Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| costimulation by b7 modulates specificity of cytotoxic t lymphocytes: a missing link that explains some bystander t cell activation. | it has been proposed that some bystander t cell activation may in fact be due to t cell antigen receptor (tcr) cross-reactivity that is too low to be detected by the effector cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl). however, this hypothesis is not supported by direct evidence since no tcr ligand is known to induce t cell proliferation and differentiation without being recognized by the effector ctl. here we report that transgenic t cells expressing a t cell receptor to influenza virus a/nt/68 nucleoprotein ... | 1997 | 9362540 |
| effect of influenza immunization on immunologic and virologic characteristics of pediatric patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | we evaluated the responses of hiv-infected children to a single dose of split-virus influenza vaccine and the relationship to viral load and other characteristics. | 1997 | 9041601 |
| influenza surveillance--united states, 1992-93 and 1993-94. | cdc conducts active surveillance annually from october through may on the emergence and spread of influenza virus variants and the impact of influenza-related morbidity and mortality. influenza activity is also monitored throughout the year by passive surveillance. | 1997 | 9043091 |
| in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of a zinc finger peptide. | matrix protein (m1) is a major structural protein of influenza virus, and it inhibits its own polymerase. a 19-amino-acid peptide, corresponding to a zinc finger region of the m1 sequence of influenza virus strain a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), centered around amino acids 148 to 166, was synthesized. this peptide, designated peptide 6, represents a zinc finger which includes a 7-amino-acid loop or finger and a 4-amino-acid tail at the carboxyl terminus, in addition to the 8 amino acids involved in the coordi ... | 1997 | 9056014 |
| preferential selection of receptor-binding variants of influenza virus hemagglutinin by the neutralizing antibody repertoire of transgenic mice expressing a human immunoglobulin mu minigene. | an analysis was made of the neutralizing antibody repertoire, for influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) of transgenic mice expressing a human immunoglobulin mu (igh) minigene, by monoclonal antibody (mab) selection and sequencing of the ha genes of x31 (h3n2 subtype) laboratory variants. whereas previously reported laboratory variants, selected in ovo with high-affinity murine mabs of the igg class, differed from wild-type virus by a single amino acid residue change in one of the major antigenic si ... | 1997 | 9060611 |
| [efficacy of nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit containing a trace amount of the holotoxin in healthy volunteers]. | we conducted a field trial to evaluate the efficacy of nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) containing a trace amount of the holotoxin (lt) in preventing or attenuating influenza among volunteers during the winter season of 1994-1995. a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, composed of a/yamagata/32/89 (h1n1), a/kitakyusyu/159/93 (h2n2) and b/mie/1/93 influenza virus strains, was administered intranasally together with recombinant ltb ... | 1997 | 9077073 |
| induction of protective immunity against influenza virus in a macaque model: comparison of conventional and iscom vaccines. | cynomolgus macaque monkeys (macaca fascicularis) were immunized twice intramuscularly, either with a conventional non-adjuvanted subunit vaccine or with a candidate immune-stimulating complex (iscom) vaccine, each containing 10 micrograms envelope glycoprotein of a recent human influenza a(h3n2) virus (a/netherlands/18/94). in contrast to the macaques vaccinated with the classical subunit vaccine, those immunized with the iscom vaccine developed high titres of specific igm, iga and igg serum ant ... | 1997 | 9129647 |
| expression of cytokines on human bronchial epithelial cells induced by influenza virus a. | bronchial epithelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases of bronchial mucosa. epithelial-cell-derived cytokines are important in the elucidation of the mechanism by which airway inflammation occurs, especially in respiratory virus infection, because these cells are the primary sites of viral infection. we infected bronchial epithelial cells, nci-h292, with influenza virus a (h3n2) and examined the concentrations of cytokines, interleukin-6 (il-6), il-8 ... | 1997 | 9130560 |
| surfactant protein a, but not surfactant protein d, is an opsonin for influenza a virus phagocytosis by rat alveolar macrophages. | surfactant protein a (sp-a) and surfactant protein d (sp-d) are collectins, and both proteins were shown to interact with influenza a virus and alveolar macrophages. however, it is not known whether sp-a and sp-d can serve as opsonins for the phagocytosis of influenza a virus by alveolar macrophages. in the present study, we investigated the opsonic activities of sp-a and sp-d for phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-labeled influenza a (h3n2) virus by rat alveolar macrophages using ... | 1997 | 9130640 |
| response to influenza virus vaccination in vertical hiv infection. | to assess the antibody response to influenza vaccine of children vertically infected with hiv. | 1997 | 9135261 |
| analysis of influenza a h3n2 strains isolated in england during 1995-1996 using polymerase chain reaction restriction. | a polymerase chain reaction-restriction (pcr-restriction) endonuclease assay was developed to allow rapid analysis of influenza a h3n2 viruses circulating in england during 1995-1996. restriction endonuclease digestion with two enzymes of amplicons derived from pcr of the ha1 portion of the influenza haemagglutinin (ha) gene was able to differentiate antigenically similar influenza strains into two groups. group i variants were similar genetically to the 1995/96 vaccine strain, a/johannesburg/33 ... | 1997 | 9139090 |
| cytokines and impaired cd8+ ctl activity among elderly persons and the enhancing effect of il-12. | we have previously demonstrated that about 70% of elderly persons exhibit deficient cytotoxic t lymphocyte (cd8+ ctl) responses against influenza viruses when compared to young persons. since ifn-gamma, a th1 cytokine and il-4, a th2 cytokine, stimulate and inhibit cd8+ ctl responses respectively, their role(s) in the age-related ctl deficiency was investigated. lymphocytes from young adults (34 +/- 5 years old) and elderly subjects (71 +/- 1 years old) were stimulated in vitro with influenza a/ ... | 1997 | 9147358 |
| changes in the hemagglutinin molecule of influenza type a (h3n2) virus associated with increased virulence for mice. | the h3n2 influenza virus a/philippines/82 (phil82) and its bovine serum-resistant mutant, phil82/bs, were used to investigate factors that influence virulence of influenza virus for mice. phil82/bs, which lacks the high-mannose oligosaccharide at residue 165 of the hemagglutinin (ha) molecule, was found to replicate to a much higher titer in mouse lung than the parent phil82, and had acquired lethality for mice. further adaptation of phil82/bs by sequential lung passage in mice yielded a strain ... | 1997 | 9155874 |
| mechanisms of heterosubtypic immunity to lethal influenza a virus infection in fully immunocompetent, t cell-depleted, beta2-microglobulin-deficient, and j chain-deficient mice. | immunity that is cross-protective between different influenza a virus subtypes (termed heterosubtypic immunity) can be demonstrated readily in some animals but only rarely in humans. induction of heterosubtypic immunity in humans by vaccines would provide public health benefit, perhaps offering some protection against pandemics or other new influenza a strains. therefore, we studied mechanisms mediating heterosubtypic immunity in mice. immunization with either a/h1n1 or a/h3n2 virus protected mi ... | 1997 | 9013963 |
| influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1996 to june 1997. | this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza in england and wales during the winter of 1996/97. consultations for 'influenza and influenza-like illness' with sentinel general practitioners in england and wales began to increase towards the end of november and peaked at the start of january. in england, consultations for 'aggregated respiratory disease' (ard) began to increase a little earlier, perhaps as a result of increased respiratory syncytial virus activity ... | 1997 | 9447787 |
| a study of influenza a virus in the city of calcutta, india, high lighting the strain prevalence. | a decade wide (from 1981 to the end of 1993) study on incidences of influenza was carried out in the city of calcutta, india, by virus isolation and strain identification. over 3500 patients with acute respiratory infections were examined and 1950 throat swab specimens were inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs. only 339 haemagglutinating agents were isolated, which comprised 233 strains of influenza a virus. one hundred forty six (62.66%) of these strains were identified as h3n2, eighty one as ... | 1996 | 9127483 |
| temperature sensitive mutants of influenza a virus generated by reverse genetics and clustered charged to alanine mutagenesis. | temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of influenza a virus have the potential to serve as live attenuated (att) virus vaccines. previously, ts mutants were isolated by chemical mutagenesis or arose spontaneously, and most likely contained point mutations in one or more genes. while sufficiently attenuated, even the most genetically stable of these viruses was found to revert to a more virulent form in a seronegative vaccinee. recently developed technology, however, allows the introduction of engine ... | 1996 | 9029775 |
| the hemagglutination inhibition antibody responses to an inactivated influenza vaccine among healthy adults: with special reference to the prevaccination antibody and its interaction with age. | the immunogenicity of the trivalent split-virus influenza vaccine was investigated among 70 healthy adults (mean age: 48.5, range: 36-68). the vaccine antigens were: a/yamagata/32/89 (h1n1); a/beijing/352/89 (h3n2); and b/bangkok/163/90. regarding the entire sample, the vaccine induced a tenfold or more rise on the average in the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) antibody to each antigen. the response rates (greater than or equal to a fourfold rise) were about 90% or more among those with a prev ... | 1996 | 9032887 |
| typing and subtyping clinical isolates of influenza virus using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | influenza virus infections are a major cause of morbidity and the identification of the type or subtype of a clinical isolate has important clinical and epidemiological implications. | 1996 | 9137863 |
| influenza infection in humans and pigs in southeastern china. | the three last pandemic strains of influenza a virus-asian/57, hong kong/68 and russian/77-are believed to have originated in china. the strains responsible for the 1957 and 1968 human pandemics were reassortants incorporating both human and avian influenza viruses, which may have arisen in pigs. we therefore undertook a population-based study in the nanchang region of central china to establish the prevalence, types and seasonal pattern of human influenza infection and to screen serum samples f ... | 1996 | 8645101 |
| evaluation of live attenuated influenza vaccines in children 6-18 months of age: safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, vaccine and treatment evaluation program and the wyeth-ayerst ca influenza vaccine investigators group. | live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) monovalent and bivalent influenza a vaccines were evaluated in seronegative infants (ages 6-18 months) in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess safety and immunogenicity. a total of 182 seronegative subjects received a single intranasal dose (10(6.2) tcid50) of ca a/kawasaki/9/86 (h1n1) or ca a/los angeles/2/87 (h3n2), both as a bivalent vaccine, or placebo. respiratory and systemic symptoms did not differ between groups after vaccination. hemagglut ... | 1996 | 8648202 |
| evaluation of a recombinant hemagglutinin expressed in insect cells as an influenza vaccine in young and elderly adults. | healthy subjects <45 years old (young adults) or >65 (elderly adults) were randomized in double-blind fashion to receive intramuscularly subvirion trivalent influenza vaccine, placebo, or 15, 45, or 135 microgram of the hemagglutinin (ha) of the influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus (rha0). all vaccines were well tolerated. both young and elderly adults manifested serum hemagglutination-inhibition, virus neutralizing, and ha-specific igg el ... | 1996 | 8648221 |
| human cd4+ t-cell recognition of influenza a virus hemagglutinin after subunit vaccination. | we have examined human cd4+ t-cell recognition of influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus hemagglutinin following influenza virus hana subunit vaccination. cd4+ t-cell repertoires were dominated by recognition of epitopes located in conserved regions of the molecule, in a major histocompatibility complex class ii haplotype-dependent manner, analogous to that observed following natural infection. | 1996 | 8676508 |
| [an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a nursing home]. | in the nursing home belonging to our hospital, an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) occurred in january 1995, and we studied 23 elderly residents with influenza a infection. twenty three residents with influenza a (8 males and 15 females) ranged in age from 67 to 95 years (average 83.1 years), 91.3% of them were bedridden. and all had underlying medical conditions with neurologic, cardiac, orthopedic, being the most frequent. the most common complaints were fever (100%), followed by cough (95.7%), ... | 1996 | 8699092 |
| time to peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly. | the earliest time at which serum antibody peaks following administration of influenza virus vaccine in elderly persons is not clearly defined. we compared the time intervals of 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination. a commercial trivalent vaccine containing the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses a/texas/36/91(h1n1), a/shangdong/9/93(h3n2), and b/panama/45/90 was used. the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers at 2 weeks after vaccination were identical to the hemagglutination inhibition antibod ... | 1996 | 8705685 |
| oral immunization with a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus protects mice against influenza. | mice immunized with two intragastrically administered doses of a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus containing the hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes from h1n1 influenza virus developed serum anti-h1 immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody that completely protected the lungs from challenge with h1n1. almost all of the mice given two intragastric doses also developed mucosal anti-h1 iga antibody, and those with high anti-h1 iga titers had completely protected noses. intramuscular injecti ... | 1996 | 8709274 |
