere of nontransgenic maize cultivars. bacterial community structure was investigated by sscp (single-strand conformation polymorphism) of pcr-amplified 16s rrna genes from commu ...	2005	15969733
the plasmid pbmbt1 from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis (inta mo14-4) replicates by the rolling-circle mechanism and encodes a novel insecticidal crystal protein-like gene.	this work describes a novel rolling-circle replicating (rcr) plasmid pbmbt1 from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis (inta mo14-4) encoding an insecticidal crystal protein-like gene. pbmbt1 (6700 bp) contains three orfs and their putative transcription initiation sites and shine-dalgarno sequences were localized. orf1 encodes a 34.6 kda protein which showed identity with the protein cryc53 from b. thuringiensis subsp. cameroun (24.6%), the cry15aa insecticidal crystal protein from b. th ...	2005	15970328
evaluation of transgenic cotton varieties and a glyphosate application on seedling disease incidence.	a study was conducted to determine whether stand densities of transgenic cotton (gossypium hirsutum) varieties, with or without glyphosate, were similar to conventional varieties of the same lineage group in georgia and mississippi. transgenic and conventional cotton varieties were placed into five lineage groups of related varieties and seedling disease was evaluated in three greenhouse tests and a field trial using rhizoctonia solani ag-4. seed vigor was determined by standard germination stud ...	2005	15973787
chitinases from serratia marcescens nima.	chitinolytic activity of serratia marcescens nima (130 u ml(-1)) was up to 43 times higher than those produced by other s. marcescens strains. this strain synthesized an endochitinase (chi-60), an exochitinase (chi-50) and a novel n-acetylglucosaminidase. this latter showed two putative isoforms (chi-180.5 and chi-180.8) with isoelectric points of 5 and 8.1, respectively.	2005	15977072
bacillus thuringiensis cry1ca-resistant spodoptera exigua lacks expression of one of four aminopeptidase n genes.	insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis bind to receptors on midgut epithelial cells of susceptible insect larvae. aminopeptidases n (apns) from several insect species have been shown to be putative receptors for these toxins. here we report the cloning and expression analysis of four apn cdnas from spodoptera exigua.	2005	15978131
diversity of trypsins in the mediterranean corn borer sesamia nonagrioides (lepidoptera: noctuidae), revealed by nucleic acid sequences and enzyme purification.	the existence of a diverse trypsin gene family with a main role in the proteolytic digestion process has been proved in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. in lepidopteran insects, a diversity of trypsin-like genes expressed in midgut has also been identified. genomic dna and cdna trypsin-like sequences expressed in the mediterranean corn borer (mcb), sesamia nonagrioides, midgut are reported in this paper. a phylogenetic analysis revealed that at least three types of trypsin-like enzymes put ...	2005	15979001
sludge based bacillus thuringiensis biopesticides: viscosity impacts.	viscosity studies were performed on raw, pre-treated (sterilised and thermal alkaline hydrolysed or both types of treatment) and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) fermented sludges at different solids concentration (10-40 g/l) for production of biopesticides. correlations were established among rheological parameter (viscosity), solids (total and dissolved) concentration and entomotoxicity (tx) of bt fermented sludges. exponential and power laws were preferentially followed by hydrolysed fermented com ...	2005	15979118
baculoviral polyhedrin-bacillus thuringiensis toxin fusion protein: a protein-based bio-insecticide expressed in escherichia coli.	previously, we found that baculoviral polyhedrin (polh) used as a fusion partner for recombinant expression in escherichia coli showed almost the same characteristics (rapid solubilization under alkaline conditions and specific degradation by specific alkaline proteases in insect midgut) as the native baculoviral polh, and formed easily isolatable inclusion bodies. here, polh derived from the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) was fused with a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) t ...	2005	15981278
modeling effects of environment, insect damage, and bt genotypes on fumonisin accumulation in maize in argentina and the philippines.	fumonisins are common contaminants of maize (zea mays l.) grain products, especially in countries where maize is a major constituent of the diet and are harmful to human and animal health. there is a need to better define environmental conditions that favor fumonisin accumulation in the grain of maize. the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors, and hybrids containing the cry1ab protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), were associated with fumonisin accumulation in the grain of maize across cont ...	2005	15983741
