Publications

synergism of bacillus thuringiensis toxins by a fragment of a toxin-binding cadherin.	the insecticidal crystal proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are broadly used to control insect pests with agricultural importance. the cadherin bt-r(1) is a binding protein for bt cry1a toxins in midgut epithelia of tobacco hornworm (manduca sexta). we previously identified the bt-r(1) region most proximal to the cell membrane (cr12-mped) as the essential binding region required for cry1ab-mediated cytotoxicity. here, we report that a peptide containing this region expressed in esc ...	2007	17724346
purification and identification of a novel leucine aminopeptidase from bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.	a novel leucine aminopeptidase was purified from a bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) culture. the purification stages included heating the concentrated supernatant to 65 degrees c for 90 min, anion-exchange chromatography by deae cellulose, and hydrophobic chromatography by phenyl sepharose. the specific activity of leucine aminopeptidase after the hydrophobic chromatography increased by 215.5-fold and the yield was 16%. the molecular weight of the active enzyme was 59 kda. mass spectrome ...	2007	17682820
flagellin (flic) protein sequence diversity among bacillus thuringiensis does not correlate with h serotype diversity.	in escherichia coli, the flic gene encodes flagellin, the protein responsible for eliciting the immunological reaction in h serotyping. here, the presence of the flagellin flic gene was studied in 86 bacillus thuringiensis strains encompassing 67 h serotypes. nineteen strains from four additional species in the b. cereus sensu lato group, b. cereus, b. anthracis, b. mycoides, and b. weihenstephanensis, were added for comparison purposes. the flic genes were amplified, cloned and their nucleotide ...	2007	17578675
isolation and characterization of a novel bacillus thuringiensis strain expressing a novel crystal protein with cytocidal activity against human cancer cells.	to characterize a novel, unusual, bacillus thuringiensis strain, to clone its cry gene and determine the spectrum of action of the encoded cry protein.	2007	17584453
susceptibility of bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides and bacillus thuringiensis to 24 antimicrobials using sensititre automated microbroth dilution and etest agar gradient diffusion methods.	to examine susceptibilities of bacillus anthracis and related species to 24 antimicrobials using and concurrently comparing two methods.	2007	17586563
specific targeting to murine myeloma cells of cyt1aa toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis.	multiple myeloma is currently an incurable cancer of plasma b cells often characterized by overproduction of abnormally high quantities of a patient-specific, clonotypic immunoglobulin "m-protein." the m-protein is expressed on the cell membrane and secreted into the blood. we previously showed that ligand-toxin conjugates (ltc) incorporating the ribosome-inactivating ricin-a toxin were very effective in specific cytolysis of the anti-ligand antibody-bearing target cells used as models for multi ...	2007	17626007
transgenic maize containing the cry1ab protein ephemerally enhances soil microbial communities.		2007	17626475
desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of intact bacteria.	desorption electrospray ionization (desi) mass spectrometry (ms) was used to differentiate seven bacteria species on the basis of their measured desi-mass spectral profile. both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were tested and included escherichia coli, staphyloccocus aureus, enterococcus sp., bordetella bronchiseptica, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus subtilis and salmonella typhimurium. distinct desi-mass spectra, in the mass range of 50-500 u, were obtained from whole bacteria in eith ...	2007	17628040
[the new mucosal adjuvant cry1ac increase the capacity of mononuclear cells to stop bacterial growth].		2007	17633805
9th international symposium on the biosafety of genetically modified organisms. session vii: risk management and monitoring.	biosafety regulatory frameworks are intended to serve as mechanisms for ensuring the safe use of biotechnology products without imposing unacceptable risk to human health or the environment, or unintended constraints to technology transfer. in several regulatory systems gmo risk assessment has been separated from gmo risk management. as a consequence, risk assessment can be performed on a purely scientific basis, whereas risk management can take additional aspects (e.g. socio-economic or ethical ...	2007	17640508
[insecticide proteic crystals from a native isolate of bacillus thuringiensis].		2007	18390157
effects of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins on developmental and reproductive characteristics of the predator orius albidipennis (hemiptera: anthocoridae) under laboratory conditions.	the effects of cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt) on the anthocorid orius albidipennis reuter were studied under laboratory conditions. tritrophic experiments were performed, in which orius nymphs were fed helicoverpa armigera (hübner) larvae reared on a diet with cry1ac, cry1ab, or cry2ab toxins at different concentrations (0, 1, and 10 microg/ml), when supplemented with ephestia kuehniella zeller eggs. in complementary experiments, the bt cry1ac toxin was directly fed to or ...	2007	18284750
effects of insecticide-treated and lepidopteran-active bt transgenic sweet corn on the abundance and diversity of arthropods.	a field study was conducted over 2 yr to determine the effects of transgenic sweet corn containing a gene from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) on the diversity and abundance of nontarget arthropods. the bt hybrid (expressing cry1ab endotoxin for lepidopteran control) was compared with near-isogenic non-bt and bt hybrids treated with a foliar insecticide and with a near-isogenic non-bt hybrid without insecticides. plant inspections, sticky cards, and pitfall traps were used to sample a ...	2007	18284751
response of ground beetle (coleoptera: carabidae) field populations to four years of lepidoptera-specific bt corn production.	pitfall traps were used to monitor populations of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) in plots of corn grown in continuous cultivation during a 4-yr period (2000-2003). treatments included transgenic corn expressing a bt cry protein with efficacy specific against lepidoptera (bt), conventional corn grown with insecticide application (i), and the same conventional cultivar grown without insecticide application (ni). mixed-model analyses of variance were performed on pitfall captures of beetles ...	2007	18284752
degradation of cry1ac protein within transgenic bacillus thuringiensis rice tissues under field and laboratory conditions.	to clarify the environmental fate of the cry1ac protein from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (bt) contained in transgenic rice plant stubble after harvest, degradation was monitored under field conditions using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in stalks, cry1ac protein concentration decreased rapidly to 50% of the initial amount during the first month after harvest; subsequently, the degradation decreased gradually reaching 21.3% when the experiment was terminated after 7 mo. a simil ...	2007	18284753
