Publications

aging in a tiger welfare regime: the single elderly in hong kong.	this paper explores the coping strategies of the low income single elderly in hong kong, which are divided into several broad types: government-orientated (public services); market-orientated; community-orientated; and individually-orientated (practically speaking self restraint and denial). it highlights this group's reliance on the government, which not only provides housing, medical care and other services, but is also a major source of income support, although support levels are seriously in ...	2001	14617983
diversity of pla(2) genes from sea snake lapemis hardwickii gray venom.	three full-length cdna from lapemis hardwickii gray, (namely pla(2)-8, pla(2)-9 and pla(2)-384), encoding phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)), were isolated and sequenced. these cdna sequences were composed of 456 bp, 438 bp and 438 bp, encoding a signal peptide of 27 amino acids and a mature peptide of 125, 119 and 119 amino acids, respectively. the analysis results by computer indicated pla(2)-8, pla(2)-9and pla(2)-384 has a pi of ca. 4.8, 7.8 and 8.4, respectively. sequence analysis of amino acid and ...	2001	12050798
vesicle-associated membrane protein isoforms in the tiger salamander retina.	vesicle associated membrane protein (vamp; also known as synaptobrevin) is a key component of the core complex needed for docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. recent work indicates that the precise complement of presynaptic proteins associated with transmitter release and their isoforms vary among synapses, presumably conferring specific functional release properties. the retina contains two types of vesicular synapses with distinct morphologic, functiona ...	2001	11223812
lhermitte-duclos disease: assessment with mr imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission ct, and mr spectroscopy.	lhermitte-duclos disease (ldd) is a rare cerebellar lesion with features of both malformation and benign neoplasm. however, the fundamental nature of the entity, its pathogenesis, and the exact genetic alterations remain unknown. we describe mr findings (including perfusion- and diffusion-weighted images) in two patients with ldd, as well as findings from single-photon emission ct (spect), mr spectroscopy (mrs), and fluorodeoxyglucose (fdg) positron emission tomography (pet) that give additional ...	2001	11337322
does the timing of litter inputs determine natural abundance of (13)c in soil organic matter? insights from an african tiger bush ecosystem.	we investigated total primary production and natural abundance of (13)c in soil and plants in the landscape of tiger bush, niger. tiger bush is viewed as a natural cyclic succession of several types of vegetation (grasses, living trees and senescent vegetation) occurring over very small areas, on soils with similar chemical and physical characteristics. under the pioneer front, production was 130 g m(-2) year(-1) of which 23% came from c4 plants; under the thicket of mature trees, grass producti ...	2001	24577663
diabetes incidence in children of different nationalities: an epidemiological approach to the pathogenesis of diabetes.	incidence studies of children with type i (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and different ethnic backgrounds are known to provide important insights into the pathogenesis of the disease. for this reason, we compared the incidence rate in baden-württemberg, germany, of children who were not of german descent with that of german children as well as with the reported incidence rates pertaining to the countries of origin of the children who were not of german descent.	2001	11724411
a visual pigment expressed in both rod and cone photoreceptors.	rods and cones contain closely related but distinct g protein-coupled receptors, opsins, which have diverged to meet the differing requirements of night and day vision. here, we provide evidence for an exception to that rule. results from immunohistochemistry, spectrophotometry, and single-cell rt-pcr demonstrate that, in the tiger salamander, the green rods and blue-sensitive cones contain the same opsin. in contrast, the two cells express distinct g protein transducin alpha subunits: rod alpha ...	2001	11709156
preliminary characteristics of the prothrombin converting enzyme from venom of stephen's banded snake (hoplocephalus stephensii).	stephen's banded snake (hoplocephalus stephensii) is an infrequently encountered australian elapid species. the crude venom contains coagulant activity and the component responsible is a prothrombin activator requiring factor v for activity. sds-page of the isolated native protein revealed two bands at 23 and 36 kda. these findings indicate that the procoagulant is similar to that found in the australian tiger snake (notechis scutatus) and thus resembles factor xa.	2001	11600158
taming the time-off tiger.		2001	11569316
striatal and pontocerebellar hypoperfusion in hallervorden-spatz syndrome.	hallervorden-spatz syndrome is a group of rare and severe disorders marked by extrapyramidal symptoms and iron accumulation in the globi pallidi, usually visible by magnetic resonance imaging. to assist in determining the functional correlates of these structural abnormalities, positron emission tomography was used to measure regional cerebral blood flows and dopaminergic function in a patient with hallervorden-spatz syndrome that manifested as progressive generalized dystonia, optic atrophy, an ...	2001	11551749
anaphylaxis associated with the same batch of tiger-snake antivenom.		2001	11453339
localization of alpha integrin subunits in the neural retina of the tiger salamander.	integrin receptors mediate cell-extracellular matrix interactions and regulate many events, including cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. retinal integrins are incompletely understood, although these receptors are potentially important factors in normal retinal function and pathology.	2001	11450492
molecular analysis of multiple cyp6b genes from polyphagous papilio species.	papilio glaucus (eastern tiger swallowtail) and papilio. canadensis (canadian tiger swallowtail) are two closely related species with broad but overlapping hostplant ranges. p. glaucus encounters toxic furanocoumarins occasionally in its diet in its rutaceous hostplants, whereas p. canadensis rarely if ever encounters these compounds. analysis of their furanocoumarin-metabolic profiles indicates that these species induce cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (p450s) capable of metabolizing linear and a ...	2001	11483436
utility and evolution of cytochrome b in insects.	cytochrome b (cyt-b) is widely used in molecular phylogenetic studies of vertebrate, but not invertebrate, taxa. to determine whether this situation is an historical accident or reflects the utility of cyt-b, we compared the abilities of cyt-b, coi, and one nuclear ribosomal gene region (d1 of 28s) to recover intergeneric relationships within the tiger moth tribes ctenuchini and euchromiini. additionally, we compared the rate of sequence and amino acid evolution of cyt-b across insects. cytochro ...	2001	11476629
