Publications

nuclear migration advances in fungi.	nuclear migration encompasses three areas: separation of daughter nuclei during mitosis, congress of parental nuclei before they fuse during fertilization, and positioning of nuclei in interphase cells. this review deals primarily with interphase nuclear migration, which is crucial for events as disparate as vertebrate embryonic development and growth of fungal mycelia. mutants of aspergillus nidulans, neurospora crassa and saccharomyces cerevisiae have been particularly informative, and a detai ...	1995	14732112
isolation and characterization of sexual spore pigments from aspergillus nidulans.	the homothallic ascomycete aspergillus nidulans produces two types of pigmented spores: conidia and ascospores. the synthesis and localization of the spore pigments is developmentally regulated and occurs in specialized cell types. on the basis of spectroscopic evidence, we propose that the major ascospore pigment of a. nidulans (ascoquinone a) is a novel dimeric hydroxylated anthraquinone. the structure of ascoquinone a, as well as a comparison to model compounds, suggests that it is the produc ...	1994	16349224
active-site histidines in recombinant cyanobacterial ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase examined by site-directed mutagenesis.	the functions of his(291), his(295) and his(324) at the active-site of recombinant a. nidulans ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase have been explored by site-directed mutagenesis. replacement of his(291) by k or r resulted in unassembled proteins, while its replacement by e, q or n resulted in assembled but inactive proteins. these results are in accord with a metal ion-binding role of this residue in the activated ternary complex by analogy to x-ray crystallographic analyses of tob ...	1994	24310117
sexual origins of british aspergillus nidulans isolates.	aspergillus nidulans is a holomorphic fungus, capable of producing both meiotically and mitotically derived spores. meiosis may be an evolutionary relic in this species because it is potentially capable of mitotic recombination and because most aspergilli lack the ability to produce meiotic spores. we tested the null hypothesis that meiosis has been a major factor in the origin of strains of a. nidulans from great britain by estimating linkage disequilibrium among restriction fragment length pol ...	1994	7907796
isolation of the faca (acetyl-coa synthetase) gene of phycomyces blakesleeanus.	a 5.6 kb dna fragment from the fungus phycomyces blakesleeanus has been cloned and sequenced. the fragment contains a gene that probably codes for the enzyme acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase (faca). the amino acid sequence deduced for the p. blakesleeanus protein is highly homologous to those of acetyl-coa-synthetases from other organisms. when placed under the control of a constitutive promoter from aspergillus nidulans, the cloned gene complemented a faca- mutation of this organism. in p. blakesle ...	1994	7914670
assignment of rflp, rapd and isoenzyme markers to aspergillus nidulans chromosomes, using chromosome-substituted segregants of a hybrid of a. nidulans and a. quadrilineatus.	chromosome-substituted haploid segregants were selected from among the benomyl-induced progeny of an interspecific hybrid produced by polyethylene-glycol-induced fusion of protoplasts of an aspergillus nidulans 'master strain' and an a. quadrilineatus auxotrophic mutant. these segregants were examined by rflp, rapd, and isoenzyme analysis. the a. nidulans ribosomal repeat unit was assigned to chromosome v, while the bena and the pyrg genes were assigned to linkage groups viii and i, respectively ...	1994	7915967
cointegration of transforming dnas in aspergillus nidulans: a model using autonomously-replicating plasmids.	transforming dnas form cointegrates in aspergillus nidulans by homologous and non-homologous recombination as well as by end-to-end ligation of linear fragments. this process has been studied by means of a model in which the linkage of a marker gene to the origin of autonomous replication ama1 was selected for. recombinant plasmids were rescued into escherichia coli and subjected to restriction mapping and sequence analysis. it was shown that circular dna molecules recombined predominantly withi ...	1994	7882430
glucose-induced inactivation of isocitrate lyase in aspergillus nidulans.	the existence of a second mechanism of catabolite control of isocitrate lyase of aspergillus nidulans, in addition to the carbon catabolite repression phenomenon recently reported was analysed. isocitrate lyase was rapidly and specifically inactivated by glucose. the inactivation was irreversible at all stages in the presence of cycloheximide, showing that reactivation depends on de novo protein synthesis. in addition, analysis of glucose-induced inactivation of isocitrate lyase in a cread-30 st ...	1994	7872837
extracellular arabinases in aspergillus nidulans: the effect of different cre mutations on enzyme levels.	the regulation of the syntheses of two arabinan-degrading extracellular enzymes and several intracellular l-arabinose catabolic enzymes was examined in wild-type and carbon catabolite derepressed mutants of aspergillus nidulans. alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase b, endoarabinase, l-arabinose reductase, l-arabitol dehydrogenase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and l-xylulose reductase were all inducible to varying degrees by l-arabinose and l-arabitol and subject to carbon catabolite repression by d-glucose. wi ...	1994	7872840
nitrogen regulation in fungi.	nitrogen regulation has been extensively studied in fungi revealing a complex array of interacting regulatory genes. the general characterisation of the systems in aspergillus nidulans and neurospora crassa shall be briefly described, but much of this paper will concentrate specifically on the recent molecular characterisation of area, the principle regulatory gene from a. nidulans which mediates nitrogen metabolite repression. three areas shall be explored in detail, firstly the dna binding dom ...	1994	7847882
regulatory circuits of the amds gene of aspergillus nidulans.	the amds gene codes for an acetamidase enzyme that hydrolyses acetamide to acetate and ammonium thus providing a. nidulans with a source of carbon and nitrogen. the exceptionally favourable genetics of this system combined with molecular analysis have enabled many regulatory circuits affecting amds to be identified genetically. characterization of the regulatory genes and the definition of the cis-acting sites involved have been done using both in vivo and in vitro mutagenesis. recent results on ...	1994	7847883
expression of genes and processing of enzymes for the biosynthesis of penicillins and cephalosporins.	the genes pcbab, pcbc and pende encoding the enzymes (alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine synthetase, isopenicillin n synthase and isopenicillin n acyltransferase, respectively) involved in the biosynthesis of penicillin have been cloned from penicillin chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans. they are clustered in chromosome i (10.4 mb) of p. chrysogenum, in chromosome ii of penicillium notatum (9.6 mb) and in chromosome vi (3.0 mb) of a. nidulans. each gene is expressed as a single transcript from ...	1994	7847890