| surveillance of influenza in switzerland between 1987 and 1995. | during 8 years of continuous influenza surveillance in switzerland (1987 to 1995), influenza a viruses predominated during 5 seasons and influenza b viruses during 3. the most severe outbreaks occurred in the 1988/89 season (a/h1n1 subtype), in the 1989/90 season (a/h3n2 subtype) and in the 1994/95 season (simultaneous outbreak of influenza a/h3n2 and b). from 1987 to 1993, peak activity of influenza a viruses was observed during december and january (for 8 weeks on average) while influenza b vi ... | 1996 | 8711461 |
| ha1 domain of influenza a (h3n2) viruses in finland in 1989-1995: evolution, egg-adaptation and relationship to vaccine strains. | the ha1 gene sequences of 22 mdck cell-derived influenza a (h3n2) strains, ten of their egg-derived counterparts and three vaccine strains were determined. antigenic and sequence differences between the epidemic and vaccine strains were recorded, most striking in 1992/93; a minority of the amino acid differences in 1989-95 was involved in egg-adaptation. changes in the assortment of amino acid substitutions produced during egg-adaptation of field strains may account for the difficulty encountere ... | 1996 | 8712921 |
| phenotypic expression of ha-na combinations in human-avian influenza a virus reassortants. | human-avian and human-mammalian influenza a virus reassortant clones with the neuraminidase (na) gene of the a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) strain and hemagglutinin (ha) genes of h3, h4 and h13 subtypes had been shown in an earlier publication to produce low ha yields in the embryonated chicken eggs. the low ha titers had been shown to be due, at least in part, to the formation of virion clusters at 4 degrees c; the clustering was removed by the treatment with bacterial neuraminidase [rudneva et al., arch. ... | 1996 | 8712926 |
| clinical and immunological characteristics of the emulsion form of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by oral immunization. | prophylaxis of human respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses is actually a problem of infectious pathology because of their wide prevalence. in our investigations, safety, reactogenicity and immunological activity of the orally administered emulsion-inactivated influenza vaccine prepared from influenza virus strains of types a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b have been studied. clinical studies of the emulsion-inactivated influenza vaccine on volunteers has shown its safety and nonreactogenicity. t ... | 1996 | 8717382 |
| large outbreak of swine influenza in southern japan caused by reassortant (h1n2) influenza viruses: its epizootic background and characterization of the causative viruses. | in the winter of 1989 and the spring of 1990, there were large outbreaks of respiratory disease in two swine herds in nagasaki prefecture, southern japan. serological surveillance indicated that the majority of swine possessed antibodies to swine influenza virus h1 haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of early h3n2 influenza virus strains. eight viruses were isolated from swine that showed typical clinical symptoms of influenza. the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of these isolates were closely rel ... | 1996 | 8760422 |
| an epidemiological study of influenza viruses among chinese farm families with household ducks and pigs. | to examine the possibility of interspecies transmission and genetic reassortment of influenza viruses on farms in southern china, we surveyed 20 farm families living outside the city of nanchang who raised pigs and ducks in their homes. weekly interviews of family members and virus isolation studies of throat swabs and faecal samples, collected from september 1992 to september 1993, established the seasonal pattern of respiratory tract infections in these families and identified 11 influenza vir ... | 1996 | 8760967 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new aminoadamantane derivatives. 2. | the synthesis of some new aminoadamantane derivatives is described. the new compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses [influenza a h1n1, influenza a h2n2, influenza a h3n2, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) hsv-1, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, varicella-zoster virus (vzv), tk- vzv, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and human immunodeficiency vir ... | 1996 | 8765514 |
| in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of kampo (japanese herbal) medicine "sho-seiryu-to"--effects on aged mice, against subtypes of a viruses and b virus, and therapeutic effect. | when aged balb/c mice (approximately 6 months old) were treated with a kampo (japanese herbal) medicine "sho-seiryu-to (sst)" (1 g/kg, 10 times) orally from 7 days before to 4 days after the infection and infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h1n1 subtype) by nasal site-restricted infection, replication of the virus in the broncho-alveolar cavity was efficiently inhibited at 5 days after infection in comparison with water-treated mice. the antiviral iga antibody in the broncho-a ... | 1996 | 8771367 |
| differential effects of total and upper airway influenza viral infection on sleep in mice. | sleepiness is a common perception during most infectious diseases, including viral infections. previously, we observed that a lethal strain of influenza virus (h1n1) causes a greater increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (nrems) than a nonlethal strain of influenza virus (h3n2), suggesting that the magnitude of sleep responses after viral inoculation depends on the severity of the infection. the aim of the present experiment was to further test this possibility. the effects of total airway in ... | 1996 | 8776792 |
| two evolutionary strategies of influenza viruses to escape host non-specific inhibitors: alteration of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase specificity. | the porcine serum inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin prevents influenza virus from entering host cells by competing for the sa alpha 2, 6gal-binding site of the hemagglutinin (ha). we studied a series of inhibitor-sensitive and inhibitor-resistant human and porcine influenza virus isolates of the h3n2 subtype, all of which contained has, which initially bound only to sa alpha 2, 6gal oligosaccharides. when their neuraminidase was inhibited, the naturally resistant viruses, as a result of no longer ... | 1996 | 8806180 |
| sulphatide binds to human and animal influenza a viruses, and inhibits the viral infection. | we found, by using a virus overlay assay, that influenza a virus isolates bind to sulphatide (hso3-gal beta 1-->1'cer), which has no sialic acid residue, and that the infection of madin-darby canine kidney cells with the human influenza virus a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) is inhibited by sulphatide. a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) causes obvious haemagglutination and low-ph haemolysis of asialoerythrocytes reconstituted with sulphatide. all influenza a virus isolates from the species of animals so far tested boun ... | 1996 | 8809024 |
| experience of european collaboration in influenza surveillance in the winter of 1993-1994. | the spread of influenza is of major public health concern. surveillance programmes exist in many countries. we here describe an international collaboration sharing information from belgium, france, the netherlands, portugal and the united kingdom during the influenza a(h3n2) epidemic occurring in europe at the end of 1993. | 1996 | 8816310 |
| protection against lethal influenza virus encephalitis by intranasally primed cd8+ memory t cells. | the neurotropic influenza virus strain a/wsn (h1n1) caused a rapidly fatal encephalitis after intracerebral inoculation into naive mice. intranasal immunization with the same virus (homotypic) completely protected mice against a subsequent intracerebral challenge with a/wsn; there was no clinical disease, and infectious virus could not be recovered from the brain. in vivo depletion of cd4+ or cd8+ t cell subsets did not affect homotypic protection, and the pups of immune mothers were also protec ... | 1996 | 8816416 |
