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quinupristin/dalfopristin: a review of its use in the management of serious gram-positive infections.quinupristin/dalfopristin is the first parenteral streptogramin antibacterial agent, and is a 30:70 (w/w) ratio of 2 semisynthetic pristinamycin derivatives. the combination has inhibitory activity against a broad range of gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref), drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococci, clostridium perfringens and peptostreptococcus spp. the combination also has good activity again ...199910651391
comparative pathology of bacterial enteric diseases of swine.enteric bacterial infections are among the most common and economically significant diseases affecting swine production worldwide. clinical signs of these infections include diarrhea, reduced growth rate, weight loss, and death of preweaned, weanling, grower-finisher, young and adult age breeding animals. the most common etiological agents include escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, lawsonia intracellularis, salmonella enterica, and brachyspira (serpulina) spp. with the exception of brach ...199910659346
the effect of flavophospholipol (flavomycin) and salinomycin sodium (sacox) on the excretion of clostridium perfringens, salmonella enteritidis, and campylobacter jejuni in broilers after experimental infection.intestinal colonization and shedding of pathogenic bacteria in animal feces is an important factor in both human food safety and animal health. the effect of broiler feed additives flavophospholipol (fpl; flavomycin, bambermycins) and salinomycin sodium (sal; sacox) given singly on the excretion of salmonella enteritidis, campylobacter jejuni, and clostridium perfringens was studied following controlled infection. the incidence of shedding (number of birds with positive fecal cultures) and the d ...199910626641
analysis of genes involved in nitrate reduction in clostridium perfringens.we have conducted the genetic analysis of fermentative nitrate reduction in clostridium perfringens, a strict anaerobic bacterium. nitrate reductase (nara) was purified from the cytoplasmic fraction of the organism. using a degenerate primer designed from its n-terminal amino acid sequence, a 9.5 kb fragment containing seven orfs was cloned. the molecular mass and n-terminal amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence of orf 4 coincided with those determined for the purified nara, ...199910627036
occurrence of nisin z production in lactococcus lactis bfe 1500 isolated from wara, a traditional nigerian cheese product.screening for bacteriocin production of 500 strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) from various african fermented foods resulted in the detection of a bacteriocin producing lactococcus lactis (bfe 1500) isolated from a dairy product called wara. the bacteriocin inhibited not only the closely related lab, but also strains of listeria monocytogenes, listeria innocua, clostridium butyricum, clostridium perfringens, bacillis cereus and staphylococcus aureus. it was heat stable even at autoclaving tem ...199910634705
the in vitro antibacterial activity of turkish medicinal plants.a total of 76 extracts from 35 plants available in the turkish flora were assayed for their in vitro antibacterial activities against five pathogenic bacteria and a yeast. sixteen crude extracts from eight plant species were found to possess an activity against at least one or more test microorganisms. bioassay-guided fractionation of the most active crude extracts was also carried out with the most active extracts. activity against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, branhamella catarrhalis ...199910616963
antibacterial activity of aristolochia paucinervis pomel.several fractions of the methanolic extract of the rhizome or the leaves of aristolochia paucinervis pomel were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar dilution method against fourteen reference bacterial strains. only three fractions (defatted chloroformic rhizome fraction: aprc, rhizome ethyl acetate fraction: apre and leaf chloroform fraction: aplc) showed an activity against at least one of the microorganisms tested. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) determination showed ...199910616964
[spontaneous gas gangrene of the pancreas caused by clostridium perfringens].the case of a 60-year-old patient with acute biliary pancreatitis spontaneously infected by clostridium perfringens is reported. on ct scan, all the pancreatic bed was filled by gas. the patient survived. four cases have previously been published. three were fatal and 2 occurred after a pancreatic biopsy. complete gas gangrene of the pancreas is a severity criterion and suggests an infection by clostridium perfringens.199910617836
non-digestible oligosaccharides used as prebiotic agents: mode of production and beneficial effects on animal and human health.prebiotic agents are food ingredients that are potentially beneficial to the health of consumers. the main commercial prebiotic agents consist of oligosaccharides and dietary fibres (mainly inulin). they are essentially obtained by one of three processes: 1) the direct extraction of natural polysaccharides from plants; 2) the controlled hydrolysis of such natural polysaccharides; 3) enzymatic synthesis, using hydrolases and/or glycosyl transferases. both of these enzyme types catalyse transglyco ...199910619166
detection of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin using a capture antibody elisa.clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (plc), commonly known as alpha toxin, is the lethal, dermonecrotic toxin produced by all strains and is considered a major virulence factor in clostridial myonecrosis. we developed a capture antibody elisa that accurately and specifically quantitates alpha toxin produced by c. perfringens. another plc, derived from bacillus cereus, and culture filtrates from various bacterial species including clostridium bifermentans and clostridium novyi were not cross-r ...199910080352
hemorrhagic enteritis associated with clostridium perfringens type a in a dog.a female shetland sheep dog died suddenly with hemorrhagic diarrhea and vomitting, and was examined pathologically and microbiologically. gross pathological change was restricted to the intestinal tract. the intestine contained watery, blood-stained fluid. histopathologically, the principal intestinal lesion was superficial mucosal hemorrhagic necrosis at the jejunoileum. many gram-positive bacilli were found adhering to the necrotic mucosal surface in parts of the intestinal tract. clostridium ...199910081759
immunostimulatory properties of genomic dna from different bacterial species.bacterial dna has potent immunological properties because of its content of immunostimulatory sequences centering on cpg motifs. to investigate whether dna from various bacterial species differ in these properties, the activity of a panel of dna was assessed in in vitro cultures of murine spleen cells. this panel varied in base composition and included dna from clostridium perfringens (cp), escherichia coli (ec), micrococcus lysodeikticus (mc), staphylococcus aureus (sa), and, as a mammalian dna ...199910084699