molecular genetics of aspergillus pathogenicity.	aspergillus fumigatus is the most frequent cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa), a life-threatening disease of immunosuppressed patients. in addition to a number of general physiological attributes of this fungus, it has been suggested that extracellular elastase and toxins might facilitate its growth in lung tissue. we have investigated the roles of two extracellular proteins, an alkaline protease with elastase activity (afalp), and the ribotoxin restrictocin in murine models of ipa. ...	1994	7847892
heterologous transformation of zalerion arboricola.	a heterologous dna-mediated transformation system was developed for the pneumocandin-producing fungus z. arboricola that was based on either conferral of hygromycin b resistance or complementation of a nitrate reductase mutant. hygromycin-resistant transformants were selected with plasmid pcsn43 which contains the e. coli hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene under the control of aspergillus nidulans trpc transcription signals. transformation frequencies were about four transformants per microgra ...	1994	7859303
molecular karyotype alterations induced by transformation in aspergillus nidulans are mitotically stable.	clamped homogeneous electric field (chef)-gel electrophoresis was used to define the electrophoretic molecular karyotype of aspergillus nidulans strain oc-1 before and after protoplast-based genetic transformation. the transforming dna caused alterations in the molecular karyotypes in all transformants examined. rather dramatic changes were observed in karyotypes, including apparent chromosome loss, massive size alterations, and the appearance of large chromosomes. changes in molecular karyotype ...	1994	7859304
additive action of partial heterokaryon incompatibility (partial-het) genes in aspergillus nidulans.	we have observed partial heterokaryon-incompatibility reactions in combinations of field isolates of a. nidulans. we have demonstrated that partial heterokaryon incompatibility is genetically controlled by genes (partial-het genes) operating in the same manner as the previously-described het genes. our results also reveal that partial-het genes can act additively in causing heterokaryon incompatibility and that partial heterokaryon incompatibility is not a barrier to the horizontal transfer of a ...	1994	7859306
transformation of botrytis cinerea with the hygromycin b resistance gene, hph.	a transformation method has been developed for the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. protoplasts were transformed with pan7-1 plasmid carrying the escherichia coli hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hph), conferring hygromycin b resistance, downstream from an aspergillus nidulans promoter. molecular analysis, showed that transformation resulted in an integration of the plasmid into different regions of the b. cinerea genome and occurred through non-homologous recombination. the frequency ...	1994	7859308
heterologous expression of the cytotoxin restriction in aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus niger.	the cdna clone of restrictocin was placed under the control of the glucoamylase promoter from aspergillus awamori and was transformed into aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus niger. site-specific changes were introduced into cdna constructs and these were transformed into a. nidulans. the secretion signal sequence was deleted from one form of the gene and three mutations introduced single amino acid substitutions into the protein. culture conditions were optimized for maximum expression levels ...	1994	7827506
overexpression of flba, an early regulator of aspergillus asexual sporulation, leads to activation of brla and premature initiation of development.	aspergillus nidulans reproduces asexually by forming thousands of mitotically derived spores atop highly specialized multicellular organs termed conidiophores. we have identified a gene called flba (for fluffy low brla expression) that is required for initiation of a. nidulans conidiophore development. flba mutants form abnormal colonies that have a distinct fluffy phenotype characterized by tightly interwoven aerial hyphae that autolyse as the colony matures. the requirement for flba in conidio ...	1994	7830576
two new genes involved in signalling ambient ph in aspergillus nidulans.	two new genes, palh and pali, where mutations mimic the effects of acidic growth ph have been identified in aspergillus nidulans. a palh mutation is phenotypically indistinguishable from mutations in the pala, palb, palc, and palf genes, whereas pali mutations differ only in that they allow some growth at ph 8. mutations in pala, b, c, f, and h are epistatic to a pali mutation and the significance of this epistasis is discussed. additionally, pale and palb mutations have been shown to be allelic ...	1994	7830727
genetic requirements for initiating asexual development in aspergillus nidulans.	conidiation in the filamentous ascomycete aspergillus nidulans requires activation of brla, a well-characterized transcriptional regulator of genes that are induced specifically during asexual development. we have isolated and characterized developmental mutations in six loci, designated flug, flba, flbb, flbc, flbd, and flbe, that result in defective development and reduced brla expression. these mutants grow indeterminately to produce masses of aerial hyphae resulting in the formation of cotto ...	1994	7750148
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cellobiohydrolase i gene from trichoderma koningii g-39.	the cellobiohydrolase i gene, cbh1, has been cloned from an enhanced cellulase-producing strain, trichoderma koningii g-39. sequence comparisons show that t. koningii cbh1 is identical to that of t. reesei with the exception of 6 bp--two causing silent substitutions in the coding region, three differing in one of the introns, and one in 5'-noncoding region. thus, it should encode an identical cbhi to that of t. reesei despite the differences in morphological characters of the two species. analys ...	1994	7764306
high-level expression of human superoxide dismutase in the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans 6301.	a chemically synthesized gene encoding human cuzn superoxide dismutase (hsod) was cloned into the shuttle vector pbax18r and expressed in anacystis nidulans 6301 (synechococcus sp. strain pcc 6301) under the control of a ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene (rbc) promoter derived from a. nidulans 6301. the sequences immediately upstream from the hsod coding region and the distances between the ribosomal binding site and atg initiation codon strongly affected the expression of the ...	1994	7937873
rescue of yeast defective in mitochondrial atp synthase subunit 8 by a heterologous gene from aspergillus nidulans.	mitochondrial atp synthase subunit 8 of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and of the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans have the same length and similar structural motifs. however, the two proteins share only 50% identical residues, with the conserved residues being concentrated in the n- and c-terminal domains. we have investigated whether it is amino acid sequence or overall structural motifs that are required for subunit 8 function. pcr was used to construct a gene encoding a. nidulans ...	1994	7945306
