Publications

infectious dermatitis in a ball python (python regius) colony.	seven wild-caught ball pythons (python regius), including six gravid females and one male, were obtained from africa and were housed in a government animal facility in research triangle park, north carolina. upon arrival, the snakes were found to be infested with ticks (aponomma latus), which were manually removed. four weeks following arrival, vesicular skin lesions began to appear on the snakes. despite treatment of all affected female snakes with amikacin (5 mg/kg i.m., every 3 days) and cefo ...	1998	10065857
proteus syndrome with widespread portwine stain naevus.	proteus syndrome is a rare condition comprising asymmetrical overgrowth of different parts of the body in association with various cutaneous abnormalities. we describe a 3-year-old boy with proteus syndrome, who presented with hemihypertrophy of the right leg, asymmetric macrodactyly, subcutaneous masses and a widespread portwine stain interspersed with angiokeratomas on the right leg, scrotum and on the middle and left side of the back. doppler ultrasound of the right leg did not show hypercirc ...	1998	9990373
skin bacteriology and the role of staphylococcus aureus in infection.	many of the staphylococci and coryneforms that inhabit normal human skin do not cause skin disease. amongst the remainder the mechanisms of pathogenicity vary widely. for proteus, pseudomonas and brevibacterium species proteolysis is a major determinant. the precise role of corynebacterium minutissimum in erythrasma and the propionibacteria in acne is not known. staphylococcus aureus, however, produces a wide range of non-specific agents, such as haemolysins and leucocidins as well as highly spe ...	1998	9990407
genomic fingerprinting of proteus species using repetitive sequence based pcr (rep-pcr).	three proteus species p. vulgaris, p. mirabilis and p. penneri have been characterized by repetitive sequence-based pcr. four families of repetitive sequence based primers rep, eric, boxa1r and boxa2r, give specific patterns for each proteus species. species differentiation was best afforded using boxa2r for detection of p. mirabilis, either rep-dt or boxa1r primers for detection of p. penneri and eric primer pair for p. vulgaris.	1998	9990714
comparative in-vitro activities of trovafloxacin, ciproflaxacin, ofloxacin, and broad-spectrum beta-lactams against aerobe blood culture isolates.	the in vitro activity of trovafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, fleroxacin, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam, and meropenem against 613 consecutively recovered blood isolates from recently hospitalized patients. susceptibility testing was performed by agar dilution according to nccls guidelines. test strains included acinetobacter species (n = 26), escherichia coli (n = 137), enterobacter species (n = 27), klebsiella species (n = 42), proteu ...	1998	9987189
[cerebral abscess of otogenic origin located simultaneously in the temporal and cerebellar regions].	a 28-year-old male was seen for chronic left ear disease. a brain abscess appeared in the left temporal lobe and later spread to the cerebellum. diagnosis was clinical and radiological. intravenous antibiotic treatment resulted in resolution of the temporal abscess on ct. however, a new abscess that appeared in the left cerebellar hemisphere required neurosurgical debridement. the patient's microbiological cultures and history suggested an otological origin. brain abscess is a serious complicati ...	1998	9951088
bacteriological and histological investigation of the postpartum bovine uterus in two estonian dairy herds.	postpartum uterine infections, endometrial histology and resumption of ovarian activity in cows were studied in 2 estonian dairy herds with different herd sizes, milk yields and management systems. ten cows at farm a and 5 cows at farm b were studied in the experiment. all cows in the study had normal calving performance. endometrial biopsies for bacteriological and histological examinations were collected once a week starting on the second week postpartum and continuing for 7 weeks postpartum. ...	1998	9926456
[immunity during ampicillin administration against a background of immunosuppression].	the effect of 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of ampicillin, immunocompromised by cyclophan and azathioprine, on immunity of intact mice was studied. ampicillin did not change the number of antibody-forming cells (afc) and delayed hypersensitivity (dhs) in immunosuppression. it inhibited spontaneous oxidant metabolism of neutrophils and macrophages against the background of azathioprine. the therapeutic effect of ampicillin was maintained under such conditions. in intact animals the antibiotic did not ch ...	1998	9929815
absence of escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, and klebsiella pneumoniae antigens within inflammatory bowel disease tissues.	escherichia coli, listeria, and streptococcal antigens have been found in crohn's disease tissues. antibodies to klebsiella pneumoniae have been found in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and ankylosing spondylitis. the presence of these bacterial antigens in crohn's granulomas would be of aetiological interest, while their presence in ulcers alone would be more likely to indicate secondary infection.	1998	9930068
[the bactericidal and bacteriostatic capacities of the amniotic fluid as a function of the time from membrane rupture].		1998	9932006
[proteus syndrome and encephalo-cranio-cutaneous lipomatosis, are they the same hamartoma? apropos of a case].		1998	9949594
use of green fluorescent protein to assess urease gene expression by uropathogenic proteus mirabilis during experimental ascending urinary tract infection.	proteus mirabilis, a cause of complicated urinary tract infection, expresses urease when exposed to urea. while it is recognized that the positive transcriptional activator urer induces gene expression, the levels of expression of the enzyme during experimental infection are not known. to investigate in vivo expression of p. mirabilis urease, the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (gfp) was used to construct reporter fusions. translational fusions of urease accessory gene ured, which is pre ...	1998	9423875
proteus pyomyositis of the piriformis muscle in a swimmer.		1998	9455539
chromosomally encoded ampc-type beta-lactamase in a clinical isolate of proteus mirabilis.	a clinical strain of proteus mirabilis (cf09) isolated from urine specimens of a patient displayed resistance to amoxicillin (mic >4,096 microg/ml), ticarcillin (4,096 microg/ml), cefoxitin (64 microg/ml), cefotaxime (256 microg/ml), and ceftazidime (128 microg/ml) and required an elevated mic of aztreonam (4 microg/ml). clavulanic acid did not act synergistically with cephalosporins. two beta-lactamases with apparent pis of 5.6 and 9.0 were identified by isoelectric focusing on a gel. substrate ...	1998	9593136
