Publications

current status of antimicrobial resistance in taiwan.	while some trends in antimicrobial resistance rates are universal, others appear to be unique for specific regions. in taiwan, the strikingly high prevalence of resistance to macrolides and streptogramin in clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria correlates with the widespread use of these agents in the medical and farming communities, respectively. the relatively low rate of enterococci that are resistant to glycopeptide does not parallel the high use of glycopeptides and extended-spectrum ...	2002	11897063
development of a whole-cell assay for peptidoglycan biosynthesis inhibitors.	osmotically stabilized escherichia coli cells subjected to freezing and thawing were utilized as the source of enzymes for a peptidoglycan pathway assay that can be used to simultaneously test all targets of the committed steps of cell wall biosynthesis. the use of (14)c-labeled udp-n-acetylglucosamine (udp-glcnac) as a substrate allows the direct detection of cross-linked peptidoglycan formed. the assay was validated with known antibiotics. fosfomycin was the strongest inhibitor of the pathway ...	2002	11897573
in vitro and in vivo activities of a novel cephalosporin, bms-247243, against organisms other than staphylococci.	bms-247243, a novel cephalosporin inhibitory for methicillin-resistant staphylococci, primarily has activity against gram-positive bacteria. the activities of bms-247243, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone against streptococci and streptococcus pneumoniae were similar. bms-247243 inhibits enterococcus faecalis but not enterococcus faecium. bms-247243 also inhibits many inherently vancomycin-resistant species (leuconstoc, lactobacillus, pediococcus) and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria.	2002	11897599
in vitro activities of peptide deformylase inhibitors against gram-positive pathogens.	the activities of six peptide deformylase (pdf) inhibitors against 107 respiratory tract pathogens were studied and compared to those of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanate. against streptococcus pneumoniae, bb-83698 and bb-83815 were the most active pdf inhibitors (mic at which 90% of the organisms tested were inhibited [mic(90)], 0.25 microg/ml). five of the agents showed similar activity against moraxella catarrhalis (mic(90), 0.12 microg/ml). all pdf inhibitors were less active against ...	2002	11897602
[investigate of nasopharyngeal flora in highly aged patients].	to clarify the bacteriological interpretation of flora in the nasopharynx of highly aged patients (n = 107), healthy nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from subjects of advanced age. chief pathogenic bacteria isolated from highly aged persons were coagulase negative staphylococcus (43 strains), corynebacterium spp. (14 strains), methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase production and non-production) (16 strains), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase pr ...	2002	11905003
the outer membrane proteins uspa1 and uspa2 of moraxella catarrhalis are highly conserved in nasopharyngeal isolates from young children.	uspa1 and uspa2 of moraxella catarrhalis are vaccine candidates. the aims of this study were to determine: (1) the frequencies of occurrence and (2) the degrees of conservation of two surface-exposed epitopes of the uspa1 and uspa2 genes and their respective gene products in 108 nasopharyngeal isolates from young children. the uspa1 and uspa2 genes were detected in 107 (99%) and 108 (100%) isolates, respectively. twenty-three of 108 uspa2 genes (21%) were identified as the variant gene uspa2h. o ...	2002	11906762
effect of amoxicillin and co-amoxiclav on the aerobic and anaerobic nasopharyngeal flora.	the effects of co-amoxiclav (amc) and amoxicillin (amx) therapy on the nasopharyngeal flora of children with acute otitis media (aom) were compared. nasopharyngeal culture for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were obtained before therapy and 2-4 days after completion of antimicrobial therapy in 25 patients treated with either antibiotic. after therapy, 16 (64%) of the 25 patients treated with amx and 23 (92%) of the 25 patients treated with amc were considered clinically cured. polymicrobial aerob ...	2002	11909846
diagnosis and management of acute otitis media in the urgent care setting.	the prevalence of otitis media is increasing, which affects health care resource utilization across all segments, including the urgent care setting. one of the greatest challenges in the management of acute otitis media (aom) is the effective treatment of cases caused by pathogens that are resistant to commonly used antibiotics. whereas the production of beta-lactamases among strains of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis is an important consideration for antimicrobial therapy, the ...	2002	11919528
beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations in empiric management of pediatric infections.	beta-lactam antibiotics have long played a central role in the management of pediatric infections. however, widespread beta-lactam resistance among community- and hospital-acquired pathogens, mainly due to beta-lactamase production, has reduced the usefulness of these trusted and well-tolerated agents. many regions have reported an increase in beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems as well as penicillins among clinically important gram-positive and gram-negative aer ...	2002	11921490
beta-lactam resistance: clinical implications for pediatric patients.	the emergence of resistance to established antibiotic agents such as beta-lactams has been reported worldwide and poses a serious challenge to the management of pediatric infections. the most common mechanism of resistance involves the production of an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic before it can be effective. streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of pediatric respiratory tract infections, exhibits variable resistance to penicillins and aminopenicillin due to alterations in its ...	2002	11921492
detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae in spiked clinical samples by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification.	isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) was applied to the detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae. m. pneumoniae rna prepared from a plasmid construct was used to assess the sensitivity of the assay, and an internal control for the detection of inhibitors was constructed. the sensitivity of the nasba assay was 10 molecules of wild-type m. pneumoniae rna generated in vitro and 5 color-changing units (ccu) of m. pneumoniae. an appropriate specimen preparation procedure was develop ...	2002	11923354
production of bro beta-lactamases and resistance to complement in european moraxella catarrhalis isolates.	of the 419 moraxella catarrhalis isolates collected during the 1997-1999 european sentry surveillance study, 385 (92%) were beta-lactamase positive. twenty-two (5.7%) produced bro-2 beta-lactamase. twenty-one new mutations were found in the putative promoter region of the bro genes. nineteen percent of all isolates tested were complement sensitive. resistance to beta-lactams is not linked to the phylogenetic lineages associated with susceptibility to complement.	2002	11923393
prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pyogenes: results of a multicentre study in turkey.	the in vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (283), haemophilus influenzae (272), moraxella catarrhalis (179) and streptococcus pyogenes (256) were determined in a multicentre study with the participation of five hospitals from four cities in turkey. penicillin resistance in s. pneumoniae was evaluated using the e-test and the remaining agents by disk diffusion. for s. pneumoniae overall 25.8% of the isolates were intermediately an ...	2002	11932143
biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms.	though biofilms were first described by antonie van leeuwenhoek, the theory describing the biofilm process was not developed until 1978. we now understand that biofilms are universal, occurring in aquatic and industrial water systems as well as a large number of environments and medical devices relevant for public health. using tools such as the scanning electron microscope and, more recently, the confocal laser scanning microscope, biofilm researchers now understand that biofilms are not unstru ...	2002	11932229
in vitro activity of faropenem and 20 other compounds against beta-lactamase-positive and -negative moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae isolates and the effect of serum on faropenem mics.		2002	11751796
in vitro activities of bms-284756 against chlamydia trachomatis and recent clinical isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae.	the in vitro activities of bms-284756 (a novel des-fluoroquinolone), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and clarithromycin were tested against 5 strains of chlamydia trachomatis and 20 isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae. the mic at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited and the minimal bactericidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates were killed by bms-284756 for all isolates of c. pneumoniae and c. trachomatis was 0.015 microg/ml (range, 0.015 to 0.03 microg/ml). bms-284756 was the most active ...	2002	11796366
activities of faropenem, an oral beta-lactam, against recent u.s. isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis.	the in vitro activities of faropenem and other antimicrobial agents were determined against 4,725 streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, 2,614 haemophilus influenzae isolates, and 1,193 moraxella catarrhalis isolates collected from 273 u.s. laboratories during 1999. faropenem mics at which 90% of isolates are inhibited were 0.008, 0.25, and 1 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant s. pneumoniae strains, respectively; 0.5 and 1 microg/ml for beta-lactamase-positive and -n ...	2002	11796376
specific ligand binding attributable to individual epitopes of gonococcal transferrin binding protein a.	the gonococcal transferrin receptor complex comprises two iron-regulated proteins, tbpa and tbpb. tbpa is essential for transferrin-iron uptake and is a tonb-dependent integral outer membrane protein. tbpb is thought to increase the efficiency of iron uptake from transferrin and is lipid modified and surface exposed. to evaluate the structure-function relationships in one of the components of the receptor, tbpa, we created constructs that fused individual putative loops of tbpa with amino-termin ...	2002	11796606
multiplex lightcycler pcr assay for detection and differentiation of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in nasopharyngeal specimens.	a rapid real-time multiplex pcr assay for detecting and differentiating bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in nasopharyngeal swabs was developed. this assay (lc-pcr-is) targets the insertion sequences is481 and is1001 of b. pertussis and b. parapertussis, respectively, and is performed using the lightcycler (roche molecular biochemicals, indianapolis, ind.). the analytical sensitivity is less than one organism per reaction. results for bordetella culture and/or direct fluorescent ...	2002	11773099
progress in the prevention of otitis media through immunization.	to review the progress that has been made in developing effective vaccines against the major bacterial pathogens responsible for acute otitis media.	2002	11773835
moraxella catarrhalis: from emerging to established pathogen.	moraxella catarrhalis (formerly known as branhamella catarrhalis) has emerged as a significant bacterial pathogen of humans over the past two decades. during this period, microbiological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed and improved for m. catarrhalis, allowing the adequate determination and taxonomic positioning of this pathogen. over the same period, studies have revealed its involvement in respiratory (e.g., sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia) and ocular ...	2002	11781271
regional trends in antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the united states: results from the trust surveillance program, 1999-2000.	the ongoing trust (tracking resistance in the united states today) study, which began monitoring antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in 1996, routinely tracks resistance at national and regional levels. the 1999-2000 trust study analyzed 9499 streptococcus pneumoniae, 1934 haemophilus influenzae, and 1108 moraxella catarrhalis isolates that were prospectively collected from 239 laboratories across the 9 us bureau of the census regions. penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae varied s ...	2002	11810606
cefditoren pivoxil.	cefditoren pivoxil is an orally absorbed prodrug that is rapidly hydrolysed by intestinal esterases to the microbiologically active cephalosporin cefditoren. cefditoren has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including common respiratory and skin pathogens. cefditoren has shown excellent in vitro activity against the gram-positive pathogens penicillin-susceptible and -intermediate streptococcus pneumoniae, s. pyogenes and methicillin-susceptible staphyl ...	2002	11817976
[antibacterial activity of gatifloxacin against various fresh clinical isolates in 2002].	antibacterial activities of gatifloxacin (gflx) and other antibacterial drugs against various fresh clinical strains (800 isolates) isolated from specimens of patients in 2002 were compared. gflx was more active than levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin susceptible staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae. for these isolates, clarithromycin and azithromycin were less active (mic90; > 16- > 64 micrograms/ml), gflx was more active than cefdini ...	2002	12621734
[antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime against clinical isolates in 2000 and 2001].	as the post-marketing surveillance of cefpodoxime proxetil (banan), mics of cefpodoxime (cpdx, an active form of banan) against 1090 clinical isolates of 22 species from 15 medical institutions all over japan from june 2000 to march 2001 were measured using the broth microdilution method approved by the japanese society of chemotherapy and compared with those of oral cephem antibacterials, cefaclor, cefdinir, cefditoren, and cefcapene. in this study, remarkable change in the activity of cpdx was ...	2002	12621736