[when the "tiger" from teneriffa crushed admiral nelson's arm].		2001	11462881
capture and immobilization of wild brown palm civets in western ghats.	a mixture of 15 mg/kg body weight ketamine hydrochloride (ke) and 1.5 mg/kg body weight xylazine hydrochloride (xy) was used to successfully immobilize free-ranging brown palm civets (paradoxurus jerdoni). between march 1998 and june 1999, 10 immobilizations of 7 individuals were carried out in tropical rainforests of the kalakad-mundanthurai tiger reserve (india). five males and two females were captured in havahart live traps, using banana as bait. the mean dosage for the animals, whose weight ...	2001	11310894
apoptotic cell death of cultured salamander photoreceptors induced by cccp: csa-insensitive mitochondrial permeability transition.	photoreceptor degeneration is mediated by apoptosis in several animal models, although the underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. we present here an apoptotic model based on a primary cell culture of tiger salamander photoreceptors, in which treatment with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (cccp), a protonophore, induced apoptosis. cells exposed to cccp showed condensed nuclei and displayed positive tdt-dutp terminal nick-end labeling (tunel). in addition, 10-100 microm cccp rapi ...	2001	11309197
sertoli cell tumour in an amur tiger.	the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a malignant sertoli cell tumour in a 17-year-old amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica) are described. histological examination of the primary lesion in the right testis and metastatic lesions throughout the internal organs showed a variable cellular pattern with an admixture of tubular structures divided by fine stroma filled with fusiform to stellate cells, and sheets of polygonal cells with abundant vacuolated cytoplasm. immunohistoche ...	2001	11428192
responses of medulla neurons to illumination and movement stimuli in the tiger beetle larvae.	intracellular responses of medulla neurons (second-order visual interneurons) have been examined in the tiger beetle larva. the larva possesses six stemmata on either side of the head, two of which are much larger than the remaining four. beneath the cuticle housing the stemmata an optic neuropil complex occurs consisting of lamina and medulla neuropils. response patterns of medulla neurons to illumination and moving objects varied from neurons to neurons. for movement stimuli black discs and a ...	2001	11778833
integration and segregation of visual signals by bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina.		2001	11420936
economic growth, income equality, and population health among the asian tigers.	the "tiger" economies of southeast asia provide examples of developing nations where economic growth and increasing income equality are compatible and, when occurring together, are associated with superior health trends over time. the degree of income inequality in the asian tigers declined during the period of rapid economic growth. traditionally, economists have viewed economic growth and relative parity in income distribution as incompatible, or trade-offs. this poses a public policy dilemma, ...	2001	11407173
calcium channel immunoreactivity in the salamander retina.	this study reports the distribution of the alpha1d and alpha1e calcium channel subunits in the neotenous tiger salamander retina based on immunohistochemical techniques. confocal and light microscopy were used to localize staining with fluorescently tagged antibodies to alpha1d and alpha1e in cross-sectional and flatmount preparations of retina. alpha1d-immunoreactivity (alpha1d-ir) was localized to the inner and outer plexiform layers (ipl and opl, respectively), ganglion cell layer (gcl), and ...	2001	11388436
immunocytochemical analysis of cholinergic amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina.	cholinergic amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina were observed for the first time by using antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (chat). chat-immunoreactive cells were present in the inner nuclear layer (inl) and in the ganglion cell layer (gcl), and the somas of the former population (average diameter = 15.13 microm) were slightly smaller than those of the latter population (average diameter = 16.42 microm). the processes of these cells form two distinct narrow bands in the inne ...	2001	11388414
out of asia: mitochondrial dna evidence for an oriental origin of tiger frogs, genus hoplobatrachus.	most examples of intercontinental dispersal events after the miocene contact between africa and asia involve mammal lineages. among amphibians, a number of probably related groups are known from both continents, but their phylogenies are so far largely unresolved. to test the hypothesis of miocene dispersal against a mesozoic vicariance scenario in the context of gondwana fragmentation, we analyzed fragments of the mitochondrial 16s rrna gene (572 bp) in 40 specimens of 34 species of the anuran ...	2001	11741382
the large increase in incidence of type i diabetes mellitus in poland.	a rising incidence of type i (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in different countries in europe during the last decade has been recently reported. however, in the early 1990s, poland was reported to have a stable low incidence of this disease. this study aimed to estimate the annual incidence of type i diabetes in a north-eastern region of poland (białystok region) and investigate if it is associated with age, sex, urban rural differences and the season of disease onset.	2001	11724417
localization of neurotransmitters and calcium binding proteins to neurons of salamander and mudpuppy retinas.	we wished to identify the different types of retinal neurons on the basis of their content of neuroactive substances in both larval tiger salamander and mudpuppy retinas, favored species for electrophysiological investigation. sections and wholemounts of retinas were labeled by immunocytochemical methods to demonstrate three calcium binding protein species and the common neurotransmitters, glycine, gaba and acetylcholine. double immunostained sections and single labeled wholemount retinas were e ...	2001	11369041
paper tiger.		2001	11192484
axolotl mhc class ii beta chain: predominance of one allele and alternative splicing of the beta1 domain.	the axolotl mhc is composed of multiple polymorphic class i loci linked to class ii b loci. in this report, evidence of the existence of one class ii b locus (amme-dab) that codes for two different transcripts is given. a 2.1-kb transcript is translated to a complete beta chain and a shorter transcript of 1.8 kb encodes a molecule lacking the beta1 domain. for two complete class ii b mrna synthesized, up to one mrna devoid of the beta1 domain is synthesized. alternative splicing involving a pept ...	2001	11180116