interactions of beta-lactamases with sanfetrinem (gv 104326) compared to those with imipenem and with oral beta-lactams.	sanfetrinem is a trinem beta-lactam which can be administered orally as a hexatil ester. we examined whether its beta-lactamase interactions resembled those of the available carbapenems, i.e., stable to ampc and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases but labile to class b and functional group 2f enzymes. the comparator drugs were imipenem, oral cephalosporins, and amoxicillin. mics were determined for beta-lactamase expression variants, and hydrolysis was examined directly with representative enzymes ...	1998	9593145
cytochalasin-induced actin disruption of polarized enterocytes can augment internalization of bacteria.	cytochalasin-induced actin disruption has often been associated with decreased bacterial internalization by cultured epithelial cells, although polarized enterocytes have not been systematically studied. in assays using confluent polarized ht-29 enterocytes, cytochalasin d appeared to increase internalization of wild-type salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis, and escherichia coli. hela and hep-2 epithelial cells, as well as ht-29 and caco-2 enterocytes, were used to clarify this unexpected ...	1998	9596696
an in-vitro study of carbapenem-induced morphological changes and endotoxin release in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli.	one hundred clinical isolates, including escherichia coli, serratia marcescens, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus vulgaris and proteus mirabilis, were exposed to carbapenems (imipenem, panipenem, meropenem and biapenem) at 0.5 x mic for 3 h, then their morphology was examined and endotoxin release determined. ceftazidime, which induces filament formation, was used as a control. scanning electron microscopy showed that these carbapenems induced formation of spherical or ovoid ...	1998	9598774
pediatric peripheral neuropathy in proteus syndrome.	proteus syndrome is a rare congenital disorder comprised of subcutaneous and internal hamartomas, pigmented skin nevi, skull exostoses, hemihypertrophy, and macrodactyly of the hands and feet. a 5-year-old girl diagnosed with proteus syndrome presented with distal median compression neuropathy with the primary complaint of severe pain involving the left hand. surgical exploration of the hand revealed a lipofibromatous hamartoma of the median nerve. the transverse carpal ligament was released and ...	1998	9600441
gigantism of the foot: our experience in seven cases.	we report our experience in seven patients with congenital gigantism of the foot with the following diagnoses: neurofibromatosis (two), fibrolipomatosis (two), proteus syndrome (two), and idiopathic localized gigantism (one). our purpose is to introduce a new classification of foot gigantism, based on the concept of "neuroinduction." in our experience, intraoperative examination and subsequent histologic examination show consistently pathologic findings in the plantar nerve and its terminal bran ...	1998	9600560
imipenem resistance in aerobic gram-negative bacteria.	a prospective study was undertaken to observe the emergence of resistance to imipenem, if any, among aerobic gram-negative bacteria. a total of 736 isolates were tested during 1994-95 and less than 1% of them were resistant to imipenem, whereas the next year ('95-'96) the rate increased to 11 of the 903 isolates tested. the resistant isolates during '94-'95 were all stenotrophomonas maltophilia whereas the spectrum of resistant bacterial species increased in '95-'96 to include pseudomonas aerugi ...	1998	9603633
efficacy and safety of norfloxacin 800 mg once-daily versus norfloxacin 400 mg twice-daily in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.	norfloxacin 400 mg twice-a-day has proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uti). since previous pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate the feasibility of using norfloxacin 800 mg once-daily, and this scheme is assumed to improve patient compliance, a double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of norfloxacin 800 mg once-daily (group a) versus norfloxacin 400 mg twice-daily (group b) in the treatment of a ...	1998	9603637
[improvement of effectiveness of antibiotic therapy by pyrimidine derivatives in reparative regeneration of skin in rats].	it was shown on noninbred albino rats with various affections of the skin that pyrimidine derivatives stimulated the skin reparative regeneration and increased the efficacy of antibiotic therapy of staphylococcus and proteus infected wounds. the therapeutic effect of 2-methyl-4-amino-6-oxypyrimidine was much higher than that of oxymethyluracil or methyluracil. the pyrimidine derivatives proved to be universal accelerators for reparative regeneration, were compatible with antibiotics and increase ...	1998	9606492
antibacterial activity of peritoneal exudate in patients treated with 2 g cefotiam for surgical anti-microbial prophylaxis.	the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of antibacterial activity in peritoneal exudate (pe) of patients treated with cefotiam (cft). cft (2 g) was administered as a 'single-shot' antimicrobial prophylaxis to 6 patients at the beginning of colorectal resection. samples of pe were collected from each patient on days 1, 2 and 3 after surgery. cft was detectable in the samples of day 1 for 5 of the 6 patients. the influence of pe on antibacterial activity of the antimicrobial dr ...	1998	9612603
the proteus syndrome: cns manifestations.	proteus syndrome is a complex hamartomatous disorder characterized by multiple, diverse, somatic manifestations. we present a case in which severe, evolving cns abnormalities were also exhibited. imaging findings at presentation included hemimegalencephaly, subependymal calcified nodules, and periventricular cysts. subsequently, dural sinus thrombosis developed. eight previously reported patients may also have had hemimegalencephaly. when neuroimaging studies show hemimegalencephaly in a child w ...	1998	9613526
antimicrobial activity of 20 plants used in folkloric medicine in the palestinian area.	ethanolic and aqueous extracts of 20 palestinian plant species used in folk medicine were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against five bacterial species (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one yeast (candida albicans). the plants showed 90% of antimicrobial activity, with significant difference in activity between the different plants. the most antimicrobially active plants were phagnalon rupestre and micr ...	1998	9613839
post-keratoplasty endophthalmitis caused by proteus mirabilis.	a diabetic patient who underwent a triple procedure (penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation), developed endophthalmitis caused by proteus mirabilis. the source of infection was the infected donor cornea, which was imported from sri lanka. the organism was resistant to gentamicin, which was the only antibiotic present in the storage medium. on top of an aggressive antibiotic treatment regime (topical, systemic and intravitreal), exchange ...	1998	9614531