simulated in vitro quinolone pharmacodynamics at clinically achievable auc/mic ratios: advantage of i e over other integral parameters.	to compare the antimicrobial effects of clinically achievable ratios of area under the curve (auc) to mic, a clinical isolate of moraxella catarrhalis was selected with mics corresponding to the mic(50)s of four quinolones. monoexponentially declining concentrations observed in human plasma after oral administration of 1,000 mg of ciprofloxacin (as two 500-mg doses at a 12-hour interval), 320 mg gemifloxacin, 500 mg levofloxacin or 400 mg moxifloxacin (each as a single dose) and were simulated i ...	2002	12673102
prospective epidemiologic survey of patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in switzerland.	community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common problem and the principal infection requiring hospitalization, but its treatment is complicated by the difficulty in microbiological diagnosis and the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance among respiratory pathogens. the purpose of this paper is to present the main epidemiologic features of patients with cap requiring hospitalization in our country.	2002	12718823
dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens.	studies have shown that colonization of the nasopharynx by potential respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis is established early in childhood, although rates vary greatly according to locality, sampling frequency, individual and social factors. factors influencing colonization and elimination are not as yet fully understood, but adhesion to mucosal receptors and immune responses are implicated in addition to bacterial properties and colon ...	2002	12556435
amoxicillin-sulbactam: a clinical and therapeutic review.	combinations of beta-lactamase inhibitors with penicillins, especially aminopenicillins, have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most of the common pathogens of the respiratory and urinary tracts. this means that they are an ideal treatment for infections such as otitis media, sinusitis, special cases of pharyngeal tonsillitis (recurring forms, indirect pathogenic action, or after the failure of amoxicillin monotherapy), acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, cystitis, urethritis, ...	2001	12783093
[inflammation and acute otitis media].	1. epithelium of the middle ear: the middle ear has a respiratory type epithelium. the mucus is produced by mucosal and by submucosal cells in the eustachian tube. 2. lymphoid tissue: the defensive barrier of the mucosa is potentialized by lymphoid tissue in the middle ear that produces a local specific immune response. bacterial and viral antigens can induce an inflammatory reaction. 3. tubotymapnic cavities: the humoral immune system (b lymphocytes) secreting igg, iga and igm) and cell mediate ...	2001	11819908
[inflammatory acute rhinosinusitis].	1. common cold: a rhinovirus, the causal agent usually found in common cold, stimulates the local abundance of polymorphonuclears resulting from il8 secretion. enzymes and free radicals released by these polymorphonuclears explain the subsequent inflammation. 2. treatment: treatment for viral rhinosinusitis in adults is based on vasoconstrictors, often associated with anti-histamine agents with atropinergic action. the possible contribution of pure atropinergic agents is currently under evaluati ...	2001	11819910
outcome of acute otitis media and its relation to clinical features and nasopharyngeal colonization at the time of diagnosis.	children (n = 115; age range 1-9 years) with a diagnosis of acute otitis media (aom) were eligible for this study and were enrolled within 24 h of the onset of symptoms/signs. a nasopharyngeal culture was obtained at the initial visit. children were treated with a single oral antibiotic for 7 days. changes in symptoms/signs and tympanic membrane features assessed by a scoring system were monitored for 1 month and related to the nasopharyngeal pathogen recovered on day 1. more than 80% of childre ...	2001	11813893
review of cefditoren, an advanced-generation, broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin.	cefditoren is an advanced-generation, broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic approved for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb), group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin/skin structure infections in adult and adolescent patients.	2001	11813929
update on the development and use of viral and bacterial vaccines for the prevention of acute otitis media.	acute otitis media (aom) is the most frequent diagnosis in physician offices among children 1-4 years of age. viruses that cause upper respiratory tract infections (i.e., respiratory syncytial virus [rsv], influenza virus, parainfluenza virus [piv], and others) play an important role in the development of aom. prevention of infections with these viral pathogens likely would reduce the incidence of aom. in three previous studies, influenza virus vaccines showed 30-36% efficacy against the develop ...	2001	11775392
comparative in-vitro activity of carbapenem antibiotics against respiratory pathogens isolated between 1999 and 2000.	we investigated the antibacterial activity of 12 antibiotics, inclusive of four carbapenems, against 167 strains of respiratory pathogens isolated between 1999 and 2000. thirty strains of methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa), 28 strains of methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), 11 strains of penicillin-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae (pssp), 29 strains of penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae (prsp), 30 strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 14 strains of moraxella catarrhalis, an ...	2001	11810597
comparative in vitro potency of gemifloxacin and fluoroquinolones against recent european clinical isolates from a global surveillance study.	gemifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone with enhanced activity against gram-positive aerobes, was compared to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin against 21,464 recent isolates from 16 european countries. gemifloxacin was the most potent fluoroquinolone against streptococci including penicillin-, macrolide- and ciprofloxacin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, acinetobacter spp., haemophilus spp. and moraxella catarrhalis. this drug was ...	2001	11783700
clinical management of respiratory tract infections in the community: experience with telithromycin.	among adults, acute sinusitis, tonsillitis/pharyngitis, community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) are the most commonly encountered respiratory tract infections (rtis) in the community. empiric antibacterial therapy is the most widely used approach for the treatment of such infections. the appropriate antibacterial requires consideration of a number of patient-, pathogen- and drug-related factors. one additional factor is the global spread of resista ...	2001	11785852
