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in situ disappearance of dry matter and fiber from fall-grown cereal-grain forages from the north-central united states.recent research has demonstrated that fall-grown wheat (triticum aestivum l.), triticale (x triticosecale wittmack), and oat (avena sativa l.) forages contain limited lignin and exhibit relatively stable estimates of in vitro true dm disappearance, as well as tdn, across a wide fall-harvest window. these traits suggest that ruminal availability of forage fiber is extensive. our objectives were to evaluate this premise by assessing in situ dm and ndf disappearance for kaskaskia wheat, trical 2700 ...201020709871
development of oat-based markers from barley and wheat microsatellites.although microsatellites are an efficient and reliable genetic marker system, availability is limited in cultivated oat (avena sativa l.). previous research has suggested that microsatellites from related species may be adapted to oat. this study investigated the stability of existing oat microsatellites, sequenced polymorphic oat amplicons derived from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) primers, and redesigned primers to develop oat-based markers. we evaluated 161 publ ...201020555435
variability in xylanase and xylanase inhibition activities in different cereals in the healthgrain diversity screen and contribution of environment and genotype to this variability in common wheat.endo-1,4-beta-d-xylanases (ec 3.2.1.8, xylanases) and xylanase inhibitors, that is, taxi (triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor), xip (xylanase inhibiting protein), and tlxi (thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitor) type xylanase inhibitors, which naturally occur in cereals, are believed to be at the basis of a significant part of the variability in biotechnological functional properties of cereals. xylanase inhibitors in particular affect grain functionality during processing and in animal feeds when ...201020462210
the chromosome content and genotype of two wheat cell lines and of their somatic fusion product with oat.somatic hybridization seeks to genetically combine phylogenetically distant parents. an effective system has been established in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) involving protoplasts from a non-totipotent cell line adapted to in vitro culture (t(1)) in combination with totipotent protoplasts harvested from embryogenic calli (t(2)). here, we report the karyotype and genotype of t(1) and t(2). line t(1) carries nine a (a-genome of wheat), seven b (b-genome of wheat) and eight d (d-genome of whe ...201020204401
multifunctionalised benzoxazinones in the systems oryza sativa-echinochloa crus-galli and triticum aestivum-avena fatua as natural-product-based herbicide leads.fifteen novel derivatives of d-diboa, including aromatic ring modifications and the addition of side chains in positions c-2 and n-4, had previously been synthesised and their phytotoxicity on standard target species (sts) evaluated. this strategy combined steric, electronic, solubility and lipophilicity requirements to achieve the maximum phytotoxic activity. an evaluation of the bioactivity of these compounds on the systems oryza sativa-echinochloa crus-galli and triticum aestivum-avena fatua ...201020628996
cop: a database for characterizing co-expressed gene modules with biological information in plants.using a large dataset (10 022 assays) obtained from public plant microarray databases, we developed the cop database for associating co-expressed gene modules with biological information such as gene ontology terms and, if available, metabolic pathway names. the confeito algorithm developed previously in our laboratory, which is suitable to calculate the interconnectivity between genes in co-expressed gene network, was applied to extract co-expressed gene modules. the database includes the gene ...201020305269
influence of sulfur deficiency on the expression of specific sulfate transporters and the distribution of sulfur, selenium, and molybdenum in wheat.interactions between sulfur (s) nutritional status and sulfate transporter expression in field-grown wheat (triticum aestivum) were investigated using broadbalk +s and -s treatments (s fertilizer withheld) at rothamsted, united kingdom. in 2008, s, sulfate, selenium (se), and molybdenum (mo) concentrations and sulfate transporter gene expression were analyzed throughout development. total s concentrations were lower in all tissues of -s plants, principally as a result of decreased sulfate pools. ...201020219830
biochemical changes associated with in vivo rbcl fragmentation by reactive oxygen species under chilling-light conditions.during physiological stress, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) degradation is accelerated, which is considered to be one of the key factors responsible for photosynthetic decline. a recent study has shown that the large subunit (rbcl) of rubisco is directly fragmented by hydroxyl radicals in cucumis sativus leaves under chilling-light conditions. in the present study, we investigated biochemical aspects associated with this in vivo rbcl fragmentation by reactive oxygen sp ...201020653886
tachp: a wheat zinc finger protein gene down-regulated by abscisic acid and salinity stress plays a positive role in stress tolerance.the plant response to abiotic stresses involves both abscisic acid (aba)-dependent and aba-independent signaling pathways. here we describe tachp, a chp-rich (for cysteine, histidine, and proline rich) zinc finger protein family gene extracted from bread wheat (triticum aestivum), is differentially expressed during abiotic stress between the salinity-sensitive cultivar jinan 177 and its tolerant somatic hybrid introgression cultivar shanrong no.3. tachp expressed in the roots of seedlings at the ...201020639406
oddsoc2 is a mads box floral repressor that is down-regulated by vernalization in temperate cereals.in temperate cereals, such as wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare), the transition to reproductive development can be accelerated by prolonged exposure to cold (vernalization). we examined the role of the grass-specific mads box gene oddsoc2 (os2) in the vernalization response in cereals. the barley os2 gene (hvos2) is expressed in leaves and shoot apices but is repressed by vernalization. vernalization represses os2 independently of vernalization1 (vrn1) in a vrn1 deletion mut ...201020431086
pwt1, an avirulence gene of magnaporthe oryzae tightly linked to the rdna locus, is recognized by two staple crops, common wheat and barley.the pathogenicity to wheat (pwt1) locus conditions host species specificity of magnaporthe oryzae on wheat. gfsi1-7-2 (setaria isolate) carries the avirulence allele (pwt1) at this locus while br48 (triticum isolate) carries the virulence allele (pwt1). an f(1) culture derived from a cross between gfsi1-7-2 and br48 was backcrossed with br48 to produce a tester population in which pwt1 alone segregated. when hexaploid wheat lines were inoculated with the bc(1)f(1) testers, they were all resistan ...201020373964
analysis of ascorbate peroxidase genes expressed in resistant and susceptible wheat lines infected by the cereal cyst nematode, heterodera avenae.changes in ascorbate peroxidase (apx) enzyme activity in response to nematode (heterodera avenae) attack were studied in roots of three hexaploid wheat lines carrying cre2, cre5, or cre7 nematode resistance genes and the susceptible triticum aestivum cv. anza. a spectrophotometric analysis was carried out with root extracts of infected plants 4, 7, 11, and 14 days after nematode inoculation using uninfected plant as control. apx induction in infected resistant genotypes was similar and higher th ...201020690022