behavioural responses of the tiger beetle larva to moving objects: role of binocular and monocular vision.	the larva of the tiger beetle cicindela chinensis is an ambushing hunter with a body length of 15-22 mm that lives in a tunnel in the ground. it ambushes prey, keeping its head horizontal at the opening of the tunnel. when prey approaches the tunnel, the larva jumps to snap at it. when an object moves beyond its jumping range (approximately 15 mm), however, the larva quickly withdraws deep into the tunnel. these responses are mediated by two of six pairs of stemmata. how does the larva judge the ...	2001	11171344
dopamine d4 receptor-mediated regulation of rod opsin mrna expression in tiger salamander.	light stimulates dopamine release in the retina and has been shown to rapidly up-regulate rod opsin mrna. in the present study, we tested the effect of dopamine on rod opsin mrna expression and examined the hypothesis that dopamine can mediate a light-evoked increase in opsin gene expression. northern blots showed that a 30-min light-exposure increased rod opsin mrna expression 27%. in situ hybridization on isolated rods showed that 500 nm dopamine and 1 microm quinpirole (dopamine d2/d3/d4 agon ...	2001	11158260
a non-stop, single-tube, semi-nested pcr technique for grading the severity of white spot syndrome virus infections in penaeus monodon.	a single-tube, non-stop, semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was developed for simultaneous detection and severity grading of white spot syndrome virus (wssv) infections in the black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon. the test uses 1 sense primer and 3 antisense primers that produce up to 3 pcr products (1100, 526 and 250 base pairs [bp]) depending upon the severity of infection. specifically, heavy infections (> or = 2 x 10(4) viral particles) of wssv produce all 3 fragments, while ...	2001	11804423
vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis: crouching tiger or hidden dragon?		2001	11419899
penaeus monodon (tiger shrimp) hemocyanin: subunit composition and thermostability.	penaeus monodon (class crustacea, order decapoda) is one of the largest shrimps of the penaeidea family from the indo-west pacific region. the dioxygen-transporting protein hemocyanin, isolated from the hemolymph of this invertebrate, is composed of three 75-76 kda structural/functional subunits designated as pm1, pm2 and pm3. the n-terminal sequences of the chains were determined and compared with those of other decapodan hemocyanin subunits. pm2 and pm3 are highly homologous and electrophoreti ...	2001	11421459
differences in the number of micronucleated erythrocytes among young and adult animals including humans. spontaneous micronuclei in 43 species.	in our previous report we speculated about the possibility that some species had high levels of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (mne) just in a juvenile stage, this is, that the mne diminish as the reticuloendothelial system matures. here we show this effect in species including rat, rabbit, pig, dog, cat, gray squirrel, lion, giraffe, white-tailed deer, opossum and even human. the number of spontaneous mne that we found in 43 species is shown, and the proportions of polychromatic and no ...	2001	11423355
adaptation to temporal contrast in primate and salamander retina.	visual adaptation to temporal contrast (intensity modulation of a spatially uniform, randomly flickering stimulus) was examined in simultaneously recorded ensembles of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) in tiger salamander and macaque monkey retina. slow contrast adaptation similar to that recently discovered in salamander and rabbit retina was observed in monkey retina. a novel method was developed to quantify the effect of temporal contrast on steady-state sensitivity and kinetics of light response ...	2001	11739598
dna fragmentation, an indicator of apoptosis, in cultured black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon infected with white spot syndrome virus (wssv).	fifty black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon from commercial cultivation ponds in malaysia were examined by tdt-mediated dutp nick-end labeling (tunel) fluorescence assay and agarose gel electrophoresis of dna extracts for evidence of dna fragmentation as an indicator of apoptosis. from these specimens, 30 were grossly normal and 20 showed gross signs of white spot syndrome virus (wssv) infection. of the 30 grossly normal shrimp, 5 specimens were found to be positive for wssv infection by normal his ...	2001	11324818
white spot syndrome virus envelope protein vp28 is involved in the systemic infection of shrimp.	white spot syndrome virus (wssv) is a large dna virus infecting shrimp and other crustaceans. the virus particles contain at least five major virion proteins, of which three (vp26, vp24, and vp15) are present in the rod-shaped nucleocapsid and two (vp28 and vp19) reside in the envelope. the mode of entry and systemic infection of wssv in the black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon, and the role of these proteins in these processes are not known. a specific polyclonal antibody was generated against t ...	2001	11437657
hepatopancreas is the extraovarian site of vitellogenin synthesis in black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon.	the site of yolk protein synthesis in crustaceans has long been a subject of controversy. the vitellogenin gene structure was partially reported only very recently in macrobrachium rosenbergii, after which the hepatopancreas was confirmed as the extraovarian site of vitellogenin synthesis in that species. ovaries are the most frequently reported as the site of yolk protein synthesis in penaeid shrimp. using cdna reversed-transcribed from mrna isolated from the hepatopancreas of vitellogenic fema ...	2001	11440876
lingering doubts about spongiform encephalopathy and creutzfeldt-jakob disease.	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is an infectious disease and has been transmitted orally to many other animals, including humans. there is clear evidence of maternal transmission, although disagreement on the source of the bse agent remains. the current theories link the origin of bse to common scrapie in sheep. twenty different strains of the scrapie agent have been isolated from sheep. a search of the literature indicates two distinct clinical syndromes in sheep, both of which have been ...	2001	11444100
salamander uv cone pigment: sequence, expression, and spectral properties.	the visual pigment from the ultraviolet (uv) cone photoreceptor of the tiger salamander has been cloned, expressed, and characterized. the cdna contains a full-length open reading frame encoding 347 amino acids. the phylogenetic analysis indicates that the highest sequence homology is to the visual pigments in the s group. the uv opsin was tagged at the carboxy-terminus with the sequence for the 1d4 epitope. this fusion opsin was expressed in cos-1 cells, regenerated with 11-cis retinal (a1) and ...	2001	11497415