| influenza a and sendai viruses preferentially bind to fucosylated gangliosides with linear poly-n-acetyllactosaminyl chains from human granulocytes. | influenza a and sendai viruses are known to bind to various extent to neolacto-series gangliosides iv3neu5ac-nlcose4cer, iv6neu5ac-nlcose4cer, and vi3neu5ac-nlcose6cer, which are the dominant gangliosides of human granulocytes. recently, minor gangliosides of granulocytes were characterized and found to express sialyl lewis(x) and vim-2 epitopes. these long chain linear monosialogangliosides with nlcose8, and nlcose10, cores, carrying one to three fucoses, are shown in this study to bind with st ... | 1996 | 8823909 |
| the molecular characterization of influenza virus strains isolated in south africa during 1993 and 1994. | influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b viruses isolated recently in south africa were analysed by partial nucleotide sequencing of the haemagglutinin gene to examine antigenic drift of the isolates relative to the vaccine strains. the genomic analysis of the influenza b isolates revealed a number of differences in the amino acid residues compared with those of the b/panama/45/90 vaccine strain, and these isolates were found to be antigenically more closely related to b/quindao/102/91. in both the 19 ... | 1996 | 8837232 |
| antibody responses in volunteers induced by nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit containing a trace amount of the holotoxin. | evaluation of the efficacy of nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) containing a trace amount of the holotoxin (lt) in inducing antibody responses among volunteers, which was conducted during the winter season of 1993-1994, is reported. a trivalent inactivated vaccine, composed of a/yamagata/32/89 (h1n1), a/kitakyusyu/159/93 (h3n2) and b/bangkok/163/90 influenza virus strains, was used alone or together with the adjuvant, recombinant ltb s ... | 1996 | 8852406 |
| genetic variation in neuraminidase genes of influenza a (h3n2) viruses. | nucleotide sequences of the neuraminidase (na) genes of 33 influenza a (h3n2) epidemic strains isolated between 1968 and 1995 were analyzed to determine their evolutionary relationships. phylogenetic analysis using the dna maximum-likelihood method indicates that the na genes of recent h3n2 field strains, like their hemagglutinin genes (ha), have evolved as two distinct lineages represented by the vaccine strains. a/beijing/353/89 and a/beijing/32/92 for a/shanghai/24/ 90). furthermore, genetic ... | 1996 | 8862412 |
| immunohistochemistry of a cytoplasmic dynein (map 1c)-like molecule in rodent and human brain tissue: an example of molecular mimicry between cytoplasmic dynein and influenza a virus. | immunohistochemistry with an antibody to influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus was performed using normal mouse, rat and human brain tissues. dot-like or filamentous structures in the neuronal cytoplasm were clearly stained. axons were also stained, but weakly. lewy bodies in parkinson's disease substantia nigra were also positive. immunoscreening of the antibody using mouse brain cdna revealed that this antibody recognized the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein. immunoblot analysis also showed tha ... | 1996 | 8870834 |
| gene analysis of reassortant influenza virus by rt-pcr followed by restriction enzyme digestion. | an amplification system for nearly full length cdna coding the eight influenza virus segments of a type (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) and b type influenza viruses is described. each of the segments of pb1, pb2, pa, np, m, and ns can be amplified using one 5' primer and one 3' primer for a-type influenza viruses. the rt-pcr amplification system was applied to define the gene composition of three subtype cold-recombinant, live attenuated influenza viruses. each segment of the attenuated influenza virus could ... | 1996 | 8882646 |
| pathogenicity of three avian influenza viruses for leghorn hens of different ages. | pronounced host effects on clinical responses to influenza virus infection were not observed in any of seven trials in which young (26-43 weeks) and olf (65-94 weeks) leghorn hens were inoculated with low pathogenic subtype h5n2, h4n8, or h3n2 virus. in two of seven trials, where hens were infected with h4n8 or h3n2 virus, morbidity rates were slightly higher for old hens than for young hens. these observations indicate that host age effects of the severity of uncomplicated influenza virus infec ... | 1996 | 8883807 |
| [an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) among hospitalized geriatric patients]. | an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a hospital where almost 90% of the inpatients are aged over 70 years is described. an increase of febrile episodes was seen during the period from january 29th to march 17th, 1992 in two of six wards paired sera, at the onset of fever and more than two weeks later, were obtained from patients in sixty-five episodes. serum antibody titer to influenza a (h3n2) elevated over four times in 39 (60%) of 65. influenza a (h3n2) virus was also isolated from seven pati ... | 1996 | 8890547 |
| emergence of avian h1n1 influenza viruses in pigs in china. | avian influenza a viruses from asia are recognized as the source of genes that reassorted with human viral genes to generate the asian/57 (h2n2) and hong kong/68 (h3n2) pandemic strains earlier in this century. here we report the genetic analysis of avian influenza a h1n1 viruses recently isolated from pigs in southern china, a host suspected to generate new pandemic strains through gene reassortment events. each of the eight gene segments was of avian origin. phylogenetic analysis indicates tha ... | 1996 | 8892928 |
| molecular and immunological characterization of soluble aggregated a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2) influenza haemagglutinin expressed in insect cells. | a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2)-derived cdna coding for a secreted haemagglutinin (ha0s) was cloned into the polyhedrin promoter-based pvl1392 transfer vector, and a recombinant baculovirus was isolated. 5 to 10 micrograms/ml of secreted ha were obtained following infection of spodoptera frugiperda-9 cells. gel filtration revealed the presence in the cell supernatant of immunoreactive ha molecules with varying m(r). the high m(r) fraction (aha0s) could be purified by matrex cellufine sulphate and lentil- ... | 1996 | 8893793 |
| theoretical grounds and experimental confirmation of the antiviral effect of the preparation ukrain. | the preparation ukrain was studied in order to confirm its theoretically substantiated properties in comparison with amitozin as its structural and functional analogue, and two other functional analogues, namely methisazone (against herpesvirus and poxvirus) and remantadine (against grippevirus). the experiments were carried out on albino swiss mice of either sex weighing initially 18-20 g. they were kept at room temperature (20-21 degrees c) on a natural day-night cycle, were housed in groups o ... | 1996 | 8899334 |
| evaluation of a protective immunity induced by an inactivated influenza h3n2 vaccine after an intratracheal challenge of pigs. | a challenge study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an inactivated influenza h3n2 virus vaccine combined with quil a/alhydrogel mixture under controlled conditions in piglets. twenty-four piglets from 12 sows were allocated to 2 groups; injected intramuscularly with 2 doses of the tested vaccine or with pbs at 2 wk intervals and challenged intratracheally with 105tcid50 of the h3n2 swine influenza virus 6 d after the 2nd immunization. clinical and virological parameters were r ... | 1996 | 8904668 |
| cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses of infants after natural infection or immunization with live cold-recombinant or inactivated influenza a virus vaccine. | the cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response of infants after immunization with either inactivated trivalent subvirion vaccine (tiv) or bivalent attenuated cold-recombinant (cr) vaccine or occurrence of natural influenza virus infection were compared in a blinded, placebo-controlled study during the 1987-1988 and 1988-1989 influenza epidemic seasons. healthy infants between 6 and 13 months of age were randomly assigned and administered a single dose of intranasal bivalent (a/h3n2/a/h1n1) cr vaccine ... | 1996 | 8915874 |
| large sequential outbreaks caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses in an institution for the mentally handicapped. | during the mixed epidemic caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b in the 1992-1993 season in japan, large sequential outbreaks occurred in an institution for mentally handicapped people where none of the residents or staff members had been immunized. during the influenza a outbreak (a/ beijing/32/92-like strain) in january, 37.0% of the residents (85/230) and 31.4% of the staff (75/239) had an influenza-like illness. during the influenza b outbreak (b/panama/45/90- and b/beijing/184/ 93-like strain) ... | 1996 | 8915877 |
| surveillance of community-acquired viral infections due to respiratory viruses in rhone-alpes (france) during winter 1994 to 1995. | nasal swab from patients with acute flu-like illness were evaluated for the presence of respiratory viruses in the rhone-alpes region of france from 1 october 1994 through 2 may 1995. the relative frequencies and seasonal distributions of the specific viruses were assessed. in addition, virus type was correlated with specific clinical signs and symptoms. during the study, 962 samples were collected by 75 medical practitioners participating in the groupe regional d'observation de la grippe survei ... | 1996 | 8940439 |
| protective effect of adenylate deaminase (from penicillium lanoso-viride) against acute infections in mice. | we examined the effects of the immunomodulator-adenylate deaminase (e.c. 3.5.4.6) from penicillium lanoso-viride on experimental mice infections. prophylactic intraperitoneal administration of adenylate deaminase (ada) increased survival time and numbers of survivors after infection with salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa and influenza a (h3n2) virus. protection against influenza virus after intranasal ada application was also observed. the influence of ada was time and dose dependen ... | 1996 | 8956980 |
| [influenza in the 1995/'96 season; vaccine composition for the 1996/'97 season]. | the 1995/'96 season in the netherlands was marked by an influenza a/h3n2 epidemic that peaked in week 5i. in this week, 39 patients with influenza-like illness per 10,000 inhabitants contacted the sentinel physicians. with two exceptions, influenza a/h3n2 viruses exclusively were isolated during this epidemic period. in the first few months of 1996, a substantial number of influenza a/h1n1 and influenza b viruses were isolated as well. serological characterization of the circulating viruses reve ... | 1996 | 8965944 |
| antiviral activity of influenza virus m1 zinc finger peptides. | matrix protein (m1) of influenza virus inhibits its own polymerase; this suggested that a peptide segment of m1 with inhibitory properties could serve as an antiviral agent. a peptide synthesized to the zn2+ finger region of the m1 sequence of influenza virus strain a/pr/8/34 centered around amino acids residues 148 to 166 was shown earlier to be 1,000-fold more effective as a polymerase inhibitor than m1. this peptide, designated peptide 6, represents a zn2+ finger which includes a 7-residue "l ... | 1996 | 8970989 |
| influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1995 to june 1996. | this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza virus infection in england and wales from october 1995 to june 1996 (weeks 40/95 to 25/96). total respiratory disease' activity, as reported by the birmingham research unit of the royal college of general practitioners, rose to peaks in weeks 48/95, 51/95, and 01/96. the first peak coincided with a peak in "influenza and flu-like illness'. the subsequent peaks were accounted for by an increase in reports of acute bron ... | 1996 | 8972979 |
| expression of il-6, il-8, and rantes on human bronchial epithelial cells, nci-h292, induced by influenza virus a. | bronchial epithelial cells are primary sites of airway viral infection, and these cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. it has recently been reported that bronchial epithelial cells express rantes. rantes attracts monocytes, t cells, eosinophils, and basophils; it can also activate eosinophils. to determine whether viral infection induces rantes expression on bronchial epithelial cells, we infected a bronchial epithelial cell line, nci-h292, with influenza ... | 1996 | 8977509 |
| possible correlation between low antigenic drift of a(h1n1) influenza viruses and induction of hi antibodies. | this study examined whether, during a seven-year period of low a(h1n1) influenza virus antigenic drift (1988-1989 and 1994-1995, winters), humoral antibody response of elderly volunteers to influenza vaccines could suggest a lack of antibody pressure for drift. in all the years studied a/taiwan/1/86, the a(h1n1) vaccine component, had a low ability to induce protective hemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibody titres (> or = 1:40). however a similar low immunogenicity was found for some of the d ... | 1996 | 8982618 |
| experimental researches in infections with associated myxoviruses in the mouse. | infections with influenza virus, a/beijing 353/89 (h3n2) strain, to which there were associated parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2d strain, adenovirus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus long strain, were experimentally induced in white mice. the experimental models were set up so as to permit the obtaining of an associated infection with three viruses, in which the influenza virus should be inoculated the first, the participation of the others being variable, according to their presence by a ... | 1996 | 9495782 |
| some virological and pathomorphological aspects of the respiratory system in the experimental infection with respiratory syncytial virus associated with influenza virus, parainfluenza virus type 3 and adenovirus in the mouse. | infections with respiratory syncytial virus long strain, associated with influenza virus, a/beijing 353/89 (h3n2) strain, parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2d strain, and adenovirus type 3, were experimentally induced in white mice, causing histological, histochemical and histoenzymatic lesions at the respiratory system level, the severity of which exceeded the one observed in the controls infected with a single virus. the pathomorphological changes made up an inflammatory, predominantly infiltrat ... | 1996 | 9495783 |
| [the characterization of influenza viruses by the immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibodies. its setup and validation]. | the immunoperoxidase method for the rapid classification of influenza viruses in type and subtype was applied and validated for the first time in cuba. the method is based on a rapid culture in mdck-l cells and on the use of monoclonal antibodies for the classification in type and subtype. a pool of antibodies against influenza a and another against influenza b and ha1-71 and ha2-76 monoclonal antibodies are used for the subtyping in h1 and h3. the validation was carried out by applying this met ... | 1996 | 9805039 |