the rad51 and dmc1 homoeologous genes of bread wheat: cloning, molecular characterization and expression analysis.meiotic recombination in eukaryotes requires two homologues of the e. coli reca proteins: rad51 and dmc1. both proteins play important roles in the binding of single stranded dna, homology search, strand invasion and strand exchange. meiotic recombination has been well studied in arabidopsis, rice, maize and the orthologues of rad51 and dmc1 have been characterized. however genetic analysis of the rad51 and dmc1 genes in bread wheat has been hampered due to the absence of complete sequence infor ...201020920212
molecular characterisation of the low-molecular weight glutenin subunit genes of tall wheatgrass and functional properties of one clone ee34.wild tall wheatgrass (lophopyrum elongatum l., 2x = 14) is an important resource for improving bread wheat (titicum aestivum l.), including hmw-gs and lmw-gs relevant to end-use quality of the wheat flour. a set of 14 distinct sequences were amplified from the genomic dna of the tall wheatgrass, using degenerate primers targeted at glu-3, the locus containing the genes encoding the low-molecular weight glutenin subunits (lmw-gs). three sequences contained an internal stop codon and were classifi ...201019484339
oat (avena sativa) seed extract as an antifungal food preservative through the catalytic activity of a highly abundant class i chitinase.extracts from different higher plants were screened for the ability to inhibit the growth of penicillium roqueforti, a major contaminating species in industrial food processing. oat (avena sativa) seed extracts exhibited a high degree of antifungal activity and could be used directly on rye bread to prevent the formation of p. roqueforti colonies. proteins in the oat seed extracts were fractionated by column chromatography and proteins in fractions containing antifungal activity were identified ...201019224400
summer feeding ecology of great pampa-finches, embernagra platensis at laguna de guaminí, buenos aires, argentina.the aim of this study was to assemble data on the summer feeding ecology of the great pampa-finch, embernagra platensis at the laguna de guaminí, buenos aires, argentina, and to explore the differences related to the dietary patterns for each sex between winter and summer when possible. the stomach contents of 43 birds were analyzed. the animal fraction was composed of hymenoptera (45.1%), coleoptera (32.4%), lepidoptera (6.0%), araneae (5%) and orthoptera (3.2%). the application of the index of ...201021562695
host associations and incidence of diuraphis spp. in the rocky mountain region of the united states, and pictorial key for their identification.the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia kurdjumov, is an introduced species first identified in 1986 into the united states. it has since become a major pest of wheat, triticum aestivum l., and other small grains in the western united states. three other diuraphis species, diuraphis frequens (walker), diuraphis mexicana (mcvicar baker), and diuraphis tritici (gillette), were already endemic to the united states before the introduction of d. noxia. the objective of this study was to determine th ...201021061992
bioaccessible mineral content of malted finger millet (eleusine coracana), wheat (triticum aestivum), and barley (hordeum vulgare).malted grains are extensively used in weaning and geriatric foods. malting generally improves the nutrient content and digestibility of foods. the present investigation examined the influence of malting of finger millet, wheat, and barley on the bioaccessibility of iron, zinc, calcium, copper, and manganese. malting increased the bioaccessibility of iron by >3-fold from the two varieties of finger millet and by >2-fold from wheat, whereas such a beneficial influence was not seen in barley. the b ...201020560601
ecotoxicological risk assessment of undisturbed metal contaminated soil at two remote lighthouse sites.ecotoxicological risk assessments of contaminated soil are commonly completed using guideline values based on total concentrations. however, only certain fractions of contaminants are bioavailable and pose a hazard to the environment. this paper investigates the relationship between measured metal concentrations in soil and soil leachate, and the effects in organisms exposed to intact, undisturbed soil cores (wheat, tricum aestivum) and soil leachate (lettuce, lactuca sativa, and water flea, dap ...201020189647
energy efficiency of conventional, organic, and alternative cropping systems for food and fuel at a site in the u.s. midwest.the prospect of biofuel production on a large scale has focused attention on energy efficiencies associated with different agricultural systems and production goals. we used 17 years of detailed data on agricultural practices and yields to calculate an energy balance for different cropping systems under both food and fuel scenarios. we compared four grain and one forage systems in the u.s. midwest: corn (zea mays) - soybean (glycine max) - wheat (triticum aestivum) rotations managed with (1) con ...201020402534
evaluation of elastic modulus and hardness of crop stalks cell walls by nano-indentation.agricultural biomaterials such as crop stalks are natural sources of cellulosic fiber and have great potential as reinforced materials in bio-composites. in order to evaluate their potential as materials for reinforcement, the nano-mechanical properties of crop-stalk cell walls, i.e. those of cotton (gossypium herbaceu) stalk, soybean (glycine max) stalk, cassava (manihot esculent) stalk, rice (oryza sativa l.) straw, and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) straw, were investigated by means of nano-ind ...201019954968
pyramiding qtl increases seedling resistance to crown rot (fusarium pseudograminearum) of wheat (triticum aestivum).crown rot of wheat (triticum aestivum), predominantly caused by the fungus fusarium pseudograminearum, has become an increasingly important disease constraint in many winter cereal production regions in australia. our group has previously identified a range of quantitative trait loci (qtl) for partial resistance to crown rot in various bread wheat sources. here, we report on work that has assessed the effectiveness of pyramiding qtl to improve resistance to crown rot. two doubled haploid populat ...201020198470
transcriptional-metabolic networks in beta-carotene-enriched potato tubers: the long and winding road to the golden phenotype.vitamin a deficiency is a public health problem in a large number of countries. biofortification of major staple crops (wheat [triticum aestivum], rice [oryza sativa], maize [zea mays], and potato [solanum tuberosum]) with β-carotene has the potential to alleviate this nutritional problem. previously, we engineered transgenic "golden" potato tubers overexpressing three bacterial genes for β-carotene synthesis (crtb, crti, and crty, encoding phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β- ...201020671108
influence of commodity type, percentage of cracked kernels, and wheat class on population growth of stored-product psocids (psocoptera: liposcelidae).differences in stored-product psocid progeny production as a function of commodity type, percentage of cracked kernels, and wheat class were examined using laboratory bioassays. population growth of liposcelis bostrychophila badonnel, liposcelis decolor (pearman), liposcelis paeta pearman, and liposcelis entomophila (enderlein) (psocoptera: liposcelididae) was highest on sorghum sorghum bicolor (l.) moench, followed by wheat, triticum aestivum l., and rice, oryza sativa l., whereas progeny produ ...201020568647
quality determination of nickel-loaded silica prepared from poaceous biomass.klason lignin or preacid hydrolysate of a poaceous biomass such as rice husk, rice straw ( oryza sativa ), and wheat straw ( triticum aestivum ) became a good source of highly pure silica by simple calcinations in the testing process for application of high-boiling solvent (hbs) pulping of agricultural byproduct. especially, klason lignin or preacid hydrolysis residue of rice husks offered highly purified silica, which was converted to an excellent ni/sio(2) catalyst for methanation of carbon di ...201020423088
