Publications

does the tonsillar surface flora differ in children with and without tonsillar disease?	to investigate whether the tonsillar flora differ in children with and without adenotonsillar disease.	2003	14575405
comparison of bsac agar dilution and nccls broth microdilution mic methods for in vitro susceptibility testing of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis: the bsac respiratory resistance surveillance programme.	the aim of this study was to establish the degree of comparability between the nccls broth microdilution and bsac agar dilution mic methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.	2003	14585864
antimicrobial susceptibility of lower respiratory tract pathogens in great britain and ireland 1999-2001 related to demographic and geographical factors: the bsac respiratory resistance surveillance programme.	the aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory pathogens in great britain and ireland, and investigate its relationship with demographic and geographical factors using multiple logistic regression analysis.	2003	14585865
contemporary evaluation of the in vitro activity and spectrum of cefdinir compared with other orally administered antimicrobials tested against common respiratory tract pathogens (2000-2002).	cefdinir is an oral cephalosporin approved by the food and drug administration in 1997 for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis-tonsillitis, community-acquired pneumonia, acute maxillary sinusitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in adults and adolescents, and acute otitis media, pharyngitis-tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in children. although cefdinir showed similar activity to other cephalosporins in the ...	2003	14596971
in vitro activity of telithromycin compared with macrolides and fluoroquinolones against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	the in vitro activity of telithromycin was compared with erythromycin a, azithromycin, clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, penicillin g, ampicillin, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone against 336 consecutive strains (83 streptococcus pneumoniae, 168 haemophilus influenzae and 85 moraxella catarrhalis) isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections. telithromycin (mic(90), 0.008 mg/l) was the most active drug against s. pneumoniae. telithr ...	2003	14602368
correlation between susceptibility and bro type enzyme of moraxella catarrhalis strains.	clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis (76 isolates) were screened for beta-lactamase production and antibiotic susceptibility. beta-lactamases (detected in 90.8% of isolates) were typed using isoelectric focusing to bro-1 (87%) and bro-2 (13%). minor variations in electrofocusing patterns between the two types were seen. isolates expressing bro type enzymes showed solid resistance to penicillin, ampicillin and cephalothin, in particular bro-1 producers. bro-1 isolates were less susceptible ...	2003	14602374
presumed endocarditis caused by bro beta-lactamase-producing moraxella lacunata in an infant with fallot's tetrad.	a case of presumed endocarditis caused by moraxella lacunata in a 15-month-old male infant with fallot's tetrad is described. this infection may have occurred as the result of transmission of this organism between the father and his son. this is the first report of bro beta-lactamase-producing m. lacunata causing presumed endocarditis.	2003	14605192
is hydrogen peroxide responsible for the inhibitory activity of alpha-haemolytic streptococci sampled from the nasopharynx?	objective: the inhibitory effect of alpha-haemolytic streptococci (ahs) in vitro on the three commonest otitis media pathogens, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, was previously investigated. the aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of this inhibitory activity. material and methods/results: when fractions of ahs filtrate were assayed to determine their inhibitory activity after size-exclusion chromatography, the inhibitory activity was found i ...	2003	12953772
comparison of a new quantitative ompa-based real-time pcr taqman assay for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae dna in respiratory specimens with four conventional pcr assays.	chlamydia pneumoniae, an important respiratory pathogen, is difficult to culture, and detection rates by conventional pcrs vary considerably. a new quantitative ompa-based real-time pcr assay based on taqman technology for detection of c. pneumoniae in respiratory samples is described, and its performance in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility is compared with those of four published conventional pcrs (one single-step pcr targeting a cloned psti fragment; two nested pcrs, one targeting the ...	2003	12574252
inactivation of the moraxella catarrhalis 7169 ferric uptake regulator increases susceptibility to the bactericidal activity of normal human sera.	moraxella catarrhalis is a strict human pathogen and a significant cause of respiratory disease and otitis media. in direct response to these infections, research efforts have focused primarily on the identification of potential vaccine targets. the general biology of m. catarrhalis, however, including the mechanisms utilized to survive in the human host, remains poorly understood. previous work has demonstrated that m. catarrhalis expresses iron-repressible proteins, suggesting the presence of ...	2003	12654799
semiquantitative detection by real-time pcr of aspergillus fumigatus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and tissue biopsy specimens from patients with invasive aspergillosis.	a real-time pcr method was developed and used to detect aspergillus fumigatus mitochondrial dna (mtdna) in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids and tissue biopsy specimens. the analytical sensitivity of the assay was one a. fumigatus conidium per reaction, and the assay was linear at least over 4 orders of magnitude above the detection limit. bal fluids from 66 immunocompromised patients at risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) and 33 immunocompetent controls and tissue biopsy specimens ...	2003	12958261