broadening the insecticidal spectrum of lepidoptera-specific bacillus thuringiensis strains by chromosomal integration of cry3a.	a tnpi-tnpia-mediated and thermosensitive recombination system was developed to construct genetically modified bacillus thuringiensis strains encoding a crystal protein particularly active against coleopteran species. based on b. thuringiensis transposon tn4430, an integrative vector, pbmb-r14e, was constructed, by which the cry3a delta-endotoxin gene highly toxic to lepidoptera was delivered into a wildtype b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ybt1520. the cry3a gene was integrated into the ...	2005	15984034
cell-cycle-dependent resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1c toxin in sf9 cells.	the sf9 cell line, derived from the moth spodoptera frugiperda, is highly and specifically sensitive to the bacillus thuringiensis cry1c toxin. upon exposure to cry1c, ionic pores are formed in the plasma membrane leading to cell swelling and death. here, we describe a unique transient tolerance to cry1c of dividing cells, which allowed completion of the division process in the presence of cry1c. correlatively, arresting the cells at g2-m phase by nocodazole treatment rendered them insensitive t ...	2005	15985466
[analysis of insecticidal crystal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis strain 4.0718 through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and maldi-tof-mass spectrometry].	the present study analyses the insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) from bacillus thuringiensis strain 4.0718 through two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms). by comparing and optimizing the composition of lysis solution, the volume of sample loading and the protocol for isoelectric focusing, a well-focused 2-de map with high resolution and reproducibility was achieved for the first time. and after an tryptic ...	2005	15989249
a new insertion variant, is231i, isolated from a mosquito-specific strain of bacillus thuringiensis.	a new insertion variant belonging to the family is231, designated is231i, was isolated from a mosquito larvicidal strain of the bacillus thuringiensis serovar sotto (h4ab). is231i was 1653 bp long and delimited by two 20 bp inverted repeats with one mismatch, flanked by two perfect 11 bp direct repeats. the element contained a single open reading frame (orf) encoding 478 amino acids and five conserved domains: n1, n2, n3, c1, and c2. the 5' noncoding region upstream of the orf, presumed to form ...	2005	15991054
[structural changes in cry3a delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis in alcohol solutions at ph 2.0].	conformational changes in cry3a delta-endotoxin caused by three different alcohols (ethanol, butanol, and isopropanol) were studied using the methods of circular dichroism, scanning microcalorimetry, and electron miscroscopy. it was shown that, in addition to the standard decrease in the native structure stability, the alcohols can cause a conformational transition that results in a sharp increase in the beta-structure content and a change in the environment of aromatic residues. the conformatio ...	2005	15759500
isolation, purification and physicochemical characterization of water-soluble bacillus thuringiensis melanin.	melanins are widely used in medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics and other fields. although several technologies for the purification of water-insoluble dioxyphenylalanine (dopa) melanins have been described, a source of water-soluble melanin is highly desirable. here we describe an effective procedure for the isolation and purification of water-soluble melanin using the culture medium of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae strain k1. water-soluble melanin from this organism has an isoelectric ...	2005	15760342
selective feeding of tobacco budworm and bollworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on meridic diet with different concentrations of bacillus thuringiensis proteins.	laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavior of bollworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), and tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.), larvae on meridic diet with different concentrations of the cry1ac and cry2ab proteins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki berliner. the proteins used in these experiments are the ones in commercially available bollgard and bollgard ii cotton. both bollworms and tobacco budworms selectively fed on nontreated diet compared with diet treated w ...	2005	15765669
verification of a european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) loss equation in the major corn production region of the northeastern united states.	field studies in pennsylvania and maryland were conducted during 2000, 2001, and 2002 to test the applicability of published yield loss relationships developed in central pennsylvania for european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner), management in warmer, longer season corn, zea mays l., grain production regions of the northeastern united states. both isoline hybrids and non-bt lead hybrids were compared against bacillus thuringiensis (bt) hybrids to measure effects of the pest on yield. the ...	2005	15765671
spatial prediction of corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) adult emergence in iowa cornfields.	the most common management options for corn rootworms are rotating corn with nonhost crops, planting genetically engineered corn resistant to corn rootworms (e.g., bacillus thuringiensis [bt] corn), and treating with a soil insecticide at planting time. because these control tactics are preventive, the decision to apply controls has been made without any knowledge of rootworm density and spatial distribution. this study was conducted to predict the spatial distribution of adult emergence and to ...	2005	15765673