wdbtf: an integrated database resource for studying wheat transcription factor families.transcription factors (tfs) regulate gene expression by interacting with promoters of their target genes and are classified into families based on their dna-binding domains. genes coding for tfs have been identified in the sequences of model plant genomes. the rice (oryza sativa spp. japonica) genome contains 2,384 tf gene models, which represent the mrna transcript of a locus, classed into 63 families.201020298594
hydrolysis and speciation of al bound to pectin and plant cell wall material and its reaction with the dye chrome azurol s.hydrolysis of aluminum (al) in solution increases at ph >or= 4 and with an al concentration. pectin, an important anionic polysaccharide of plant cell walls, adsorbs al, but this phenomenon is poorly understood. this study showed that al(3+) hydrolysis results in binding of al to pectin in excess of the stoichiometric equivalent, leading to oversaturation of the pectin with al. however, the degree of pectin methyl-esterification did not affect the extent of al hydrolysis. binding of al to purifi ...201020380374
phytotoxicity tests of solid wastes and contaminated soils in the czech republic.the purpose of this study was to compare the suitability of different phytotoxicity testing procedures for the evaluation of toxicity associated with both soil contamination and solid wastes, both of which can be of environmental risk to plants. ten different representative types of contaminated soils and solid waste samples were chosen from the czech republic.201019557447
uptake, localization, and speciation of cobalt in triticum aestivum l. (wheat) and lycopersicon esculentum m. (tomato).the root-to-shoot transfer, localization, and chemical speciation of co were investigated in a monocotyledon (triticum aestivum l., wheat) and a dicotyledon (lycopersicon esculentum m., tomato) plant species grown in nutrient solution at low (5 mum) and high (20 mum) co(ii) concentrations. cobalt was measured in the roots and shoots by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements were used to identify the chemical structure of co within the plants and ...201020345097
under what circumstances can process-based simulation models link genotype to phenotype for complex traits? case-study of fruit and grain quality traits.detailed information has arisen from research at gene and cell levels, but it is still incomplete in the context of a quantitative understanding of whole plant physiology. because of their integrative nature, process-based simulation models can help to bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype and assist in deconvoluting genotype-by-environment (gxe) interactions for complex traits. indeed, gxe interactions are emergent properties of simulation models, i.e. unexpected properties generated by ...201020038518
increasing sucrose uptake capacity of wheat grains stimulates storage protein synthesis.increasing grain sink strength by improving assimilate uptake capacity could be a promising approach toward getting higher yield. the barley (hordeum vulgare) sucrose transporter hvsut1 (sut) was expressed under control of the endosperm-specific hordein b1 promoter (ho). compared with the wild type, transgenic hosut grains take up more sucrose (suc) in vitro, showing that the transgene is functional. grain suc levels are not altered, indicating that suc fluxes are influenced rather than steady-s ...201020018590
cdna cloning and expression analysis of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) phytoene and ζ-carotene desaturase genes.carotene desaturation, an essential step in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, is catalyzed by two carotene desaturases, phytoene desaturase (pds) and ζ-carotene desaturase (ζ-carotene desaturase, zds). full-length cdnas designated tapds and tazds were cloned from wheat (triticum aestivum cv. chinese spring) respectively, using the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) approach. the cdna of tapds sequence was 2076 bp long, containing a 1731 bp open reading frame (orf) which deduced protein h ...201020013057
recruitment of closely linked genes for divergent functions: the seed storage protein (glu-3) and powdery mildew (pm3) genes in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).wheat seed storage protein gene loci (glu-3) and powdery mildew resistance gene loci (pm3 and pm3-like) are closely linked on the short arms of homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. to study the structural organization of the glu-3/pm3 loci, three bacterial artificial chromosome clones were sequenced from the a, b, and d genomes of hexaploid wheat. the a and b genome clones contained a glu-3 adjacent to a pm3-like gene organized in a conserved glu-3/sfr159/pm3-like structure. the d genome clone cont ...201020012664
responses of wheat roots to exogenous selenium supply under enhanced ultraviolet-b.effects of selenium (se) on growth and some physiological traits of roots in wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv han no.7086) seedlings exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-b (uv-b) stress are reported. responses of roots were different depending on the se concentration. compared with the control, root weight of wheat seedlings treated with 1.0 and 2.0 mg se kg(-1) soil increased by 39.47% and 16.28%, respectively. the lower amount se (0.5 mg kg(-1)) and the higher amount se treatments (3.0 mg kg(-1)) did ...201020012381
alteration in phosphate uptake potential of wheat plants co-cultivated with salicylic acid.the phosphate uptake potential was significantly stimulated with low concentration of salicylic acid (sa). in one of the wheat cultivars (triticum aestivum var. sonalika), 50 microm sa stimulated phosphate (po(4)(3-)) uptake. at higher concentrations of sa (500 and 1000 microm), the rate of uptake was reduced. these findings underscore the light and dose-dependent biphasic action of sa: a low 50 microm stimulated, and high concentrations 500 and 1000 microm inhibited, po(4)(3-) uptake.201019875194
molecular detection of genomic regions associated with grain yield and yield-related components in an elite bread wheat cross evaluated under irrigated and rainfed conditions.grain yield and grain weight of wheat are often decreased by water-limitation in the north-eastern cropping belt of australia. based on knowledge that cimmyt lines are well-adapted in this region, a recombinant inbred line (ril) population between two elite cimmyt bread wheats (seri m82 and babax) was evaluated under water-limited environments. fourteen productivity traits were evaluated in 192 progeny in up to eight trials. for three aggregations of the environments (all, high yield or low yiel ...201019865806
chlorophyll a fluorescence study revealing effects of high salt stress on photosystem ii in wheat leaves.in order to study the effects of high salt stress on ps ii in detached wheat (triticum aestivum) leaves, the seedlings were grown in knop solution and temperature was 20 +/- 2 degrees c. detached leaves were exposed to high salt stress (0.1-0.5 m nacl) for 1 h in dark and chl a fluorescence induction kinetics was measured. various parameters like fv/fm, abs/rc, eto/tro, performance index and area over the florescence curve were measured and the energy pipeline model was deduced in response to sa ...201019932973
an analysis of dormancy, aba responsiveness, after-ripening and pre-harvest sprouting in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.) caryopses.embryo and caryopsis dormancy, abscisic acid (aba) responsiveness, after-ripening (ar), and the disorder pre-harvest sprouting (phs) were investigated in six genetically related wheat varieties previously characterized as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to phs. timing of caryopsis ar differed between varieties; ar occurred before harvest ripeness in the most phs-susceptible, whereas ar was slowest in the most phs-resistant. whole caryopses of all varieties showed little aba-responsivenes ...201019923197