frequency of pathogen occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the respiratory surveillance program study: microbiology from the medical office practice environment.	continuing problems of antimicrobial resistance have prompted the initiation of several surveillance programs. few, if any, of these programs focus on community-acquired respiratory tract infections seen in routine office-based practices. the respiratory surveillance program (resp; 1999-2000) in 674 community-based physician office practices in the united states determined the frequency of potential bacterial pathogens including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella cat ...	2001	11755437
epidemiology of sinusitis in the primary care setting: results from the 1999-2000 respiratory surveillance program.	the respiratory surveillance program (resp) was undertaken over a 10-month period (july to april) during the 1999-2000 respiratory infection season. a total of 16,213 nasal swab samples were taken by primary care physicians in outpatient settings from patients diagnosed as having acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. the samples were sent to a central laboratory where a pathogen was identified and antibiotic susceptibilities were determined. a pathogen could be isolated from 34% of the samples submitt ...	2001	11755439
epidemiology of clinically diagnosed community-acquired pneumonia in the primary care setting: results from the 1999-2000 respiratory surveillance program.	to evaluate the prevalence of typical pathogens, level of resistance, and risk factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in the outpatient primary care setting and define current antibiotic treatment for office-based cap, the respiratory surveillance program (resp) recruited 1,200 primary care clinics during the 1999-2000 respiratory infection season. participating community-based physicians submitted sputum samples from patients presenting with a community-acquired respiratory ...	2001	11755440
clinical resistance encountered in the respiratory surveillance program (resp) study: a review of the implications for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.	the respiratory surveillance program (resp) is a large-scale surveillance study of potential bacterial pathogens from respiratory tract infections that was performed over a 10-month period (july to april) during the 1999-2000 respiratory infection season. it is also the first study of its kind to derive its information entirely from community-based medical practices. this study, therefore, provides insight into the identity, frequency, and susceptibility of the possible pathogens isolated from p ...	2001	11755441
seasonal variations in nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory pathogens in healthy italian children attending day-care centres or schools.	the aim of this study was to investigate seasonal variations in the prevalence of the nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory pathogens and identify factors affecting colonisation patterns in healthy children. the nasopharyngeal carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis during two seasons (autumn and spring) was evaluated in 1580 healthy children aged 1-7 years by means of a cohort study conducted in day-care centres and schools in eight italian cities ...	2001	11761195
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new fluoroquinolones: focus on respiratory infections.	high occurrence of penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and reports of resistance with haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are influencing the empiric treatment of community-acquired respiratory infections and allowing the new fluoroquinolones to serve as important treatment alternatives. recent analysis of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the new fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) have s ...	2001	11764770
[clinical and bacteriological studies of ceftriaxone (ctrx) once daily administration in pediatric patients with respiratory tract infections].	clinical studies of ceftriaxone (ctrx) were performed at a dose of 40 mg/kg once daily to evaluate its pharmacokinetics, and clinical and bacteriological efficacies in pediatric patients with respiratory tract infections. the following results were obtained. 1. of 45 patients, clinical responses to ctrx were excellent in 34 (75.6%), good in 9 (20.0%) and poor in 2 (4.4%), indicating the overall efficacy rate of 95.6%. 2. haemophilus influenzae (23 strains), streptococcus pneumoniae (20 strains) ...	2001	11771335
[clinical aspects and etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children].	the authors report a prospective study conducted in one of the general pediatrics unit. one hundred one children, aged 20 days to 12 years, admitted with acute lower respiratory tract infections have been studied on clinical paraclinicals and etiology grounds. all children had a chest ray roentgenogram, a total blood cell count and c-reactive protein. the detection of a viral agent in nasopharyngeal aspirate by immunofluorescent technic were performed. 85% of patients have bronchiolitis, the che ...	2001	11771431
ertapenem: a new carbapenem.	ertapenem is a new 1-beta-methyl carbapenem, stable to dehydropeptidase, which binds preferable to penicillin-binding proteins (pbp) 2 and 3. ertapenem has a broad antibacterial spectrum with mic90 values < 0.5 mg/l for penicillin-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, escherichia coli, citrobacter spp., klebsiella spp., serratia spp., proteus spp., clostridium perfringens, fusobact ...	2001	11772242
bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: a state-of-the-art review.	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is the fourth leading cause of death in the united states. the precise role of bacterial infection in the course and pathogenesis of copd has been a source of controversy for decades. chronic bacterial colonization of the lower airways contributes to airway inflammation; more research is needed to test the hypothesis that this bacterial colonization accelerates the progressive decline in lung function seen in copd (the vicious circle hypothesis). the ...	2001	11292642
intranasal immunization enhances clearance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and reduces stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha production in the murine model of otitis media.	nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a major pathogen causing otitis media (om). one of the outer membrane proteins of nthi, p6, is a common antigen to all strains and is considered a candidate for mucosal vaccine. we have previously reported that intranasal immunization with p6 and cholera toxin (ct) could induce p6-specific immunoglobulin a (iga) antibodies in the middle ear. in the present study, we assessed the effect of intranasal immunization for the protection against nthi-induced ...	2001	11292713
characterization of binding of human lactoferrin to pneumococcal surface protein a.	human lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein that is particularly prominent in exocrine secretions and leukocytes and is also found in serum, especially during inflammation. it is able to sequester iron from microbes and has immunomodulatory functions, including inhibition of both complement activation and cytokine production. this study used mutants lacking pneumococcal surface protein a (pspa) and pspc to demonstrate that the binding of human lactoferrin to the surface of streptococcus pn ...	2001	11292760