comparison and evaluation of real-time pcr, real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, conventional pcr, and serology for diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae.	mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and lower-respiratory-tract infections. diagnosis has traditionally been obtained by serological diagnosis, but increasingly, molecular techniques have been applied. however, the number of studies actually comparing these assays is limited. the development of a novel duplex real-time pcr assay for detection of m. pneumoniae in the presence of an internal control real-time pcr is described. in addition, real-time nucleic acid ...	2003	12958270
detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification.	real-time isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (rt-nasba) was applied to the detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae. in vitro-generated m. pneumoniae rna was used to assess the sensitivity of the assay. the 95% hit rate was 148 molecules of m. pneumoniae rna in the amplification and 10(4) molecules of in vitro-generated rna after nucleic acid extraction. the sensitivity of the rt-nasba and the conventional nasba assays corresponded to 5 color-changing units (ccu) of m. pneumoniae. in ...	2003	12958290
nasopharyngeal reservoir of bacterial otitis media and sinusitis pathogens in adults during wellness and viral respiratory illness.	the carriage rate of pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx (np) was determined using three separate techniques for obtaining samples.	2003	12962190
susceptibility trends of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis against orally administered antimicrobial agents: five-year report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program.	the assessment of orally administered antimicrobial susceptibilities of common pathogens that cause community-acquired respiratory tract infections (carti) has become exceedingly important due to the number of office visits for this indication. numerous local, regional and global studies have documented the susceptibilities of haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis, the most common carti pathogens. sentry antimicrobial surveillance program sites in north and ...	2003	12967753
contemporary re-evaluation of the activity and spectrum of grepafloxacin tested against isolates in the united states.	grepafloxacin potency and spectrum of activity were re-evaluated against contemporary pathogens collected from clinical infections in 2001-2002. a total of 995 isolates were tested for grepafloxacin by the reference agar dilution method and these results were compared to those of 25 other antimicrobial agents. grepafloxacin activity remained comparable to that of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and enterobacter cloacae (mic(90), 0.03-2 ...	2003	12967754
comparison of moraxella catarrhalis isolates from children and adults for growth on modified new york city medium and potential virulence factors.	initial studies found that moraxella catarrhalis isolates from adults that grew on modified new york city medium (mnyc(+)) that contained antibiotics selective for pathogenic neisseriae differed from strains that did not grow on this medium (mnyc(-)) in their potential virulence properties. it was predicted that higher usage of antibiotics to treat respiratory illness in children might result in higher proportions of mnyc(+) isolates if antibiotics were an important selective pressure for this p ...	2003	12972578
peptide-peptide interactions between human transferrin and transferrin-binding protein b from moraxella catarrhalis.	transferrin-binding protein b (tbpb) is one component of a bipartite receptor in several gram-negative bacterial species that binds host transferrin and mediates the uptake of iron for growth. transferrin and tbpb are both bilobed proteins, and the interaction between these proteins seems to involve similar lobe-lobe interactions. synthetic overlapping peptide libraries representing the n lobe of tbpb from moraxella catarrhalis were prepared and probed with labeled human transferrin. transferrin ...	2003	12670985
high-dose azithromycin versus high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treatment of children with recurrent or persistent acute otitis media.	infants and young children, especially those in day care, are at risk for recurrent or persistent acute otitis media (aom). there are no data on oral alternatives to high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treating aom in these high-risk patients. in this double-blind, double-dummy multicenter clinical trial, we compared a novel, high-dose azithromycin regimen with high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treatment of children with recurrent or persistent aom. three hundred four children were randomi ...	2003	14506028
in vitro antibacterial potency and spectrum of abt-492, a new fluoroquinolone.	abt-492 demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against most quinolone-susceptible pathogens. the rank order of potency was abt-492 > trovafloxacin > levofloxacin > ciprofloxacin against quinolone-susceptible staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. abt-492 had activity comparable to those of trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against seven species of quinolone-susceptible members of the family enterobacteriaceae, although it was less active than the comparators against citro ...	2003	14506039
activities of a new oral streptogramin, xrp 2868, compared to those of other agents against streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus species.	mic methodology was used to test the antibacterial activity of xrp 2868, a new oral combination of two semisynthetic streptogramins, rpr 132552a and rpr 202868, compared to activities of other antibacterial agents against pneumococci, haemophilus influenzae, and haemophilus parainfluenzae. for 261 pneumococci, xrp 2868 and pristinamycin mics were similar, irrespective of penicillin g and erythromycin a susceptibilities (mic at which 50% of isolates were inhibited [mic(50)], 0.25 micro g/ml; mic( ...	2003	14506040