seasonal expression profiles of insecticidal protein and control efficacy against helicoverpa armigera for bt cotton in the yangtze river valley of china.	seasonal levels of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal protein and its control efficacy against helicoverpa armigera (hübner) in bt transgenic cotton gk19 (carrying a cry1ac/cry1ab fused gene) and bg1560 (carrying a cry1ac gene) were investigated in tianmen county, hubei province, located in the yangtze river valley of china, in 2001 and 2002. the results showed that the toxin content in bt cotton changed significantly over time, and that the structure, growth stage, and variety were signif ...	2005	15765683
reducing mutational bias in random protein libraries.	the success of protein optimization through directed molecular evolution depends to a large extent on the size and quality of the displayed library. current low-fidelity dna polymerases that are commonly used during random mutagenesis and recombination in vitro display strong mutational preferences, favoring the substitution of certain nucleotides over others. the result is a biased and reduced functional diversity in the library under selection. in an effort to reduce mutational bias, we combin ...	2005	15766704
characterization of a novel vip3-type gene from bacillus thuringiensis and evidence of its presence on a large plasmid.	a novel vip3-type gene named vip3lb has been isolated from bacillus thuringiensis strain bupm95. the corresponding secreted vegetative insecticidal protein was active against the lepidopteran insect ephestia kuehniella. the vip3lb gene was shown, for the first time, to be carried by the large plasmid containing the cry1ia genes of b. thuringiensis. the nucleotide sequence predicted a protein of 789 amino acids residues with a calculated molecular mass of 88.5kda. both nucleotide and amino acid s ...	2005	15766790
evolution of resistance toward bacillus sphaericus or a mixture of b. sphaericus+cyt1a from bacillus thuringiensis, in the mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).	the 2362 strain of bacillus sphaericus (bs) neide is a highly mosquitocidal bacterium used in commercial bacterial larvicides primarily to control mosquitoes of the genus culex. unfortunately, bs is at high risk for selecting resistance in mosquito populations, because its binary toxin apparently only binds to a single receptor type on midgut microvilli. a potential key strategy for delaying resistance to insecticidal proteins is to use mixtures of toxins that act at different targets within the ...	2005	15766932
cost-effective production of bacillus thuringiensis by solid-state fermentation.	production of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) was standardized on wheat bran based media in 250 ml erlenmeyer flasks. scale-up of bt production on the best medium in plastic tubs with aeration at 8 h intervals starting 16 h after incubation yielded a significant increase in spore count and toxin content of the product. maximum lysis of bt cells was obtained by 60 h of incubation at 30 degrees c. this protocol was suitable for production of bt strains and local isolates. the bt produced proved highly ...	2005	15766933
bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin cry1ac domain iii enhances activity against heliothis virescens in some, but not all cry1-cry1ac hybrids.	we investigated the role of domain iii of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin cry1ac in determining toxicity against heliothis virescens. hybrid toxins, containing domain iii of cry1ac with domains i and ii of cry1ba, cry1ca, cry1da, cry1ea, and cry1fb, respectively, were created. in this way cry1ca, cry1fb, and to a lesser extent cry1ba were made considerably more toxic.	2005	15766934
[changes in superoxide dismutase activity in various larval organs of greater wax moth (galleria mellonella l., lepidoptera: pyralidae) induced by infection with bacillus thuringiensis ssp. galleriae].	we studied the changes in superoxide dismutase activity in organs of galleria mellonella larvae infected with two strains of bacillus thuringiensis. a considerable increase in superoxide dismutase activity was observed at the initial stages of infection, later the enzyme activity decreased and this decrease was timed to cessation of feeding and development of sepsis in the infected larvae. changes in the enzyme activity in the organs of larvae infected with a highly virulent strain of b. thuring ...	2005	15768635
bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins.	the genus bacillus includes members that demonstrate a wide range of diversity from physiology and ecological niche to dna sequence and gene regulation. the species of most interest tend to be known for their pathogenicity and are closely linked genetically. bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, and bacillus thuringiensis is widely used for its insecticidal properties but has also been associated with foodborne disease. bacillus cereus causes two types of food poisoning, the emetic and diarrheal sy ...	2005	15771198