in vitro activities of rwj-54428 (mc-02,479) against multiresistant gram-positive bacteria.	rwj-54428 (mc-02,479) is a new cephalosporin with a high level of activity against gram-positive bacteria. in a broth microdilution susceptibility test against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), rwj-54428 was as active as vancomycin, with an mic at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (mic(90)) of 2 microg/ml. for coagulase-negative staphylococci, rwj-54428 was 32 times more active than imipenem, with an mic(90) of 2 microg/ml. rwj-54428 was active against s. aureus, staphylococc ...	2001	11302805
activities of bms 284756 (t-3811) against haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from sentry antimicrobial surveillance program medical centers in latin america (1999).	the antimicrobial activity of bms 284756, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, was comparatively evaluated against 257 streptococcus pneumoniae, 198 haemophilus influenzae, and 88 moraxella catarrhalis strains isolated in latin america between july and september of 1999 as part of the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. nearly 28.0% of s. pneumoniae strains were nonsusceptible to penicillin. the rank order of quinolone potency versus s. pneumoniae was bms 284756 (mic at which 90% of isolates were ...	2001	11302811
identification of beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant strains of haemophilus influenzae with four methods and eight media.	a challenge set of 143 non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of haemophilus influenzae was tested for ampicillin susceptibility on two broth media and six agar media, using broth microdilution, agar dilution, disk diffusion, and e-test procedures. when beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant (blnar) strains were defined as those for which the ampicillin mic was > or = 4.0 microg/ml, 5 to 44% of our selected strains were blnar depending on the medium and/or test method used. if nonsusceptibl ...	2001	11302835
antibiotic-resistant bacteria in pediatric chronic sinusitis.	limited information exists on emerging bacterial resistance patterns in pediatric chronic sinusitis.	2001	11303824
a multicenter study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis isolated from patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in 1999 in portugal.	a nationwide multicenter study (including 25 laboratories) of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens commonly associated with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (lrti), with testing undertaken in a central laboratory, was conducted in portugal in 1999. antimicrobial resistance in haemophilus influenzae has not increased in the last decade. of the 498 isolates tested, 12.4% produced beta-lactamase and >95% were susceptible to all antimicrobials except ampicilli ...	2001	11310801
goblet cell density in acute otitis media caused by moraxella catarrhalis.	secretory otitis media is associated with a highly increased goblet cell density, confirming the secretory pathogenesis of this disease. previous studies have shown that the middle ear goblet cell density, and thus the secretory capacity, are massively increased during experimental acute otitis media and at least 6 months thereafter, conceivably predisposing to the subsequent development of secretory otitis media. these studies used middle ear inoculation of either streptococcus pneumoniae, nont ...	2001	11314704
effect of some fractions of alveolar surfactant (phospholipids and sp-a) on the bactericidal activity of different antimicrobials against some respiratory pathogens.	to investigate the effects of physiologic concentrations, at alveolar level, of some fractions of pulmonary surfactant (phospholipids and sp-a) on the bactericidal activity of different antimicrobials against some respiratory pathogens.	2001	11318808
worldwide prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997-1999.	the in vitro activities of numerous antimicrobials against clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis from patients with bloodstream and respiratory tract infections in the united states, canada, europe, latin america, and the asia-pacific region were studied in the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. penicillin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration, > or =2 microg/ml) was noted in all 5 geographic regions, and a high and increa ...	2001	11320449
carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by healthy children.	the frequency of carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in healthy 7- and 8-year-old children in bristol was studied. children born in avon between 1 april 1991 and 31 december 1992, attending the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac) 7 year follow-up clinic, formed the study population. carriage was estimated using mouth and stool samples. none of 105 children on whom information was available had received tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin or an extended-spec ...	2001	11328771
in vitro activity of linezolid and 11 other antimicrobials against 566 clinical isolates and comparison between nccls microdilution and etest methods.	the in vitro activity of linezolid and 11 other antimicrobials was determined for 566 clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, enterococcus spp., streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, some of them resistant to several antibiotics, using a broth microdilution method and the etest method. all gram-positive organisms tested were inhibited by a concentration of <or=4 mg/l of linezol ...	2001	11328783
comparative in vitro activity of the new quinolone gemifloxacin (sb-265805) with other fluoroquinolones against respiratory tract pathogens.	the in vitro activity of gemifloxacin (sb-265805) was compared with that of other fluoroquinolones against 302 clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, 300 clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and 28 clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis, including multiply resistant strains. gemifloxacin at 0.12 mg/l inhibited all microorganisms tested. mic(90) values of gemifloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin and levofloxacin against all (630) isolates tested were 0.03, 0.12, 0.12 and 1 mg ...	2001	11328784
method for reducing endotoxin in moraxella catarrhalis uspa2 protein preparations.	the uspa2 protein from the bacterium moraxella catarrhalis is a potential vaccine candidate for preventing human diseases caused by this organism. before a vaccine can be administered parentally, the level of endotoxin must be reduced as much as possible. however, in this case the endotoxin was very tightly complexed with the uspa2 protein and could not be dissociated with triton x-100. it was found that it dissociated from the protein with the zwitterionic detergents zwittergent 3-12 and zwitte ...	2001	11334340
evidence-based guidelines for treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections in the era of antibiotic resistance.	antimicrobial resistance in bacterial respiratory tract pathogens is a rapidly evolving and increasingly disconcerting problem. major factors that have contributed to resistance are inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics for viral infections and the use of antibiotics with poor activity. the treatment of respiratory tract infections is significantly affected by resistance in organisms such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. resistance to beta-lactam ...	2001	11339025