| selective response of gamma delta t-cell hybridomas to orthomyxovirus-infected cells. | a gamma delta t-cell hybridoma established from influenza virus-infected mice responded to a reproducible way when cultured with influenza virus-infected stimulators. subclones of this line responded to cells infected with influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), x-31 (h3n2), and b/hk/8/73 but not to cells infected with vaccinia virus or sendai virus. this spectrum of response to both type a and type b orthomyxoviruses has never been recognized for the alpha beta t-cell receptor-positive subsets. the ... | 1996 | 8523522 |
| immune cd4+ t cells promote the clearance of influenza virus from major histocompatibility complex class ii -/- respiratory epithelium. | the experiments described establish that cd4+ t-cell-dependent effector mechanisms can eliminate an h3n2 influenza a virus from lung cells that are unable to express class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) glycoproteins. radiation chimeras were made by using cd4+ t cells and bone marrow from cd8-depleted, mhc class ii +/+ mice and irradiated (950 rads) mhc class ii -/- recipients. the influenza virus-specific cd4+ t-cell responses in these +/+-->-/- mice were not obviously different from ... | 1996 | 8551597 |
| comparison of us inactivated split-virus and russian live attenuated, cold-adapted trivalent influenza vaccines in russian schoolchildren. | in a blinded, placebo-controlled study, the reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of single doses of us inactivated split-virus and russian live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines were compared in 555 schoolchildren in vologda, russia. serial serum samples were collected and school absenteeism was assessed. systemic reactions were rare, but local reactions (primarily erythema at the injection site) were observed in 27% of the inactivated vaccine group, and coryza (12%) a ... | 1996 | 8568310 |
| antibody response to tetravalent influenza subunit vaccine in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | the capacity of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to develop an adequate antibody response to influenza vaccination in relation to the cd4 cell count has been studied in a prospective study. a total of 73 subjects (54 hiv-infected patients and 19 healthy control persons) were vaccinated with influenza subunit vaccine containing 15 mug hemagglutinin of each of the following strains: a/beijing/353/89(h3n2), a/singapore/6/86(h1n1), b/panama/45/90, and b/beijing/1/87. hemaggl ... | 1996 | 18611709 |
| monoclonal antibodies for the direct detection of influenza-a virus by elisa in clinical specimens from patients with respiratory infections. | monoclonal antibody technology provides antibody reagents of known specificity, high titres and unlimited availability, that form ideal reference antibodies for use in specific viral antigen-detection methods. | 1995 | 15566817 |
| isolation and identification of influenza viruses from clinical materials in 1977-1993 at veterans general hospital-taipei. | from 1977 to 1993, 15,189 throat swab samples were received for isolation and identification of influenza virus in the clinical virology laboratory, veterans general hospital-taipei. most of the samples came from the pediatric department. there were 634 identified strains of the influenza virus; the successful isolation rate was 4.17% in average/year. among these isolates, 56.3% (357/634) were influenza b; 12.1% (77/634) were influenza a/h1n1 and 28.1% (178/634) were influenza a/h3n2. about 3.5% ... | 1995 | 9774990 |
| protection of mice against influenza a virus challenge by vaccination with baculovirus-expressed m2 protein. | we have investigated the potential of the conserved transmembrane m2 protein of influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 virus, expressed by a baculovirus recombinant, to induce protective immunity in balb/c mice. vaccination of mice with m2 shortened the duration of virus shedding and protected mice from a lethal infection with a/ann arbor/6/60 virus but not b/ann arbor/1/55 virus, suggesting that the protection was mediated by an m2-specific mechanism. serum antibodies were detected which reacted with synth ... | 1995 | 8578816 |
| cross-reaction but no avidity change of the serum antibody response after influenza vaccination. | pre- and post-vaccination sera from 19 volunteers were analysed by the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test, virus neutralization (vn) assay and avidity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the sera were tested against the three strains in a commercial inactivated influenza vaccine; a/beijing/353/89(h3n2); a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) and b/yamagata/16/88. additionally, a range of earlier strains and one newer isolate were assayed for hi- and vn-antibodies. large variations in the pre-vaccinatio ... | 1995 | 8578836 |
| in previously immunized elderly adults inactivated influenza a (h1n1) virus vaccines induce poor antibody responses that are not enhanced by liposome adjuvant. | in a randomized, double-blinded study, 77 healthy elderly seropositive volunteers (95% of whom had received influenza vaccine within the prior 5 years) were immunized with either monovalent liposome-adjuvanted or control subvirion vaccine containing inactivated influenza a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) virus. the experimental vaccine was well-tolerated but elicited serologic responses that were no different in frequency or magnitude from those induced by the control vaccine. less than 20% of subjects in ei ... | 1995 | 8585289 |
| safety and efficacy of long-term use of rimantadine for prophylaxis of type a influenza in nursing homes. | the safety and efficacy of rimantadine for long-term prophylaxis of influenza a (h3n2) infection were evaluated among elderly residents in 10 nursing homes. within each nursing home, participating residents were randomly assigned to receive placebo or rimantadine at 100 or 200 mg/day. residents were evaluated daily for symptoms and significant health events as possible side effects, as well as for influenza-like illness. the study medications were administered to 328 residents for up to 8 weeks, ... | 1995 | 8619572 |
| analysis of influenza a virus reinfection in children in japan during 1983-91. | the epidemiology of influenza a in japan was studied during 1979-91 and viruses isolated from reinfections during 1983-91 were analysed. of 2963 influenza viruses isolated from reinfections during 1983-91 were analysed. of 2963 influenza viruses isolated during this period, 922 and 1006 were influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses respectively; the others were influenza b viruses. influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) caused 5 and 6 epidemics respectively, most accompanied by antigenic drift. seventeen re ... | 1995 | 8557091 |
| prevalence of antibodies to type a influenza viruses in swine sera 1990-1994. | a total of 3,120 swine sera collected for the years 1990-94 were tested for the presence of hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies against swine (h1n1) and human (h1n1 and h3n2) strains of influenza virus. no hi antibody against the swine strains was recognized during 18 months, though a slight prevalence (1.5-9.2%) of the antibodies was observed over the entire period. a wide variance in the incidence (0-26.3%) of antibodies against the human h3n2 strains was observed among the swine popul ... | 1995 | 8519918 |