detection and characterization of cry1ac transgene construct in bt cotton: multiple polymerase chain reaction approach.	to comply with international labeling regulations for genetically modified (gm) crops and food, and to enable proper identification of gm organisms (gmos), effective methodologies and reliable approaches are needed. the spurious and unapproved gm planting has contributed to crop failures and commercial losses. to ensure effective and genuine gm cultivation, a methodology is needed to detect and identify the trait of interest and concurrently evaluate the structural and functional stability of th ...	2007	18193727
[cloning and expression of the cry1ac-tchib fusion gene from bacillus thuringinesis and tobacco and its insecticidal synergistic effect].	a new fusion gene cry1ac-tchib was constructed to enhance the toxicity of crystal proteins, the cry1ac gene of bacillus thuringiensis strain 4.0718 was combined with a tchib (deleted signal peptide and enterokinase site sequence). in this process, the enterokinase site sequence was inserted into the midst of these two genes. then the combined fragment carrying the upstream promoter region and the downstream terminator region of cry1ac gene were cloned into the shuttle vector pht315. and after a ...	2007	18271254
flora, not fauna: gm culture and agriculture.		2007	18290361
management of the pest resistance to bt plants synthesizing two cry toxins.		2007	18399472
effects of resistance to bt cotton on diapause in the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella.	fitness costs associated with resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops are expected to delay the evolution of resistance. in a previous study where pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), larvae overwintered in outdoor insectaries, individuals from bt-resistant strains had lower survival than individuals from bt-susceptible strains or f1 progeny from crosses between resistant and susceptible adults. to investigate the physiological basis of such recessive cost, ...	2007	20345287
diversity of bacillus thuringiensis in the rice field soils of different ecologies in india.	diversity of the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in the rice field soils of different ecologies viz. the island (port blair), the himalayan (srinagar), brackish water (mahe) and coastal mesophilic (mangalore) habitats was analyzed by phenotypic characterization of 5, 66, 14 and 54 bt isolates, respectively. the bt isolates produced either monotypic (bipyramidal or spherical) or heterotypic (polymorphic-bipyramidal or bipyramidal-rhomboidal) crystals. the organisms were generally resistant to the pen ...	2007	23100691
effect of different additives on the persistence and insecticidal activity of native strains of bacillus thuringiensis.	the persistence and insecticidal activity of native strains of bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated in formulations containing different additives such as arrow-root powder, carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc), gum acacia, non-food grade (nfg) starch, and soluble starch. persistence of b. thuringiensis varied with different additives used in the formulations. among the different additives used, nfg starch provided maximum protection to b. thuringiensis and native strain 42 showed maximum persistence ...	2007	23100638
development of a purification method of pure primary lymphocytes for cell viability assays.	the maintenance of pure primary lymphocytes culture for long periods may be difficult because of its inability to divide continuously. in addition, lymphocytes separation methods such as ficoll-paque, rbc lysis and immunomagnetic microbeads separation may have some affect on cell viability. the objective of this study is to determine various types of lymphocytes purification methods, in order to prolong primary lymphocytes culture to 72 hours. the second objective is to use these primary lymphoc ...	2007	22593650
mating patterns and bt resistance: the case of the european corn borer.		2006	20076597
bacillus thuringiensis in caterpillars and associated materials collected from protected tropical forests in northwestern costa rica.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) synthesizes crystalline inclusions that are toxic to caterpillars (lepidoptera) and other orders of invertebrates. materials associated with 37 caterpillars from 16 species, collected while feeding on 15 different species of host plants in dry, cloud and rain forests located in the area de conservación guanacaste in northwestern costa rica, were examined for the presence of bt. from a total of 101 derived samples, 25 bt isolates were cultured: 56% from host plant leav ...	2006	18494297
characterization of a bacillus thuringiensis strain collection isolated from diverse costa rican natural ecosystems.	costa rican natural ecosystems are among the most diverse in the world. for this reason, we isolated strains of the entomopathogenic bacteria bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to determine their diversity, distribution and abundance. a total of 146 bt strains were obtained from environmental samples collected from diverse natural ecosystems and life zones of costa rica. we recovered bt strains from 71%, 63%, 61% and 54% of soil samples, fresh leaves, other substrates and leaf litter respectively. bt w ...	2006	18457170
[valuation for usefulness of selected chromosomal markers for bacillus anthracis identification. i. valuation for markers sg-749, sg-450 and sg-300].	the article presents results of valuation for b. anthracis-specificity and usefulness for its identification obtained for different chromosomal markers. in the first part of the study markers sg-749, sg-300 and sg-450 were analyzed. for the investigation rflp-pcr and msscp techniques were used and different electrophoresis methods were tested. the results gave an information not only about specificity of tested markers but also about the possibility of shorten time necessary to obtain results of ...	2006	17642312
functional display of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin on t7 phage.	the cry1ac toxin from bacillus thuringiensis was displayed on the surface of t7 phage. the cry1ac gene was fused to the c-terminal end of t7-10b capsid protein and displayed on the surface of t7 phage as revealed by western blot analysis of the purified phage particles. the t7-cry1ac phages retained toxicity against manduca sexta larvae. we demonstrated that the t7-cry1ac phage interacts with cry1ac receptors present in m. sexta bbmv either in solution or in overlay binding assays.	2006	16603180
resistance and cross-resistance in populations of the leafrollers, choristoneura rosaceana and pandemis pyrusana , in washington apples.	insecticide bioassays of the leafrollers, choristoneura rosaceana (harris), and pandemis pyrusana kearfott (lepidoptera: tortricidae), were used to investigate resistance and cross-resistance between azinphosmethyl and other insecticides. comparisons of field-collected populations with susceptible laboratory colonies of both leafroller species were made in 1996-97, prior to registration and field introduction of several of insecticides, and were re-tested in 2000-2001 following several years of ...	2006	19537964