conservation of outer membrane protein e among strains of moraxella catarrhalis.	outer membrane protein e (omp e) is a 50-kda protein of moraxella catarrhalis which has several features that suggest that the protein may be an effective vaccine antigen. to assess the conservation of omp e among strains of m. catarrhalis, 22 isolates were studied with eight monoclonal antibodies which recognize epitopes on different regions of the protein. eighteen of 22 strains were reactive with all eight antibodies. the sequences of ompe from 16 strains of m. catarrhalis were determined, in ...	2001	11349016
selective enhancement of systemic th1 immunity in immunologically immature rats with an orally administered bacterial extract.	infant rats primed during the first week of life with soluble antigen displayed adult-equivalent levels of t-helper 2 (th2)-dependent immunological memory development as revealed by production of secondary immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) antibody responses to subsequent challenge, but in contrast to adults failed to prime for th1-dependent igg2b responses. we demonstrate that this th2 bias in immune function can be redressed by oral administration to neonates of a bacterial extract (broncho-vaxom om-85 ...	2001	11349036
activities of newer fluoroquinolones against ciprofloxacin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae.	the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae is low but steadily increasing, which raises concerns regarding the clinical impact of potential cross-resistance with newer fluoroquinolones. to investigate this problem, we utilized an in vitro pharmacodynamic model and compared the activities of gatifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and trovafloxacin to that of ciprofloxacin against two laboratory-derived, ciprofloxacin-resistant derivatives of s. pneumon ...	2001	11353608
in vivo efficacy of the new ketolide telithromycin (hmr 3647) in murine infection models.	we compared the oral antibacterial activities of telithromycin (hmr 3647), a new ketolide drug, in different infections induced in mice by staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococci, enterococci, and haemophilus influenzae with those of various macrolides and pristinamycin. unlike all other comparators, telithromycin displayed a high therapeutic activity, particularly in septicemia induced by erythromycin a-resistant pathogens, where the ketolide was the only active compound, ...	2001	11353612
association of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 with beta-lactam resistance in beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant haemophilus influenzae.	the affinity of [(3)h]benzylpenicillin for penicillin-binding protein (pbp) 3a was reduced in 25 clinical isolates of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin (amp)-resistant (blnar) haemophilus influenzae for which the amp mic was > or =1.0 microg/ml. the affinities of pbp 3b and pbp 4 were also reduced in some strains. the sequences of the ftsi gene encoding the transpeptidase domain of pbp 3a and/or pbp 3b and of the dacb gene encoding pbp 4 were determined for these strains and compared to those o ...	2001	11353613
antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae in the united states during 1999--2000, including a comparison of resistance rates since 1994--1995.	a total of 1,531 recent clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae were collected from 33 medical centers nationwide during the winter of 1999--2000 and characterized at a central laboratory. of these isolates, 34.2% were penicillin nonsusceptible (mic > or = 0.12 microg/ml) and 21.5% were high-level resistant (mic > or = 2 microg/ml). mics to all beta-lactam antimicrobials increased as penicillin mics increased. resistance rates among non-beta-lactam agents were the following: macrolides, 25 ...	2001	11353617
in vitro activities of moxifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones against mycoplasma pneumoniae.	a total of 105 isolates of mycoplasma pneumoniae were evaluated for susceptibility to moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. moxifloxacin, a newly synthesized compound, showed the greatest activity. the mics and mbcs at which 50 and 90% of isolates were affected were 0.15 (mic(50) and mbc(50)) and 0.3 microg/ml (mic(90) and mbc(90)) respectively. the results indicate that moxifloxacin might be promising an antimycoplasmal agent.	2001	11353651
in vitro activities of three nonfluorinated quinolones against representative bacterial isolates.	in vitro susceptibility tests were performed to document the inhibitory activities of three nonfluorinated quinolone (nfq) compounds (pge 9262932, pge 9509924, and pge 4175997) compared to those of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin against 3,030 bacterial isolates. the spectra of the nfq agents included most gram-positive species as well as quinolone-susceptible enterobacteriaceae. ciprofloxacin-resistant, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains were inhibited by the nfq ...	2001	11353655
ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit: epidemiology, etiology and comparison of three bronchoscopic methods for microbiological specimen sampling.	ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (vap) is a important intensive care unit (icu)-acquired infection in mechanically ventilated patients. early and correct diagnosis of vap is difficult but is an urgent challenge for an optimal antibiotic treatment. the aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence and microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia and to compare three quantitative bronchoscopic methods for diagnosis.	2001	11353934
the prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria in nasopharyngeal samples from individuals with a respiratory tract infection and a sore throat--implications for the diagnosis of pharyngotonsillitis.	treatment failure in patients with pharyngotonsillitis after a traditional course of penicillin v is a common finding. several factors have been proposed to explain the failure rate, but the presence of aetiological agents other than group a beta-haemolytic streptococci has attracted little attention.	2001	11356732
comparative in vitro activity of thiamphenicol-glycinate and thiamphenicol-glycinate-acetylcysteinate and other antimicrobials against respiratory pathogens.	thiamphenicol-glycinate-acetylcysteinate (tga; cas 20192-91-0) is widely used for the treatment of infections of varied aetiology. the aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of thiamphenicol-glycinate (tg; cas 15318-45-3), tga, amoxicillin (cas 61336-70-7) plus clavulanic acid (cas 58001-44-8), azithromycin (cas 83905-01-5) and ceftriaxone (cas 104376-79-6). minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) were determined against staphy ...	2001	11367873