isolation and toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis from potato-growing areas in bolivia.	bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from 116 samples collected in high altitude potato-growing areas in bolivia. in these regions, main potato pests are the potato tuberworm phthorimaea operculella, and the andean weevils premnotrypes latithorax and rhigopsidius tucumanus. b. thuringiensis was found in 60% of the samples. the main percentage of samples with b. thuringiensis was found in larvae of r. tucumanus (78%). bioassays were performed with 112 isolates. none resulted toxic to either larvae ...	2005	15707864
bt176 corn in poultry nutrition: physiological characteristics and fate of recombinant plant dna in chickens.	a genetically modified bt176 corn hybrid, which contains an insecticidal protein against the european corn borer, and its conventional, nonmodified counterpart were evaluated in 4 separate trials to verify substantial equivalence in feeding value and animal performance. thirty-six individually kept laying hens and 3 replicates of 94 broiler chickens each, assigned to 12 cages, were fed 2 different hen and broiler diets containing either 60% conventional or 60% bt176 corn. the nutrient compositio ...	2005	15782906
evaluation of transgenic hybrid corn (vip3a) in broiler chickens.	a 49-d feeding study evaluated whether standard broiler diets prepared with syngenta seeds vip3a transgenic derived corn grain had any unanticipated adverse effects on male or female broiler chickens as compared with diets prepared with nontransgenic (isoline) control corn grain. two commercial lots of grain grown in north carolina during the 1999 (nc 1999) and 2000 (nc 2000) seasons were included for reference purposes. broiler growth was excellent with males reaching 3466 g and females reachin ...	2005	15782922
structural requirements of the unique disulphide bond and the proline-rich motif within the alpha4-alpha5 loop for larvicidal activity of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa delta-endotoxin.	both the disulphide bond (cys192-cys199) and the proline-rich motif (pro193proasnpro196) in the long loop connecting the alpha4-alpha5 transmembrane hairpin of the cry4aa mosquito-larvicidal protein have been found to be unique among the bacillus thuringiensis cry delta-endotoxins. in this study, their structural requirements for larvicidal activity of the cry4aa toxin were investigated. c192a and c199a mutant toxins were initially generated and over-expressed in escherichia coli cells as 130-kd ...	2005	15796913
the photorhabdus pir toxins are similar to a developmentally regulated insect protein but show no juvenile hormone esterase activity.	the genome of the insect pathogen photorhabdus luminescens strain tt01 contains numerous genes predicting toxins and proteases. within the p. luminescens tt01 genome, the products of two loci, plu 4093-plu 4092 and plu 4437-plu 4436, show oral insecticidal activity against both moth and mosquito larvae. the proteins encoded by these loci, here termed 'photorhabdus insect related' (pir) proteins a and b, show similarity both to delta-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bts) and a developmenta ...	2005	15796978
multilocus sequence typing reveals that bacillus cereus strains isolated from clinical infections have distinct phylogenetic origins.	eight strains of bacillus cereus isolated from bacteremia and soft tissue infections were assigned to seven sequence types (sts) by multilocus sequence typing (mlst). two strains from different locations had identical sts. the concatenated sequences of the seven sts were aligned with 65 concatenated sequences from reference sts and a neighbor-joining tree was constructed. two strains were distantly related to all reference sts. three strains were recovered in a clade that included bacillus anthr ...	2005	15796996
genomics of the bacillus cereus group of organisms.	members of the bacillus cereus group of organisms include bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis. collectively, these organisms represent microbes of high economic, medical and biodefense importance. given this significance, this group contains the highest number of closely related fully sequenced genomes, giving the unique opportunity for thorough comparative genomic analyses. much of the disease and host specificity of members of this group can be attributed to their pl ...	2005	15808746
[comparative study of the expression of the native and modified cry3a genes of bacillus thuringiensis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells].	the cry3a gene of bacillus thuriengiensis was cloned. based on sequence analysis of this gene, a modified gene, cry3am, was constructed, which has the optimal codon composition for effective expression in eukaryotic cells. hybrid genes cry3a-licbm2 and cry3am-licbm2 were constructed, in which the sequences of the native and modified genes are fusedfused with the reorter gene for thermostable lichenase in the reading frame. we have shown that the expression levels of hybrid genes cry3a-licbm2 and ...	2005	15810606
[antioxidants activity in intestines of larvae galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera, pyralidae) during bacillus thuringiensis ssp galleriae infection].		2005	15810658