genetic variability of the bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, occurring on different host plants.	the bollworm, helicoverpa armigera hübner (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest of worldwide occurrence inflicting annual crop damage in india worth us$ 1 billion. in india this insect occurs as a major pest in many economically important crops, including cotton, pigeonpea, chickpea, tomato, okra, and blackgram. understanding the genetic variation among the h. armigera populations occurring on host plants has become essential to understand the variation in their susceptibility to differ ...	2006	19537981
bacillus thuringiensis protein production, signal transduction, and insect control in chemically inducible pr-1a/cry1ab broccoli plants.	in an effort to develop a chemically inducible system for insect management, we studied production of cry1ab bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein and control of the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella l., in inducer-treated and untreated tissues of a broccoli line transformed with a pr-1a/cry1ab expression cassette. spraying leaves of these plants with the inducer acibenzolar-s-methyl (= 1,2,3 benzothiadiazole-7-thiocarboxylic acid-s-methyl-ester) (asm) triggered expression of the cry1ab ...	2006	16418860
fiber-optic microsphere-based arrays for multiplexed biological warfare agent detection.	we report a multiplexed high-density dna array capable of rapid, sensitive, and reliable identification of potential biological warfare agents. an optical fiber bundle containing 6000 individual 3.1-mum-diameter fibers was chemically etched to yield microwells and used as the substrate for the array. eighteen different 50-mer single-stranded dna probes were covalently attached to 3.1-mum microspheres. probe sequences were designed for bacillus anthracis, yersinia pestis, francisella tularensis, ...	2006	16478092
a novel bacteriocin, thuricin 17, produced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strain bacillus thuringiensis neb17: isolation and classification.	the aim of this study was to identify and characterize a compound produced by the plant growth promoting bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis non-bradyrhizobium endophytic bacterium 17.	2006	16478494
discovery and characterization of sip1a: a novel secreted protein from bacillus thuringiensis with activity against coleopteran larvae.	bioassay screening of bacillus thuringiensis culture supernatants identified strain eg2158 as having larvicidal activity against colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae. ion-exchange fractionation of the eg2158 culture supernatant resulted in the identification of a protein designated sip1a (secreted insecticidal protein) of approximately 38 kda having activity against colorado potato beetle (cpb). an oligonucleotide probe based on the n-terminal sequence of the purified sip1a ...	2006	16489451
toxin-binding proteins from midgut epithelium membranes of anopheles stephensi larvae.	proteins of 65 and 57 kd were isolated from the apical membranes of midgut epithelium of anopheles stephensi larvae by affinity chromatography. these proteins can specifically bind endotoxin cry11a and activate toxin cry4b (cry4b-tox) under conditions of ligand blotting, and both cry proteins compete for this binding. at least in the case of cry4b-tox, the binding with 65 and 57 kd proteins is reversible. the ability of the products of limited proteolysis of cry11a and cry4b to bind the 65 and 5 ...	2006	16489916
development and validation of a sensitive and fast chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for the detection of genetically modified maize.	proteins from the cry 1 family, in particular cry 1ab, are commonly expressed in genetically modified bt maize in order to control chewing insect pests. a sensitive chemiluminescent sandwich enzyme immunoassay for the detection of cry1ab protein from genetically modified bt maize has been developed and validated. a cry1ab protein-specific antibody was immobilized on 96- or 384-well microtiter plates in order to capture the cry1ab toxin in the sample; the bound toxin was then detected by employin ...	2006	16491341
efficient centrifugal recovery of bacillus thuringiensis biopesticides from fermented wastewater and wastewater sludge.	studies were conducted on harvesting of bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-based biopesticides from fermented broths of starch industry wastewater (siw), wastewater sludge (raw and hydrolyzed-nh and th, respectively) and semi-synthetic soyameal to enhance entomotoxicity (tx) by centrifugation. pertinent factors influencing tx, solids concentration, ph, temperature and centrifugal force were investigated. the centrifugate solids concentration beyond 100 g/l did not enhance tx, instead caused pellet form ...	2006	16515801
conjugal transfer of a toxin-coding megaplasmid from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to mosquitocidal strains of bacillus sphaericus.	both bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis produce mosquitocidal toxins during sporulation and are extensively used in the field for control of mosquito populations. all the known toxins of the latter organism are known to be encoded on a large plasmid, pbtoxis. in an attempt to combine the best properties of the two bacteria, an erythromycin resistance-marked pbtoxis plasmid was transferred to b. sphaericus by a mating technique. the resulting transconjugant bacteria ...	2006	16517620
transcriptional analysis of the toxin-coding plasmid pbtoxis from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis all of the insecticidal toxins are encoded on a single, large plasmid, pbtoxis. sequencing of this plasmid revealed 125 potential coding sequences, many of which have predicted functions in gene regulation and physiological processes, such as germination. as a first step in understanding the possible role of pbtoxis in its host bacterium, a survey of the transcription of genes with predicted functions was carried out. whereas many coding sequences, in ...	2006	16517621
the phytopathogen dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) is a pathogen of the pea aphid.	dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot diseases on many crops. the sequencing of its genome identified four genes encoding homologues of the cyt family of insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis, which are not present in the close relative pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum. the pathogenicity of d. dadantii was tested on the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, and the bacterium was shown to be highly virulent for this insect, either ...	2006	16517643
response of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae to three xenobiotic exposures: larval tolerance and detoxifying enzyme activities.	the ability of mosquito larvae to tolerate toxic compounds (temephos, bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, toxic vegetable leaf litter) was examined on a laboratory larval strain of aedes aegypti l. bioassays and detoxifying enzyme activity measurements were performed to compare tolerance/resistance capacities. the possibility of a functional plasticity of detoxifying equipment was investigated through experimental determination of the inductive effect of each xenobiotic within a given gener ...	2006	16519308