[desulfacinum subterraneum sp.nov.--a new thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a high temperature oil field ].	a new thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from the high-temperature white tiger oil field (vietnam) is described. cells of the bacterium are oval (0.4-0.6 by 0.6-1.8 microns), nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and gram-negative. growth occurs at 45 to 65 degrees c (with an optimum at 60 degrees c) at nacl concentrations of 0 to 50 g/l. in the course of sulfate reduction, the organism can utilize lactate, pyruvate, malate, fumarate, ethanol, salts of fatty acids (formate, acetate, propio ...	2001	11558281
occupational fatalities due to animal-related events.	to better understand the extent of animal-related fatalities in the workplace.	2001	11562015
sequencing and two-dimensional structure prediction of a phospholipase a(2) inhibitor from the serum of the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus).	a phospholipase a(2) inhibitor has been identified in the serum of the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus). the inhibitor is composed of two chains, an alpha-chain and a beta-chain, that form a non-covalently associated complex capable of inhibiting the enzymatic activity of all phospholipase a(2) enzymes it was tested against. the alpha and beta-chains have been purified to homogeneity, digested and sequenced. from the peptide sequence generated, degenerate pcr primers were designed and used ...	2001	11575939
globalization and health: results and options.	the last two decades have witnessed the emergence and consolidation of an economic paradigm which emphasizes domestic deregulation and the removal of barriers to international trade and finance. if properly managed, such an approach can lead to perceptible gains in health status. where markets are non-exclusionary, regulatory institutions strong and safety nets in place, globalization enhances the performance of countries with a good human and physical infrastructure but narrow domestic markets. ...	2001	11584731
megaoesophagus in adult dogs secondary to australian tiger snake envenomation.	four cases of megaoesophagus secondary to tiger snake envenomation are reported. history in all cases suggested megaoesophagus was not present prior to snake envenomation. diagnosis of megaoesophagus was confirmed by thoracic radiography in all cases. one dog died of respiratory failure. the remaining three dogs recovered, with gradual resolution of clinical signs associated with megaoesophagus.	2001	11712704
infectivity of aquabirnavirus strains to various marine fish species.	to determine the infectivity of marine birnavirus (mabv) in various marine fish species, experimental infection was performed in combination groups of 5 fish species with 7 strains of mabv and 1 strain of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). mortality was observed in yellowtail seriola quinqueradiata and amberjack s. dumerili infected with mabv strains y-6, y-10k and h-1, but not in other infected species. mabv was reisolated from most combination groups, but the virus isolation rate and ...	2001	11678225
aortic valvular endocarditis associated with pasteurella haemolytica in a tiger (panthera tigris).		2001	11700929
two individuals with features of both xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy highlight the complexity of the clinical outcomes of mutations in the xpd gene.	the xeroderma pigmentosum group d (xpd) protein is a subunit of transcription factor tfiih with dna helicase activity. tfiih has two functions, in basal transcription and nucleotide excision repair. mutations in xpd that affect dna repair but not transcription result in the skin cancer-prone disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum (xp). if transcription is also affected, the result is the multi-system disorder trichothiodystrophy (ttd), in which there is no skin cancer predisposition, or in rare cases, ...	2001	11709541
transmission of the ambystoma tigrinum virus to alternative hosts.	ambystoma tigrinum virus (atv) is a lethal virus originally isolated from sonora tiger salamanders ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi in the san rafael valley in southern arizona. usa. atv is implicated in several salamander epizootics. we attempted to transmit atv experimentally to fish and amphibians by injection, water bath exposure, or feeding to test whether atv can cause clinical signs of infection or be recovered from exposed individuals that do not show clinical signs. cell culture and polymer ...	2001	11710549
peroxinectin, a cell adhesive protein associated with the propo system from the black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon.	upon activation of the prophenoloxidase activating system in the shrimp, penaeus monodon, a cell adhesion activity in the haemolymph is generated. a cell adhesion assay showed that a high number of granular cells (60%) adhered to coverslips coated with a shrimp haemocyte lysate supernatant, whereas a very low number of cells adhered to coverslips coated with bovine serum albumin. inhibition of adhesion by an antiserum against crayfish peroxinectin, a cell adhesion protein, revealed that the cell ...	2001	11356216
cytochrome b gene for species identification of the conservation animals.	a partial dna sequence of cytochrome b gene was used to identify the remains of endangered animals and species endemic to taiwan. the conservation of animals species included in this study were: the formosan gem-faced civets, leopard cats, tigers, clouded leopards, lion, formosan muntjacs, formosan sika deers, formosan sambars, formosan serows, water buffalo, formosan pangolins and formosan macaques. the control species used included domestic cats, domestic dogs, domestic sheeps, domestic cattle ...	2001	11587860
genetic manipulations in aquaculture: a review of stock improvement by classical and modern technologies.	the aim of this review was to highlight the extent to which the genetic technologies are implemented by the aquaculture industry. the review shows that some of the modern genetic technologies are already extensively applied by the diverse aquaculture industries, though not to the same extent for all important aquacultured species (according to fao 1998 figures). some species (common carp, atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, channel catfish, nile tilapia, and the pacific oyster) received concentrated ...	2001	11841164
irradiation of diets fed to captive exotic felids: microbial destruction, consumption, and fecal consistency.	two frozen, raw horse meat-based diets fed to captive exotic felids at brookfield zoo were irradiated to determine the extent of microbial destruction and whether radiation treatment would affect consumption and/or fecal consistency in exotic cats. fifteen cats, two african lions (panthera leo), two amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica), one amur leopard (panthera pardus orientalis), two clouded leopards (neofelis nebulosa), two caracals (felis caracal), one bobcat (felis rufus), and five fishin ...	2001	12785680