[clostridium perfringens food poisoning]. 199910088447
tet b or not tet b: advances in tetracycline-inducible gene expression. 19999927646
evaluation of methods to diagnose clostridium perfringens-associated diarrhea in dogs.to assess the prevalence of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in feces of dogs with and without diarrhea, and to compare the use of microbial cultures from fecal specimens and evaluation of stained fecal smears for endospores with the presence of enterotoxin as tools for diagnosing c perfringens-associated diarrhea.199910023396
sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by using monoclonal antibody for detection of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the quantitative estimation of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies as capturing and detecting antibodies, respectively. the dose-dependent relationship between absorbance at 405 nm and concentration of purified cpe was obtained over the range of 0.64-400 ng/ml. the sandwich elisa was fond to detect crude cpe in culture and cpe in 10% fecal extracts. this method is convenient, rapi ...199910027163
hematogenous infection of a total hip prosthesis due to clostridium perfringens. 199910028100
spontaneous gas gangrene due to clostridium perfringens. 199910028101
[experimental investigations into the effect of escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens on the steroid estrone].together with the faecal and the urinary discharge of animals and humans natural and synthetic estrogenes are excreted into the environment. about their degradation in the environment only few facts are known. their reduction is probably of microbial enzymatical nature. for looking into that question it was investigated by in-vitro-attempts whether escherichia coli or clostridium perfringens influence the estrone. therefore estrone was incubated together with the microorganisms tested (experimen ...199910028726
direct detection of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in patients' stools during an outbreak of food poisoning.an outbreak of diarrhoea in a hotel affected 25 time keepers attending the 1997 mediterranean games. epidemiological investigation implicated a 'pasta al ragù' consumed at the hotel's restaurant and clostridium perfringens food poisoning was identified by direct detection of c. perfringens enterotoxin in patients' stools. this report confirms that a careful evaluation of epidemiological features, together with the availability of direct and rapid laboratory methods, may lead to a prompt identifi ...199910030546
evidence that tn5565, which includes the enterotoxin gene in clostridium perfringens, can have a circular form which may be a transposition intermediate.the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene is on a transposon-like element, tn5565, integrated in the chromosome in human food poisoning strains. the flanking is elements, is1470 a and b, are related to is30. the is element found in the transposon, is1469, is related to is200 and has been found upstream of cpe in all type a strains. pcr and sequencing studies from cell extracts and plasmid isolations of c. perfringens indicate that tn5565 can form a circular form with the tandem repeat (is1470 ...19999919679
gene duplication and multiplicity of collagenases in clostridium histolyticum.clostridium histolyticum collagenase contains a number of different active components. previously we have shown that colh encodes a 116-kda collagenase (colh) and a 98-kda gelatinase. we purified a different 116-kda collagenase (colg) from the culture supernatant and sequenced its gene (colg). we also identified four other gelatinases (105, 82, 78, and 67 kda) and determined their n-terminal amino acid sequences, all of which coincided with that of either colg or colh. hybridization experiments ...19999922257
nadh peroxidase activity of rubrerythrin.p. s. alban et al. (j. appl. microbiol. (1998) 85, 875-882) reported that a mutant h2o2-resistant strain of spirullum (s.) volutans showed constitutive overexpression of a protein whose amino acid sequence and molecular weight closely resembled that of a subunit of rubrerythrin, a non-heme iron protein with no known function. they also reported that the mutant strain, but not the wild-type, showed nadh peroxidase activity. here we demonstrate that rubrerythrin and nigerythrin from desulfovibrio ...199910049706
effect of betaine supplement on broiler performance during an experimental coccidial infection.a trial was conducted to investigate the effects of betaine as a feed supplement, given singly and in combination with the ionophore coccidiostat narasin, on broiler performance during an experimental coccidial infection. five hundred and sixty female ross broiler chickens were kept in floor pens and given a wheat-based diet. at 10 d of age, 420 chickens were individually inoculated with a mixture of swedish chicken eimeria isolates containing e. acervtulina, e. praecox, e. maxima, and e. tenell ...199910051029
a new growth and in vitro sporulation medium for clostridium perfringens.growth and in vitro sporulation capabilities of three related clostridium perfringens strains (nctc 8798, 8-6 and r3) were followed in a new sporulation medium (nsm), with notable changes from a maintenance medium originally designed for strictly anaerobic bacteria. compared with thioglycollate (ftg) medium, the new sporulation medium promoted growth of cl. perfringens with a shorter lag phase and a 20% higher biomass production. the age of inoculum did not change cl. perfringens growth kinetics ...199910063637
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of an azoreductase gene from clostridium perfringens and comparison with azoreductase genes from other bacteria.a genomic library of clostridium perfringens atcc 3626 was constructed in phage lambda gt11 and screened with an antibody against the c. perfringens azoreductase, which catalyzes the reduction of azo dyes to aromatic amines. a positive recombinant phage, containing a 3.8 kb dna fragment insert was selected and purified. lytic and lysogenic escherichia coli cultures infected with the recombinant phage had higher azoreductase activity than cultures infected only with the vector lambda gt11. the 3. ...199910071864
feasibility of using food-grade additives to control the growth of clostridium perfringens.previously, it was demonstrated that the combination of sucrose laurate (sl) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (e) and butylated hydroxyl anisole (b) (sleb) was an effective antimicrobial agent against both gram-negative (aerobes) and gram-positive (facultative anaerobes) foodborne bacteria. this investigation examines the sensitivity of clostridium perfringens to sleb relative to: (1) the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of sleb required to inhibit the growth of c. perfringens and (2) the antib ...199910100897
clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of postoperative spinal surgery meningitis.clostridium perfringens is a rare cause of central nervous system infections, particularly meningitis. the case of a 76-year-old man who developed fatal c. perfringens meningitis after routine decompressive laminectomy for spinal stenosis is described.199910199301
clostridium perfringens: toxinotype and genotype.clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous pathogen that produces many toxins and hydrolytic enzymes. because the toxin-encoding genes can be located on extrachromosomal elements or in variable regions of the chromosome, several pathovars have arisen, each of which is involved in a specific disease. pathovar identification is required for a precise diagnosis of associated pathologies and to define vaccine requirements. for these purposes, toxin genotyping is more reliable than the classical toxinot ...199910203838
sialic acid-specific lectin-mediated adhesion of tritrichomonas foetus and tritrichomonas mobilensis.tritrichomonas foetus is an obligate parasite of the bovine urogenital tract producing infection associated with inflammatory changes, abortion, and infertility, tritrichomonas mobilensis was isolated from squirrel monkey colon, and symptoms involve diarrheal complications. both tritrichomonads produced hemagglutinins with the properties of sialic acid-specific lectins. assays on the adherence of these protozoans to chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells and to bovine cervical and monkey colon mucus ...199910207360
neuronal damage produced in rat brains by clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin.this paper reports neuronal changes in rat brains subacutely intoxicated with copyright clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin. neuronal damage was characterized by either (1) progressive cytoplasmic vacuolation leading to necrosis, or (2) shrunken hyperchromatic cells with nuclear pyknosis. the neuronal injury was also often bilaterally symmetrical, particularly in the brainstem. these findings suggest that, after gaining access to brain tissue by producing an increase in vascular permeab ...199910208737
the tetab genes of the corynebacterium striatum r-plasmid ptp10 encode an abc transporter and confer tetracycline, oxytetracycline and oxacillin resistance in corynebacterium glutamicum.the tetracycline resistance region of the 50-kb r-plasmid ptp10 from the clinical isolate corynebacterium striatum m82b was analyzed in corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13032 and confined to a 4.4-kb sphi-sa/i dna fragment. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed two open reading frames, termed teta and tetb, specifying proteins of 513 and 528 amino acids, respectively. the deduced amino acid sequences of tetab displayed similarity to atp-binding cassette transporters including strv and strw of str ...199910220896
heterogeneity in the vanb gene cluster of genomically diverse clinical strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.molecular analysis of 17 genomically unrelated clinical vanb-type vancomycin-resistant enterococcus isolates from hospital patients in germany, norway, sweden, the united kingdom and the united states revealed three subtypes of the vanb gene cluster-vanb1, vanb2, and vanb3-which was in accordance with previous subtyping of the ligase gene sequence. there was no correlation between vanb subtype and levels of vancomycin resistance. all strains studied carried a structurally conserved vanb gene clu ...199910223921
germination-specific cortex-lytic enzymes from clostridium perfringens s40 spores: time of synthesis, precursor structure and regulation of enzymatic activity.germination-specific enzymes, an amidase and a muramidase, of clostridium perfringens s40 were synthesized at the time of forespore formation during sporulation. the amidase had a unique precursor structure consisting of four domains: the n-terminal pre-sequence, the n-terminal pro-sequence, mature enzyme and the c-terminal pro-sequence. the n-terminal pre-sequence and the c-terminal pro-sequence were sequentially processed at the time of development of phase-bright spores, and the resulting ina ...199910227176
post-traumatic endophthalmitis: causative organisms and visual outcome.post-traumatic endophthalmitis makes up a distinct subset of intraocular infections. the purpose of the present study was to identify the causative organisms and record the visual outcome after infectious endophthalmitis in eyes with penetrating trauma.199910230588
g-protein-stimulated phospholipase d activity is inhibited by lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii in hl-60 cells.lethal toxin (lt) from clostridium sordellii has been shown in hela cells to glucosylate and inactivate ras and rac and, hence, to disorganize the actin cytoskeleton. in the present work, we demonstrate that lt treatment provokes the same effects in hl-60 cells. we show that guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)-stimulated phospholipase d (pld) activity is inhibited in a time- and dose-dependent manner after an overnight treatment with lt. a similar dose response to the toxin was found when pld ac ...199910318815
postcraniotomy gas-containing brain abscess: a neurosurgical emergency. case report.gas-containing brain abscesses are very rare, and the majority are caused by clostridium perfringens. we report a case of gas-containing brain abscess that required urgent surgery after a craniotomy for a brain tumor.199910321892
in vitro activity of ly 333328 against anaerobic gram-positive bacteria.ly 333328 is a new semisynthetic glycopeptide with reported activity against aerobic gram-positive cocci such as enterococci, pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci. the present investigation was undertaken to determine the in vitro activity of ly 333328 against 178 gram-positive anaerobic bacteria recently isolated from human infections. the activity was compared with that of vancomycin, teicoplanin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. peptostreptococci (48 strains): ly 333 ...199910326737
cationic currents induced by clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin in human intestinal caco-2 cells.clostridium perfringens type a produces an enterotoxin that induces diarrhoea experimentally in man and animals. the enterotoxin causes increased membrane permeability in susceptible cells which is thought to be due to pore formation in the host cell membrane. the effect of purified c. perfringens enterotoxin on intact intestinal caco-2 monolayers was examined in ussing chambers and on single cells by whole-cell patch clamp. mucosal application of c. perfringens enterotoxin resulted in prompt in ...199910334590