behavioural responses and changes in biology of rice leaffolder following treatment with a combination of bacterial toxins and botanical insecticides.	ingestion of the bacterial toxins bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) sub sp kurstaki, neem seed kernel extract and vitex negundo l. (lamiales:verbenaceae) leaf extract to the rice leaffolder (rlf), cnaphalocrocis medinalis (guenée) (lepidoptera: pyralidae), resulted in altered leaf-folding behaviour and biology. in laboratory experiments, treatment with plant extracts and bacterial toxins suppressed leaf folding behaviour of c. medinalis. larvae fed lower doses moulted into progressive instars, b ...	2006	16524618
potato expressing beetle-specific bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa toxin reduces performance of a moth.	expression of the bacillus thuringiensis beetle-specific toxin cry3aa, which renders a genetically modified potato cultivar resistant to the colorado potato beetle leptinotarsa decemlineata, exerts a deleterious effect on the polyphagous moth spodoptera littoralis. the caterpillars of s. littoralis feed less and produce smaller pupae on the genetically modified cultivar (newleaf superior) than on the parental nontransgenic cultivar (superior). the conversion efficiencies of total dry matter, com ...	2006	16525866
activity of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins against codling moth (cydia pomonella l.) larvae.	solubilized protoxins of nine cry1 and one hybrid cry1 delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis were tested for their activity against larvae of the codling moth (cydia pomonella l). cry1da was the most toxic, followed by cry1ab, cry1ba, and cry1ac, while cry1aa, cry1fa, cry1ia, and sn19 were still less active. cry1ca and cry1cb showed no activity. in vitro trypsin activation increased activity of all eight active delta-endotoxins, and dramatically enhanced toxicity of hybrid sn19, cry1aa, cr ...	2006	16530218
proteomic analysis of the bacteriocin thuricin 17 produced by bacillus thuringiensis neb17.	thuricin 17 is a recently discovered bacteriocin produced by bacillus thuringiensis neb17. the objective of this work was to conduct a proteomic analysis of this bacteriocin. the partial n- and c-terminal amino-acid sequences of thuricin 17 have now been determined using the edman degradation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-quadrapole time of flight mass spectrometry (ms)/ms. a hydrophobic cluster analysis indicates that thuricin 17 contains a hydrophobic region, potentially corr ...	2006	16436058
redesigning bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa toxin into a mosquito toxin.	the bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein cry1aa is normally selectively active to caterpillar larvae. through rational design, toxicity (microg/ml) to the mosquito culex pipiens was introduced by selected deletions and substitutions of the loop residues of domain ii. toxicity to its natural target manduca sexta was concomitantly abolished. the successful grafting of the alternate mosquito toxicity onto the original lepidopteran cry1aa toxin demonstrates the possibility of designing and enginee ...	2006	16436453
vegetative insecticidal protein enhancing the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki against spodoptera exigua.	the objective of this work was to enhance the insecticidal activity or widen the pesticidal spectrum of a commercial bacillus thuringiensis strain ybt1520.	2006	16441373
purification and characterization of a chimeric cry1f delta-endotoxin expressed in transgenic cotton plants.	cotton plants were genetically modified through the introduction of a synthetic gene that encodes a bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protoxin referred to as cry1f(synpro). this protoxin is a chimeric, full-length delta-endotoxin of 130 kda, comprised of the core toxin of cry1fa2 protein and parts of the nontoxic portions of cry1ca3 and cry1ab1 proteins, all of which originated from bacillus thuringiensis. the cry1f(synpro) expressed in cotton plants confers resistance to lepidopteran pests. t ...	2006	16448190
fate of the cry1ab protein from bt-maize mon810 silage in biogas production facilities.	biogas plants fuelled with renewable sources of energy are a sustainable means for power generation. in areas with high infestation levels with the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hbn.), it is likely that transgenic bt-maize will be fed into agricultural biogas plants. the fate of the entomotoxic protein cry1ab from mon810 maize was therefore investigated in silage and biogas production-related materials in the utilization chains of two farm-scale biogas plants. the cry1ab content in si ...	2006	16448198
assessment of populus wood chemistry following the introduction of a bt toxin gene.	unintended changes in plant physiology, anatomy and metabolism as a result of genetic engineering are a concern as more transgenic plants are commercially deployed in the ecosystem. we compared the cell wall chemical composition of three populus lines (populus trichocarpa torr. & a. gray x populus trichocarpa bartr. ex marsh., populus trichocarpa x populus nigra l. and populus deltoides x populus nigra) genetically modified to express the cry3a or cry3b2 protein of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) wi ...	2006	16452069
a novel 96-kda aminopeptidase localized on epithelial cell membranes of bombyx mori midgut, which binds to cry1ac toxin of bacillus thuringiensis.	proteins in the brush border membrane (bbm) of the midgut binding to the insecticidal cry1ac toxin from bacillus thuringiensis were investigated to examine the lower sensitivity of bombyx mori to cry1ac, and new aminopeptidase n that bound to cry1ac was discovered. deae chromatography of triton x-100-soluble bbm proteins from the midgut revealed 96-kda aminopeptidase that bound to cry1ac. the enzyme was purified to homogeneity and estimated to be a 96.4-kda molecule on a silver-stained sds-page ...	2006	16452310
cry1ab protein from bt transgenic rice does not residue in rhizosphere soil.	expression of cry1ab protein in bt transgenic rice (kmd) and its residue in the rhizosphere soil during the whole growth in field, as well as degradation of the protein from kmd straw in five soils under laboratory incubation were studied. the residue of cry1ab protein in kmd rhizosphere soil was undetectable (below the limit of 0.5 ng/g air-dried soil). the cry1ab protein contents in the shoot and root of kmd were 3.23-8.22 and 0.68-0.89 microg/g (fresh weight), respectively. the half-lives of ...	2006	16459002
asn183 in alpha5 is essential for oligomerisation and toxicity of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin.	the proposed toxicity mechanism of the bacillus thuringiensis cry insecticidal proteins involves membrane penetration and lytic pore formation of the alpha4-alpha5 hairpins in the target larval midgut cell membranes. in this study, alanine substitutions of selected polar residues (tyr(178), gln(180), asn(183), asn(185), and asn(195)) in the hydrophobic helix-alpha5 of the cry4ba mosquito-larvicidal protein were initially conducted via pcr-based directed mutagenesis. upon iptg induction, all the ...	2006	16356469