| human immune responses to influenza virus vaccines administered by systemic or mucosal routes. | healthy adult volunteers were immunized by parenteral or oral routes with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (a/chile/1/83 (h1n1), a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2), and b/ann arbor/1/86), or intranasally with live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza type a/texas/1/85 (h1n1) reassortant virus. in all volunteers, cells spontaneously secreting iga, igg or igm antibodies specific to influenza virus were detected in peripheral blood on days 6-13 after immunization, and specific iga, igg and igm antibodi ... | 1995 | 8525683 |
| [influenza vaccination of children with hemophilia]. | 51 haemophilic children aged from 7 to 16 years was vaccinated against influenza in paediatric department of haematology and oncology in november and december of 1993. each dose of subunit vaccine manufactured by wyeth-usa, contained 15 micrograms of each haemagglutinin strains as recommended for the season. the antibody level was studied before and after influenza vaccination in vaccinated and control group as well. 5-time rise of geometric mean antibody titre was found for h1n1 and h3n2 antige ... | 1995 | 8525777 |
| influenza viral infections enhance sleep in mice. | sleepiness is a common perception during viral infection. nevertheless, very little is known about the effects of viral infection on sleep. the aim of the present study was to test whether sleep was altered by influenza viral infection in mice. after 2-3 days of baseline sleep recordings, swiss-webster mice were infected intranasally with a lethal (h1n1) or a nonlethal (h3n2) strain of influenza virus. sleep was recorded again for an additional 3 days. non-rapid eye movement sleep (nrems) was dr ... | 1995 | 8539262 |
| the role of antigenically different virus neuraminidases as structures implicated in receptor-binding processes. | influenza a viruses exhibit segmented nucleic acid coding for eight different proteins, two of them as glycoproteins exposed on their lipoprotein envelopes, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). hemagglutinin exhibits receptor-binding activity while neuraminidase develops sialidase cleavage activity which acts on cell receptors. influenza a strains responsible for human, avian, equine and porcine respiratory infections all over the world present antigenically different hemagglutinin (h1 to ... | 1995 | 8547843 |
| [the use of the immunoperoxidase test with monoclonal antibodies for detecting influenza a viruses]. | the immunoperoxidase test was used to detect influenza virus in cells of a chorionallanthois shell of infected chicken embryos. application of monoclonal antibodies d8 and a11 in the analysis has permitted detecting reproduction of type a (subtypes h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) viruses, the pga titre of the respective allantois liquids being not lower than 1:16. the matrix protein and hemagglutinin, detection of which underlies this analysis, were found on the cell membrane, in the perinucleus region and as ... | 1995 | 8548071 |
| medical practice-based influenza surveillance: viral prevalence and assessment of morbidity. | regular surveillance of influenza virus activity and associated illness is necessary to monitor changes in circulating strains. as part of a demonstration project, medical practices in a seven-county area in southern lower michigan were recruited as sentinel surveillance sites. the practices were asked to collect specimens for virus isolation and/or data on age-specific frequency of respiratory illnesses that met a case definition. data were used to establish periods of influenza virus activity ... | 1995 | 7900716 |
| isolation of influenza a and b viruses in hela cells. | the hela cell line which is one of the most popular cell lines was shown to be suitable for isolation of types a (h3n2) and b influenza viruses from throat washings of patients. sixty-nine and 67 out of 147 throat washings taken from patients during the period from january to april 1994, were positive for influenza a virus in hela cells and mdck cells respectively. seven out of 10 throat washings taken between january and march, 1993, were positive for influenza b virus in mdck. of these 7, 4 we ... | 1995 | 7565177 |
| a fairly conserved epitope on the hemagglutinin of influenza a (h3n2) virus with variable accessibility to neutralizing antibody. | a monoclonal antibody lmbh5 was derived from mice which had been immunized with a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2)-type recombinant, secreted hemagglutinin (ha), and were subsequently challenged with a potentially lethal dose of x31 [a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) x a/pr/8/34 (h1n1)] virus. lmbh5 reacted strongly with the native and low-ph-induced conformations of the ha of a/aichi (x31 strain) and a/victoria (x47 strain), but very weakly with the native structure of the ha of a/philippines/2/82 (x79 strain) and not a ... | 1995 | 7571422 |
| [the origin of resistance to chemicals of naturally occurring isolates of influenza a virus]. | the mechanisms responsible for the formation of resistance of influenza a virus isolates during the natural circulation of the influenza viruses in the environment were studied. the influenza viruses h1n1 and h3n2 resistant to remantadine, adapromine, and deitiforine have been isolated in the ussr and mongolia since 1982. the majority of natural resistant isolates appeared to be atypical both in antigenic properties and genomic structure as compared to the isolates prevalent in the common epidem ... | 1995 | 7580412 |
| [features of interepidemic influenza a and b viruses]. | the comparison of interepidemic influenza viruses with the pathogens of resultant influenza epidemics has revealed that they belong to the same type (subtype) of influenza virus. a definite correlation has been found between the antigenic specificity of haemagglutinin of epidemic and interepidemic strains. the antigenic structure of the interepidemic viruses and the pathogens of further epidemics of influenza b viruses have been found to be completely identical. the interepidemic a(h1n1) isolate ... | 1995 | 7580419 |
| prolonged shedding of amantadine-resistant influenzae a viruses by immunodeficient patients: detection by polymerase chain reaction-restriction analysis. | consecutive a (h3n2) influenza virus isolates from 2 influenza virus-infected immunodeficient patients treated with amantadine were examined using a novel polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction analysis for resistance to this antiviral compound. the data indicate that immunodeficient patients may shed resistant viruses for prolonged periods and with different drug resistance mutations present at different times. this pcr-restriction technique allows rapid detection of amantadine- or rimanta ... | 1995 | 7594676 |
| selection of a single amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin molecule by chicken eggs can render influenza a virus (h3) candidate vaccine ineffective. | this study investigated whether a single amino acid change in the hemagglutinin (ha) molecule influenced the efficacy of formalin-inactivated influenza a (h3n1) vaccine candidates derived from high-growth reassortants between the standard donor of high-yield genes (a/pr/8/34 [h1n1]) and host cell variants generated from the same clinical isolate (a/memphis/7/90 [h3n2]) by passage in embryonated chicken eggs. two clones of the isolate generated by growth in eggs differed from the parent virus (re ... | 1995 | 7609057 |
| immunodominance with progenitor b cell diversity in the neutralizing antibody repertoire to influenza infection. | we report striking immunodominance in the neutralizing antibody responses of major histocompatibility complex congenic mice to natural infection with influenza virus (h3n2 subtype), as deduced by sequencing the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of monoclonal antibody (mab)-selected mutant viruses. a majority of mab, established from individual balb/c (h-2d) mice, select mutant viruses containing the same single amino acid substitution in the membrane distal ecto-domain, ha1 198 a-->e, whereas changes at ... | 1995 | 7621857 |