crystal structure of the mosquito-larvicidal toxin cry4ba and its biological implications.	cry4ba, isolated from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, is specifically toxic to the larvae of aedes and anopheles mosquitoes. the structure of activated cry4ba toxin has been determined by multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering and refined to r(cryst) = 20.5% and r(free)= 21.8% at 1.75 angstroms resolution. it resembles previously reported cry toxin structures but shows the following distinctions. in domain i the helix bundle contains only the long and amphipathic h ...	2005	15811374
characterization of cry34/cry35 binary insecticidal proteins from diverse bacillus thuringiensis strain collections.	bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins of the cry34 and cry35 classes function as binary toxins showing activity on the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte. we surveyed 6,499 b. thuringiensis isolates by hybridization for sequences related to cry35a genes, identifying 78 strains. proteins of the appropriate molecular mass (ca. 44 kda) for cry35 were observed in 42 of the strains. full-length, or nearly full-length, sequences of 34 cry34 genes and 16 cry35 genes were al ...	2005	15811999
flocculation of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis suspension and its efficacy against mosquito larvae.	bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (bti) is increasingly used as an ecologically friendly anti-mosquito agent. the bacterium cells undergo fermentation in dilute suspensions; before practical use, therefore it is necessary to concentrate the suspensions. aggregation by polymers is a powerful tool with which to regulate the stability of suspensions. typically, polymers at low concentrations destabilize and at high concentrations stabilize colloidal systems. bti suspensions can be flocculated ...	2005	15813223
refuges in india and delayed resistance to bt crops.		2005	15815660
eicosanoids mediate the laminarin-induced nodulation response in larvae of the flesh fly, neobellieria bullata.	insects have a highly developed innate immune system, including humoral and cellular components. the cellular immune responses refer to hemocyte-mediated processes such as phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation. nodulation is considered the predominant defense reaction to infection in insects. treating third instar larvae of the grey flesh fly, neobellieria bullata, with laminarin (beta-1,3-glucan, a typical component of fungal cell walls) induced nodulation in a dose-dependent manner. this ...	2005	15822095
[the chemotactic characteristics of the s and r dissociants of bacillus thuringiensis].	the chemotactic responses of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. dendrolimus (strain 49) and thuringiensis (strain 2002) and their morphological dissociants were studied by using some natural and artificial substances as effectors. the 12-h-old wild-type cells (s variants) of both strains were found to be motile and similar in their chemotactic responses, whereas the chemotactic responses of r variants were different.	2005	15835783
transfer and expression of the mosquitocidal plasmid pbtoxis in bacillus cereus group strains.	the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to dipteran larvae (mosquitoes and black flies) depends on the presence of the pbtoxis plasmid. in this paper, two antibiotic resistance tagged pbtoxis were transferred by conjugation to other bacillus cereus group strains. among 15 potential recipients, only a lepidopteran active b. thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and a b. cereus strain received the plasmid pbtoxis with a low transfer rate of about 10(-8) transconjugants/recipient. the ...	2005	15837378
plasmid-encoded regulator of extracellular proteases in bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis sterne cured of the pxo1 plasmid had enhanced secreted protease activity during the postexponential phase but no change in hemolytic or lecithinase activities. a zymogen profile revealed at least six proteases, including serine, metal, and perhaps cysteine types. there were similar amounts of protease secreted by the closely related species bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis, but the patterns differed. among the pxo1 plasmid-encoded proteins, there is a tetratricopepti ...	2005	15838040
comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn grain with insect-protected (corn rootworm and european corn borer) and herbicide-tolerant (glyphosate) traits, control corn, or commercial reference corn.	a 42-d feeding experiment with growing ross x ross 508 broilers showed that the nutritional value of insect-protected and herbicide-tolerant corn was comparable to that of the genetically similar control and 5 commercial reference corn hybrids. mon 88017 provides protection from feeding damage by coleopteran pest corn rootworm and is tolerant to the action of glyphosate, the active ingredient in the roundup family of agricultural herbicides. mon 88017 x mon 810 was developed by the traditional b ...	2005	15844815
[construction of bacillus thuringiensis labeled recombinant strain and horizontal transfer of its cry1ac10 gene].	a recombinant plasmid pbmbzgc10 was obtained by the ligation of gfp-cry1ac10 fusion gene and vector plasmid pad4412, which was then introduced by gene pulser into acrystalliferous strain cryb, and a recombinant strain cryb(pbmbzgc10) was obtained. different fermentative solutions of recombinant strain were used for multi-spraying on brassica pekinesis, ipomoea aquatica and lycopersicon esculentum leaves. the results of fluorescent detection and pcr amplification revealed that cry1ac10 gene did n ...	2005	15852975