strategy for identification of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains closely related to bacillus anthracis.	bacillus cereus strains that are genetically closely related to b. anthracis can display anthrax-like virulence traits (a. r. hoffmaster et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 101:8449-8454, 2004). hence, approaches that rapidly identify these "near neighbors" are of great interest for the study of b. anthracis virulence mechanisms, as well as to prevent the use of such strains for b. anthracis-based bioweapon development. here, a strategy is proposed for the identification of near neighbors of b. a ...	2006	16461679
multiple-locus sequence typing analysis of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis reveals separate clustering and a distinct population structure of psychrotrophic strains.	we used multilocus sequence typing (mlst) to characterize phylogenetic relationships for a collection of bacillus cereus group strains isolated from forest soil in the paris area during a mild winter. this collection contains multiple strains isolated from the same soil sample and strains isolated from samples from different sites. we characterized 115 strains of this collection and 19 other strains based on the sequences of the clpc, dinb, gdpd, panc, purf, and yhfl loci. the number of alleles ...	2006	16461712
lack of detrimental effects of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins on the insect predator chrysoperla carnea: a toxicological, histopathological, and biochemical analysis.	the effect of cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis on the green lacewing (chrysoperla carnea) was studied by using a holistic approach which consisted of independent, complementary experimental strategies. tritrophic experiments were performed, in which lacewing larvae were fed helicoverpa armigera larvae reared on cry1ac, cry1ab, or cry2ab toxins. in complementary experiments, a predetermined amount of purified cry1ac was directly fed to lacewing larvae. in both experiments no effects on prey ...	2006	16461715
unusual envelopes associated with parasporal inclusions of a mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis serovar fukuokaensis isolate.	a mosquitocidal soil isolate of bacillus thuringiensis serovar fukuokaensis (h3ade) produced spherical parasporal inclusions measuring 0.6-0.7 microm in diameter. inclusion matrix was homogeneous substance surrounded by a thick, highly electron-dense envelope 30-50 nm in thickness. the envelopes were associated with both intracellular and extracellular inclusions. densely woven network was the inner structure of the envelope. often, inclusions had round-shaped, enveloped small protrusions on the ...	2006	16463320
sequence variation in trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like cdnas from the midgut of ostrinia nubilalis: methods for allelic differentiation of candidate bacillus thuringiensis resistance genes.	midgut expressed alkaline serine proteases of lepidoptera function in conversion of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protoxin to active toxin, and reduced level of transcript t23 is associated with ostrinia nubilalis resistance to dipel bt formulations. three groups of trypsin- (ont25, ont23, and ont3) and two chymotrypsin-like (onc1 and onc2) cdnas were isolated from o. nubilalis midgut tissue. intraspecific groupings are based on cdna similarity and peptide phylogeny. derived serine proteases showe ...	2006	16469064
six years after the commercial introduction of bt maize in spain: field evaluation, impact and future prospects.	we carried out a 6-year-field evaluation to assess potential hazards of growing compa, a transgenic bt maize variety based on the transformation event cg 00256-176. two categories of hazards were investigated: the potential of the target corn borer sesamia nonagrioides to evolve resistance to bt maize and effects on non-target organisms. in order to address the first hazard, dispersal capacity of the corn borer was measured and our results indicated that larvae move to plants other than those on ...	2006	16475005
diversity of commensal bacillus cereus sensu lato isolated from the common sow bug (porcellio scaber, isopoda).	although bacillus cereus sensu lato are important both from an ecological and an economical point of view, little is known about their population structure, ecology, and relationships with other organisms. in the present work, the genotypic similarity of arthropod-borne b. cereus s.l. isolates, and their symbiotic relationship with the host are assessed. bacilli of this group were recovered from the digestive tracts of sow bugs (porcellio scaber) collected in three closely located sites. their g ...	2006	16542411
novel technology for rapid species-specific detection of bacillus spores.	there is an urgent need for a small, inexpensive sensor that can rapidly detect bio-warfare agents with high specificity. bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, would be a perilous disease-causing organism in the event of a release. currently, most anthrax detection research is based on nucleic acid detection, immunoassays and mass spectrometry, with few detection levels reported below 10(5) spores. here, we show the ability to distinguish bacillus spores to a level approaching 10(3 ...	2006	16542873
detection of bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki hd1 on cabbage for human consumption.	the objectives of the study were to develop a specific procedure for quantification and identification of bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki hd1, which is used as a biopesticide, and to quantify its presence in different kinds of cabbage for human consumption. we found that b. thuringiensis kurstaki hd1 can be distinguished from other b. thuringiensis strains by its unique random amplification of polymophic dna-pcr pattern with the opa9 primer and the presence of the flagellin genes, as detected by ...	2006	16553839
engineered bacillus thuringiensis go33a with broad insecticidal activity against lepidopteran and coleopteran pests.	a recombinant plasmid pstk-3a containing cry3aa7 gene encoding a coleopteran-specific insecticidal protein was constructed and introduced into wild bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai g03, which contained cry1aa, cry1ac, cry1ca, and cry2ab genes and was highly toxic to lepidopteran insect pests. the genetically engineered strain were named g033a. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis demonstrated that the cry3aa7 gene was expressed normally and pro ...	2006	16572346
management of cottonwood leaf beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) with a novel transplant soak and biorational insecticides to conserve coccinellid beetles.	biorational foliar sprays and a novel application method of soaking transplants in imidacloprid were evaluated for control of adult and larval cottonwood leaf beetle, chrysomela scripta f., on hybrid poplar, with emphasis on conservation of coccinellid predators. foliar sprays of four biorational insecticides killed adult and larval c. scripta: bacillus thuringiensis (b.t.) variety tenebrionis (novodor), b.t. variety kurstaki (raven), spinosad (conserve sc), and azadirachtin (azatin xl) (larvae ...	2006	16573329