simultaneous determination of rubisco carboxylase and oxygenase kinetic parameters in triticum aestivum and zea mays using membrane inlet mass spectrometry.the lack of complete rubisco kinetic data for numerous species is partly because of the time consuming nature of the multiple methods needed to assay all of the rubisco parameters. we have developed a membrane inlet mass spectrometer method that simultaneously determines the rate of rubisco carboxylation (v(c)) and oxygenation (v(o)), and the co(2) and o(2) concentrations. using the collected data, the michaels-menten equations for v(c) and v(o) in response to changing co(2) and o(2) concentrati ...201020002330
gamma-conglutin, the lupinus albus xegip-like protein, whose expression is elicited by chitosan, lacks of the typical inhibitory activity against gh12 endo-glucanases.gamma-conglutin, a glycoprotein from lupinus albus seed, has been characterized at molecular level but its physiological function is still unknown. gamma-conglutin shares a high structural similarity with xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase inhibitor proteins (xegips) and triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (taxi-i), which act specifically against fungal glycosyl hydrolase belonging to families 12 and 11, respectively. to assess the possible involvement of gamma-conglutin in plant defen ...201019962718
effects of ozone on growth, yield and leaf gas exchange rates of two bangladeshi cultivars of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).to clarify the effects of o(3) on crop plants cultivated in bangladesh, two bangladeshi wheat cultivars (sufi and bijoy) were grown in plastic boxes filled with andisol and exposed daily to charcoal-filtered air or o(3) at 60 and 100 nl l(-1) (10:00-17:00) from 13 march to 4 june 2008. the whole-plant dry mass and grain yield per plant of the two cultivars at the final harvest were significantly reduced by the exposure to o(3). although there was no significant effect of o(3) on stomatal diffusi ...201019962222
using nirs to predict fiber and nutrient content of dryland cereal cultivars.residue from cultivars of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.), winter wheat, and spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.) was characterized for fiber and nutrient traits using reference methods and near-infrared spectroscopy (nirs). calibration models were developed for neutral detergent fiber (ndf), acid detergent fiber (adf), acid detergent lignin (adl), carbon (c), sulfur (s), nitrogen (n), and c:n. when calibrations were tested against validation sets for each crop year, nirs was an acceptable met ...201019961223
differential effects of cold, osmotic stress and abscisic acid on polyamine accumulation in wheat.the effects of cold, osmotic stress and abscisic acid (aba) on polyamine accumulation were compared in the moderately freezing-sensitive wheat (triticum aestivum l.) variety chinese spring (cs) and in two derived chromosome 5a substitution lines, cs(t. spelta 5a) and cs(cheyenne 5a), exhibiting lower and higher levels of freezing tolerance, respectively. when compared with the other treatments, putrescine (put) and spermidine (spd) levels were much greater after cold treatment, spermine (spm) fo ...201019960214
gene action of canopy temperature in bread wheat under diverse environments.while canopy temperature (ct) shows a strong and reliable association with yield under drought and heat stress and is used in wheat breeding to select for yield, little is known of its genetic control. the objective of this study was to determine the gene action controlling ct in five wheat populations grown in diverse environments (heat, drought, and well-irrigated conditions). ct showed negative phenotypic correlations with grain yield under drought and well-irrigated environments. additive x ...201020044743
the roles of aba, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in root growth during osmotic stress in wheat: comparison of a tolerant and a sensitive variety.the effects of peg 6000-induced osmotic stress (-0.976 mpa) on the root growth of young plants, and the changes in abscisic acid (aba), reactive oxygen species (ros) and no contents were investigated in the root tips of a drought-tolerant and a drought-sensitive wheat cultivar (triticum aestivum l. cvs. mv emese and gk élet, respectively). the root length of cv. mv emese was more effectively reduced than that of gk élet by osmotic stress. concomitantly, the aba content of the 15-mm apical zone o ...201021565776
ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (triticum aestivum).single and joint toxic effects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyran (hhcb) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (ahtn) and cadmium (cd) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (triticum aestivum) were investigated. the results showed that the toxicity sequence of hhcb toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of ahtn, that is, germination rate > shoot elongation > ...201021462717
expansins expression is associated with grain size dynamics in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).grain weight is one of the most important components of cereal yield and quality. a clearer understanding of the physiological and molecular determinants of this complex trait would provide an insight into the potential benefits for plant breeding. in the present study, the dynamics of dry matter accumulation, water uptake, and grain size in parallel with the expression of expansins during grain growth in wheat were analysed. the stabilized water content of grains showed a strong association wit ...201020080826
strategic distribution of protective proteins within bran layers of wheat protects the nutrient-rich endosperm.bran from bread wheat (triticum aestivum 'babbler') grain is composed of many outer layers of dead maternal tissues that overlie living aleurone cells. the dead cell layers function as a barrier resistant to degradation, whereas the aleurone layer is involved in mobilizing organic substrates in the endosperm during germination. we microdissected three defined bran fractions, outer layers (epidermis and hypodermis), intermediate fraction (cross cells, tube cells, testa, and nucellar tissue), and ...201020061449
interactive intoxicating and ameliorating effects of tannic acid, aluminum (al), copper (cu), and selenate (seo) in wheat roots: a descriptive and mathematical assessment.tannic acids and tannins are produced by plants and are important components of soil and water organic matter. these polyphenolic compounds form complexes with proteins, metals and soil particulate matter and perform several physiological and ecological functions. the tannic acid (ta) used in our study was a mixture of gallic acid and galloyl glucoses ranging up to nonagalloyl glucose. ta inhibited root elongation in wheat seedlings (triticum aestivum l. cv. scout 66) at concentrations >4 mg l(- ...201020059738
transcriptional differences in gene families of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in wheat during mild water deficit.when comparing the responses of two wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes, the drought-tolerant plainsman v and the drought-sensitive cappelle desprez, to reduced amounts of irrigation water, we found differences in ascorbate metabolism: both ascorbate oxidation and transcription levels of enzymes processing ascorbate were changed. relative transcript levels of ascorbate peroxidase (apx), monodehydroascorbate reductase (mdar), dehydroascorbate reductase (dhar) and glutathione reductase (gr) iso ...201019902215