investigations on airborne microorganisms in animal stables. 2. report: further characterization of airborne clostridium perfringens.toxovars of 97 airborne c. perfringens isolates and 10 c. perfringens isolates from fecal samples of a calf stable were determined by an eia procedure. most airborne and fecal isolates belonged to toxovar a (88.7% and 80.0% respectively). eight point two% of airborne c. perfringens were identified as toxovar c and 3.1% as toxovar d. toxovar b was not found in the airborne state. twenty% of fecal c. perfringens belonged to toxovar d. toxovar b and c was not isolated from fecal samples. in additio ...199910337053
presumed clostridial and aerobic bacterial infections of the cornea in two horses.microscopic examination of gram-stained tissue specimens collected from severe corneal ulcers in 2 horses revealed large gram-positive rods suggestive of clostridium spp. clostridium perfringens was isolated from specimens collected from horse 1; anaerobic organisms were not detected in specimens from horse 2. aerobic bacterial culture revealed aeromonas hydrophila and enterobacter cloacae in specimens collected from horses 1 and 2, respectively. an insect exoskeleton was presumed to be the unde ...199910340080
clostridium perfringens beta-toxin is sensitive to thiol-group modification but does not require a thiol group for lethal activity.the beta-toxin gene isolated from clostridium perfringens type b was expressed as a glutathione s-transferase (gst) fusion gene in escherichia coli. the purified gst-beta-toxin fusion protein from the e. coli transformant cells was not lethal. the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the recombinant beta-toxin (r toxin) isolated by thrombin cleavage of the fusion protein was g-s-n-d-i-g-k-t-t-t. biological activities and molecular mass of r toxin were indistinguishable from those of native beta-tox ...199910354519
[enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin]. 199910356954
ribotyping as an identification tool for clostridium botulinum strains causing human botulism.ribotyping was used for characterisation of 68 clostridium botulinum strains and five related clostridium species to determine the applicability of this method for identification of species causing human botulism. thirteen restriction enzymes were initially tested for suitability for ribotyping of c. botulinum, of which ecori and hindiii were selected. both enzymes clearly differentiated between proteolytic (group i) and a nonproteolytic (group ii) strains of c. botulinum, and can be recommended ...199910357280
molecular subtyping of clostridium perfringens by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to facilitate food-borne-disease outbreak investigations.clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food-borne illness. the illness is characterized by profuse diarrhea and acute abdominal pain. since the illness is usually self-limiting, many cases are undiagnosed and/or not reported. investigations are often pursued after an outbreak involving large numbers of people in institutions, at restaurants, or at catered meals. serotyping has been used in the past to assist epidemiologic investigations of c. perfringens outbreaks. however, serotyping reag ...199910364587
[pleuro-pulmonary infection by clostridium perfringens]. 199910365519
[bacteremia by clostridium perfringens: complication of the manual extraction of a fecaloma]. 199910365522
massive hemolysis in clostridium perfringens infection. 199910366812
two structural transitions in membrane pore formation by pneumolysin, the pore-forming toxin of streptococcus pneumoniae.the human pathogen streptococcus pneumoniae produces soluble pneumolysin monomers that bind host cell membranes to form ring-shaped, oligomeric pores. we have determined three-dimensional structures of a helical oligomer of pneumolysin and of a membrane-bound ring form by cryo-electron microscopy. fitting the four domains from the crystal structure of the closely related perfringolysin reveals major domain rotations during pore assembly. oligomerization results in the expulsion of domain 3 from ...199910367893
promoter upstream bent dna activates the transcription of the clostridium perfringens phospholipase c gene in a low temperature-dependent manner.the phospholipase c gene (plc) of clostridium perfringens possesses three phased a-tracts forming bent dna upstream of the promoter. an in vitro transcription assay involving c.perfringens rna polymerase (rnap) showed that the phased a-tracts have a stimulatory effect on the plc promoter, and that the effect is proportional to the number of a-tracts, and more prominent at lower temperature. a gel retardation assay and hydroxyl radical footprinting revealed that the phased a-tracts facilitate the ...199910369683
hyperbaric oxygenation as adjuvant therapy to surgery of emphysematous cholecystitis.three cases of emphysematous cholecystitis are presented. the role of hyperbaric oxygenation as excellent adjuvant therapy to urgent surgical as well as intensive conservative treatment is emphasized.199910370610
c-terminal amino acid residues are required for the folding and cholesterol binding property of perfringolysin o, a pore-forming cytolysin.perfringolysin o (theta-toxin) is a pore-forming cytolysin whose activity is triggered by binding to cholesterol in the plasma membrane. the cholesterol binding activity is predominantly localized in the beta-sheet-rich c-terminal half. in order to determine the roles of the c-terminal amino acids in theta-toxin conformation and activity, mutants were constructed by truncation of the c terminus. while the mutant with a two-amino acid c-terminal truncation retains full activity and has similar st ...199910373462
differences in the carboxy-terminal (putative phospholipid binding) domains of clostridium perfringens and clostridium bifermentans phospholipases c influence the hemolytic and lethal properties of these enzymes.the phospholipases c of c. perfringens (alpha-toxin) and c. bifermentans (cbp) show >50% amino acid homology but differ in their hemolytic and toxic properties. we report here the purification and characterisation of alpha-toxin and cbp. the phospholipase c activity of alpha-toxin and cbp was similar when tested with phosphatidylcholine in egg yolk or in liposomes. however, the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin was more than 100-fold that of cbp. to investigate whether differences in the carboxy ...199910377104
antibiotic combination therapy in patients with chronic, treatment-resistant pouchitis.pouchitis is the major long-term complication after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. about 15% of patients have a chronic, treatment-resistant disease.199910383499