susceptibilities of helicoverpa zea and heliothis virescens (lepidoptera: noctuidae) populations to cry1ac insecticidal protein.	susceptibilities of bollworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie) and tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.) to cry1ac were measured via a diet-incorporated assay with mpv ii at the university of arkansas during 2002-2004. lethal concentration-mortality (lc50) estimates of five laboratory, seven laboratory-cross, and 10 field populations of h. virescens varied 12-fold. pooled susceptibilities of h. virescens across all laboratory and field populations varied five-fold. the lc50 estimates for h. virescen ...	2006	16573337
comparative susceptibility of european corn borer, southwestern corn borer, and sugarcane borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) to cry1ab protein in a commercial bacillus thuringiensis corn hybrid.	one field strain each of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner); southwestern corn borer, diatraea grandiosella dyar; and sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis (f.); were collected from cornfields in northeastern louisiana. susceptibilities of the field strain and a corresponding laboratory strain of the three borer species to cry1ab protein in dk69-70 bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn hybrid were determined by exposing neonates to intact leaf tissues from whorl stage plants or by f ...	2006	16573340
do herbicide treatments reduce the sensitivity of mosquito larvae to insecticides?	invasive mosquitoes are economic and sanitary concerns especially in europe and america. most work has emphasized the role of resistance [berrada, s., fournier, d., cuany, a., nguyen, t.x., 1994. identification of resistance mechanisms in a selected laboratory strain of cacopsylla pyri (homoptera: psyllidae): altered acetylcholinesterases and detoxifying oxidases. pesticide biochemistry and physiology 48, 41-47; hemingway, j., hawkes, n.j., mccarroll, l., ranson, h., 2004. the molecular basis of ...	2006	16574189
[effects of helper protein p20 from bacillus thuringiensis on vip3a expression].	insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) produced in bacillus thuringiensis accumulate as crystalline inclusions that represent up to 30% of total dry weight the cell produces. the mechanisms of in vivo crystallization of these insecticidal proteins remain interests, yet unclear. a 20-kda protein (p20), the product of the third open reading frame of cry11a operon in b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis has been defined to be an important molecular chaperone (helper protein) for forming cyt1a crystal ...	2006	16579471
[expression of the bacterial gene cspd in tobacco plants increases their resistance to fungal and viral pathogens].	low molecular (7.2 kd) cold shock protein d (cspd) from bacillus thuringiensis was isolated in our laboratory in the late 1990s it was shown that cspd induced nonspecific resistance in plants to viral and fungal phytopathogens. it was suggested to explore the opportunity to express the gene of this elicitor in tobacco plant and evaluate the resistance ofthe transgenic plants to various pathogens. several transgenic tobacco lines were obtained. enhanced resistance of the transgenic plants was con ...	2006	16512609
cereulide synthetase gene cluster from emetic bacillus cereus: structure and location on a mega virulence plasmid related to bacillus anthracis toxin plasmid pxo1.	cereulide, a depsipeptide structurally related to valinomycin, is responsible for the emetic type of gastrointestinal disease caused by bacillus cereus. recently, it has been shown that this toxin is produced by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps), but its exact genetic organization and biochemical synthesis is unknown.	2006	16512902
assessing the effects of bt maize on the predatory mite neoseiulus cucumeris.	the investigation of neoseiulus cucumeris in the context of the ecological risk assessment of insect resistant transgenic plants is of particular interest as this omnivorous predatory mite species is commercially available and considered important for biological control. in a multitrophic feeding experiment we assessed the impact of bt maize on the performance of n. cucumeris when offered spider mites (tetranychus urticae) reared on bt (bt11, syngenta) or non-bt maize (near isogenic line) and bt ...	2006	16596347
some bacillus thuringiensis strains share rpob nucleotide polymorphisms also present in bacillus anthracis.		2006	16597912
toxicity and mode of action of bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins in the mediterranean corn borer, sesamia nonagrioides (lefebvre).	sesamia nonagrioides is one of the most damaging pests of corn in spain and other mediterranean countries. bt corn expressing the bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin is being grown on about 58,000 ha in spain. here we studied the mode of action of this cry protein on s. nonagrioides (binding to specific receptors, stability of binding, and pore formation) and the modes of action of other cry proteins that were found to be active in this work (cry1ac, cry1ca, and cry1fa). binding assays were perf ...	2006	16597962
bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus sphaericus biopesticides production.	the long residual action and toxicity of the chemical insecticides have brought about serious environmental problems such as the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in many species of vectors, mammalian toxicity, and accumulation of pesticide residues in the food chain. all these problems have highlighted the need for alternative biological control agents. entomo-pathogenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and bacillus sphaericus (bs) are two safe biological control agents. they have attra ...	2006	16598830
occurrence of natural bacillus thuringiensis contaminants and residues of bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides on fresh fruits and vegetables.	a total of 128 bacillus cereus-like strains isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables for sale in retail shops in denmark were characterized. of these strains, 39% (50/128) were classified as bacillus thuringiensis on the basis of their content of cry genes determined by pcr or crystal proteins visualized by microscopy. random amplified polymorphic dna analysis and plasmid profiling indicated that 23 of the 50 b. thuringiensis strains were of the same subtype as b. thuringiensis strains used as ...	2006	16672488
the international bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis conference, "bacillus-act05".		2006	16672596
farm-scale evaluation of the impacts of transgenic cotton on biodiversity, pesticide use, and yield.	higher yields and reduced pesticide impacts are needed to mitigate the effects of agricultural intensification. a 2-year farm-scale evaluation of 81 commercial fields in arizona show that use of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton reduced insecticide use, whereas transgenic cotton with bt protein and herbicide resistance (bthr) did not affect herbicide use. transgenic cotton had higher yield than nontransgenic cotton for any given number of insecticide applications. however, nontransge ...	2006	16675554