two prolamin peptides from durum wheat preclude celiac disease-specific t cell activation by gluten proteins.celiac disease (cd) is a permanent intolerance to wheat prolamins and related proteins displayed by genetically susceptible individuals. blocking or modulation of cd-specific t cell response by altered prolamin peptides are currently considered as a potential alternative to the only effective therapy of cd based on a life-long gluten-free diet. two prolamin peptides, the 9-mer asrvapgqq and the 10-mer gtvgvapgqq sequences, were identified by mass spectrometry in the peptic/tryptic digest of prol ...201019894071
structural and expressional analysis of the b-hordein genes in tibetan hull-less barley.the b-hordein gene family was analyzed from two tibetan hull-less barley cultivars z09 and z26 (hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare). fourteen b-hordein genes, designated bz09-2 to bz09-5 (from z09) and bz26-1 to bz26-10 (from z26), were sequenced. seven of them, similar to a previously reported bz09-1 from z09, were predicted to encode putative active proteins each with a signal peptide, a repetitive domain, and a c-terminal region; seven of them were predicted to be pseudogenes. the b-hordein gene ...201019856114
responses of wheat seedlings to exogenous selenium supply under cold stress.dose-dependent effects of selenium on growth and physiological trait of wheat seedlings (triticum aestivum l. cv han no.7086) exposed to cold stress are reported. responses of seedlings were different depending on the se concentration. the treatments with 0.5 and 1.0 mg se kg(-1) significantly increased biomass and chlorophyll content of seedlings. however, the treatments at 2.0 and 3.0 mg se kg(-1) only induced an evident increase in chlorophyll content and did not promote biomass accumulation ...201019830391
characterization of the primary cell walls of seedlings of brachypodium distachyon--a potential model plant for temperate grasses.the genome of brachypodium distachyon, also known as purple false brome, was fully sequenced in 2008 largely in response to the demand for a model plant for temperate grasses. a comparative study of the primary cell walls of seedlings of b. distachyon, hordeum vulgare and triticum aestivum was carried out. the cell walls of the three species were characterized by similar relative levels of, and developmental changes in, hemicelluloses. the occurrence of (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucans was correlated wi ...201019828160
inter- and intra-genomic transfer of small chromosomal segments in wheat-rye allopolyploids.newly synthesized wheat-rye allopolyploids, derived from triticum aestivum mianyang11 x s. cereale kustro, were investigated by sequential fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) and genomic in situ hybridization (gish) using rye tandem repeat psc200 and rye genomic dna as probes, respectively, over the first, second and third allopolyploid generations. fish signals of psc200 could be observed at both telomeres/subtelomeres of all 14 chromosomes of the parental rye. in the first allopolyploid g ...201019821008
antioxidant responses of wheat seedlings to exogenous selenium supply under enhanced ultraviolet-b.the paper reports the effects of selenium (se) supply on growth and antioxidant traits of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv han no.7086) seedlings exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-b (uv-b) stress. antioxidant responses of seedlings were different depending on the se concentration. compared with the control, the lower amount used (0.5 mg se kg(-1) soil) had no significant effect on biomass accumulation. the treatments with 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg se kg(-1) promoted biomass accumulation of wheat seedling ...201019756399
identification of a hybridization window that facilitates sizeable reductions of pollen-mediated gene flow in spring wheat.transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.) with improved agronomic traits is currently being field-tested. gene flow in space is well-documented, but isolation in time has not received comparable attention. here, we report the results of a field experiment that investigated reductions in intraspecific gene flow associated with temporal isolation of flowering between t. aestivum conspecifics. pollen-mediated gene flow (pmgf) between an imazamox-resistant (ir) volunteer wheat population and a non-ir ...201019763864
conserved globulin gene across eight grass genomes identify fundamental units of the loci encoding seed storage proteins.the wheat high molecular weight (hmw) glutenins are important seed storage proteins that determine bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum). in this study, detailed comparative sequence analyses of large orthologous hmw glutenin genomic regions from eight grass species, representing a wide evolutionary history of grass genomes, reveal a number of lineage-specific sequence changes. these lineage-specific changes, which resulted in duplications, insertions, and deletions of gene ...201019707805
plasmolysis and cell wall deposition in wheat root hairs under osmotic stress.we analysed cell wall formation in rapidly growing root hairs of triticum aestivum under reduced turgor pressure by application of iso- and hypertonic mannitol solutions. our experimental series revealed an osmotic value of wheat root hairs of 150 mosm. in higher concentrations (200-650 mosm), exocytosis of wall material and its deposition, as well as callose synthesis, still occurred, but the elongation of root hairs was stopped. even after strong plasmolysis when the protoplast retreated from ...201019533299
abscisic acid and late embryogenesis abundant protein profile changes in winter wheat under progressive drought stress.three varieties (cv. pobeda, katya and sadovo) of winter wheat (triticum aestivum), differing in their agronomic characteristics, were analysed during progressive soil water stress and recovery at early vegetation stages. changes in abscisic acid content, sds-page and immunoblot profiles of proteins that remained soluble upon heating were monitored. initially higher aba content in control pobeda and katya corresponded to earlier expression of the studied late embryogenesis abundant (lea) protein ...201020701692
acclimation to frost alters proteolytic response of wheat seedlings to drought.a comparative examination of cysteine proteinases in winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings differing in sensitivity to frost and drought revealed many similarities and differences in response to water deprivation. azocaseinolytic activity was enhanced under water deficiency, but the enhancement was significantly lower in the tolerant genotype (kobra cultivar). on the contrary, acclimation of wheat seedlings at low temperature had no effect on the proteolytic activity of the tolerant cult ...201020674076
structure-function relationships of wheat flavone o-methyltransferase: homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis.wheat (triticum aestivum l.) o-methyltransferase (taomt2) catalyzes the sequential methylation of the flavone, tricetin, to its 3'-methyl- (selgin), 3',5'-dimethyl- (tricin) and 3',4',5'-trimethyl ether derivatives. tricin, a potential multifunctional nutraceutical, is the major enzyme reaction product. these successive methylations raised the question as to whether they take place in one, or different active sites. we constructed a 3-d model of this protein using the crystal structure of the hi ...201020670441
binding of sterols affects membrane functioning and sphingolipid composition in wheat roots.the present work was devoted to the exploration of the role of sterols in the functioning of membranes in root cells. membrane characteristics and composition of the membrane lipids in the roots of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings treated with exogenous cholesterol and antibiotic nystatin, which specifically binds with endogenous sterols, were analyzed. cholesterol caused a fall of membrane potential, acidification of the incubation medium, decrease in potassium leakage of roots, and incre ...201020632933