characterization, production, and purification of leucocin h, a two-peptide bacteriocin from leuconostoc mf215b.leuconostoc mf215b was found to produce a two-peptide bacteriocin referred to as leucocin h. the two peptides were termed leucocin halpha and leucocin hbeta. when acting together, they inhibit, among others, listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus, and clostridium perfringens. production of leucocin h in growth medium takes place at temperatures down to 6 degrees c and at ph below 7. the highest activity of leucocin h in growth medium was demonstrated in the late exponential growth phase. the ba ...199910387116
crystallization and preliminary x-ray studies of the ia component of clostridium perfringens iota toxin complexed with nadph.a recombinant ia component of clostridium perfringens iota toxin, which adp-ribosylates actin, was crystallized by the hanging drop vapor diffusion method using peg4000 as a precipitating agent. the crystals were obtained in the presence of nadph, which is similar to a real substrate, nadh, and belongs to the space group p1 (a = 47.9 a, b = 54.5 a, c = 103.1 a, alpha = 99.0 degrees, beta = 93.3 degrees, and gamma = 107.2 degrees ). the matthews coefficient of native crystal was 2.7, assuming 2 m ...199910388629
reversal of tetracycline resistance mediated by different bacterial tetracycline resistance determinants by an inhibitor of the tet(b) antiport protein.active efflux is a useful strategy by which bacteria evade growth inhibition by antibiotics. certain semisynthetic tetracycline (tc) analogs, substituted at the 13th carbon at c-6 on ring c of the tc molecule, blocked tc efflux as revealed in everted membrane vesicles from class b tc-resistant (tcr) escherichia coli (m. l. nelson, b. h. park, j. s. andrews, v. a. georgian, r. c. thomas, and s. b. levy, j. med. chem. 36:370-377, 1993). a representative c-13-substituted analog, 13-cyclopentylthio- ...199910390229
typing of sheep clinical isolates and identification of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens strains by classical methods and by polymerase chain reaction (pcr).a simple procedure was developed to identify toxitypes of clostridium perfringens of different origins. ninety strains of c. perfringens were identified by classical bacteriological methods, typing of the strains was done by a seroneutralisation test on mice. production of enterotoxin was tested and all strains were analysed by pcr using gene of toxin alpha, gene of toxin e, gene of toxin beta and gene of enterotoxin. simple amplification (amplifying one gene), and duplex and triplex amplificati ...199910397309
molecular methods for the analysis of clostridium perfringens relevant to food hygiene.clostridium perfringens continues to be a common cause of food-borne disease. it produces an enterotoxin (cpe) which is released upon lysis of the vegetative cell during sporulation in the intestinal tract. catering premises with insufficient cooling and reheating devices often seem to be the cause of outbreaks of c. perfringens food poisoning. typing of c. perfringens is of great importance for investigating sources of food poisoning cases and for studying the epidemiology of this microorganism ...199910397312
development and evaluation of various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of clostridium perfringens beta anti-toxins.the aim of our work was to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against the clostridium perfringens beta toxin. for this purpose, five different ways of performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were investigated. positive and negative sera of different animals and partially purified beta toxin were used. in all enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests, microplates were first coated with monoclonal antibodies against the c. perfringens beta toxin. act ...199910397314
development and prevalidation of two different elisa systems for the potency testing of clostridium perfringens beta and epsilon-toxoid containing veterinary vaccines.the potency testing of clostridium perfringens mono- and multicomponent veterinary vaccines is currently performed with the mouse neutralisation test (mnt) to estimate levels of c. perfringens beta- and epsilon-antitoxin levels in the sera of rabbits immunised with the vaccine. two in vitro methods based on monoclonal antibodies (mab) have been developed for the determination of specific antibodies against c. perfringens beta-toxin (capture elisa) and epsilon-toxin (competitive elisa) in these s ...199910397315
detection of the beta2 toxin gene of clostridium perfringens in diarrhoeic piglets in the netherlands and switzerland.the two studies presented here were done to determine the prevalence of the alpha, beta, epsilon and enterotoxin genes and the novel beta2 toxin gene of clostridium perfringens in neonatal or pre-weaned piglets with diarrhoea or necrotic enteritis. all c. perfringens isolates were positive for the alpha and negative for the epsilon and enterotoxin gene, implying that only non-enterotoxigenic type a and c strains were detected. the most important findings were the relatively high prevalence of th ...199910397318
the control of necrotic enteritis in sucking piglets by means of a clostridium perfringens toxoid vaccine.necrotic enteritis in sucking piglets constitutes a serious problem in piglet rearing units because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. the primary causal agent is clostridium perfringens type c. the beta-toxin plays a decisive role in the pathogenesis of this disease. a toxoid vaccine for use in sows has been developed and studied in field trials. the european pharmacopoeia monograph on vaccines for use in animals lays down a method of the efficacy testing based on ...199910397319
necrotic enteritis challenge models with broiler chickens raised on litter: evaluation of preconditions, clostridium perfringens strains and outcome variables.the effect of clostridium perfringens challenge, number of challenge days, and pre-challenge antibiotic treatment on the induction of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens raised on litter was studied, and the relationship between bacterial counts and frequency of gut lesions was evaluated. specific intestinal lesions in randomly selected birds were present despite a lack of disease-specific mortality. challenge, number of challenge days and frequency of lesions were associated with median coun ...199910397320
liver lesions seen at slaughter as an indicator of necrotic enteritis in broiler flocks.historical data of necrotic enteritis incidence and carcass condemnations owing to liver lesions in south-eastern norway during 1978-1998 revealed covariance in the occurrence of the two variables. in histological examination during the first half of 1998, 33 of 45 sampled carcasses condemned owing to liver lesions showed histopathological changes consistent with earlier described clostridium perfringens-associated hepatitis. the results suggest that the occurrence of necrotic enteritis in broil ...199910397321