inactivation of biological agents using neutral oxone-chloride solutions.	bleach solutions containing the active ingredient hypochlorite (ocl-) serve as powerful biological disinfectants but are highly caustic and present a significant compatibility issue when applied to contaminated equipment or terrain. a neutral, bicarbonate-buffered aqueous solution of oxone (2k2hso5.khso4.k2so4) and sodium chloride that rapidly generates hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid (hocl) in situ was evaluated as a new alternative to bleach for the inactivation of biological agents. the so ...	2006	16683620
inheritance of resistance to the cry1ab bacillus thuringiensis toxin in ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae).	laboratory selection with cry1ab, the predominant bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin in transgenic corn, zea mays l., produced >1000-fold resistance in two laboratory strains of european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner). we tested the offspring of various crosses to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to cry1ab. patterns of inheritance of resistance were similar in the two resistant strains. the progeny of reciprocal f1 crosses (resistant male x susceptible female and vice vers ...	2006	16686152
frequency of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ab in southern united states corn belt population of european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae).	the high-dose refuge resistance management strategy is the main approach used to delay resistance in targeted pests to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins in transgenic crops. we used an f2 screen to test a critical assumption of the high-dose refuge strategy, which is that resistance allele (r) frequencies are initially rare (<10(-3)) in ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) from the southern corn belt. we expanded the methodological scope of the f2 screen so that both males and f ...	2006	16686153
is resistance to bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin cry1ac associated with a change in the behavior of light brown apple moth larvae (lepidoptera: tortricidae)?	bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-resistant light brown apple moth, epiphyas postvittana (walker) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), created by selection of a laboratory colony with artificial diets containing the bt endotoxin cry1ac, were used to explore relationships between larval behavior and resistance to toxins. our hypothesis was that behavioral responses during the first days of exposure to diet are directly related to the toxicity of the diet, as measured by subsequent mortality. we tested two predi ...	2006	16686154
insecticidal activity of avidin combined with genetically engineered and traditional host plant resistance against colorado potato beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) larvae.	colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata (say), is a destructive pest of potato, solanum tuberosum (l.), in north america. it is renowned for adapting to insecticides. with the arsenal of effective insecticides decreasing, it is important to consider alternative forms of control. biotin is an essential coenzyme for insect growth and development. avidin is a protein found in chicken egg that sequesters biotin and has shown insecticidal properties against a range of insect. we assessed th ...	2006	16686156
recent developments and future prospects in insect pest control in transgenic crops.	the adoption of insect-resistant transgenic crops has been increasing annually at double-digit rates since the commercial release of first-generation maize and cotton expressing a single modified bacillus thuringiensis toxin (bt) nine years ago. studies have shown that these bt crops can be successfully deployed in agriculture, which has led to a decrease in pesticide usage, and that they are environmentally benign. however, the sustainability and durability of pest resistance continues to be di ...	2006	16690346
composition of bacillus species in aerosols from 11 u.s. cities.	a pcr-based heteroduplex assay was used to determine the presence and composition of bacillus species in 11,059 environmental protection agency pm2.5 aerosol samples from 11 u.s. cities. the assay differentiated three groups: type a containing bacillus anthracis and very closely related, often pathogenic, bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains; type b containing other b. cereus and b. thuringiensis strains; and a third group of more-distantly related bacillus species. eight of the 11 ...	2006	16696702
adhesion and cytotoxicity of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis to epithelial cells are flha and plcr dependent, respectively.	some bacteria of the bacillus cereus group are enteropathogens. the first cells encountered by bacteria following oral contamination of the host are epithelial cells. we studied the capacity of these bacteria to adhere to epithelial cells and the consequences of this interaction. we found that cell adhesion is strain dependent and that a strain mutated in flha, which encodes a component of flagellum-apparatus formation, is impaired in adhesion, suggesting that flagella are important virulence fa ...	2006	16697234
detection of antibiotic-related genes from bacterial biocontrol agents with polymerase chain reaction.	pseudomonas chlororaphis pa23, pseudomonas spp. strain df41, and bacillus amyloliquefaciens bs6 consistently inhibit infection of canola petals by sclerotinia sclerotiorum in both greenhouse and field experiments. bacillus thuringiensis bs8, bacillus cereus l, and bacillus mycoides s have shown significant inhibition against s. sclerotiorum on plate assays. the presence of antibiotic biosynthetic or self-resistance genes in these strains was investigated with polymerase chain reaction and, in on ...	2006	16699573
occurrence of parasporin-producing bacillus thuringiensis in vietnam.	a total of 63 bacillus thuringiensis isolates were recovered from urban soils of hanoi, vietnam. of these, 34 were identified to 12 h serogroups. none of the isolates showed larvicidal activities against three lepidopterous insects. three isolates belonging to the two serovars, colmeri (h21) and konkukian (h34), were highly toxic to larvae of the mosquito aedes aegypti. parasporal inclusion proteins of four isolates exhibited cytocidal activities against hela cells. immunologically, proteins of ...	2006	16699587
frequency and fitness cost of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis in chrysomela tremulae (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).	the "high dose-refuge" (hdr) strategy is commonly recommended and currently used for delaying or preventing pest adaptation to transgenic plants producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins. the efficiency of this strategy depends, among other factors, on the initial frequency of bt resistance alleles and on the fitness costs associated with these alleles. two years ago, an allele conferring resistance to bt poplar was detected in a french population of the poplar pest chrysomela tremulae f. alt ...	2006	16705321