an analysis of the sequence of part of the right arm of chromosome ii of s. cerevisiae reveals new genes encoding an amino-acid permease and a carboxypeptidase.	we have analysed two new genes, ybr1007 and ybr1015, discovered during the systematic sequencing of chromosome ii of s. cerevisiae. ybr1007 shows strong similarities to amino-acid permeases, in particular the high-affinity proline permeases of s. cerevisiae and a. nidulans. the number and position of the predicted membrane-spanning domains suggest a conserved structure for these proteins, with 12 trans-membrane domains. ybr1015 shows strong similarities to serine carboxypeptidases; all three res ...	1994	7954890
premature chromatin condensation upon accumulation of nima.	the nima protein kinase of aspergillus nidulans is required for the g2/m transition of the cell cycle. mutants lacking nima arrest without morphological characteristics of mitosis, but they do contain an activated p37nimx kinase (the aspergillus homologue of p34cdc2). to gain a better understanding of nima function we have investigated the effects of expressing various nima constructs in aspergillus, fission yeast and human cells. our experiments have shown that the instability of the nima prote ...	1994	7957060
a cosmid with a hyr marker for fungal library construction and screening.	the construction of a double-cos-site cosmid vector, pmocosx, for use in making filamentous fungal genomic dna libraries, is described. the vector has features that allow for selection of clones introduced into fungi by transformation and for efficient chromosome walking experiments. these features include (i) two cos sites allowing for easy construction of libraries without requiring size selection of insert dna; (ii) an xhoi site for insertion of sau3ai or mboi partially digested genomic dna i ...	1994	7959044
virulence studies of aspergillus nidulans mutants requiring lysine or p-aminobenzoic acid in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.	to identify steps in fungal intermediary metabolism required by aspergillus spp. during invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, we have developed murine models involving aspergillus nidulans as the inoculum. the advantages of using a. nidulans over aspergillus fumigatus or aspergillus flavus, which are the most common agents of clinical disease, are the well-understood genetics of a. nidulans and a large range of mutants of this species which are affected in a variety of metabolic pathways. comparison ...	1994	7960102
a single p34cdc2 protein kinase (encoded by nimxcdc2) is required at g1 and g2 in aspergillus nidulans.	we have cloned and sequenced a homolog of cdc2 from aspergillus nidulans that can complement the schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2-33 mutation. the gene was deleted and is required for continued nuclear dna replication but not for mitochondrial dna replication. three different temperature-sensitive alleles were generated by reverse genetics. all of the mutations generate the nim phenotype of a. nidulans. the new gene was designated nimxcdc2 as it is not allelic to any of the other nim genes (nima t ...	1994	7962194
oxygen requirements of aspergillus species.	the growth of 24 aspergillus isolates at low oxygen tensions was assessed. isolates selected included a. fumigatus (10), a. terreus (6), a. niger (6), a. nidulans (1) and a. flavus (1). three different agar media were used--potato dextrose agar (pda), ph 5.6; brain heart infusion (bhi), ph 7.4; and a specially developed medium (hall's) containing resazurin--with oxygen concentrations of 0, 0.025, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5%. the co2 concentration was 5%. agar plates were inoculated with 2 x 10(7) conidia/ ...	1994	7966201
a fast random cost algorithm for physical mapping.	ordering clones from a genomic library into physical maps of whole chromosomes presents a central computational/statistical problem in genetics. here we present a physical mapping algorithm for creating ordered genomic libraries or contig maps by using a random cost approach [berg, a. (1993) nature (london) 361, 708-710]. this random cost algorithm is 5-10 times faster than existing physical mapping algorithms and has optimization performance comparable to existing procedures. the speedup in the ...	1994	7972016
serological survey of infections in waterfowl in the guadalquivir marshes (spain).	a serological survey was performed in the guadalquivir marshes (southern spain) in order to determine the presence and diffusion of six infective agents in wild waterfowl. the analysis covered 712 waterfowl from 13 species belonging to five taxa (podicipediformes, ciconiiformes, anseriformes, gruiformes, and charadriiformes). a range of immunological techniques led to detection of antibodies against the six infective agents studied: chlamydia psittaci (13.3%), mycoplasma anatis (3.5%), pasteurel ...	1994	7980291
germinating conidiospores of aspergillus amino acid auxotrophs are hypersensitive to heat shock, oxidative stress and dna damage.	germinating conidiospores (conidia) of aspergillus nidulans amino acid-requiring strains are hypersensitive to heat, oxidative stress, uv radiation and chemical mutagens when compared with other strains. they also showed an increased mutation rate. sensitivity to stress conditions has been correlated with an abnormal ras/camp pathway in mutants of s. cerevisiae. we suggest that the ras/camp pathway is defective in germinating conidia of aspergillus amino acid auxotrophs and that this is responsi ...	1994	7982501
bidirectional gene transfer between aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus nidulans.	a genomic dna library was constructed from a pathogenic strain of aspergillus fumigatus using the cosmid vector pcosax. cosmid clones with homologies to the roda, brla, flug, flba or trpc genes from a. nidulans were isolated from the library. each a. fumigatus clone was used to complement a strain of a. nidulans with a mutation in the homologous gene. a spontaneous white spored strain of a. fumigatus was isolated. the mutation was complemented by transforming the strain with a plasmid containing ...	1994	7988865
transcriptional regulation of the trichoderma longibrachiatum egl1 gene.	transcription of the trichoderma longibrachiatum egl1 gene is induced in the presence of lactose and beta-methylglucoside and repressed by glucose. a dna fragment containing 722 bp upstream of the atg codon has been sequenced. the gene has two major transcription start points (20 and 24 nucleotides upstream from the atg codon) and several transcription termination points (located in a region around 130 nt downstream of the stop codon). two 6-mer sequences (5'-ctggag-3') separated by 16 bp are pr ...	1994	7988872
characterization of an aspergillus nidulans l-arabitol dehydrogenase mutant.	the degradation pathway for l-arabinose, which consists of a sequence of alternating reduction and oxidation reactions prior to ultimate phosphorylation, was studied in aspergillus nidulans wild-type as well as in an l-arabinose non-utilizing mutant. the inability of the mutant to use l-arabinose was caused by the absence of l-arabitol dehydrogenase activity. the effect of the mutation on polyol accumulation patterns was studied upon growth on various carbon sources. the presence of l-arabinose ...	1994	7988903