a glucurono(arabino)xylan synthase complex from wheat contains members of the gt43, gt47, and gt75 families and functions cooperatively.glucuronoarabinoxylans (gaxs) are the major hemicelluloses in grass cell walls, but the proteins that synthesize them have previously been uncharacterized. the biosynthesis of gaxs would require at least three glycosyltransferases (gts): xylosyltransferase (xylt), arabinosyltransferase (arat), and glucuronosyltransferase (glcat). a combination of proteomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed three wheat (triticum aestivum) glycosyltransferase (tagt) proteins from the gt43, gt47, and gt75 fami ...201020631319
the structural and photosynthetic characteristics of the exposed peduncle of wheat (triticum aestivum l.): an important photosynthate source for grain-filling.in wheat (triticum aestivum l), the flag leaf has been thought of as the main source of assimilates for grain growth, whereas the peduncle has commonly been thought of as a transporting organ. the photosynthetic characteristics of the exposed peduncle have therefore been neglected. in this study, we investigated the anatomical traits of the exposed peduncle during wheat grain ontogenesis, and we compared the exposed peduncle to the flag leaf with respect to chloroplast ultrastructure, photosyste ...201020618993
biochemical methane potential of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.): influence of growth stage and storage practice.the effect of growth stage at harvest and of storage practice on the biochemical methane potential (bmp) of winter wheat was investigated using batch-fed stirred mesophilic digesters. the wheat used was a single variety sown at the same time (autumn) and harvested at 3 different stages in its growth: medium milk (a), soft dough (b) and caryopsis (c). wheats (a and b) were ensiled whilst the later harvested material (c) with a higher dry matter content was treated by the alkalage process. the bmp ...201020598879
the signal effect of nitrate supply enhances active forms of cytokinins and indole acetic content and reduces abscisic acid in wheat plants grown with ammonium.ammonium can result in toxicity symptoms in many plants when supplied as a sole nitrogen source. nitrate reduces the negative effects caused by ammonium and promotes plant growth. in order to explore the mechanism responsible of this beneficial effect, we investigated whether nitrate application causes significant changes in the indoleacetic acid (iaa)- and cytokinin-plant distribution and abscisic acid (aba) accumulation in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) plants grown with ammonium. two different ...201020598773
quality differences between nils of wheat variety long 97-586 possessing hmw-gs 7+8 and 7.the high molecular weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gs) 7+8 were introduced into the long 97-586 (1, 7, 2+12) wheat variety (triticum aestivum) by 5 consecutive backcrosses with biochemical marker-assisted selection. nearly isogenic lines (nils) of hmw-gs 7 and 7+8 were obtained, and the nils were planted in the experimental field at the crop breeding institute of heilongjiang academy of agricultural science in 2004-2006. the field experiments were designed using the two-column contrast arrangement ...201020596839
hypersensitive response-like reaction is associated with hybrid necrosis in interspecific crosses between tetraploid wheat and aegilops tauschii coss.hybrid speciation is classified into homoploid and polyploid based on ploidy level. common wheat is an allohexaploid species that originated from a naturally occurring interploidy cross between tetraploid wheat and diploid wild wheat aegilops tauschii coss. aegilops tauschii provides wide naturally occurring genetic variation. sometimes its triploid hybrids with tetraploid wheat show the following four types of hybrid growth abnormalities: types ii and iii hybrid necrosis, hybrid chlorosis, and ...201020593003
delineating the structural, functional and evolutionary relationships of sucrose phosphate synthase gene family ii in wheat and related grasses.sucrose phosphate synthase (sps) is an important component of the plant sucrose biosynthesis pathway. in the monocotyledonous poaceae, five sps genes have been identified. here we present a detailed analysis of the wheat spsii family in wheat. a set of homoeologue-specific primers was developed in order to permit both the detection of sequence variation, and the dissection of the individual contribution of each homoeologue to the global expression of spsii.201020591144
genome-wide gene expression changes in genetically stable synthetic and natural wheat allohexaploids.*the present study aims to understand regulation of gene expression in synthetic and natural wheat (triticum aestivum) allohexaploids, that combines the ab genome of triticum turgidum and the d genome of aegilops tauschii; and which we have recently characterized as genetically stable. *we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of gene expression that allowed characterization of the effect of variability of the d genome progenitor, the intergenerational stability as well as the compariso ...201020591055
coronatine alleviates water deficiency stress on winter wheat seedlings.with the aim to determine whether coronatine (cor) alleviates drought stress on wheat, two winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars, changwu134 (drought-tolerant) and shan253 (drought-sensitive) were studied under hydroponic conditions. seedlings at the three-leaf stage were cultured in a hoagland solution containing cor at 0.1 microm for 24 h, and then exposed to 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 (peg-6000). under simulated drought (sd), cor increased the dry weight of shoots and roots of the t ...201020590992
identification and characterization of conserved micrornas and their target genes in wheat (triticum aestivum).micrornas (mirnas) are non-coding small rnas that regulate gene expression by translational repression or transcript degradation. a large number of mirnas have been identified from model plant species; however, the character of conserved mirnas is poorly understood. we studied 42 mirna families that are conserved within the plant kingdom, using the mirbase database. some conserved mirna families were found to be preferentially expressed in dicots relative to monocots, especially mir403, mir472 a ...201020589616
individual and combined effects of waterlogging and alkalinity on yield of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) imposed at three critical stages.response of wheat genotype hd 2329 to individual and combined effects of alkalinity and waterlogging (wl) at tillering, panicle emergence and anthesis stage was studied. both stresses increased na accumulation and reduced k uptake which leads to higher na(+)/k(+) ratio in the leaves. yield was decreased under all the stress treatments and highly correlated with na(+)/k(+) ratio at all the three growth stages (r = -0.83, -0.82 and -0.73, respectively) with maximum reduction under ph 9.4 + wl. inc ...201023572981
[genetic control of gliadin components in wheat triticum spelta l].the componental composition of electrophoretic spectra of gliadin in triticum spelta l. was studied. by analogy with common wheat t. aestivum l., it was established that genes controlling gliadin components in spelt are also located in short arms of chromosomes of homeological groups 1 and 6. analysis of gliadin spectra in f2 grains from the crosses k-20539 x ershovskaya 32 and k-20558 x ershovskaya 32 revealed linkage of some components and their grouping into blocks (alleles) of coinherited gl ...201020583599