toxoplasma gondii antibodies in exotic wild felids from brazilian zoos.	serum samples from 37 captive exotic felids in 12 zoos from six brazilian states were assayed for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites. titers greater than or equal to 1:20 were considered positive. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 24 of 37 (64.9%) felids, including one european lynx (lynx lynx), two jungle cats (felis chaus), two servals (leptailurus serval), two tigers (panthera tigris), three leopards (panthera pardus), ...	2001	12785684
development of vitellogenin-elisa, an in vivo bioassay, and identification of two vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormones of the tiger shrimp penaeus monodon.	a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the quantification of vitellogenin in the hemolymph of penaeus monodon is reported. lipovitellin from the mature ovary was purified using hydroxylapatite column chromatography and used as the standard protein, which was serially diluted from 3336 to 6.51 microg and gave a linear plot. sensitivity results showed elisa was insensitive to samples that did not contain vitellogenin or lipovitellin. specificity results showed the degree of the d ...	2001	14961329
genetic heterogeneity of the giant tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) in thailand revealed by rapd and mitochondrial dna rflp analyses.	genetic diversity of the giant tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) collected from 5 areas, chumphon and trat (gulf of thailand), and phangnga, satun, and trang (andaman sea), was examined by randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) and mitochondrial dna (16s ribosomal dna and an intergenic coi-coii) polymorphism. a total of 53 polymorphic fragments from ubc299, ubc273, and ubc268 was consistently scored across all samples. from the respective primers 26, 32, and 30 genotypes were generated. a 260-bp ...	2001	14961335
twisting and bending: the functional role of salamander lateral hypaxial musculature during locomotion.	the function of the lateral hypaxial muscles during locomotion in tetrapods is controversial. currently, there are two hypotheses of lateral hypaxial muscle function. the first, supported by electromyographic (emg) data from a lizard (iguana iguana) and a salamander (dicamptodon ensatus), suggests that hypaxial muscles function to bend the body during swimming and to resist long-axis torsion during walking. the second, supported by emg data from lizards during relatively high-speed locomotion, s ...	2001	11441039
experimental infection of several fish species with the causative agent of kuchijirosho (snout ulcer disease) derived from the tiger puffer takifugu rubripes.	kuchijirosho (snout ulcer disease) is a fatal epidemic disease which affects the tiger puffer, takifugu rubripes, a commercial fish species in japan and korea. to assess the possibility that non-tiger puffer fish can serve as reservoirs of infection, 5 fish species were challenged by infection with the extracts of kuchijirosho-affected brains from cultured tiger puffer: grass puffer t. niphobles, fine-patterned puffer t. poecilonotus, panther puffer t. pardalis, red sea bream pagrus major, and b ...	2001	11804418
the nature of semantic memory deficits in alzheimer's disease: new insights from hyperpriming effects.	while semantic memory deficits are a common landmark of alzheimer's disease, the nature of these impairments remains to be clarified. implicit tasks which assess semantic priming effects are often used to understand semantic deficits in alzheimer's disease, but they have led to unclear conclusions because of methodological problems such as intervention of attentional mechanisms. to explore the effects of semantic priming in alzheimer's disease and their relationship with semantic memory deficits ...	2001	11459744
brain activation during automatic and controlled processing of semantic relations: a priming experiment using lexical-decision.	semantic relations may be studied using the experimental technique known as semantic priming, in which a word 'primes' the processing of a related target (e.g. lion-tiger), following a short delay. priming may be automatic or, with longer delays, under more controlled processing. this study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) to examine the cerebral activation during two lexical-decision semantic priming experiments, with a short and long delay, representing automatic and controlle ...	2001	11527554
differential modulation of rod and cone calcium currents in tiger salamander retina by d2 dopamine receptors and camp.	synaptic transmission from vertebrate photoreceptors involves activation of l-type calcium currents (ica). dopamine is an important circadian neuromodulator in the retina and photoreceptors possess d2 dopamine receptors. we examined modulation of ica by dopamine and camp in retinal slices and isolated cells of larval tiger salamander. results show that dopamine and a d2 agonist, quinpirole, enhanced ica in rods and red-, blue- and uv-sensitive small single cones but inhibited ica in red-sensitiv ...	2000	11029623
health and rapid economic change in the late twentieth century.	rapidly expanding economies, such as the post-war tiger economies, are associated with increasing health and rapidly contracting economies, such as central and eastern europe in the early 1990s, are associated with declining health. in central and eastern europe health decline in association with economic contraction has been mediated by changes in income distribution and, also, by health-determining aspects of civil society. the nations of central and eastern europe are an example of swift econ ...	2000	10972426
relationships between odor-elicited oscillations in the salamander olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb.	oscillations in neuronal population activity, or the synchronous neuronal spiking that underlies them, are thought to play a functional role in sensory processing in the cns. in the olfactory system, stimulus-induced oscillations are observed both in central processing areas and in the peripheral receptor epithelium. to examine the relationship between these peripheral and central oscillations, we recorded local field potentials simultaneously from the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in ...	2000	10669491
fate and the biochemical effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene exposure to tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum).	biotransformation, metabolic enzyme profiles, and the glutathione antioxidant system in tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum) from a 14-day exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) in situ were examined. concentrations of parent compound and metabolites were measured in skin, kidney, and liver tissue. in addition, cytochrome p450 (p450) and cytochrome b5 content and their dependent isozyme activities, ethoxyresorufin o-dealkylation, pentoxyresorufin o-dealkylation, and the glutathione antioxidan ...	2000	10831332