highly-efficient transformation of the homobasidiomycete schizophyllum commune to phleomycin resistance.	regulatory sequences of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (gpd) gene from the homobasidiomycete schizophyllum commune were fused to the coding sequence of the ble gene from streptoalloteichus hindustanus, which codes for a phleomycin-binding protein. the resulting construct transformed s. commune to phleomycin resistance at a high frequency (up to 10(4) transformants/microgram dna per 10(7) protoplasts) when regeneration was done in 0.5 m mgso4. a similar construct with regulatory seq ...	1994	8001174
transformation of aspergillus parasiticus using autonomously replicating plasmids from aspergillus nidulans.	a genetic transformation system for the aflatoxin-producing fungus aspergillus parasiticus using two autonomously replicating plasmids from a. nidulans (arp1 and pdhg25) is reported. transformation frequencies using the plasmid pdhg25 were from 5 x 10(2) to 2.5 x 10(4) transformants per 10(6) viable protoplasts and microgram dna. the stability of the plasmids in the transformants was also studied. this transformation system offers a new opportunity to clone genes related to aflatoxin production ...	1994	8001767
evolution of cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme older than atmospheric oxygen.	cytochrome oxidase is a key enzyme in aerobic metabolism. all the recorded eubacterial (domain bacteria) and archaebacterial (archaea) sequences of subunits 1 and 2 of this protein complex have been used for a comprehensive evolutionary analysis. the phylogenetic trees reveal several processes of gene duplication. some of these are ancient, having occurred in the common ancestor of bacteria and archaea, whereas others have occurred in specific lines of bacteria. we show that eubacterial quinol o ...	1994	8013452
the calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase catalytic subunit (calcineurin a) is an essential gene in aspergillus nidulans.	the gene encoding the homologue of the catalytic subunit of the ca2+/calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase 2b (calcineurin a) has been isolated from aspergillus nidulans. this gene, cnaa+, is essential in this fungal system. analysis of growth-arrested cells following gene disruption by homologous recombination reveals that they are blocked early in the cell cycle. the cnaa+ gene encodes a 2.5 kb mrna and the deduced protein sequence is highly homologous to the calcineurin a subunit of other ...	1994	8013455
aspergillus nidulans vera is required for production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin.	aspergillus nidulans produces the carcinogenic mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (st), the next-to-last precursor in the aflatoxin (af) biosynthetic pathway found in the closely related fungi aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus. we identified and characterized an a. nidulans gene, vera, that is required for converting the af precursor versicolorin a to st. vera is closely related to several polyketide biosynthetic genes involved in polyketide production in streptomyces spp. and exhibits exte ...	1994	8017929
evidence for a h+ nitrate symporter in aspergillus nidulans.	nitrate transport in aspergillus nidulans was dependent upon a consistent proton motive force (delta p) across the cell membrane which was maintained in a range of 105 (+/- 6.7) to 131 (+/- 3.4) mv over an external ph span of 5.5 to 7.5. the membrane potential (delta psi) measured by uptake of [3h]-tetra-phenylphosphonium bromide and the transmembrane ph difference (delta ph) measured by the distribution of 3h2o and [14c]- salicylic acid were used to compute the delta p present during transport ...	1994	8022307
mutants of aspergillus nidulans deficient in nuclear migration during hyphal growth and conidiation.	anucleate primary sterigmata (aps) mutants of aspergillus nidulans are partially blocked in conidiation (asexual sporulation) due to failure of the organized migration of nuclei into the conidiophore metulae. the mutants also have a slightly reduced hyphal growth rate and irregular distribution of nuclei in vegetative hyphae; the hyphal phenotype appears somewhat more variable than the conidiation defect. the mutants fall into two complementation groups, apsa and apsb, mapping on chromosomes iv ...	1994	8025681
analysis of the regulation of the aspergillus nidulans acud gene, encoding isocitrate lyase, by construction of a hybrid promoter.	in order to confirm functionally that a 208 bp fragment of the 5'-flanking sequence of the acud gene of aspergillus nidulans is the region responsible for acetate inducibility and catabolite repression, a hybrid promoter was constructed by insertion of this fragment into the promoter of the (highly expressed) olic gene of a. nidulans. analysis of expression of the lacz reporter gene fused to the olic/acud promoter showed induction by acetate at much higher levels than wild-type acud expression. ...	1994	8028581
evolutionary conservation of the transcribed spacer sequences of the rdna repeat unit in three species of the genus aspergillus.	we have cloned and sequenced the two intervening transcribed spacers in the rdna repeat unit of three aspergillus species--a. nidulans, a. awamori and a. wentii. the a. wentii and a. awamori spacers are almost identical and share a high degree of homology with the a. nidulans spacers. all spacers have a high g-c content (66%-76%) and the potential of forming complex secondary structures, which may indicate that they play a role in the maturation of pre-rrna molecules.	1994	8030378
developmental decisions in aspergillus nidulans are modulated by ras activity.	to better understand how ras controls development of multicellular organisms, we have chosen aspergillus nidulans as a model system. when grown on solid medium, this fungus follows a well-defined program of development, sequentially giving rise to several cell types which produce three distinct structures: vegetative hyphae, aerial hyphae, and the conidiophore structure. here we describe a ras homolog found in this fungus (aras) and demonstrate that it is an essential gene that regulates the ord ...	1994	8035812
efficient independent activity of a monomeric, monofunctional dehydroquinate synthase derived from the n-terminus of the pentafunctional arom protein of aspergillus nidulans.	the dehydroquinate synthase (dhq synthase) functional domain from the pentafunctional arom protein of aspergillus nidulans has previously been overproduced in escherichia coli [van den hombergh, moore, charles and hawkins (1992) biochem j. 284, 861-867]. we now report the purification of this domain to homogeneity and subsequent characterization. the monofunctional dhq synthase was found to retain efficient catalytic activity when compared with the intact pentafunctional arom protein of neurospo ...	1994	8037684
nitrate reductase of the ascomycetous fungus, leptosphaeria maculans: gene sequence and chromosomal location.	the nitrate reductase (niad) gene was isolated from the phytopathogenic loculoascomycete leptosphaeria maculans by screening a genomic dna library with the aspergillus nidulans niad gene. the l. maculans niad gene is the first protein-encoding gene characterised from this fungus. it encodes a predicted protein of 893 amino acids and contains four putative introns at positions in the gene equivalent to those of four of the six introns in the a. nidulans niad gene. mutants defective in niad and mo ...	1994	8041355