comparison of low molecular weight glutenin subunits identified by sds-page, 2-de, maldi-tof-ms and pcr in common wheat.low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (lmw-gs) play a crucial role in determining end-use quality of common wheat by influencing the viscoelastic properties of dough. four different methods - sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de, ief x sds-page), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), were used to characterize the lmw-gs composition ...201020573275
histological and microarray analysis of the direct effect of water shortage alone or combined with heat on early grain development in wheat (triticum aestivum).based on the in silico analysis of the representation of expressed sequence tags (ests) in wheat grain-related cdna libraries, a specific 15k oligonucleotide microarray has been developed in order to monitor environmental stress-dependent gene expression changes in the wheat caryopses. using this array, the effect of water withdrawal, with and without additional heat stress, has been investigated during the first five days of kernel development on two wheat cultivars differing in their drought s ...201020573045
variation of resistance in barley against biotypes 1 and 2 of the russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae).the russian wheat aphid, diruaphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), is globally one of the most devastating pests of bread wheat, tritium aestivum l.; durum wheat, triticum turgidum l.; and barley, hordeum vulgare l. host plant resistance is the foundation for cereal insect pest management programs, and several sources of d. noxia resistance have been incorporated in cultivars to manage d. noxia damage. the emergence of d. noxia north american biotype 2 (rwa2) in colorado has made all k ...201020568641
[cloning and phylogenetic analysis of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes at glu-b3 locus in common wheat relative species].the common wheat relative species are important germplasm for wheat breeding. in the present study, novel allelic variants at glu-b3 locus were cloned to provide gene resources for wheat quality improvement. four glu-b3-locus specific primer sets lb1f/lb1r, lb2f/lb2r, lb3f/lb3r, and lb4f/lb4r were employed to isolate novel allelic variants of glub3-1, glub3-2, glub3-3, and glub3-4 from seven common wheat relative species, i.e., t. durum, t. dicoccum, t. dicoccoides, aegilops longissima, ae. sear ...201020566466
antioxidant response of wheat roots to drought acclimation.wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings of a drought-resistant cv. c306 were subjected to severe water deficit directly or through stress cycles of increasing intensity with intermittent recovery periods. the antioxidant defense in terms of redox metabolites and enzymes in root cells and mitochondria was examined in relation to membrane damage. acclimated seedlings exhibited higher relative water content and were able to limit the accumulation of h(2)o(2) and membrane damage during subsequent sev ...201020559854
genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium studies on a 3.1-mb genomic region of chromosome 3b in european and asian bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) populations.genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium (ld) were investigated in 376 asian and european accessions of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). after a first and rapid screening about diversity and genetic structure at the whole genome scale using 70 simple sequence repeats (ssrs), we focused on a sequenced contig (ctg954) of 3.1 mb located on the short arm of chromosome 3b of cv. chinese spring, using 32 ssrs and 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms. this contig is part of a multiple fungal resis ...201020559816
[intergenomic chromosome substitutions in wheat interspecific hybrids and their use in the development of a genetic nomenclature of triticum timopheevii chromosomes].the results of analysis of the genome formation in interspecific hybrids of triticum aestivum with t. timopheevii are reviewed. the spectra of substitutions and rearrangements are shown to depend on the genotypes of the parental forms and on the direction of selection. the frequencies of substitutions of individual t. timopheevii chromosomes significantly vary and reflect the level of their divergence relative to the common wheat chromosomes. some aspects of classification of the a(t)- and g-gen ...201020795491
[analysis of storage proteins (prolamines, puroindolines and waxy) in common wheat lines triticum aestivum l. x (triticum timopheevii zhuk. x triticum tauschii) with complex resistance to fungal infections].storage proteins (prolamines, puroindolines, and waxy) were studied in common wheat introgression lines obtained with the use of the saratovskaya 29 (s29) cultivar line and synthetic hexaploid wheat (triticum timopheevii zhuk. x t. tauschii) (sintetik, sin.) and displaying complex resistance to fungal infections. comparative analysis of storage proteins in the introgression lines of common wheat triticum aestivum l. and in the parental forms revealed the only line (bc5) having a substitution at ...201020734767
the multiple origins of aluminium resistance in hexaploid wheat include aegilops tauschii and more recent cis mutations to taalmt1.acid soils limit plant production worldwide because their high concentrations of soluble aluminium cations (al(3+) ) inhibit root growth. major food crops such as wheat (triticum aestivum l.) have evolved mechanisms to resist al(3+) toxicity, thus enabling wider distribution. the origins of al(3+) resistance in wheat are perplexing because all progenitors of this hexaploid species are reportedly sensitive to al(3+) stress. the large genotypic variation for al(3+) resistance in wheat is largely c ...201020804458
[effects of shading on the nitrogen redistribution in wheat plant and the wheat grain quality].taking winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars yangmai 158 (shading-tolerant) and yangmai 11 (shading-sensitive) as test materials, this paper studied the effects of shading at the stages from jointing to maturity on the plant n redistribution, grain yield, and grain- and dough quality of the cultivars. the treatments were non-shading, 22% shading, and 33% shading. under shading, the grain yield and its protein content of yangmai 158 and yangmai 11 decreased by 4.1%-9.9% and 3.0%-8.3%, and ...201020879528
allelic variations in glu-1 and glu-3 loci of historical and modern iranian bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars.proline and glutamine-rich wheat seed endosperm proteins are collectively referred to as prolamins. they are comprised of hmw-gss, lmw-gss and gliadins. hmw-gss are major determinants of gluten elasticity and lmw-gss considerably affect dough extensibility and maximum dough resistance. the inheritance of glutenin subunits follows mendelian genetics with multiple alleles in each locus. identification of the banding patterns of glutenin subunits could be used as an estimate for screening high qual ...201020861570
susceptibility of various life stages of rhyzopertha dominica (coleoptera: bostrichidae) to flameless catalytic infrared radiation.in laboratory experiments, a flameless catalytic infrared emitter, fueled by propane, was used to disinfest hard red winter wheat, triticum aestivum l., containing different life stages of the lesser grain borer, rhyzopertha dominica (f.), an economically important insect species associated with stored wheat in kansas. the emitter generates infrared radiation in the 3-7-microm range. the life stages of r. dominica exposed to infrared radiation included eggs, larvae in different stages of develop ...201020857767