genotypic diversity of mutans streptococci in brazilian nursery children suggests horizontal transmission.	streptococcus mutans strains were isolated from cohorts of brazilian nursery school children and genotyped by arbitrarily primed pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. of 24 children with two to five s. mutans isolates, 29% carried two or more genotypes. the presence of matching genotypes of s. mutans among children attending one nursery suggests horizontal transmission.	2001	11376080
amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting for identification of a core group of neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitters in the population attending a clinic for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in amsterdam, the netherlands.	amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis seems well suited for studying the epidemiology of isolates of neisseria gonorrhoeae obtained from patients attending the sexually transmitted disease outpatient clinic in amsterdam, the netherlands. it shows potential to identify the core group of transmitters.	2001	11376085
a multinational, multicentre, non-blinded, randomized study of moxifloxacin oral tablets compared with co-amoxiclav oral tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.	the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of once daily dosing with moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) with that of coamoxiclav given three times daily for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb). moxifloxacin (one 400 mg tablet daily) was administered orally for 5 days and co-amoxiclav (three 625 mg tablets daily) was given orally for 7 days. the study was randomized, non-blinded, multinational (12 countries) and multicentre (68 centres). a total of 575 patie ...	2001	11675905
comparative in vitro activities of five quinolone antibiotics, including gemifloxacin, against clinical isolates.	the in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin and gemifloxacin against 343 clinical isolates were compared. gemifloxacin showed the greatest activity, with mic90 values as low as 0.03-0.25 mg/l against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella pneumoniae, while methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus spp., pseudomonas spp., acinetobacter spp., escherichia ...	2001	11678934
pathogenicity of moraxella osloensis, a bacterium associated with the nematode phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, to the slug deroceras reticulatum.	moraxella osloensis, a gram-negative bacterium, is associated with phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, a nematode parasite of slugs. this bacterium-feeding nematode has potential for the biological control of slugs, especially the grey garden slug, deroceras reticulatum. infective juveniles of p. hermaphrodita invade the shell cavity of the slug, develop into self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, and produce progeny, resulting in host death. however, the role of the associated bacterium in the pathogenici ...	2001	11679319
cefditoren in vitro activity and spectrum: a review of international studies using reference methods.	cefditoren, a broad-spectrum orally administered cephalosporin ester, has documented in vitro efficacy against many gram-positive and -negative pathogens and stability against clinically important beta-lactamases. we have reviewed the microbiology and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic literature regarding the spectrum and potency of this newer agent against the major etiologic agents of community-acquired respiratory infection, (streptococcus pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae and moraxella cat ...	2001	11687308
multicentre study of the in vitro evaluation of moxifloxacin and other quinolones against community acquired respiratory pathogens.	the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin and trovafloxacin against 710 strains (180 streptococcus pneumoniae, 180 haemophilus influenzae, 160 moraxella catarrhalis and 190 streptococcus pyogenes) isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections. mic values for moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin were 0.25/0.25, 0.03/0.03, 0.06/0.03 and 0.125/0.0125 mg/l for s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae, m. catharralis and s. pyogene ...	2001	11691572
endophthalmitis caused by moraxella species.	to report the incidence, clinical presentation, antibiotic sensitivities, and treatment outcomes for endophthalmitis caused by moraxella species.	2001	11704047
nonimmune binding of human immunoglobulin a (iga) and igg fc by distinct sequence segments of the eibf cell surface protein of escherichia coli.	the eib genes of escherichia coli encode surface-exposed proteins which bind immunoglobulins (ig) such as the fc fragment of human igg (igg fc) in a nonimmune manner. the eib proteins belong to a family which includes yada of yersinia, uspa2 of moraxella, and dsra of haemophilus ducreyi. this family of surface-exposed proteins shares several features, such as the ability to impart resistance to human serum complement and a tendency to exist as stable multimers. four genes, eiba, eibc, eibd and e ...	2001	11705900
postantibiotic effects of abt-773 and amoxicillin-clavulanate against streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae.	this study determined the postantibiotic effect (pae) of abt-773 versus that of amoxicillin-clavulanate against clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. the paes of abt-773 and amoxicillin-clavulanate ranged from 2.3 to 6.0 h and 0 to 2.2 h against s. pneumoniae and from 2.7 to 9.1 h and 0 to 0.8 h against h. influenzae, respectively.	2001	11709352
in vitro activities of a new ketolide, abt-773, against multidrug-resistant gram-positive cocci.	the in vitro activities of abt-773 were evaluated against 324 strains of gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant staphylococcus spp. and enterococcus spp. abt-773 had lower mic ranges, mics at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (mic(50)s), and mic(90)s than erythromycin or clindamycin for almost all isolates tested. the mics of abt-773 were also lower than those of quinupristin-dalfopristin (q-d) for methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, rhodococcus spp., and streptococcu ...	2001	11709359
mechanism of action of the des-f(6) quinolone bms-284756 measured by supercoiling inhibition and cleavable complex assays.	bms-284756 (t-3811me), a novel des-f(6) quinolone, was tested in the supercoiling inhibition and cleavable complex assays against escherichia coli dna gyrase, a target of quinolones. the results suggest that bms-284756 has the same mechanism of action against dna gyrase as other quinolones and a similar level of potency.	2001	11709365
bacterial pathogens of otitis media and sinusitis: detection in the nasopharynx with selective agar media.	carriage rates for the bacterial pathogens associated with otitis media (streptococcus pneumoniae [sp], hemophilus influenzae [hi], and moraxella catarrhalis [mc]) are of interest. culture on three selective agars was compared with culture on two standard agars to determine the more accurate method for detection of these species in the nasopharynx of healthy children. weekly samples were obtained in winter from 18 healthy children (ages 1 through 9 years) as part of a longitudinal study. a 0.1-m ...	2001	11709658