synthesis of sterigmatocystin on a chemically defined medium by species of aspergillus and chaetomium.	sterigmatocystin (st) is a secondary metabolite and a principal mycotoxin known to be produced by over 30 species of filamentous fungi. it is also one of the late intermediates in aflatoxin biosynthesis. we have tested the ability of 7 species of aspergillus, including 4 strains of a. versicolor, one species of bipolaris, and two species of chaetomium, to produce st on a sucrose-salts-phenylalanine defined medium as well as on three complex substrates. highest st production in our survey was by ...	1994	8047108
enhancers of conidiation mutants in aspergillus nidulans.	mutants at a number of loci, designated sthenyo, have been isolated as enhancers of the oligoconidial mutations at the meda locus. two loci have been mapped: stha on linkage group i, and sthb on linkage group v. two probable alleles have been identified at each locus but two further mutants were unlinked to either stha or sthb. neither stha nor sthb mutants have conspicuous effects on morphology on their own, nor could the stha1 sthb2 double mutant be distinguished from wild type. mutants at bot ...	1994	8056325
synechocystis sp. pcc6803 fusb gene, located outside of the str operon, encodes a polypeptide related to protein synthesis factor ef-g.	synechocystis sp. pcc6803, a cyanobacterium, possesses an unusual gene (fusb) which encodes a protein with strong homology to protein synthesis elongation factor g (ef-g), although it is not linked to the classical str operon. the fusb gene is redundant, since a synechocystis gene similar to str operon-encoded fusa genes of other bacteria is also present (based on pcr and hybridization results). there is no evidence for the presence of a fusb homologue in other bacteria. the synechocystis fusb g ...	1994	8061323
regulation of the xylanase-encoding xlna gene of aspergillus tubigensis.	a gene encoding an endo-1,4-beta-xylanase from aspergillus tubigensis was cloned by oligonucleotide screening using oligonucleotides derived from amino acid sequence data obtained from the purified protein. the isolated gene was functional as it could be expressed in the very closely related fungus aspergillus niger. the xylanase encoded by this gene is synthesized as a protein of 211 amino acids. after cleavage of the presumed prepropeptide this results in a mature protein of 184 amino acids wi ...	1994	8065265
hyphal tip extension in aspergillus nidulans requires the mana gene, which encodes phosphomannose isomerase.	a strain of aspergillus nidulans carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the mana gene produces cell walls depleted of d-mannose and forms hyphal tip balloons at the restrictive temperature (b.p. valentine and b.w. bainbridge, j. gen. microbiol. 109:155-168, 1978). we have isolated and characterized the mana gene and physically located it between 3.5 and 5.5 kb centromere distal of the ribob locus on chromosome viii. the mana gene contains four introns and encodes a 50.6-kda protein which h ...	1994	8065336
the calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase catalytic subunit (calcineurin a) is an essential gene in aspergillus nidulans.	the gene encoding the homologue of the catalytic subunit of the ca2+/calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase 2b (calcineurin a) has been isolated from aspergillus nidulans. this gene, cnaa+, is essential in this fungal system. analysis of growth-arrested cells following gene disruption by homologous recombination reveals that they are blocked early in the cell cycle. the cnaa+ gene encodes a 2.5 kb mrna and the deduced protein sequence is highly homologous to the calcineurin a subunit of other ...	1994	8070419
the aspergillus nidulans crea protein mediates glucose repression of the ethanol regulon at various levels through competition with the alcr-specific transactivator.	carbon catabolite repression in aspergillus nidulans is mediated by a negative-acting protein coded by the crea gene. we have investigated how crea controls the expression of the ethanol regulon genes. crea is a major component of the control of this regulon. its presence in the cell results in a permanent, albeit partial, repression of the alc genes under all physiological growth conditions, even when the fungus is grown on carbon sources considered to be non-repressing. a crucial step in the c ...	1994	8076597
evolution of transcription-regulating proteins by enzyme recruitment: molecular models for nitrogen metabolite repression and ethanol utilisation in eukaryotes.	studies on the quinic acid utilisation gene (qut) cluster in aspergillus nidulans showed that the genes encoding transcriptional activator and repressor proteins evolved by co-opting duplicated copies of genes encoding metabolic enzymes. in order to test the hypothesis that this was a general route for the genesis of regulatory proteins, the origins of the major control protein mediating nitrogen metabolite repression (an example of inter-pathway regulation) and ethanol utilisation (an example o ...	1994	8076813
cloning and characterization of the pda6-1 gene encoding a fungal cytochrome p-450 which detoxifies the phytoalexin pisatin from garden pea.	the ability to detoxify pisatin, a phytoalexin produced by garden pea (pisum sativum), is controlled by a family of pda (pisatin demethylating ability) genes in the phytopathogenic fungus nectria haematococa, mp (mating population) vi. six known pda genes each encode characteristic levels of inducible enzyme activity and are associated with different degrees of virulence on pea. to elucidate the phenotypic differences associated with these genes, we have cloned and characterized the pda6-1 gene ...	1994	8076822
the penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans weta developmental regulatory genes are functionally equivalent.	aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum are related fungi that reproduce asexually by forming multicellular conidiophores and uninucleate conidia. in a. nidulans, spore maturation is controlled by the weta (aweta) regulatory gene. we cloned a homologous gene (pweta) from p. chrysogenum to determine if spore maturation is regulated by a similar mechanism in this species. the pweta and aweta genes are similar in structure and functional organization. the inferred polypeptides share 77% ov ...	1994	8078481
a new selection method for isolating mutants defective in acetate utilisation in aspergillus nidulans.	propionate medium is normally toxic for the growth of aspergillus nidulans. spontaneous mutations relieving the toxicity to propionate, which arose on propionate medium, have been shown to be mutations in acetate metabolism. one acu- mutant is allelic with acua (the structural gene for acetyl-coa synthetase), another with acub (the regulatory gene involved in the induction of enzymes concerned with acetate metabolism, including acetyl-coa synthetase), and a third mutant, acuo, represents a new a ...	1994	8082165
transformation of trichoderma reesei based on hygromycin b resistance using homologous expression signals.	trichoderma reesei was transformed to hygromycin b resistance using a novel vector, which contains the e. coli hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene (hph) fused between promoter and terminator elements of the homologous trichoderma pki1 (coding for pyruvate kinase) and cbh2 (coding for cellobiohydrolase ii) genes, respectively. transformation frequencies of over 1,800--2,500 transformants/micrograms dna were obtained, which is a 15--20-fold increase over that with pan7-1, which contains hph betwe ...	1994	8082210