[the immunotropic properties of rifampicin and their correction].	the effect of rifampicin on antibody genesis depends on the dose, duration, and time of its administration in relation to the antigen, as well as on the character of immunosuppression. the antibiotic has no effect on delayed hypersensitivity and stimulates the activity of phagocytes, predominantly that of neutrophils. the effectiveness of rifampicin in experimental infection is maintained in treatment with cyclophosphane and azathioprine. when administered in combination with rifampicin and cyto ...	1998	9621174
[therapeutic effect of cefluprenam on polymicrobial urinary tract infection associated with enterococcus faecalis, using the infectious urolithiasis model in rats].	we examined the therapeutic effect of cefluprenam (cflp) on the polymicrobial urinary tract infection associated with infectious stones as compared to that of ceftazidime (caz), using the experimental polymicrobial urinary tract infection caused by proteus mirabilis (p. mirabilis), pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa) and enterococcus faecalis (e. faecalis). in order to form bladder stones in rats, a sterile zinc ring was implanted as a foreign body, followed by inoculating p. mirabilis e05106 ...	1998	9621566
[nitazole--an antimicrobial substance].	the antibacterial activity of protistocide drug nitazole has been revealed for the first time in the 80's at the laboratory of clinical microbiology of the mechnikov research institute of microbiology and immunology. unlike other imidazoles, such as metronidazole and tinidazole, nitazole acts as the inhibitor of growth of gram-positive facultative and obligate anaerobic microorganisms as well as gram-negatives except for pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteus. nitazole, as a main antimicrobial agent ...	1998	9621693
in vitro activity and clinical evaluation of cefixime in urinary tract infection.	thirty-five women with uncomplicated acute lower urinary tract infections proven by significant pre-treatment bacteriuria (> or = 10(5)cfu/ml) were treated with an oral dose of 100 mg cefixime twice a day for seven days. thirty five patients included in this study were checked for response to treatment on the last day of therapy, 7-14 days and 4 weeks post therapy. the clinical response and bacterial eradication rate for cefixime were 91.4 per cent (32/35). the infecting organisms, e. coli and p ...	1998	9623027
beta-lactamases responsible for resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, and proteus mirabilis isolates recovered in south africa.	although resistance to the expanded-spectrum cephalosporins among members of the family enterobacteriaceae lacking inducible beta-lactamases occurs virtually worldwide, little is known about this problem among isolates recovered in south africa. isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, and proteus mirabilis resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins recovered from patients in various parts of south africa over a 3-month period were investigated for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ...	1998	9624474
urinary bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of enoxacin versus norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose.	in an open, randomised monocentric crossover study in six male and six female healthy volunteers, the urinary antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics of enoxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were assessed. urine was collected up to 6 days, and venous blood samples up to 12 h, after a single oral dose of 400 mg enoxacin, 400 mg norfloxacin and 500 mg ciprofloxacin. enoxacin (250 mg/l) demonstrated the highest peak concentration (median) in the urine (0-6 h), followed by ciprofloxacin (237 m ...	1998	9624541
a comparison between single-dose fosfomycin trometamol (monuril) and a 5-day course of trimethoprim in the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women.	this study is a comparison of the microbiological and clinical efficacy of single-dose fosfomycin trometamol therapy and a 5 day course of trimethoprim in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in female patients. urine dip-slide samples were obtained from 547 female patients aged 18-65 by 22 general practitioners (gps) participating in the study from 21 centres in the uk. all patients were diagnosed as having a urinary tract infection by their gp on the basis of history and clin ...	1998	9624542
microbiologic evaluation of cutaneous wounds in hospitalized dermatology patients.	the purpose of this study is to identify predictability of wound flora which may be helpful in the selection of empiric antibiotic therapy of wound infections while awaiting the results of bacterial cultures. toward this end, results of an ongoing microbiologic surveillance of skin wound flora in hospitalized dermatology patients are presented. bacterial isolates cultured from patients with skin wounds admitted to a tertiary care dermatology inpatient unit were evaluated and comparison was made ...	1998	9626006
median nerve compression in proteus syndrome.	proteus syndrome is a multi-organ disorder, a prime feature of which is localized gigantism, usually clinically obvious. symptoms secondary to hypertrophy of nerves has not been previously recognized as a part of the syndrome.	1998	9639645
gram-negative bacteremia in non-neutropenic patients: a 3-year review.	the causative organisms, clinical manifestations, factors influencing prognosis, and other epidemiological characteristics of 81 episodes of bacteremia due to gram-negative organisms, in non-neutropenic patients, were studied retrospectively during a 3-year period (1992-1994) at the department of internal medicine of the university hospital of heraklion, crete, greece. the gram-negative bacteremia incidence was 2% and the overall mortality 12%. all 81 patients had fever; escherichia coli was the ...	1998	9646106
escherichia coli and proteus mirabilis inhibit the perinuclear but not the circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody reaction.	perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-anca) are found in 48%-83% of serum samples from patients with ulcerative colitis (uc). their pathogenic role and initiating stimuli are unknown. in contrast to patients with vasculitides and anca reactivities, the antibodies in uc patients do not react with myeloperoxidase (mpo) or proteinase 3 (pr3). the aim of the present study was to investigate whether bacterial species of the intestinal tract and other sources could interfere with p-anca ...	1998	9648994
the efficiency of different phenol-degrading bacteria and activated sludges in detoxification of phenolic leachates.	phenolic composition, toxicity and biodegradability of three different phenolic leachates/samples was studied. samples a and c were the leachates from the oil-shale industry spent shale dumps at kohtla-järve, estonia. sample b was a laboratory-prepared synthetic mixture of 7 phenolic compounds mimmicking the phenolic composition of the leachate a. toxicity of these 3 samples was analyzed using two photobacterial test (biotox and microtox), daphnia test (daphtoxkit f pulex) and rotifiers' test (r ...	1998	9650267