mechanics of lung ventilation in a post-metamorphic salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	the mechanics of lung ventilation in frogs and aquatic salamanders has been well characterized, whereas lung ventilation in terrestrial-phase (post-metamorphic) salamanders has received little attention. we used electromyography (emg), x-ray videography, standard videography and buccal and body cavity pressure measurements to characterize the ventilation mechanics of adult (post-metamorphic) tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum). three results emerged: (i) under terrestrial conditions or when f ...	2000	10683167
shrimp culture in thailand: environmental impacts and social responses.	black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) is a major aquaculture commodity among southeast asian producers and remains a popular food export world-wide. food brokers in japan and the united states purchase huge quantities of these farmed shrimp and return significant foreign exchange earnings to developing nations like thailand, a major producer and exporter since the early 1990s. however, coastal areas cannot sustain intensive shrimp farm production and local growers often end up in debt. can the ne ...	2000	17208685
pharmacological adrenalectomy with mitotane.	the potential of mitotane (ortho, para'-ddd, commonly used to treat adrenal carcinomas in humans and dogs) was investigated as an alternative to surgical adrenalectomy in birds, salamanders, and lizards. house sparrows (passer domesticus) were injected twice daily with vehicle or one of two doses of mitotane (225 or 450 mg/kg), and basal and stress-induced levels of corticosterone (cort) were measured 3 and 5 days after injections. mitotane reduced basal cort levels to nondetectable and abolishe ...	2000	11042008
[origin of lepidoptera fauna of the southern transural region].	the butterfly fauna of the southern transural region began mainly through the migration of insects from the urals and kazakhstan, since the end of the cretaceous period to the end of paleogen, the transural region was covered by an epiplatform sea. as this sea was retreating, the first regions of dry land appeared, which had boundaries with kazakhstan and the urals. they were the first to be populated by lepidoptera. during the pleocene and then after the pleistocene cooling events, insects sett ...	2000	11042964
polymicrobial tenosynovitis with pasteurella multocida and other gram negative bacilli after a siberian tiger bite.	mammalian bites present a considerable clinical problem because they are often associated with bacterial infections. pasteurella multocida is a microorganism that commonly infects both canine and small feline bites. zoonotic infections developing after large feline bites have been recognised, although their reports are limited. we describe a 35 year old man who was bitten by a siberian tiger and who developed infectious tenosynovitis secondary to p multocida, bergeyella (weeksella) zoohelcum, an ...	2000	11127273
immunomodulation by dietary beta-1, 3-glucan in the brooders of the black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon.	the present study evaluated the effectiveness of beta-1,3-glucan derived from schizophyllum commune in enhancing shrimp survival as well as haemocyte phagocytosis and superoxide anion production in brooder penaeus monodon. pond-reared p. monodon adults (135 +/- 25 g) stocked in outdoor or indoor tanks were fed either a test diet containing beta-1,3-glucan (2.0 g kg(-1) or a glucan-free control diet for 40 days. their survival was compared. the brooders reared in indoor tanks were analysed at day ...	2000	11016585
spontaneous discrimination of natural stimuli by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	six chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were presented with pairs of color photographic images of 5 different categories of animals (cat, chimp, gorilla, tiger, fish). the subjects responded to each pair using symbols for "same" and "different." both within- and between-category discriminations were tested, and all chimpanzees classified the image pairs in accordance with the 5 experimenter-defined categories under conditions of nondifferential reinforcement. although previous studies have demonstrate ...	2000	11149543
subcutaneous atypical mycobacteriosis in captive tiger quolls (dasyurus maculatus).	from july 1989 to october 1998, 9/37 (24%) adult captive tiger quolls (dasyurus maculatus) were diagnosed with atypical mycobacterial infection involving the subcutis and skin. females were more often affected than males (seven females, two males). grossly, lesions presented as focal thickenings, plaques, and abscesses within the subcutis, often with fistulous tracts. the subcutis and skin overlying cervical and thoracic regions were the primary sites of infection. cytology of subcutaneous impre ...	2000	10714642
embryo technology in conservation efforts for endangered felids.	most of the 36 species of wild cats are classified as threatened, vulnerable or endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. the important role of assisted reproduction techniques (art) as part of a multifaceted captive breeding program for selected wild cat species is gradually gaining acceptance. this recognition is a result of the progress made during the last decade in which the feasibility of oocyte recovery from gonadotropin-treated females, in vitro fertilization, embryo cryopreservation ...	2000	10735071
identification and purification of vitamin k-dependent proteins and peptides with monoclonal antibodies specific for gamma -carboxyglutamyl (gla) residues.	novel monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize gamma-carboxyglutamyl (gla) residues in proteins and peptides have been produced. as demonstrated by western blot and time-resolved immunofluorescence assays the antibodies are pan-specific for most or all of the gla-containing proteins tested (factors vii, ix, and x, prothrombin, protein c, protein s, growth arrest-specific protein 6, bone gla protein, conantokin g from a cone snail, and factor xa-like proteins from snake venom). only the ...	2000	10779512
diagnosis of penaeus monodon-type baculovirus by pcr and by elisa of occlusion bodies.	the black tiger prawn penaeus monodon is a valuable aquaculture product in taiwan. two specific diagnostic methods were established for p. monodon-type baculovirus, one using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology and the other enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technology. monodon-type baculovirus (mbv) was purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation from occlusion bodies of mbv-infected postlarvae of p. monodon. mbv dna was subsequently purified from the occlusion bodies and its pre ...	2000	10782342
inhibition of luminescence and virulence in the black tiger prawn (penaeus monodon) pathogen vibrio harveyi by intercellular signal antagonists.	expression of luminescence in the penaeus monodon pathogen vibrio harveyi is regulated by an intercellular quorum sensing mechanism involving the synthesis and detection of two signaling molecules, one of which is n-hydroxy butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone and the other of which is uncharacterized. indirect evidence has suggested that virulence, associated with a toxic extracellular protein, and luminescence in v. harveyi are coregulated. in this study the effects of an acylated homoserine lactone ...	2000	10788385