biolistic transformation of conidia of botryotinia fuckeliana.	botryotinia fuckeliana, the causal agent of grey mould, was biolistically transformed to hygromycin b resistance using a plasmid (poht) containing a bacterial hygromycin phosphotransferase gene fused to regulatory sequences from aspergillus nidulans. multiple copies of the plasmid, precipitated onto tungsten particles, were delivered into the conidia by a helium-driven gene gun. southern analysis showed that the plasmid was integrated into the fungal genome at one single locus. after five subseq ...	1994	8087880
toxin-deficient mutants from a toxin-sensitive transformant of cochliobolus heterostrophus.	tox1 is the only genetic element identified which controls production of t-toxin, a linear polyketide involved in the virulence of cochliobolus heterostrophus to its host plant, corn. previous attempts to induce toxin-deficient (tox-) mutants, using conventional mutagenesis and screening procedures, have been unsuccessful. as a strategy to enrich for tox- mutants, we constructed a tox1+ strain that carried the corn t-urf13 gene (which confers t-toxin sensitivity) fused to a fungal mitochondrial ...	1994	8088521
isolation and characterization of cdna and genomic promoter region for a heat shock protein 30 from aspergillus nidulans.	a cdna encoding for a heat shock protein 30 (hsp30) of aspergillus nidulans and the promoter region of its gene were analyzed for their primary structures. the promoter region had no heat shock element but possessed three inverted repeat sequences. northern blot hybridization indicated that the expression of the hsp30 gene was high at a normal temperature and was slightly accelerated at elevated temperatures in a. nidulans cells. although the deduced amino acid sequence of the a. nidulans hsp30 ...	1994	7918658
mitochondrial dna restriction fragment length polymorphisms in field isolates of the aspergillus niger aggregate.	the mitochondrial dnas (mtdnas) and the ribosomal repeat unit (ribosomal dna, rdna) of black aspergillus isolates collected in various parts of the world were examined. wide-ranging mtdna variation was observed in natural populations of the aspergillus niger aggregate. most isolates were classifiable as a. niger or aspergillus tubingensis according to their rdna and mtdna patterns. the mtdna variation was distributed unevenly in the populations studied. the mtdnas of most of the isolates collect ...	1994	7922884
phenotypic and epistatic grouping of hypo- and hyper-rec mus mutants in aspergillus.	the mutants musk to muss of aspergillus nidulans are sensitive to methyl-methanesulfonate (mms) and several of them are meiotic-defective and alter mitotic recombination frequencies. all were found to be cross-sensitive to 4-nitro-quinoline-n-oxide (4-nqo) but unexpectedly none of them was hypersensitive to gamma-rays and few to uv light. double mus; uvs mutants were constructed to test for interactions with uvs mutations of the four epistatic groups of aspergillus, "uvsf", "uvsc", "uvsi", and " ...	1994	7923408
the aspergillus nidulans flug gene is required for production of an extracellular developmental signal and is related to prokaryotic glutamine synthetase i.	mutations in the aspergillus nidulans flug gene disrupt the programmed induction of asexual sporulation and result in formation of fluffy colonies that are characterized by undifferentiated cotton-like masses of vegetative cells. we show that the flug mutant phenotype is suppressed when flug mutant colonies are grown next to wild-type colonies even if the two strains are separated by dialysis membrane with a 6000- to 8000-dalton pore size. flug encodes a cytoplasmically localized approximately 9 ...	1994	7926755
rodletless mutants of aspergillus fumigatus.	conidia of aspergillus fumigatus adhere in vitro to host proteins and cells via the outer cell wall layer. the roda gene of a. fumigatus was cloned by homology with the roda gene of aspergillus nidulans, which is involved in the structure of the rodlets characteristic of the surface layer. the a. fumigatus roda protein sequence has 85% similarity to that of a. nidulans roda; the sequence codes for a hydrophobin, a low-molecular-weight protein moderately hydrophobic and rich in cysteines. the gen ...	1994	7927699
hyp1, a hydrophobin gene from aspergillus fumigatus, complements the rodletless phenotype in aspergillus nidulans.	aspergillus fumigatus produces conidia that are highly dispersable and resistant to degradation. we have sought to analyze these properties by studying the rodlets which form the outer spore coat protein. degenerate primers based on hydrophobins in other fungi were applied to genomic dna from a. fumigatus in pcr. a product of this reaction with similarity to an aspergillus nidulans gene as judged by southern hybridization was chosen for further study. cloning and sequencing revealed a gene with ...	1994	7927700
a novel murine gene encoding a 216-kda protein is related to a mitotic checkpoint regulator previously identified in aspergillus nidulans.	we describe the isolation and characterization of a novel mouse gene, tsg24, which displays striking sequence similarities to the aspergillus nidulans bime gene. the bime gene has been shown to be a mitotic checkpoint regulator, negatively regulating entry into mitosis in a. nidulans. the tsg24 gene was found to contain a long open reading frame of 1944 amino acids, encoding a polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 216,087 da. we have developed an antibody directed against the product o ...	1994	7929068
general primer-mediated pcr for detection of aspergillus species.	a pcr assay was developed for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. for this purpose, the complete nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding the 18s rrna of aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus terreus, aspergillus niger, and aspergillus flavus were elucidated and aligned to the sequences of aspergillus fumigatus and other clinically relevant prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. genus-specific sequences could be identified in the v7 to v9 region of 18s rrna. ...	1994	7929762
identification of substrate specificity determinants for the cell cycle-regulated nima protein kinase.	nima is a cell cycle-regulated protein kinase required for the g2/m transition in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. previous biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme indicated that nima is a protein serine/threonine specific kinase with beta-casein being the best substrate from the many proteins and peptides tested (lu, k.p., osmani, s.a., and means, a.r. (1993) j. biol. chem. 268, 8769-8776). however, substrate specificity or physiologically relevant substrates for nima ...	1994	8120013
an "instant gene bank" method for heterologous gene cloning: complementation of two aspergillus nidulans mutants with gaeumannomyces graminis dna.	we present a novel technique for gene cloning by complementation of mutations in aspergillus nidulans with dna from a heterologous organism, gaeumannomyces graminis. this technique bypasses the time-consuming and difficult construction of gene libraries, making it both rapid and simple. the method relies on recombination between a fungal replicating vector phelp1 and linear g. graminis genomic dna during co-transformation. we were able to complement two out of seven a. nidulans mutants tested an ...	1994	8121400