structure and cross-reactivity of the o-specific polysaccharide of proteus penneri strain 26, another neutral proteus o-antigen containing 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-l-glucose (n-acetyl-l-quinovosamine).	a neutral o-specific polysaccharide obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of proteus penneri strain 26 was studied using sugar analysis and 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopy, including two-dimensional nmr techniques. the following structure of the trisaccharide repeating unit was established: -->6)-alpha-d-glcpnac-(1-->3)-alpha-l-quipnac-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcp nac-(1--> where l-quinac is 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-l-glucose (n-acetyl-l-quinovosamine). cross-reactivity of the proteus penneri 26 anti-o serum ...	1998	9654072
a mixed disulfide bond in bacterial glutathione transferase: functional and evolutionary implications.	glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are a multifunctional group of enzymes, widely distributed in aerobic organisms, that have a critical role in the cellular detoxification process. unlike their mammalian counterparts, bacterial gsts often catalyze quite specific reactions, suggesting that their roles in bacteria might be different. the gst from proteus mirabilis (pmgst b1-1) is known to bind certain antibiotics tightly and reduce the antimicrobial activity of beta-lactam drugs. hence, bacterial ...	1998	9655824
structure of the o-specific polysaccharide of proteus penneri strain 41 from a new proposed serogroup o62.	o-specific polysaccharide of proteus penneri strain 41 was studied using 1h- and 13c-nmr spectroscopy, including two-dimensional cosy, heteronuclear 13c,1h-correlation (hetcor) and one-dimensional noe spectroscopy, and the following structure of a non-stoichiometrically o-acetylated hexasaccharide repeating unit was established:[structure: see text] where rglcnac is 2-acetamido-4-o-[(s)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxyglucose. cross-reactivity of anti-p. penneri 41 o-serum with other p. penneri strains i ...	1998	9657315
urinary excretion and bactericidal activities of a single oral dose of 400 milligrams of fleroxacin versus a single oral dose of 800 milligrams of pefloxacin in healthy volunteers.	twelve healthy volunteers participated in this randomized crossover study to compare the concentrations and recovery levels of fleroxacin and pefloxacin in urine and to assess their bactericidal activities against 12 strains of urinary pathogens with different susceptibilities over a wide range of mics. the volunteers received a single oral dose of 400 mg of fleroxacin or 800 mg of pefloxacin. the mean cumulative renal excretion of unchanged fleroxacin, n-demethyl-fleroxacin, and n-oxide-fleroxa ...	1998	9661000
management of animal bite injuries of the face: experience with 94 patients.	because of the large number of bacteria in the oral cavity, animal bite wounds are generally contaminated, and their treatment is difficult because of the risk of infection, especially in extensive injuries. this report describes the management of a large series of patients and recommends treatment guidelines on the basis of the results.	1998	9663574
bacterial adherence to self-reinforced polyglycolic acid and self-reinforced polylactic acid 96 urological spiral stents in vitro.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial adherence to biodegradable self-reinforced polyglycolic acid (sr-pga) and self-reinforced poly-dl-lactic acid (sr-pla 96) spiral stents in vitro. they are used as temporary urethral stents in urology. gold-plated metal wire, polyurethane and latex were used as controls. materials were incubated up to 28 days in artificial urine, after which a bacterial suspension was added. after detaching by sonication the adhesive bacteria were analysed as co ...	1998	9663740
further studies of transferable antibiotic resistance in strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa from four clinical settings in three countries.	this paper describes transferability of antibiotic resistance determinants in clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to imipenem, cefotaxime and ceftazidime obtained from different clinical settings in three different countries. two strains of enterobacteriaceae (escherichia coli k-12 and proteus mirabilis p-38) and two strains of p. aeruginosa (pao and ml) were used as recipient strains. the conjugative transfer of resistance was very specific, i.e. donor strains of p. aeruginosa ...	1998	9669646
recurrent bilateral renal calculi in a tetraplegic patient.	an 18-year-old male developed c-5 complete tetraplegia following a motor-cycle accident in may 1975. the neuropathic bladder was managed by an indwelling urethral catheter. he developed recurrent episodes of urinary infection with proteus species. in september 1975, an x-ray of the abdomen revealed small calculi in both the kidneys. in july 1976, he underwent transurethral resection of the bladder neck and division of the external urethral sphincter; subsequently, he was put on a penile sheath d ...	1998	9670380
cloning and characterisation of the proteus mirabilis xerd gene.	the xer site-specific recombination system is involved in the stable maintenance of replicons (certain plasmids and chromosomes) in escherichia coli and other bacteria by converting multimers into monomers. this system requires a cis-acting dna sequence (the chromosomal dif site or the cole1 cer site) and two trans-acting factors: the xerc and xerd recombinases, which belong to the lambda integrase family of tyrosine site-specific recombinases. in addition, in order to resolve plasmid multimers ...	1998	9675854
tc-99m hmpao leukocyte and tc-99m nanocolloid scintigraphy in posttraumatic bone infection.	posttraumatic osteomyelitis was investigated in 23 patients using nuclear medicine techniques. tc-99m hexamethylpropilene amine oxime (hmpao)-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy was performed in 11 patients, and tc-99m nanocolloid scanning was performed in the other 12 patients. the scintigraphic findings were compared with clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and bacteriologic results. the findings on leukocyte imaging were consistent with the clinical symptoms in 7 of 11 patients, with the laboratory ...	1998	9676945
intravascular ultrasound diagnosis of aortic graft infection.	to assess the value of intra-aortic ultrasound (us) for diagnosing intraprosthetic vegetations in atypical aortic graft infection.	1998	9678551
mosaicism for a tandem duplication dup(1)(q12q22) in an 18 year old female.	the clinical features and cytogenetic results of an 18 year old mentally handicapped female found to be a mosaic for a tandem duplication of chromosome 1 (46,xx,dup(1)(q12q22)/46,xx) are reported. the case is compared with the three previously described cases and possible mechanisms for the origin of the duplication are discussed. this patient was not found to have features of proteus syndrome which was previously reported in a subject mosaic for a tandem duplication involving chromosome (1)(q11 ...	1998	9678707