carbon-carbon-linked (pyrazolylphenyl)oxazolidinones with antibacterial activity against multiple drug resistant gram-positive and fastidious gram-negative bacteria.	in an effort to expand the spectrum of activity of the oxazolidinone class of antibacterial agents to include gram-negative bacteria, a series of new carbon-carbon linked pyrazolylphenyl analogues has been prepared. the alpha-n-substituted methyl pyrazole (10alpha) in the c3-linked series exhibited very good gram-positive activity with mics <or=0.5-1 microg/ml and moderate gram-negative activity with mics=2-8 microg/ml against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. this analogue was a ...	2001	11711300
diagnosis and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in the primary care setting.	acute respiratory tract infections such as acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb), acute otitis media (aom), and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (abrs) account for approximately 75% of antibiotic prescriptions written and are among the leading reasons for physician office visits in the united states. resistance of the predominant pathogens in respiratory tract infections (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis) to available antibiotics has led clinic ...	2001	11726004
in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of beta-triketones admixed to melaleuca oils.	the in vitro antibacterial properties of mixtures of australian tea tree oil and niaouli oil after adding the beta-triketone complex isolated from manuka oil were tested. mic and mbc values for four different bacteria were determined applying the broth dilution method. both melaleuca oil mixtures showed good antimicrobial effects against staphylococcus aureus and moraxella catarrhalis, exceeding the effectiveness of myrtol, which is well established in the treatment of acute and chronic bronchit ...	2001	11731927
microbiology of acute otitis media recently treated with aminopenicillins.	sparse recent data are available in the united states regarding the pathogens of acute otitis media (aom) most likely to be recovered from children recently treated with the two most frequently prescribed antibiotics, amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate (amc).	2001	11734704
short term oral cefixime therapy for treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.	there have been few controlled studies evaluating treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis beyond the newborn period. topical therapy of bacterial conjunctivitis achieves a clinical cure but does not prevent acute otitis media (aom).	2001	11734708
fatal sepsis associated with acute pancreatitis caused by moraxella catarrhalis in a child.	we describe a 4-year-old boy with cornelia de lange syndrome who died of septic shock caused by moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia. at autopsy there was evidence of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis with abscesses. gram-negative diplococci were seen histologically in the abscesses and pancreatic ducts.	2001	11734777
proliferating macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, t and b lymphocytes in the middle ear and eustachian tube mucosa during experimental acute otitis media in the rat.	although many studies focus on the increase of immunocompetent cells within the middle ear mucosa during acute otitis media it is poorly understood how this increase is mediated. the differentiation between two possible causes, i.e. immigration and local proliferation, would help to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease. therefore, the number of proliferating macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and t and b lymphocytes was studied during acute otitis media in the ra ...	2001	11737056
epidemiological aspects of antibiotic resistance in respiratory pathogens.	respiratory infections are the most frequent reason for primary health care consultation. the main causes of respiratory tract infections in children are viruses and the most common types are upper respiratory tract infections: common cold, pharyngitis, otitis media and sinusitis. pneumonia is much more serious. as well as viruses, bacteria are often involved in respiratory tract infections. three bacterial species are most commonly isolated: streptococcus pneumoniae, non-encapsulated haemophilu ...	2001	11738335
molecular typing of paired bacterial isolates from the adenoid and lateral wall of the nose in children undergoing adenoidectomy: implications in acute rhinosinusitis.	recent studies have suggested that the origin of bacteria that enter the lateral wall of the nose and paranasal sinuses arise from the nasopharynx. the purpose of this study was to compare the molecular biological profiles of potential pathogens found in the nasopharynx and lateral wall of the nose concomittantly in children undergoing surgery for upper respiratory tract disease.	2001	11743458
epidemiology of major respiratory pathogens.	a vast literature attests to the fact that streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis represent the prevailing bacterial pathogens of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. their specific incidence as causative agents of the more common syndromes is known to vary even profoundly, depending on geographic area, and the same holds true for their rates of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. europe does not escape the threat posed by the present pandemic ...	2001	11936367
antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis collected during 1999-2000 from 13 countries.	to determine antimicrobial activity against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	2001	11843908
in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against local bacterial isolates.	the emergence of resistance to common antimicrobials in bacteria has been increasingly reported in various countries. empirical antimicrobial therapy of various infections would therefore need to be reviewed. the introduction of new fluoroquinolones has created an interest in the use of these as possible agents in the empirical treatment of respiratory tract infections.	2001	11817288
new pyrrolizidinone antibiotics cj-16,264 and cj-16,367.	two new antibiotics, cj-16,264 (i) and cj-16,367 (ii), were isolated from the fermentation broth of an unidentified fungus cl39457. these antibiotics have a pyrrolizidinone skeleton, first discovered in fungi. compounds i and ii inhibit the growth of gram-positive multi-drug resistant bacteria and some gram-negative strains such as moraxella catarrhalis and escherichia coli with altered permeability (imp). comparison of an antibacterial profile between the two compounds suggested that the gamma- ...	2001	11827034
[clinical and therapeutical correlations in moraxella catarrhalis respiratory infection in children].	in childhood recurrent respiratory infection with moraxella catarrhalis have high incidence demonstrated by multiple risk factors association (atopia, immunsuppresion, chronic diseases, malnutrition) that makes this common bacteria pathogen. the study was carried on 56 children (0-16 years old). authors try to find correlations between clinical signs and microbiological markers that determine recurrent respiratory infection with moraxella catarrhalis. treatment consisted of association between " ...	2001	11977497