an 'instant gene bank' method for gene cloning by mutant complementation.	we describe a new method of gene cloning by complementation of mutant alleles which obviates the need for construction of a gene library in a plasmid vector in vitro and its amplification in escherichia coli. the method involves simultaneous transformation of mutant strains of the fungus aspergillus nidulans with (i) fragmented chromosomal dna from a donor species and (ii) dna of a plasmid without a selectable marker gene, but with a fungal origin of dna replication ('helper plasmid'). transform ...	1994	8121403
regulation of the expression of the isocitrate lyase gene (acud) of aspergillus nidulans.	analysis of the promoter region of the acetate-induced isocitrate lyase gene (acud) of aspergillus nidulans is described. transcription start sites were detected at positions -163, -170 and approximately -281 upstream of the atg. transcription analysis showed that the acud gene is transcribed during growth on acetate but not on hexoses or glycerol. expression of the acud gene was studied under inducing and repressing conditions in cre+, crea, creb and crec mutant strains, showing that the crea(d ...	1994	8121406
alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase production by aspergillus nidulans.	the effects of some physico-chemical parameters on production of extracellular alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase by aspergillus nidulans were examined. highest levels of alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase were generated with cultures grown on 1% (w/v) purified beet pulp arabinan at 30 degrees c and at an initial ph of 7.0. the enzyme was shown to be very sensitive to the action of proteases. zymogram overlay of a protein profile obtained by sds-page revealed the occurrence of a band (m(r) 36,000) exhibiting ...	1994	8125239
at least three genes are responsible for benomyl-resistance in metarhizium anisopliae.	four benomyl-resistant mutants isolated from metarhizium anisopliae were 10 to 500 times more resistant than the original mt strain. the resistance markers analysed in three of these mutants were due to three different mutations and no additive effect of these genes was observed in double mutants. the four mutants presented normal conidiation in the presence or absence of benomyl and no sensitivity or resistance to temperature. probably m. anisopliae has a mechanism of benomyl resistance differi ...	1994	8127229
cytoplasmic dynein is involved in nuclear migration in aspergillus nidulans.	nuclear migration plays an important role in the growth and development of many organisms including the multinuclear fungus aspergillus nidulans. we have identified four genes, nuda, nudc, nudf, and nudg, in which temperature-sensitive mutations affect nuclear distribution. in this report, we describe the cloning of the nuda gene by complementation of the mutant phenotype by using a chromosome viii-specific cosmid library. a genomic fragment of nuda hybridized to an mrna of approximately 14 kb. ...	1994	8134356
the alcohol dehydrogenase gene adh1 is induced in aspergillus flavus grown on medium conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis.	an aspergillus flavus cdna library was screened by differential hybridization to isolate clones corresponding to genes that are actively transcribed under culture conditions conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis. one clone with a 1.28-kb insert was isolated, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. the nucleotide sequence of this clone had 75% dna identity to those of the alcohol dehydrogenase genes from aspergillus nidulans, and the putative polypeptide translated from the cdna sequence had 82 ...	1994	8135521
the aspergillus nidulans abaa gene encodes a transcriptional activator that acts as a genetic switch to control development.	the aspergillus nidulans abaa gene encodes a protein containing an atts dna-binding motif and is required for the terminal stages of conidiophore development. results from gel mobility shift and protection, missing-contact, and interference footprint assays showed that abaa binds to the sequence 5'-cattcy-3', where y is a pyrimidine, making both major- and minor-groove contacts. multiple abaa binding sites are present in the cis-acting regulatory regions of several developmentally controlled str ...	1994	8139553
in vitro binding of the two-finger repressor crea to several consensus and non-consensus sites at the ipna upstream region is context dependent.	the two zinc-fingers of the aspergillus nidulans repressor crea recognize the consensus hexanucleotide 5'-syggrg-3'. we have determined all the crea binding sites in a approximately 2 kb region upstream the ipna gene. our analysis shows that (i) crea binds to certain consensus sites in a context-dependent manner; (ii) five non-consensus 6-bp sequences are also recognized by crea; this non-canonical binding correlates with the presence of a second, neighbouring crea binding site, suggesting that ...	1994	8143847
identification and characterization of aspergillus nidulans mutants defective in cytokinesis.	filamentous fungi undergo cytokinesis by forming crosswalls termed septa. here, we describe the genetic and physiological controls governing septation in aspergillus nidulans. germinating conidia do not form septa until the completion of their third nuclear division. the first septum is invariantly positioned at the basal end of the germ tube. block-and-release experiments of nuclear division with benomyl or hydroxyurea, and analysis of various nuclear division mutants demonstrated that septum f ...	1994	8150280
homologs of the yeast neck filament associated genes: isolation and sequence analysis of candida albicans cdc3 and cdc10.	morphogenesis in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae consists primarily of bud formation. certain cell division cycle (cdc) genes, cdc3, cdc10, cdc11, cdc12, are known to be involved in events critical to the pattern of bud growth and the completion of cytokinesis. their products are associated with the formation of a ring of neck filaments that forms at the region of the mother cell-bud junction during mitosis. morphogenesis in candida albicans, a major fungal pathogen of humans, consists of bot ...	1994	8152419
homology at the amino acid level between plant phytochromes and a regulator of asexual sporulation in emericella (= aspergillus) nidulans.	protein sequence comparison between the n-terminal regions of the brla (bristle a) protein of the ascomycete fungus aspergillus nidulans and a number of plant phytochromes has demonstrated a moderate level of sequence similarity. the region of similarity corresponds to the phytochrome domains believed to be responsible for photoreception and which undergo light-induced conformational changes, although a putative chromophore-binding site is not evident. over 22% of residues are conserved and 24% ...	1994	8165242
microtubule organizing centers and gamma-tubulin.	the polar assembly of cellular microtubules is organized by microtubule organizing centers (mtocs). eukaryotic cells across different species, and different cell types within single species, have morphologically diverse mtocs, which have the common function of organizing microtubule arrays by initiating microtubule assembly and anchoring microtubules by their slow-growing 'minus' ends, thus ensuring that the rapidly growing 'plus' ends extend distally. the past few years have witnessed a variety ...	1994	8167026