3,6-diamino-10-methylacridan: uncharged precursor of acriflavine and its unique antimicrobial activity.		1998	9685231
cefepine vs. ceftazidime treatment of pyelonephritis: a european, randomized, controlled study of 300 pediatric cases. european society for paediatric infectious diseases (espid) pyelonephritis study group.	cefepime has been used in clinical therapeutic trials for meningitis, serious infection and febrile neutropenia, comprising more than 800 pediatric patients. this agent has also been used in patients 12 years of age and older with uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis, but not in younger patients. in this study the safety and efficacy of cefepime were compared with those of ceftazidime for treatment of pyelonephritis in pediatric patients younger than 12 ...	1998	9686732
molecular characterization of a tem-21 beta-lactamase in a clinical isolate of morganella morganii.	a clinical isolate of morganella morganii, with reduced susceptibility to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam, was found to produce an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with a pi of 6.4. the nucleotide sequence of the encoding gene was that of the gene encoding tem-21. this is the first molecular characterization of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in m. morganii.	1998	9687421
bacteriology of burns.	a retrospective study was undertaken at university college of medical sciences and guru teg bahadur hospital, delhi, to examine the bacterial isolates from the burns unit and to determine the antibiograms of the isolates to commonly used antimicrobial agents. a total of 600 pus samples from as many patients received, over a period of 5 years (june 1993-june 1997) yielded 920) isolates. pseudomonas spp. was the most common (36%) followed by staphylococcus aureus (19%), klebsiella spp. (15.54%), p ...	1998	9688200
pathology of lipomatous lesions in proteus syndrome.	proteus syndrome is an extremely rare, complex hamartomatous disorder with markedly variable clinical expression. we present a case of proteus syndrome with multiple disfiguring soft tissue masses that were present since early childhood. the lesions involved predominantly the right side of the body and included scoliosis, macrodactyly, and limited hyperostosis in the right foot. there was no evidence of cranial or skin lesions. the patient underwent multiple resections of soft tissue masses, inc ...	1998	9688770
psoas abscess following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.	different studies have reported renal effects like swelling of parenchyma, subcapsular and intracapsular haematoma and perinephric fluid collections. these effects were usually transient and by 2-3 months returned to normal. we report an early complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (eswl). a patient with solitary renal calculus who had eswl developed psoas spasm and became unwell with elevation of white cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. psoas abscess extending from re ...	1998	9689709
[the effect of gentamycin on immunity in immunodeficiency and the action of immunomodulators].	the effect of 3 and 6 mg/kg gentamicin on the immunity of intact mice and cyclophosphan- and azathioprine-induced immunodeficiency was studied. gentamicin deepens the severe suppression of antibody genesis against the background of cyclophosphan and azathioprine, inhibits the reaction of gzt in intact mice. the antibiotic does not prevent stimulation of aok production by methyluracil and prodigiosan, and does not change the effect of immunostimulators on gzt in immunosuppression. gentamicin has ...	1998	9690079
terpenoid composition of the wound-induced bark exudate of commiphora tenuis from ethiopia.	the bark of commiphora tenuis vollensen exudes a translucent, free-flowing odoriferous liquid upon wounding which was analysed by capillary glc and glc-ms. 42 mono- and sesquiterpenes were detected and 37 identified. the main components of the monoterpenoid fraction were alpha-pinene (60.8%), beta-pinene (8.8%), sabinene (6.3%), alpha-thujene (8.9%), limonene (5.5%), 3-carene (3.7%), beta-myrcene (1.8%), and beta-elemene (1.1%) constituting 97% of the oil. identified sesquiterpenoid components c ...	1998	9690355
bulk acoustic wave bacterial growth sensor applied to analysis of antimicrobial properties of tea.	a bulk acoustic wave (baw) bacterial growth sensor has been proposed for study of inhibitory effects of tea by continuous monitoring of disturbances in proteus growth in the aqueous extracts of various teas, e.g. green tea, fuzhuan brick tea, oolong tea, kudin tea, and black tea. the kinetic parameters, e.g. asymptote (a), maximum specific growth rate (microm), lag time (lambda), and generation time (g), accurately estimated by using the growth response model, have been first used to characteriz ...	1998	9694687
identification of a novel transcription regulator from proteus mirabilis, pmtr, revealed a possible role of yjai protein in balancing zinc in escherichia coli.	zinc is an essential trace element required for structural integrity and functional activity of numerous proteins, yet mechanisms by which cells regulate zinc concentration are poorly understood. here, we identified a gene from proteus mirabilis that encodes a 135-amino acid residue protein, pmtr (p. mirabilis transcription regulator), a new member of the merr family of transcription activators. transformation of escherichia coli with pmtr-carrying vectors specifically increases cell tolerance t ...	1998	9694902
a swarming-defective mutant of proteus mirabilis lacking a putative cation-transporting membrane p-type atpase.	the motile tnphoa mutant ic24 of proteus mirabilis u6450 generates an aberrant swarming colony, and was shown to be impaired in swarm cell differentiation, i.e. cell elongation and hyperflagellation, causing delayed and slower population migration across a solid growth medium. levels of transcript from the flagellin filament gene flic, the flagellar master operon flhdc, and the leucine-responsive regulatory protein gene lrp, a regulator of swarming differentiation, were reduced in ic24 mutant sw ...	1998	9695928
encrustation of indwelling urethral catheters by proteus mirabilis biofilms growing in human urine.	the encrustation and blockage of four types of urinary catheters was studied in a simple laboratory model of the catheterized bladder. pooled human urine was supplied to the bladder chamber at 0.5 ml/min. the bladder urine was inoculated with a clinical strain of proteus mirabilis that had been isolated from an encrusted catheter. the models were operated until the catheters blocked and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to assess the amounts of calcium and magnesium deposited on the cathet ...	1998	9699143