| prevention of influenza by the intranasal administration of cold-recombinant, live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine: importance of interferon-gamma production and local iga response. | to clarify which immunological factors were more effective in preventing influenza virus infection, we measured immunological parameters induced by vaccination and infection in vivo and in vitro. healthy adult subjects (n = 128) were divided into vaccinated (n = 85) and untreated (n = 43) groups. eighty-five were vaccinated intranasally with a trivalent cold-adapted recombinant influenza virus vaccine containing type a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses. subjects were mostly seropositive before vacci ... | 1995 | 7625114 |
| pulmonary immune response of young and aged mice after influenza challenge. | after influenza challenge, aged mice have prolonged viral shedding that correlates with lower splenic cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activity. to evaluate the age-related pulmonary cell-mediated immune response to influenza, pulmonary lymphocytes were obtained from young and aged mice at various days after respiratory tract infection with nonlethal influenza a/pc/1/73 (h3n2) virus. in young mice, pulmonary ctl activity peaked at 48% +/- 2% on day 7 after infection. pulmonary ctl activity peaked 1 ... | 1995 | 7636390 |
| update: influenza activity--worldwide, 1995. | from october 1994 through august 1995, influenza activity occurred at low to moderate levels in most parts of the world. influenza activity usually was associated with the cocirculation of influenza types a and b viruses. overall, influenza a(h3n2) was the predominant influenza a subtype, but isolation of influenza a(h1n1) viruses increased during this period and was the most frequently isolated influenza virus in australia from march through august. this report summarizes influenza activity wor ... | 1995 | 7643851 |
| egg fluids and cells of the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs can select different variants of influenza a (h3n2) viruses. | growth of influenza viruses in embryonated eggs frequently results in the selection of virus variants with amino acid changes near the receptor-binding pocket of the hemagglutinin molecule, yet the mechanism by which this third form of influenza variation occurs (the other two being antigenic drift and shift) has not been clearly defined. because egg-mediated variation might affect influenza vaccine and surveillance programs, we have initiated studies to determine the site(s) of variant virus se ... | 1995 | 7645225 |
| the immunogenicity of reassortants of the cold-adapted influenza a master strain a/ann arbor/6/60 is determined by both the genes for cold-adaptation and the haemagglutinin gene. | two surface antigen segregants were prepared by co-infection of chicken embryo kidney cell cultures with reassortants of the cold-adapted influenza a master strain a/ann arbor/6/60-ca (h2n2) possessing the surface antigens of a/queensland/6/72 (h3n2) and a/hong kong/123/77 (h1n1) and other genes that were common to the master strain. the segregants were shown by serological tests to possess h3n1 and h1n2 surface antigens but it was not possible to determine the presence of h1 or n1 genes by sing ... | 1995 | 7646346 |
| influenza vaccination in older patients. immunogenicity, epidemiology and available agents. | excess hospitalisation and deaths attributable to influenza virus infections often occur during epidemics and even in interepidemic periods. influenza vaccines in current use are inactivated preparations that contain 15 micrograms each of the most recently circulating influenza a (h3n2 and h1n1) and b viruses. at present, 3 types of inactivated influenza virus vaccines are available: (a) whole virus vaccines; (b) split virus vaccines; and (c) subunit vaccines. all 3 types are similarly immunogen ... | 1995 | 7647426 |
| epidemiology of influenza a virus infection in patients with acute or chronic leukemia. | influenza infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts, but its importance in adult cancer patients is largely undescribed. we therefore conducted a prospective study of the incidence and clinical features of influenza infection in patients with acute or chronic leukemia. the cohort, which consisted of all adult leukemia patients undergoing remission-induction chemotherapy during the 1991-1992 influenza epidemic, was followed prospectively for developmen ... | 1995 | 7655781 |
| communitywide laboratory-based influenza surveillance focused on older persons, 1989-1992. | we collected surveillance data as part of the medicare influenza vaccine demonstration to describe communitywide epidemiology of influenza, focusing on the elderly. laboratory-based surveillance was established in medical practices, hospitals, and nursing homes in a two-county demonstration in upstate new york. time course and intensity of epidemic influenza were compared between counties, between influenza a and b epidemics, and among several levels of surveillance involving elderly persons as ... | 1995 | 7662393 |
| characterization of the virions of mopyridone-sensitive wild strain and mopyridone-resistant mutant of influenza virus a(h3n2) | some differences were established between mopyridone-sensitive (mcu-s) wild strain and mopyridone-resistant (mcu-r) mutant progenies of influenza virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2). the virions of mcu-r mutant had a lower buoyant density in linear sucrose gradient as compared to those of mcu-s strain, and an increased ability of aggregation as well. ha content (hau/micrograms protein) in the purified virions of mcu-r mutant was twice lower as compared to mcu-s strain. the surface glycoproteins of mcu ... | 1995 | 7676940 |
| immunogenicity of influenza a virus n2 neuraminidase produced in insect larvae by baculovirus recombinants. | influenza a virus neuraminidase (na) from a/udorn/72 (h3n2) was expressed by recombinant baculovirus-infected insects. the recombinant na was enzymatically active. enzyme activity was neutralized by polyclonal antisera raised against virion-extracted na. na produced in whole insects by a baculovirus expression system is antigenically indistinguishable from virion na by polyclonal antisera in functional assays (ni) and in elisa, and is highly immunogenic without adjuvant. it is equivalent in immu ... | 1995 | 7483807 |
| type- and subtype-specific detection of influenza viruses in clinical specimens by rapid culture assay. | a rapid culture assay which allows for the simultaneous typing and subtyping of currently circulating influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and b viruses in clinical specimens was developed. pools of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against influenza a and b viruses and mabs ha1-71 and ha2-76, obtained by immunizing mice with the denatured hemagglutinin subfragments ha1 and ha2 of influenza virus a/victoria/3/75, were used for immunoperoxidase staining of antigens in infected mdck cells. mab ha1-71 reacted ex ... | 1995 | 7714186 |
| time to peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine. | the time to the appearance of a peak serum antibody response to influenza virus vaccine is not clearly defined. we compared the most commonly used time intervals described in the literature--4 and 6 weeks after vaccination. we studied 118 elderly patients from three different geographic sites. the 1992 to 1993 trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine containing influenza virus a/beijing/353/89 (h3n2), influenza virus a/texas/36/91 (h1n1), and influenza virus b/panama/45/90 was used. no stat ... | 1995 | 7719904 |