five crustacean hyperglycemic family hormones of penaeus monodon: complementary dna sequence and identification in single sinus glands by electrospray ionization-fourier transform mass spectrometry.	five novel neuropeptides, designated pm-sgp-i to -v, of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) family have been identified from the giant tiger prawn penaeus monodon by isolation of the preprohormone genes from an eyestalk complementary dna library. on the basis of sequence similarity, the encoded peptides have been classified as chh-like type i hormones, which include all known chhs and the molt-inhibiting hormone (mih) of the lobster homarus americanus. consistent with chh type i preprohor ...	2000	10804243
the penaeus monodon chitinase 1 gene is differentially expressed in the hepatopancreas during the molt cycle.	we have isolated a full-length chitinase complementary dna from the tiger shrimp penaeus monodon that encodes a 621 amino acid protein possessing the functional domains of the chitinase protein family. the penaeus monodon chitinase 1 (pmchi-1) gene product is 81.8% identical to a chitinase 1 protein expressed in the hepatopancreas of penaeus japonicus. analysis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) indicates that pmchi-1 messenger rna is detectable in the hepatopancreas and ...	2000	10811951
genomic ancestry of the american puma (puma concolor).	puma concolor, a large american cat species, occupies the most extensive range of any new world terrestrial mammal, spanning 110 degrees of latitude from the canadian yukon to the straits of magellan. until the recent holocene, pumas coexisted with a diverse array of carnivores including the american lion (panthera atrox), the north american cheetah (miracynonyx trumani), and the saber toothed tiger (smilodon fatalis). genomic dna specimens from 315 pumas of specified geographic origin (261 cont ...	2000	10833043
the complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean penaeus monodon: are malacostracan crustaceans more closely related to insects than to branchiopods?	the complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the giant tiger prawn, penaeus monodon (arthropoda, crustacea, malacostraca), is presented. the gene content and gene order are identical to those observed in drosophila yakuba. the overall at composition is lower than that observed in the known insect mitochondrial genomes, but higher than that observed in the other two crustaceans for which complete mitochondrial sequence is available. analysis of the effect of nucleotide bias on codon compo ...	2000	10833192
the envenomation syndrome caused by the australian red-bellied black snake pseudechis porphyriacus.	the australian elapids inject venom which is characteristic of each species; and which cause characteristic and specific envenomation syndromes in human victims of snakebite. because many of the medically significant australian elapids look similar, when glimpsed in the field by snakebite victims, defining human envenomation syndromes with secure species identification has been a slow process. correlations between securely identified species and the human envenomation syndromes which they produc ...	2000	10858512
suppressive actions of betaxolol on ionic currents in retinal ganglion cells may explain its neuroprotective effects.	betaxolol, a beta 1-selective adrenoceptor antagonist, is widely used in the treatment of glaucoma. in addition to its ocular hypotensive effects, betaxolol has been suggested to act as a retinal neuroprotective agent (osborne et al., 1997). to investigate possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects, we tested the actions of betaxolol on ion channels and calcium signaling in isolated retinal ganglion cells. betaxolol (50 microm) reduced by about 20% the high-voltage-activated (hva ...	2000	10870519
degenerative spinal disease in large felids.	degenerative spinal disorders, including intervertebral disc disease and spondylosis, seldom occur in domestic cats. in contrast, a retrospective study of 13 lions (panthera leo), 16 tigers (panthera tigris), 4 leopards (panthera pardis), 1 snow leopard (panthera uncia), and 3 jaguars (panthera onca) from the knoxville zoo that died or were euthanatized from 1976 to 1996 indicated that degenerative spinal disease is an important problem in large nondomestic felids. the medical record, radiograph ...	2000	10884118
a new bacterial white spot syndrome (bwss) in cultured tiger shrimp penaeus monodon and its comparison with white spot syndrome (wss) caused by virus.	this paper describes a new bacterial white spot syndrome (bwss) in cultured tiger shrimp penaeus monodon. the affected shrimp showed white spots similar to those caused by white spot syndrome virus (wssv), but the shrimp remained active and grew normally without significant mortalities. the study revealed no evidence of wssv infection using electron microscopy, histopathology and nested polymerase chain reaction. electron microscopy indicated bacteria associated with white spot formation, and wi ...	2000	10907134
study on the free amino acid levels in the hemolymph, gill, hepatopancreas and muscle of penaeus monodon exposed to elevated ambient ammonia.	tiger shrimp penaeus monodon following 24 h exposure to 0.002 (control), 0.072 and 0.718 mm ammonia were examined for the free amino acid (faa), ammonia and urea levels in the hemolymph, gill, hepatopancreas and muscle. control shrimps contained total faa in hemolymph (1.19 µmol ml(-1)), gill (21.81 µmol g(-1)), hepatopancreas (100.81 µmol g(-1)) and muscle (239.54 µmol g(-1)). glycine and arginine were the major contributors to the total faa pool, and made up of 90% of the total faa in the musc ...	2000	10930648
recovery of penaeus monodon from functional anaemia after exposure to sublethal concentration of nitrite at different ph levels.	tiger shrimp penaeus monodon (14.79+/-0.19 g) which had been exposed individually to 0.72 mm nitrite at ph 6.8, 8.2 and 9.8 after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h were examined for the water nitrite concentration, hemolymph nitrite, oxyhemocyanin, protein and osmolality levels. same parameters were examined for shrimp depurated in nitrite-free water after 3, 6, 12 and 24 h following 48 h exposure to nitrite. in the nitrite-exposed test, nitrite influx, hemolymph nitrite and osmotic differential (medium osm ...	2000	10930651
cloning and functional characterization of salamander rod and cone arrestins.	to clone, localize, and determine functional binding characteristics of rod and cone arrestins from the retina of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum).	2000	10937552