effects of prophylactic antibiotics on endometrial flora in women with postcesarean endometritis.	to determine the effect of prophylactic antibiotics on endometrial and endocervical microflora upon diagnosis of postcesarean endometritis.	1998	9699764
which bacteria are found in belgian women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections in primary health care, and what is their susceptibility pattern anno 95-96?	dysuria is a frequent reason for encounter in general practice and also gynaecologists and urologists will be frequently confronted with it. in female patients 1/2 to 2/3 of dysuric episodes are due to urinary tract infections. in nearly all cases therapy is started before the results of a culture is available. therefore it is very important to know which bacteria are most prevalent in the treated population, and what their susceptibility pattern is . because most available information is based ...	1998	9701853
characterization of a monoclonal antibody and a cdna for polyubiquitin of amoeba proteus.	a monoclonal antibody was obtained that reacts with many different proteins (14-200 kda) of amoeba proteus. by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy we found the antigens to be dispersed throughout the cytoplasm but were more concentrated in the nucleus. the antibody cross-reacted with proteins of tetrahymena, xenopus embryo, and mouse macrophages. using the antibody as a probe we cloned a cdna of 1.2 kb coding for ubiquitin in five repeats. amino acid sequences of ameba's polyubiquitin showed ...	1998	9703679
lyme borreliosis.	lyme borreliosis (lyme disease) is often said to be associated with "protean" manifestations, a reference to the ancient god proteus, who could assume many forms and thus elude his pursuers. this legendary quality has clouded our understanding of lyme borreliosis by giving borrelia burgdorferi infection a mythical aura of its own. this review shows that this illness, while incompletely understood, is far more palpable than proteus and is (in most cases) much more readily subdued. the clinical pr ...	1998	9716075
evidence that aminoguanidine inhibits endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation.	the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) in endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation was investigated by using its specific blocker aminoguanidine in 46 albino mice (25-35 g) allocated into four groups.	1998	9718006
utilization of proteinase k-treated cells as lipopolysaccharide antigens for the serodiagnosis of helicobacter pylori infections.	we have evaluated the use of proteinase k (pk)-treated cells isolated from helicobacter pylori as lipopolysaccharide (lps) antigens in an immunoblot assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serodiagnosis of h. pylori infection. the sera from patients with chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer or gastric cancer, and from healthy adults with or without h. pylori infection were assayed with three commercial serodiagnostic kits (hm-cap, helico-g, and g.a.p. ii) and n ...	1998	9719104
asymmetric reduction of racemic sulfoxides by dimethyl sulfoxide reductases from rhodobacter capsulatus, escherichia coli and proteus species.	the enantioselective reduction of racemic sulfoxides by dimethyl sulfoxide reductases from rhodobacter capsulatus, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris was investigated. purified dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from rhodobacter capsulatus catalysed the selective removal of (s)-methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide from a racemic mixture of methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide and resulted in an 88% recovery of enantiomerically pure (r)-methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide. rhodobacter capsulatus was shown to be abl ...	1998	9720047
a new bacteriophage typing scheme for proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris strains. 3. analysis of lytic properties.	the lytic properties of 21 bacteriophages constituting a new typing set for proteus were examined in 507 proteus mirabilis and 29 p. vulgaris strains isolated from patients and healthy subjects. comparison of their morphological, serological, genetic and lytic properties showed that, in the myoviridae and podoviridae families, some phages were so closely related that the presence of all of them in the set was redundant. analysis of the lytic properties revealed that some of the bacteriophages we ...	1998	9721605
a rapid method for determination of in vitro susceptibility to antibiotics with a bulk acoustic wave bacterial growth biosensor.	a novel bulk acoustic wave (baw) bacterial growth biosensor was developed to study in vitro susceptibility by continuous monitoring of disturbances of bacterial growth at low antibiotic concentrations, followed by the accurate and rapid estimation of growth kinetic parameters and minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics). the susceptibilities of bacteria, e.g. escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, proteus vulgaris, pr. morganii and pr. mirabilis, to various antibiotics, e.g. penicillin, strept ...	1998	9722998
novel genes that upregulate the proteus mirabilis flhdc master operon controlling flagellar biogenesis and swarming.	by screening for restoration of multicellular migration in a non-swarming but motile proteus mirabilis mutant lacking the fign facilitator of flagella assembly, we identified four distinct genes that, in trans and multicopy, increased flagella production and cell length. each of the genes upregulated expression of the flhdc master operon that controls flagellar biogenesis, cell division and swarming, not only in the mutant but also in the wild type. the genes were named umoa, umob, umoc and umod ...	1998	9723914
transfer of resistance to oxy-imino-cephalosporins and of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase productions in klebsiella pneumoniae strains from infected neonates.	in this communication, we describe the occurrence of strains of klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to cephalosporins of all generations and to aztreonam due to their production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls), in two hospitals in slovakia. they were found to transfer the genetic determinants of resistance of cefotaxime, ceftazidime and aztreonam and of esbl production to suitable recipient strains of escherichia coli k-12 no. 3110 and proteus mirabilis p-38. six donor k. pneumoniae str ...	1998	9728407
pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in houbara bustard (chlamydotis undulata macqueenii).	the in-vitro activity of enrofloxacin against 117 strains of bacteria isolated from bustards was determined. minimum inhibitory concentrations for 72% of the proteus spp., e. coli, salmonella spp. and klebsiella spp. (n = 61) and for 48% of the streptococci spp. and staphylococci spp. (n = 31) were < or = 0.5 microg/ml. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of 76% of pseudomonas spp. (n = 25) was < or = 2 microg/ml. fourteen strains were resistant to concentrations > or = 128 microg/ml. the ...	1998	9731951