detection of the etx gene (epsilon-toxin inducer) in plasmids of high molecular weight in clostridium perfringens type d.the purpose of this work is to correlate the production of epsilon-toxin in a set of strains of clostridium perfringens type d with the presence of the etx gene, either genomic or in plasmids. total dna obtained from strains with a different level of toxin production was explored by pcr and all the strains showed the amplification signal. different methods were used to obtain plasmid profiles and all of the bands were assayed by pcr. the detection of the etx gene was only shown in several high m ...199910397325
neutrophil f-actin and myosin but not microtubules functionally regulate transepithelial migration induced by interleukin 8 across a cultured intestinal epithelial monolayer.the role of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) cytoskeleton during the transmigration across colonic epithelial cells is not very well understood. in order to study the role of different components of the pmn cytoskeleton during transepithelial migration across a colonic epithelial cell monolayer (t84), pmn were preincubated with drugs affecting either the actin cytoskeleton (cytochalasin b, iota toxin of clostridium perfringens, and phalloidin) or the microtubules (colchicine and taxol). the ...199910400829
antibody response in goats vaccinated with liposome-adjuvanted clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxoid.a trial was performed using 20 goats to evaluate the antibody responses to a liposome-adjuvanted clostridium perfringens epsilon toxoid vaccine (lipv). the antibody response was compared with those produced by epsilon toxoid vaccines prepared using aluminium hydroxide (alv) and incomplete freud's adjuvant (fav). the animals were allocated to four groups at the beginning of the trial. the animals in group 1 were vaccinated with alv, while the animals in group 2 received fav and those in groups 3 ...199910401718
in-vitro antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against hospital isolates: a multicentre study.the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of the fluoroquinolone, levofloxacin, against hospital isolates of bacteria. mics of levofloxacin were determined for 2154 strains by agar dilution. breakpoints for susceptibility testing were calculated using the agar diffusion technique with 5 micrograms discs. the activity of levofloxacin against nalidixic acid- and pefloxacin-susceptible enterobacteriaceae (n = 668) was higher (mic50/90 0.06-0.12 mg/l) than previously reported for oflo ...199910404337
comparison of the effects of clostridium perfringens type d culture supernates in ligated intestinal loops of goats and sheep.the effects of clostridium perfringens type d culture supernates were compared in ligated loops of the small intestine (ileum) and colon of four goat kids and four lambs, the loops being examined histopathologically and electron microscopically 7 h after inoculation. no lesions were observed in the small intestine of any animal, or in control colonic loops. in the caprine and ovine colonic loops treated with culture supernates, most goblet cells were empty and the lumina contained a layer of muc ...199910405305
fate of cryptosporidium oocysts, giardia cysts, and microbial indicators during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion.the extent of reduction in selected microorganisms was tested during both aerobic wastewater treatment and anaerobic digestion of sludge at the wastewater treatment plant in ottawa to compare the removal of two encysted pathogenic protozoa with that of microbial indicators. samples collected included the raw wastewater, the primary effluent, the treated wastewater, the mixed sludge, the decanted liquor, and the cake. all of the raw sewage samples were positive for cryptosporidium oocysts and gia ...199910408099
clostridium perfringens endophthalmitis following cataract surgery. 199910408468
recombinant vaccinia viruses protect against clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.recombinant vaccinia viruses that expressed the nontoxic c-domain of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin were constructed. the j2r (thymidine kinase [tk] gene) and b13r (serpin 2 [spi-2] gene) loci were used as insertion sites for the clostridial dna, and expression of the foreign protein was measured in each case. a double recombinant that encoded the alpha-toxin truncate at the b13r locus and the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis at the j2r locus was also constructed. although differenc ...199910413356
nontraumatic clostridial myonecrosis.we describe three cases of nontraumatic clostridial myonecrosis seen at the victorian institute of forensic medicine. nontraumatic clostridial myonecrosis is an uncommon and often fatal condition that requires immediate institution of appropriate medical and surgical therapy. it is most commonly caused by clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum and is associated with gastrointestinal and hematologic malignancies, diabetes mellitus, and peripheral vascular disease. the clinical features ...199910414657
comparison between a live, attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and an anticoccidial ionophore, on performance of broilers raised with or without a growth promoter, in an initially eimeria-free environment.an experiment was carried out to study the effects of vaccination with paracox, a live, attenuated vaccine against avian coccidiosis, on broilers isolated from extraneous eimeria parasites. the study involved 3200 broiler chickens raised in floor pens similar to commercial conditions, but in an initially eimeria-free environment. forty percent of the chickens were vaccinated at 3 days of age and given either a basal unmedicated feed or a feed supplemented with the feed antibiotic virginiamycin. ...199910418192
cloning, sequence, and transcriptional regulation of the operon encoding a putative n-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate epimerase (nane) and sialic acid lyase (nana) in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens can obtain sialic acid from host tissues by the activity of sialidase enzymes on sialoglycoconjugates. after sialic acid is transported into the cell, sialic acid lyase (nana) then catalyzes the hydrolysis of sialic acid into pyruvate and n-acetylmannosamine. the latter is converted for use as a biosynthetic intermediate or carbohydrate source in a pathway including an epimerase (nane) that converts n-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate to n-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate. a 4.0 ...199910419949
pcr detection of clostridium perfringens type d in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of goats and sheep.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to identify the genes encoding the alpha, epsilon and beta toxins of clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal tissues of goats and sheep. when pure cultures of cl. perfringens types b and d were used as control templates in the pcr, products of the following sizes were observed on the agarose gel: 247 bp (alpha primers), 1025 bp (beta primers) and 403 bp (epsilon primers). when used to identify cl. perfringens type d in fo ...199910432627