identification and characterization of a germination operon from bacillus thuringiensis.	spore cortex-lytic enzymes are essential for germination in bacillus. a homologue of the cwlj gene involved in spore germination was isolated from bacillus thuringiensis. the deduced product of this gene exhibits striking sequence similarity to cwlj of bacillus subtilis. another open reading frame (orf) was found 27 bp downstream of cwlj and its deduced product shows high similarity to ywdl of b. subtilis. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that cwlj and ywdl form ...	2006	16710636
identification of a bacillus thuringiensis cry11ba toxin-binding aminopeptidase from the mosquito, anopheles quadrimaculatus.	aminopeptidase n (apn) type proteins isolated from several species of lepidopteran insects have been implicated as bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin-binding proteins (receptors) for cry toxins. we examined brush border membrane vesicle (bbmv) proteins from the mosquito anopheles quadrimaculatus to determine if apns from this organism would bind mosquitocidal cry toxins that are active to it.	2006	16716213
effects of genetic modification on herbivore-induced volatiles from maize.	large-scale implementation of transgenic crop varieties raises concerns about possible nontarget effects on other organisms. this study examines the effects of genetic modification on plant volatile production and its potential impact on arthropod population dynamics. we compared herbivore-induced volatile emissions from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) maize plants to those from a nontransformed isoline following exposure to various types of leaf damage. when equal numbers of helicoverpa ze ...	2006	16718567
resistance evolution to bt crops: predispersal mating of european corn borers.	over the past decade, the high-dose refuge (hdr) strategy, aimed at delaying the evolution of pest resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins produced by transgenic crops, became mandatory in the united states and is being discussed for europe. however, precopulatory dispersal and the mating rate between resident and immigrant individuals, two features influencing the efficiency of this strategy, have seldom been quantified in pests targeted by these toxins. we combined mark-recapture and ...	2006	16719560
lactobacillus plantarum gene clusters encoding putative cell-surface protein complexes for carbohydrate utilization are conserved in specific gram-positive bacteria.	genomes of gram-positive bacteria encode many putative cell-surface proteins, of which the majority has no known function. from the rapidly increasing number of available genome sequences it has become apparent that many cell-surface proteins are conserved, and frequently encoded in gene clusters or operons, suggesting common functions, and interactions of multiple components.	2006	16723015
impact of transgenic bt maize residues on the mycotoxigenic plant pathogen fusarium graminearum and the biocontrol agent trichoderma atroviride.	transformation of maize with genes encoding for insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) could have an impact on the saprophytic survival of plant pathogens and their antagonists on crop residues. we assessed potential effects on the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don)-producing wheat and maize pathogen fusarium graminearum and on the biocontrol agent trichoderma atroviride. purified cry1ab protein caused no growth inhibition of these fungi on agar plates. cry1ab concentra ...	2006	16738384
prevention and control of pests and diseases.	a well-controlled growth environment with plants that are not unduly stressed is essential for arabidopsis molecular biology research. even if they do not kill the plants outright, insect pests and microbial pathogens can cause subtle changes in gene expression or plant metabolism that affect experimental results. therefore, regular scouting for infestations, frequent cleaning of plant growth areas, proper disposal of dead or diseased plant material, and controlled access to the greenhouses or g ...	2006	16739564
acrylic acid removal by acrylic acid utilizing bacteria from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin manufactured wastewater treatment system.	the aim of this study is to isolate the acrylic acid utilizing bacteria from the abs resin manufactured wastewater treatment system. the bacteria should have the ability to remove acrylic acid and tolerate the acrylonitrile and acrylamide toxicity. the aim is also to understand the performance of isolated pure strain for treating different initial acrylic acid concentrations from synthetic wastewater. the results are: twenty strains were isolated from the abs resin manufactured wastewater treatm ...	2006	16749456
novel preparation and characterization of the alpha4-loop-alpha5 membrane-perturbing peptide from the bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba delta-endotoxin.	helices 4 and 5 of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba delta-endotoxin have been shown to be important determinants for mosquito-larvicidal activity, likely being involved in membrane-pore formation. in this study, the cry4ba mutant protein containing an additional engineered tryptic cleavage site was used to produce the alpha4-alpha5 hairpin peptide by an efficient alternative strategy. upon solubilization of toxin inclusions expressed in escherichia coli and subsequent digestion with trypsin, th ...	2006	16756755
invasion of pests resistant to bt toxins can lead to inherent non-uniqueness in genetically modified bt-plant dynamics: mathematical modeling.	genetically modified crops are effective pest management tools for worldwide growers. however, there is a concern that pests may develop resistance to bt-toxins produced by genetically modified bt-plants. we study the impact of the bt-resistant pests on bt-crops. furthermore, the dynamics of the bt-plant-bt-susceptible insects-bt-resistant insects system is analysed and it is shown that throughout the insect reproduction period the plant biomass dynamics resulting from invasion of bt-resistant i ...	2006	16757001
effects of cry1ac toxin of bacillus thuringiensis and nuclear polyhedrosis virus of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on larval mortality and pupation.	in the laboratory, the percentage mortality and pupation of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) were investigated when larvae were exposed to cry1ac of bacillus thuringiensis berliner, nuclear polyhedrosis virus of h. armigera (hanpv) or cry1ac and hanpv together. the results revealed that interactions between cry1ac and hanpv varied with bioassay method and concentration of the suspension. when larvae were infected using a suspension containing both hanpv and cry1ac, most combinations of cry1ac (62.5 ...	2006	16770833
laboratory and semi-field evaluation of mosquito dunks against aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus larvae (diptera: culicidae).	laboratory bioassays and semi-field studies were conducted on the efficacy and longevity of mosquito dunks (7,000 itu/mg bti) in order to determine the concentration-response relationship and the effectiveness on the potency of the bti product against aedes mosquito species based on the who protocol standard methods and to determine the longevity of release for this product against ae. aegypti mosquito larvae in water storage containers. this bio-potency study with the late 3rd instar larvae of ...	2006	16771214