bacterial isolates from california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central california coast, 1994-1995.	in 2 yr of bacteriologic culturing of 297 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 154 harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and 89 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded alive along the california coast, the most frequent isolates from inflammatory lesions in live animals were escherichia coli, streptococcus viridans, listeria ivanovii, beta-hemolytic streptococcus spp., and enterococcus spp. this is the first report of l. ivanovii isolation from a marine mammal. the common i ...	1998	9732032
the serratia marcescens hemolysin is secreted but not activated by stable protoplast-type l-forms of proteus mirabilis.	the outer-membrane protein shlb of serratia marcescens activates and secretes hemolytic shla into the culture medium. without shlb, inactive shla (termed shla) remains in the periplasm. since proteus mirabilis l-form cells lack an outer membrane and a periplasm, it was of interest to determine in which compartment recombinant shla and shlb are localized and whether shlb activates shla*. the cloned shlb and shla genes were transcribed in p. mirabilis stable l-form cells by the temperature-induc ...	1998	9732437
activities of ll-37, a cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptide of human neutrophils.	human neutrophils contain two structurally distinct types of antimicrobial peptides, beta-sheet defensins (hnp-1 to hnp-4) and the alpha-helical peptide ll-37. we used radial diffusion assays and an improved national committee for clinical laboratory standards-type broth microdilution assay to compare the antimicrobial properties of ll-37, hnp-1, and protegrin (pg-1). although generally less potent than pg-1, ll-37 showed considerable activity (mic, <10 microgram/ml) against pseudomonas aerugino ...	1998	9736536
clinical trial of ototopical ofloxacin for treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media.	a multicenter, open-label prospective trial was performed to determine the clinical and microbiologic efficacy of ofloxacin (oflx) otic solution in the treatment of subjects > or =12 years with chronic suppurative otitis media (csom) and a chronically perforated tympanic membrane in the infected ear(s). a total of 207 patients at 27 centers in the united states and central america received oflx 0.5 ml instilled ototopically twice daily for 14 consecutive days. the primary clinical end point was ...	1998	9737834
phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of salvia splendens sello.	the phytochemical investigation of antimicrobial agents from locally occurring salvia splendens sello, was carried out. three common solvents i.e. petroleum ether (40-60%), chloroform and methanol were successively used for the extraction of antimicrobial principles from its various parts. three major compounds (namely c1, c2, and c3) were isolated and purified from the active methanol extract of roots by column and thin layer chromatography. gram-positive bacteria (bacillus pumilus, b. subtilis ...	1998	16414814
resistance pattern of clinical isolates from cases of chronic ear infection ii.	during present study hundred clinical isolates from cases of ear infection were tested from local population for resistance pattern, using eleven different antibiotics. a considerable percentage of isolates causing ear infection was resistant to number of antimicrobial drugs. the percentages of organisms isolated from ear infection are pseudomonas aeruginosa (50%), proteus species (16%), staphylococcus aureus (15%), klebsiella species (13%) and escherichia coli (6%).	1998	16414816
structure-activity relationships for some diamine, triamine and schiff base derivatives and their copper(ii) complexes.	ethylenediamine (en), putrescine (pu), diethylenetriamine (dien), dipropylenetriamine (dpta), spermidine (spmd) and their cu(ii) compounds as well as the schiff bases with 2-furaldehyde (dienoo), 2- thiophenecarboxaldehyde (dienss) and pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (diennn) of dien and that of dpta with 2- thiophenecarboxaldehyde (dptass), were prepared and characterised. they were tested against bacillus substilis, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris and xantho ...	1998	18475868
developmental intestinal aerobic microflora in the kori bustard (ardeotis kori).	a study was carried out to investigate the normal aerobic bacterial flora of developing kori bustard (ardeotis kori) chicks, captive bred at the national avian research center, abu dhabi, united arab emirates. faecal samples were collected from 14 birds at different ages from the first day of hatching until 99 days old and were cultured for aerobic bacteria. several bacterial species were isolated from the cultures, they included escherichia coli, streptococcus viridians, enterococcus faecalis, ...	1998	18484014
structural and biological behaviour of co(ii), cu(ii) and ni(ii) metal complexes of some amino acid derived schiff-bases.	biologically active tridentate amino acid (alanine, glycine & tyrosine) derived schiff-bases and their co(ii), cu(ii) & ni(ii) complexes have been synthesised and characterised on the basis of their conductance and magnetic measurements, elemental analysis and (13)c-nmr, (1)h-nmr, ir and electronic spectral data. these schiff-bases and their complexes have been evaluated for their antibacterial activity against bacterial species such as staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumon ...	1997	18475798
synthesis, characterization and role of anions (nitrate, sulphate, oxalate and acetate) \in the biological activity of hydrazine derived compounds and their metal chelates.	hydrazine derived compounds and its co(ii), cu(ii) and ni(ii) chelates having the same metal ion but different anions (e.g., nitrate, sulphate, oxalate and acetate) have been synthesised and characterised by their physical, spectral and analytical data. in order to evaluate the participating role of anions in the antibacterial activity, these synthesised ligands and its metal chelates have been screened against bacterial species such as staphylococcus aureous, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella ...	1997	18475813
susceptibility of pseudomonas aeruginosa to a photodynamic effect of the arginine hematoporphyrin derivative.	the photodynamic effect of the arginine hematoporphyrin derivative (hpd-arg(2)) on the growth of selected pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates is described as compared to the effect of hematoporphyrin derivative (hpd). growth inhibition of hpd-arg(2) of three gram-positive strains (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis and micrococcus luteus) and five laboratory strains of gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris, p. aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae and enterobacter clo ...	1997	18611781