microsatellite polymorphism and the population structure of the black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) in thailand.	genetic variation and differentiation of thai penaeus monodon from five geographic locations (chumphon, trad, phangnga, satun, and trang) were investigated using five microsatellite loci (cupmo18, di25, di27, cscupmo1, and cscupmo2). the number of alleles across the five loci ranged from 19 to 30, and heterozygosities ranged from 0.49 to 0.95. the mean number of alleles and effective number of alleles per locus were 21.0 to 26.6 and 13.1 to 20.4, respectively. the average heterozygosity across a ...	2000	10960123
helicobacter acinonychis eradication leading to the resolution of gastric lesions in tigers.		2000	10975334
characterisation of different morphological features of black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) haemocytes using monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for penaeus monodon haemocytes were produced by immunising mice with membrane lysates of shrimp haemocytes. four mabs (wsh 6, wsh 7, wsh 8 and wsh 16) were characterised using flow cytometry, light microscopy, laser scanning microscopy, electron microscopy and immunoprecipitation. wsh 6 recognised a carbohydrate determinant on an 85 kda molecule. wsh 7, wsh 8 and wsh 16 recognised 50, 35 and 115 kda molecules, respectively. for all mabs, differences in amoun ...	2000	11016586
lethal attribute of serine protease secreted by vibrio alginolyticus strains in kuruma prawn penaeus japonicus.	toxicity of the extracellular products (ecp) and the lethal attribute of serine protease secreted by five pathogenic vibrio alginolyticus strains from various sources in kuruma prawn penaeus japonicus were studied. the ecps of organisms originally isolated from diseased kuruma prawn or small abalone haliotis diversicolor supertexta were more lethal (ld50 value of 0.48 or 0.41 microg protein/g prawn) than those from diseased tiger prawn p. monodon, yellowfin porgy acanthopagrus latus or horse mac ...	2000	10739107
genetic characterization of feline parvovirus sequences from various carnivores.	infections with viruses of the feline parvovirus subgroup such as feline panleukopenia virus (fpv), mink enteritis virus (mev) and canine parvovirus (cpv-2) [together with its new antigenic types (cpv-2a, cpv-2b)] have been reported from several wild carnivore species. to examine the susceptibility of different species to the various parvoviruses and their antigenic types, samples from wild carnivores with acute parvovirus infections were collected. viral dna was amplified, and subsequently anal ...	2000	10644832
sulfakinin neuropeptides in a crustacean. isolation, identification andtissue localization in the tiger prawn penaeus monodon.	the sulfakinin (sk) family of neuropeptides are characterized by a c-terminal octapeptide sequence that begins with two acidic residues (most commonly dd), and ends with yghmrf-nh2, usually with the tyrosyl residue sulfated. so far, sulfakinins have only been identified in insects and the present study was initiated to investigate if the family is more widely distributed within the arthropods. purification of an extract of the central nervous system of the giant tiger prawn penaeus monodon has r ...	2000	10672025
relating middle-ear acoustic performance to body size in the cat family: measurements and models.	is the acoustic performance of the mammalian middle ear dependent on body size? we focus on the cat family, because of its qualitatively uniform (and distinctive) middle-ear structure, large size range, and the extensive data available from domestic cats which provide a framework for relating middle-ear acoustics to structure. we report measurements of acoustic admittance in 17 live adult ears of 11 exotic species, ranging in size from sand cat (3 kg) to tiger (180 kg). for low frequencies, the ...	2000	10879948
the neurotoxicity of the venom phospholipases a(2), notexin and taipoxin.	the presynaptically active, toxic phospholipases known as notexin and taipoxin are principal components of the venom of the australian tiger snake and the australian taipan respectively. the inoculation of the toxins into one hind limb of rats caused, within 1 h, the depletion of transmitter from the motor nerve terminals of the soleus muscle. this was followed by the degeneration of the motor nerve terminals and of the axonal cytoskeleton. by 24 h 70% of muscle fibers were completely denervated ...	2000	10686073
clinical toxicology: a tropical australian perspective.	tropical australia has an amazing diversity of venomous fauna, from "the world's most venomous creature," the multi-tentacled (chirodropid) box jellyfish chironex fleckeri, to aggressive spiders whose venom remains to be characterized. all genera of highly venomous australasian elapid snakes are present, except for tiger snakes. most notable is the taipan (oxyuranus scutellatus), with the most efficient "snap-release" biting mechanism of any snake and venom components causing the full constellat ...	2000	10688264
use of prawn blood agar hemolysis to screen for bacteria pathogenic to cultured tiger prawns penaeus monodon.	a newly developed prawn blood agar consisting of 1 ml of tiger prawn hemolymph in medium containing 200 ppm rose bengal was used to determine the hemolytic activity of 35 isolates of bacteria obtained from cultured tiger prawns penaeus monodon and their rearing water. for comparison, the hemolytic activity of these isolates was also determined in sheep blood agar. nine isolates (25.7% of total) showed different hemolytic reactions on prawn blood agar and sheep blood agar. from the 35 isolates, 8 ...	2000	11145455
[medical treatment of dystocia in zoo animals].	kasuistics of zoo animals with dystocia (anoa, giraffe, snow goat, scimitar horned antelope, bactrian camel, tiger, diana monkey) treated with special pharmaceuticals (glukokortikoids, cienbuterol, denaverine, carbetocin) and distance injections by blow darts are introduced. these procedures are described as very effective and save methods of obstetrics especially in zoo animals.	2000	11155524
introducing foreign dna into tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) by electroporation.	electroporation was used to introduce pflag-cmv-1-bap, a dna fragment that includes a bacterial alkaline phosphatase gene driven by a human cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter, into penaeus monodon zygotes. the transgenic tiger shrimp was achievedby using 10kv, 28 pulses, 120 g sec pulse time, 10 cycles, and a dna concentration of 37.5 microg/ml. the hatching rate of electroporated zygotes (46%) was significantly lower than that of zygotes in the untreated group (89%). the survival rate of postlarvae ...	2000	11191866
gastric ollulanus tricuspis infection identified in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) with chronic vomiting.	gastritis, vomition and weight loss are common in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus). gastric spiral bacteria (helicobacter spp.) and the very small, viviparous nematode ollulanus tricuspis, a stomach worm of cats, are believed to be important causes. three sibling cheetahs at wellington zoo, new zealand, developed chronic vomiting, diarrhoea and debility. their parents were both south african-born. response to antibacterial treatment was poor. endoscopic examinations revealed chronic lymphopla ...	2000	11212940