insect-resistant gm rice in farmers' fields: assessing productivity and health effects in china.	although no country to date has released a major genetically modified (gm) food grain crop, china is on the threshold of commercializing gm rice. this paper studies two of the four gm varieties that are now in farm-level preproduction trials, the last step before commercialization. farm surveys of randomly selected farm households that are cultivating the insect-resistant gm rice varieties, without the aid of experimental station technicians, demonstrate that when compared with households cultiv ...	2005	15860626
detection of genetically modified corn (bt176) in spiked cow blood samples by polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay methods.	the fate of dna and protein transgenic sequences in products derived from animals fed transgenic crops has recently raised public interest. sensitive molecular tests targeting the bt176 genetic construct and the transgenic cry1ab protein were developed to determine whether plant sequences, especially transgenic sequences, are present in animal products. a protocol for total dna extraction and purification from cow whole blood samples was first drawn up and assessed by spiking with known amounts ...	2005	15861534
the linear double-stranded dna of phage bam35 enters lysogenic host cells, but the late phage functions are suppressed.	bam35, a temperate double-stranded dna bacteriophage with a 15-kb linear genome, infects gram-positive bacillus thuringiensis cells. bam35 morphology and genome organization resemble those of prd1, a lytic phage infecting gram-negative bacteria. bam35 and prd1 have an outer protein coat surrounding a membrane that encloses the viral dna. we used electrochemical methods to investigate physiological changes of the lysogenic and nonlysogenic hosts during bam35 dna entry and host cell lysis. during ...	2005	15866940
new resistance mechanism in helicoverpa armigera threatens transgenic crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin.	in australia, the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, has a long history of resistance to conventional insecticides. transgenic cotton (expressing the bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac) has been grown for h. armigera control since 1996. it is demonstrated here that a population of australian h. armigera has developed resistance to cry1ac toxin (275-fold). some 70% of resistant h. armigera larvae were able to survive on cry1ac transgenic cotton (ingard) the resistance phenotype is inherited ...	2005	15870346
tolerance of bt corn (mon 810) to maize stem borer, chilo partellus (lepidoptera: pyralidae).	transgenic corn (mon 810), expressing the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein, cry1ab, was evaluated under greenhouse conditions for its tolerance to the maize stem borer, chilo partellus. bt corn (mon 810) provided effective protection against the stem borer even under a high level of larval infestation in the greenhouse. the observed tolerance is examined and discussed in the light of the susceptibility of c. partellus to the cry1ab protein in laboratory bioassays. the implications of the tiss ...	2005	15875192
discovery and utilization of qtls for insect resistance in soybean.	insect resistance in soybean has been an objective in numerous breeding programs, but efforts to develop high yielding cultivars with insect resistance have been unsuccessful. three japanese plant introductions, pis 171451, 227687 and 229358, have been the primary sources of insect resistance alleles, but a combination of quantitative inheritance of resistance and poor agronomic performance has hindered progress. linkage drag caused by co-introgression of undesirable agronomic trait alleles link ...	2005	15881690
assessment of cone-damaging insects in a swedish spruce seed orchard and the efficacy of large-scale application of bacillus thuringiensis variety aizawai x kurstaki against lepidopterans.	in a 2-yr study, we investigated the efficacy of large-scale application of the biological insecticide bacillus thuringiensis variety aizawai x kurstaki (btk) in a swedish spruce, picea abies l. (karst.), seed orchard for controlling damage caused by four lepidopteran species: dioryctria abietella den et. schiff. (pyralidae), eupithecia abietaria götze, e. analoga djakonov (geometridae), and cydia strobilella (l.) (tortricidae). the frequencies of these species, and strobilomyia anthracina czern ...	2005	15889731
hymenopteran parasitoids of diamondback moth (lepidoptera: ypeunomutidae) in northern thailand.	larvae of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: ypeunomutidae), cause severe economic damage to cabbage, brassica oleracea l. variety capitata (brassicaceae) and related vegetables in thailand. overuse of broad-spectrum insecticides for diamondback moth control is a serious problem and has obscured the contributions of indigenous parasitoids. our objectives were to identify indigenous diamondback moth parasitoids in northern thailand and to assess their potential for natur ...	2005	15889737