biotypic diversity in greenbug (hemiptera: aphididae): microsatellite-based regional divergence and host-adapted differentiation.nineteen isolates of the cereal aphid pest greenbug, schizaphis graminum (rondani) (hemiptera: aphididae), were collected from wheat, triticum aestivum l.; barley, hordeum vulgare l.; or noncultivated grass hosts in five locations from colorado and wyoming. parthenogenetic colonies were established. biotypic profiles of the 19 isolates were determined based on their abilities to damage a set of host plant differentials, and 13 new biotypes were identified. genetic diversity among the 19 isolates ...201020857761
apoplastic ascorbate contributes to the differential ozone sensitivity in two varieties of winter wheat under fully open-air field conditions.we studied leaf apoplastic ascorbates in relation to ozone (o(3)) sensitivity in two winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties: yangfumai 2 (y2) and yangmai 16 (y16). the plants were exposed to elevated o(3) concentration 27% higher than the ambient o(3) concentration in a fully open-air field from tillering stage until final maturity. the less sensitive variety y16 had higher concentration of reduced ascorbate in the apoplast and leaf tissue by 33.5% and 12.0%, respectively, than those in t ...201020855141
lead-induced phytotoxicity mechanism involved in seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the mechanism of lead-inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth was investigated in wheat cv. xihan 2 subjected to different pb(no(3))(2) concentrations. high concentrations of lead and exogenous h(2)o(2) significantly inhibited seed germination and the growth of roots and shoots. dimethylthiourea, catalase or diphenylene iodonium could reverse lead-inhibitory effects on seed germination. significant elevated h(2)o(2) generation was observed in germinating seeds exposed to lead. ...201020833428
isolation and characterization of a gene encoding a polyethylene glycol-induced cysteine protease in common wheat.plant cysteine protease (cp) genes are induced by abiotic stresses such as drought, yet their functions remain largely unknown. we isolated the full-length cdna encoding a triticum aestivum cp gene, designated tacp, from wheat by the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. sequence analysis revealed that tacp contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 362 amino acids, which is 96% identical to barley cysteine protease hvsf42. the tacp transcript level in wheat seedlings was upr ...201020826947
signaling events leading to red-light-induced suppression of photomorphogenesis in wheat (triticum aestivum).perception of red light (400 μmol photon m²/s) by the shoot bottom turned off the greening process in wheat. to understand the signaling cascade leading to this photomorphogenic response, certain signaling components were probed in seedlings grown in different light regimes. upon analysis the gene expression of heterotrimeric gα and gβ were severely down-regulated in seedlings grown without vermiculite and having their shoot bottom exposed to red light (r/v-) and was similar to that of dark-grow ...201020823341
prediction of genetic values of quantitative traits in plant breeding using pedigree and molecular markers.the availability of dense molecular markers has made possible the use of genomic selection (gs) for plant breeding. however, the evaluation of models for gs in real plant populations is very limited. this article evaluates the performance of parametric and semiparametric models for gs using wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and maize (zea mays) data in which different traits were measured in several environmental conditions. the findings, based on extensive cross-validations, indicate that models inc ...201020813882
molecular analysis of phosphomannomutase (pmm) genes reveals a unique pmm duplication event in diverse triticeae species and the main pmm isozymes in bread wheat tissues.phosphomannomutase (pmm) is an essential enzyme in eukaryotes. however, little is known about pmm gene and function in crop plants. here, we report molecular evolutionary and biochemical analysis of pmm genes in bread wheat and related triticeae species.201020920368
metabolic fate of [¹⁴c]diuron and [¹⁴c]linuron in wheat (triticum aestivum) and radish (raphanus sativus).metabolism of xenobiotics in plants usually occurs in three phases, phase i (primary metabolism), phase ii (conjugation processes), and phase iii (storage). the uptake and metabolism of [(14)c]diuron and [(14)c]linuron were investigated in wheat and radish. seeds were sown in quartz sand and irrigated with a nutrient solution of either radioactive herbicide. plants were harvested after two weeks, and metabolites were extracted and then analyzed by radio-reverse-high-performance liquid chromatogr ...201020886880
glomus africanum and g. iranicum, two new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (glomeromycota).two new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species (glomeromycota) of genus glomus, g. africanum and g. iranicum, are described and illustrated. both species formed spores in loose clusters and singly in soil and g. iranicum sometimes inside roots. g. africanum spores are pale yellow to brownish yellow, globose to subglobose, (60-)87(-125) μm diam, sometimes ovoid to irregular, 80-110 x 90-140 μm. the spore wall consists of a semipermanent, hyaline, outer layer and a laminate, smooth, pale yellow to ...201020943558
differences in root functions during long-term drought adaptation: comparison of active gene sets of two wheat genotypes.in an attempt to shed light on the role of root systems in differential responses of wheat genotypes to long-term water limitation, transcriptional differences between two wheat genotypes (triticum aestivum l., cv. plainsman v and landrace kobomugi) were identified during adaptation to moderate water stress at the tillering stage. differences in organ sizes, water-use efficiency and seed production were detected in plants grown in soil, and root functions were characterised by expression profili ...201021040302
carbohydrate structural analysis of wheat flour arabinogalactan protein.the water-extractable arabinogalactan protein (agp) was isolated from bread wheat flour (triticum aestivum l. variety cadenza) and the structure of the arabinogalactan (ag) carbohydrate component was studied. oligosaccharides, released by hydrolysis of the ag with a range of agp-specific enzymes, were characterised by matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation (maldi)-time of flight (tof)-mass spectrometry (ms), maldi-tof/tof high energy collision induced dissociation (cid) and polysaccharide a ...201020971454
a novel ta.agp.s.1b transcript in chinese common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (agpase), the key enzyme of starch synthesis in plants, is composed of two small and two large subunits, and has plastidial and cytosolic isoforms. in kernels of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.), transcripts for cytosolic (ta.agp.s1a) and plastidial (ta.agp.s1b) small subunits of agpase were encoded by the same gene (ta.agp.s.1) by use of the alternative first exons. in this study, a cdna sequence (1631 bp) [ncbi: eu586278] encoding a nov ...201020965441
chromosome elimination by wide hybridization between triticeae or oat plant and pearl millet: pearl millet chromosome dynamics in hybrid embryo cells.wide crossing is one of a number of practical methods that can be used to expand genetic variation in common wheat (triticum aestivum). however, in crosses between wheat and distantly related species such as maize (zea mays) and pearl millet (pennisetum glaucum), non-wheat chromosomes are often eliminated from the hybrid during embryogenesis. in this study, we used pearl millet pollen to pollinate the pistils of a range of plants in the tribe triticeae, as well as oat. seven days after pollinati ...201020953694
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