[acute hemolytic anemia in clostridium perfringens infection].haemolytic anaemia caused by clostridium perfringens is a rare complication in patients with neoplastic diseases. according to the literature, our patient seems to be the first patient with underlying malignancy (multiple myeloma) who has survived c. perfringens septicaemia complicated with acute haemolysis and acute anuria. it is concluded that treatment with penicillin should be considered in case of acute haemolytic anaemia, if the patient is febrile and no other obvious cause of the haemolyt ...199910434790
prevalence of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxin a in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic.to determine prevalence of clostridial enterotoxins in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, and to determine whether an association exists between detection of clostridial enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic.199910434974
human gamma delta t cells recognize alkylamines derived from microbes, edible plants, and tea: implications for innate immunity.approximately 4% of peripheral blood t cells in humans express a t cell receptor with markedly restricted germline gene segment usage (v gamma 2 v delta 2). remarkably, these t cells expand 2- to 10-fold (8%-60% of all circulating t cells) during many microbial infections. we show here that these t cells recognize a family of naturally occurring primary alkylamines in a tcr-dependent manner. these antigenic alkylamines are secreted to millimolar concentrations in bacterial supernatants and are f ...199910435579
immunological evidence for a bacterial toxin aetiology in sudden infant death syndrome.toxin-specific antibodies to clostridial, enterobacterial and staphylococcal toxins implicated in sudden infant death syndrome were studied in sera from sudden infant death syndrome infants and a comparison group of infants (babies with phenylketonuria). the results indicated a higher proportion of sera from sudden infant death syndrome infants contained iga that bound to clostridial and enterobacterial toxins but a higher proportion of sera from the phenylketonuria comparison group contained ig ...199910443490
the protective effect of breast feeding in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (sids): ii. the effect of human milk and infant formula preparations on binding of clostridium perfringens to epithelial cells.breast feeding is known to protect an infant against gastrointestinal pathogens and epidemiological studies indicate that compared to breast fed infants, formula fed infants are at a greater risk of dying from sudden infant death syndrome (sids). many sids infants have symptoms of gastrointestinal infections prior to death and one gastrointestinal pathogen associated with sids is clostridium perfringens. studies have found that a significantly higher number of formula fed sids infants have c per ...199910443505
the protective effect of breast feeding in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (sids): iii. detection of iga antibodies in human milk that bind to bacterial toxins implicated in sids.two toxin-producing bacteria implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (sids) are staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens. epidemiological studies have shown that breast feeding reduces an infant's risk of sids. this protective effect could be due partly to iga antibodies to these toxins in human milk. the aim of this work was to use a quantitative elisa to determine levels of iga antibodies that bound to toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst-1), staphylococcal enterotoxin c (sec) and c. p ...199910443506
[limb preservation after clostridial myonecrosis following internal fixation of a closed femoral fracture].a 24-year-old healthy man developed clostridium perfringens myonecrosis with severe sepsis after plating of a closed femoral fracture. the leg could be preserved by complete resection of the fascia from all muscle compartments of the leg, including the pelvitrochanteric and the iliopsoas muscles, radical removal of necrotic muscle tissue, dissection of the para-aortal infrarenal lymphatics, daily débridements over 2 weeks, and systemic antibiotic therapy. the plate was removed because of a secon ...199910448592
use of genetically manipulated strains of clostridium perfringens reveals that both alpha-toxin and theta-toxin are required for vascular leukostasis to occur in experimental gas gangrene.a hallmark of gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) pathology is a paucity of leukocytes infiltrating the necrotic tissue. the cause of this paucity most likely relates to the observation of leukocyte aggregates at the border of the area of tissue necrosis, often within the microvasculature itself. infecting mice with genetically manipulated strains of clostridium perfringens type a (deficient in either alpha-toxin or theta-toxin production) resulted in significantly reduced leukocyte aggregati ...199910456947
a nursing home outbreak of clostridium perfringens associated with pureed food.to investigate and ascertain the source of a nursing home outbreak of gastroenteritis in melbourne in 1997.199910462869
synthesis of bromoindolyl 4,7-di-o-methyl-neu5ac: specificity toward influenza a and b viruses.n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) was converted into the methyl ester methyl ketoside-8,9-epoxy derivative (8). methylation of 8 followed by deprotection gave 4,7-di-o-methyl-neu5ac (10). compound 10 was converted into the corresponding methyl ester-chloroacetate derivative, which was subsequently coupled to 5-bromo-indol-3-ol to give the chromogenic product (13). deprotection of 13 gave 5-bromo-indol-3-yl 4,7-di-o-methyl-neu5ac (5). the product 5 was specifically cleaved by sialidase from either ...199910466215
in vitro activity of gemifloxacin (sb 265805) against anaerobes.gemifloxacin mesylate (sb 265805), a new fluoronaphthyridone, was tested against 359 recent clinical anaerobic isolates by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards reference agar dilution method with supplemented brucella blood agar and an inoculum of 10(5) cfu/spot. comparative antimicrobials tested included trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, sitafloxacin (du-6859a), penicillin g, amoxicillin clavulanate, imipenem, cefoxitin, clindamycin, and metronidazole ...199910471570
detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase pcr and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the florida keys.in order to assess the microbial water quality in canal waters throughout the florida keys, a survey was conducted to determine the concentration of microbial fecal indicators and the presence of human pathogenic microorganisms. a total of 19 sites, including 17 canal sites and 2 nearshore water sites, were assayed for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, enterococci, coliphages, f-specific (f(+)) rna coliphages, giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum, an ...199910473424