antimicrobial activity and durability of a novel antimicrobial-impregnated bladder catheter.	the main objective of this study was to examine the antimicrobial activity and durability of a novel indwelling bladder catheter impregnated with minocycline and rifampin. thirty antimicrobial-impregnated bladder catheters were inserted transurethrally in spinal cord-injured patients and removed, in six groups of five catheters each, at 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 or 21 days. removed catheters had detectable zones of inhibition against two different clinical isolates of each of the 10 tested uropathogens ( ...	1997	18611809
[encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis].	encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ecl) involving the scalp and cerebellum was observed without asymptomatic expression.	1997	9740851
proteus syndrome and distal arthrogryposis.		1997	9457508
[the results of experimental and clinical studies of a multicomponent vaccine made of the antigens from opportunistic microorganisms].		1997	9460881
[neurophysiological aspects of proteus syndrome].	the proteus syndrome was defined in 1983 by wiedeman. however, the first case mentioned in the literature was that of joseph merrick, the elephant man, presented by sir frederick treves in 1884. it is a rare pathological condition. its multiple clinical features include; partial gigantism of hands and/or feet, pigmented nevi, hemihypertrophy of the body, tumors, skeletal anomalies, growth disorders and visceral anomalies. hereditary transmission has not been clearly defined. diagnosis and treatm ...	1997	9462983
studies on antimicrobial effect of the antihistaminic phenothiazine trimeprazine tartrate.	the antibacterial and bactericidal activities of the antihistamine trimeprazine were studied against 243 strains of bacteria which included both gram positive and gram negative types. the susceptibility of these bacterial strains to trimeprazine was assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) which was found to be between 10 and 100 micrograms/ml. nineteen strains of staphylococcus spp. and salmonella spp. were trimeprazine. most of the strains belonging to bacillus spp. ...	1997	9468728
etest evaluation of enterobacteriaceae with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.		1997	9145832
antibacterial activity of bms-180680, a new catechol-containing monobactam.	the in vitro activities of a new catechol-containing monobactam, bms-180680 (sq 84,100), were compared to those of aztreonam, ceftazidime, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. bms-180680 was often the most active compound against many species of the family enterobacteriaceae, with mics at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (mic90s) of < or = 0.5 microg/ml for escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., citrobacter diversus, enterobacter aero ...	1997	9145861
[urinary tract infections: risk factors and therapeutic trends].	urinary tract infections (utis) are very common in medical practice. women have a high prevalence of utis, approximately 50 times higher than men. a large proportion of this prevalence is probably caused by anatomic and physical factors chemical analysis of urine composition, examination of the urinary sediment and the bacterial colony counts are of great value for diagnosis and therapy. the patients may be benefit from antibiotic doses. in addition to trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (tmp/smz), amo ...	1997	9148368
the ability of a proteus mirabilis strain to invade the bloodstream is independent of its proticine production/proticine sensitivity type.	proteus mirabilis strains frequently infect the upper urinary tract and some progress to invade the bloodstream. in an attempt to determine if these were features only of particular strains of p. mirabilis, isolates from the blood of 38 unrelated patients, many of whom had an underlying urinary tract infection, and eight from different sources and sites within the upper urinary tract, were analysed by proticine production/proticine sensitivity (p/s) typing. twenty-six different p/s types were fo ...	1997	9152037
[maggot therapy for gangrene and osteomyelitis].	5 patients with diabetic-foot were treated by maggot therapy. the most serious case was in a 75-year-old man who had gangrene and osteomyelitis of the right foot. proteus mirabilis, enterococcus sp., providencia stuartii and staphylococcus spec. (coagulase positive) were isolated from lesions which did not respond to antibiotic therapy. the patient had twice refused amputation but agreed to maggot therapy. larvae of the sheep blowfly phoenicia (lucilia) sericata were used for twice-weekly treatm ...	1997	9153871
spontaneous drainage of an infratentorial extradural empyema: case report.	we describe a 21-year-old male who presented with spontaneous drainage of an infratentorial extradural empyema secondary to mastoiditis. following eradication of the primary source, the patient was commenced on high dose intravenous antibiotics. serial computed tomography (ct) revealed complete resolution of the pus collection. antibiotic therapy was successful and no neurosurgical intervention was necessary.	1997	9156024
pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin in chickens after a single intravenous dose and tissue levels following chronic oral administration.	this paper describes the pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin following a single i.v. bolus dose (10 mg/kg of body weight) in broiler chickens. serial blood samples were collected up to 5 h post-administration. fosfomycin serum concentrations were determined by a microbiological method, using proteus mirabilis as the test microorganism. the serum concentration versus time curves after i.v. administration followed a biexponential decline. the main pharmacokinetic variables were t1/2 lambda l = 23 min, ...	1997	9428152
identification of a common structural motif in the disordered n-terminal region of bacterial flagellins--evidence for a new class of fibril-forming peptides.	flagellin proteins lacking the n- or c-terminus form polymers of reduced filament stability and straight morphology, in contrast to the coiled native flagella. in the present study, the n-terminal amino acid sequence of flagellins of the anaerobic beer spoilage bacteria pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and pectinatus frisingiensis as well as enterobacter aerogenes and pseudomonas sp. were determined. sequence similarity was revealed between these and the n-termini of all known eubacterial flagellins. ...	1997	9431986
antibacterial activity of extracts and constituents of pelargonium sidoides and pelargonium reniforme.	the antibacterial activity of extracts and isolated constituents (scopoletin, umckalin, 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin, 6,8-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, (+)-catechin, gallic acid and its methyl ester) of pelargonium sidoides and pelargonium reniforme (geraniaceae), plant species used in folk medicine by the southern african native population, was evaluated against 8 microorganisms, including 3 gram-positive (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-hemolytic streptococcus 1451) an ...	1997	9434601