characterization of a 3-dehydroquinase gene from actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae with homology to the eukaryotic genes qa-2 and qute.	a gene was cloned from actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain 4074 by complementation of an arod strain of escherichia coli. the e. coli gene arod codes for a 3-dehydroquinase enzyme of type i, active in the aromatic biosynthesis pathway. the a. pleuropneumoniae gene, termed aroq, displays no base or amino acid sequence homology to arod of e. coli. it is instead homologous to the qute and qa-2 genes, respectively of aspergillus nidulans and neurospora crassa. these genes code for 3-dehydroquinas ...	1994	8170389
identification of nitrate transporter genes in chlamydomonas reinhardtii.	the chlamydomonas reinhardtii nar-2, nar-3, and nar-4 genes, which are within a nitrate-regulated gene cluster containing the nitrate reductase structural gene nit-1, have been related to nitrate transport. mutant strains defective in nitrate transport and having an active nitrate reductase have been genetically constructed. their nitrate non-utilizing phenotype has been directly complemented by transformation using the pco-5 plasmid which carries the nar-2, nar-3, and nar-4 clustered genes. int ...	1994	8180624
expression of the noncatalytic domain of the nima kinase causes a g2 arrest in aspergillus nidulans.	temperature-sensitive mutation of the nima gene of aspergillus nidulans causes a reversible g2 arrest, whereas overexpression of nima causes premature entry into mitosis from which the cells cannot exit. the nima gene encodes a ser/thr-specific protein kinase (nima) which contains an extended cooh-terminal noncatalytic domain. to evaluate the role of this enzyme in nuclear division control, we introduced various mutant nima cdnas under the control of the inducible alcohol dehydrogenase gene prom ...	1994	8187763
variability of aspergillus nidulans antigens with media and time and temperature of growth.	the influence of culture medium and time and temperature of growth on the appearance of aspergillus nidulans antigens was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by silver staining or western blot (immunoblot), of the proteins present in total cellular extracts or culture supernatants. samples in the exponential, deceleration, and stationary growth phases were selected by biochemical, morphological, and ultrastructural criteria. protein and antigen patte ...	1994	8188355
expression of the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase gene (pgka) of penicillium chrysogenum.	the sequence of the penicillium chrysogenum pgka gene promoter was determined up to 952 nucleotides (nt) 5' to the major transcriptional start point (position +1), and contains a 38 bp pyrimidine-rich region within which transcription initiates at this and two minor sites (-11, -23). a 21 bp segment (-99 to -79) closely matches a region which is essential for the expression of the aspergillus nidulans pgka gene. a further region was found with similarity to sequences in other a. nidulans promote ...	1994	8190080
two different, adjacent and divergent zinc finger binding sites are necessary for crea-mediated carbon catabolite repression in the proline gene cluster of aspergillus nidulans.	crea is the negative regulator mediating carbon catabolism repression in aspergillus nidulans. we have determined all the sites in the dna region between the prnd and prnb genes of the proline degradation cluster of this organism which are able to bind a fusion protein containing the zinc finger domain of crea. the consensus sequence derived for crea binding is 5'-syggrg-3', but not all possible sites derived from this consensus do in fact bind. the binding of at least some sequences of the form ...	1994	8313886
direct analysis of native and chimeric gata specific dna binding proteins from aspergillus nidulans.	in aspergillus nidulans the regulatory gene area is responsible for mediating nitrogen metabolite repression. the area product (area) represents an example of the gata family of dna binding proteins, which are characterised by the presence of a gata domain consisting of a zinc finger within a highly conserved region of 52 amino acids. among the other transcription factors included in this family is the principal erythroid transcription factor, gata-1, which contains two gata domains. in order to ...	1994	7816601
isolation and characterization of an aspergillus nidulans gene encoding an alkaline protease.	we have cloned an aspergillus nidulans gene (prta) encoding an alkaline protease (alp) by probing an a. nidulans library with a fragment amplified from an aspergillus oryzae alp-encoding gene. the nucleotide (nt) sequence of prta was determined. the structure of prta is similar to that of the a. oryzae alp-encoding gene. the prta gene is composed of four exons which are separated by three introns of 59, 57 and 54 nt. the deduced amino acid sequence of the prta product shows a high degree of simi ...	1994	7821793
a case of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis due to aspergillus nidulans.	a 55-year old man without immunosuppression clinically showed a coin lesion in the right lower lung on the chest radiographs. aspergillus nidulans was isolated and identified in both trans-bronchial lung biopsy specimen and resected tissue. the specimens revealed characteristics of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis pathologically. very few reports on cases of pulmonary aspergillosis due to a. nidulans exist, and we were not able to find any reports of similar cases. this case may be th ...	1994	7777037
expression of organophosphate hydrolase in the filamentous fungus gliocladium virens.	the broad-spectrum organophosphate hydrolase (oph; ec 3.1.8.1) encoded by the organophosphate-degrading gene (opd) from pseudomonas diminuta mg and flavobacterium sp. atcc 27551 possesses capabilities of both p-o bond hydrolysis (e.g. paraoxon) and p-f bond hydrolysis [e.g. sarin and diisopropylfluorophosphate (dfp)]. in the present study a 9.4-kb plasmid, pcl1, was used to transform the saprophytic fungus gliocladium virens. pcl1 was derived from pjs294 by placing the fungal promoter (prom1) fr ...	1994	7764970
development of a transformation system for trichoderma longibrachiatum and its use for constructing multicopy transformants for the egl1 gene.	an efficient transformation system for the fungus trichoderma longibrachiatum has been developed. transformation was obtained both by electroporation and polyethyleneglycol treatment, using a plasmid carrying the escherichia coli hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene as a dominant selectable marker. the transformation frequency was 0.5 to 5 transformants/micrograms plasmid dna. transformation normally occurred by tandem integration of the transforming dna. a high percentage of the transformants w ...	1994	7765105
alcohol metabolism.		1994	7765123
inorganic nitrogen assimilation: molecular aspects.		1994	7765124
control of metabolic flux in the shikimate and quinate pathways.		1994	7765125
the purine degradation pathway, genetics, biochemistry and regulation.		1994	7765126
the proline utilisation pathway, history and beyond.		1994	7765127