inactivation of the gene (cpe) encoding clostridium perfringens enterotoxin eliminates the ability of two cpe-positive c. perfringens type a human gastrointestinal disease isolates to affect rabbit ileal loops.previous epidemiological studies have implicated clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal (gi) illnesses caused by c. perfringens type a isolates, including c. perfringens type a food poisoning and non-food-borne gi illnesses, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and sporadic diarrhoea. to further evaluate the importance of cpe in the pathogenesis of these gi diseases, allelic exchange was used to construct cpe knock-out m ...199910476029
bacterial populations associated with a sorghum-based fermented weaning cereal.microbiological surveys, to determine the quality and safety, were conducted on 45 sorghum samples comprising dry powders (n = 15) and corresponding fermented (n = 15) and cooked fermented porridge (n = 15) samples collected from households in an informal settlement of the gauteng province of south africa. mean aerobic plate counts, gram-negative counts and bacterial spore counts of sorghum powder samples decreased in fermented and cooked fermented porridge samples. however, mean lactic acid bac ...199910477073
bacteriological investigation of an outbreak of clostridium perfringens food poisoning caused by japanese food without animal protein.an outbreak of clostridium perfringens food poisoning occurred in a senior citizen's home in japan. japanese food, spinach boiled with fried bean curd, was considered to be the causative food as a result of the detection of the c. perfringens enterotoxin gene by nested pcr. the number of enterotoxin-positive c. perfringens was enumerated as 4.3 x 10(5)/g in the causative food by the mpn method combined with nested pcr. by cultivation, enterotoxin-positive c. perfringens was isolated from all the ...199910477076
duodenal adenomas in balb/-c mice monoinfected with clostridium perfringens.an outbreak of disease in multiparous females occurred in one isolator in a colony of balb/-c germ-free mice. the affected isolator had been accidentally contaminated with copyright clostridium perfringens. gross and histological examination of the diseased mice revealed lesions in the lungs, heart and intestinal tract. lesions in the valvular endocardium and vascular walls were closely associated with bacterial colonies and septic thrombi containing gram-positive rods. c perfringens type b was ...199910486158
comparison of five anaerobic incubation methods for enumeration of clostridium perfringens from foods.this study compared the cost, speed, convenience, and sensitivity of five anaerobic systems. fung's double-tube (fdt) method, the minitube method (mt), the sandwiched microtiter plate (smp) method, and the mitsubishi anaeropack system were compared with the brewer anaerobic jar for total anaerobic bacterial counts in foods. incubation was at 37 degrees c for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. the results indicated that fdt, mt, smp, and the mitsubishi anaeropack system were as sensitive as the brewer anaerobic ...199910492480
localized pneumocephalus caused by clostridium perfringens meningitis.clostridium meningitis is a rare complication of elective surgery, but the presence of pneumocephalus on ct in the absence of penetrating injuries, should raise the possibility of anaerobic infections. we report a case of fatal clostridium perfringens meningitis which occurred 4 months after a craniotomy for glioblastoma multiforme. the diagnosis was suspected based on the ct findings. the literature of this rare condition is reviewed.199910492695
resistance of ovine, caprine and bovine endothelial cells to clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in vitro.ovine, caprine and bovine endothelial cells were grown in vitro and challenged with clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin to compare their susceptibility to this toxin. madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, which are known to be susceptible to epsilon toxin, were used as a positive control. no morphological alterations were observed in any of the endothelial cell cultures tested, even after challenging with doses as high as 1200 mld50/ml of epsilon toxin. mdck cells showed contour round ...199910493114
specificity of antibodies to bacterial dna in the sera of healthy human subjects and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.to elucidate the epitope structure to dna by identifying antigenic determinants on bacterial dna bound by anti-dna antibodies from normal human subjects (nhs) and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle).199910493672
cecal carriage of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens given mucosal starter culture.day-of-hatch broiler chicks housed in isolation units were each given, by oral gavage, 0.1 ml of mucosal starter culture (msc) or saline control. each of the treated and control chicks was subsequently given a composite culture of three strains of bacitracin-resistant clostridium perfringens (cp) previously isolated from chickens with symptoms of necrotic enteritis. some chicks were maintained on a corn-based diet provided ad libitum. others were given the feed supplemented with 50% rye (a predi ...199910494417
the 105-kda protein component of bacillus cereus non-haemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) is a metalloprotease with gelatinolytic and collagenolytic activity.a sequence of 91 amino acids residues, probably starting from the n-terminal of the mature protein, was determined for the 105-kda protein of the non-haemolytic enterotoxin of bacillus cereus. the last part of this sequence was similar to parts of the n-terminal portions of two collagenases of clostridium histolyticum and clostridium perfringens. zymography, with intact collagen fibril and gelatin as substrates, showed that the 105-kda protein had collagenolytic and gelatinolytic activity. the 1 ...199910499286
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragment removes specific claudins from tight junction strands: evidence for direct involvement of claudins in tight junction barrier.claudins, comprising a multigene family, constitute tight junction (tj) strands. clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), a single approximately 35-kd polypeptide, was reported to specifically bind to claudin-3/rvp1 and claudin-4/cpe-r at its cooh-terminal half. we examined the effects of the cooh-terminal half fragment of cpe (c-cpe) on tjs in l transfectants expressing claudin-1 to -4 (c1l to c4l, respectively), and in mdck i cells expressing claudin-1 and -4. c-cpe bound to claudin-3 and -4 ...199910508866
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