the use and resistance to antibiotics in the community.	the frequency of resistance to antibiotics among common community-acquired pathogens, and the number of drugs to which they are resistant have been increasing worldwide. the relationship between antibiotic usage and resistance is strongly supported by data from several studies. countries with the highest per capita antibiotic consumption have the highest resistance. the emergence of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae is related to high consumption of antibiotics in general, as well as ...	2003	12672574
vaccines for moraxella catarrhalis and non-typeable haemophilus influenzae.	the development of vaccines against non-typeable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis represents a difficult challenge. both bacteria are mucosal surface pathogens and protection may require a mucosal immune response. in addition, the surface antigens of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae are hypervariable and animal models of infection with these bacteria may not be predictive of human efficacy. vaccine development has focused on conserved surface exposed antigens, including integr ...	2003	14508879
comparative activity of garenoxacin and other agents by susceptibility and time-kill testing against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes and respiratory pathogens.	garenoxacin is a novel des-f(6)quinolone that has shown excellent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of clinically important microorganisms. in this study, its activity was examined, in comparison with that of other antimicrobial agents, by susceptibility and time-kill testing against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes and respiratory pathogens.	2003	14519672
nasopharyngeal flora and drug susceptibility in children with macrolide therapy.	low-dose, long-term administration of macrolides (macrolide therapy) has been used as an effective treatment for chronic respiratory tract diseases. the authors reported on the nasopharyngeal flora in children treated with macrolide therapy.	2003	14520106
amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium extended release tablets: a new antimicrobial for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis and community-acquired pneumonia.	community-acquired bacterial respiratory tract infections are among the most common health disorders requiring medical care and are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and direct and indirect costs. recent increases in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance have resulted in reduced susceptibility of the most common respiratory tract bacterial pathogens to a number of antimicrobials. amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium extended release (er) tablets (augmentin xr, glaxosmithkline) ...	2003	14521493
[comparative in vitro activity of garenoxacin (bms-284756). sentry program, spain (1999-2000)].	to evaluate the in vitro activity of the new des-fluoro quinolone, garenoxacin (bms-284756), compared to activities of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gatifloxacin in clinical isolates recovered over 1999 and 2000 within the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program.	2003	14525705
detection of a point mutation associated with high-level isoniazid resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis by using real-time pcr technology with 3'-minor groove binder-dna probes.	tuberculosis remains one of the leading infectious causes of death worldwide. the emergence of drug-resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis is a serious public health threat. resistance to isoniazid (inh) is the most prevalent form of resistance in m. tuberculosis and is mainly caused by mutations in the catalase peroxidase gene (katg). among high-level inh-resistant isolates (mic > or = 2), 89% are associated with a mutation at codon 315 of katg. there is a need to develop rapid diagnos ...	2003	14532194
real-time pcr assay targets the 23s-5s spacer for direct detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila.	a real-time pcr for the abi prism 7000 system targeting the 23s-5s spacer of legionella spp. was developed. simultaneous detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila within 90 min and without post-pcr melting-curve analysis was achieved using two taqman probes. in sputum samples from 23 controls and 17 patients with legionellosis, defined by positive culture, urinary antigen testing, or seroconversion, 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity were observed.	2003	14532229
diversity in coding tandem repeats in related neisseria spp.	tandem repeats contained within coding regions can mediate phase variation when the repeated units change the reading frame of the coding sequence in a copy number dependent manner. coding tandem repeats are those which do not alter the reading frame with copy number, and the changes in copy number of these repeats may then potentially alter the function or antigenicity of the protein encoded. three complete neisserial genomes were analyzed and compared to identify coding tandem repeats where th ...	2003	14611665
bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of oral gatifloxacin for the treatment of recurrent/nonresponsive acute otitis media: an open label, noncomparative, double tympanocentesis study.	gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone with good activity against respiratory pathogens.	2003	14614364
open label, multicenter study of gatifloxacin treatment of recurrent otitis media and acute otitis media treatment failure.	recurrent otitis media and treatment failures of acute infections are refractory to therapy. newer fluoroquinolones have excellent activity against respiratory pathogens, but their use in children has been limited because of concerns about adverse effects.	2003	14614365
a mouse model for acute otitis media.	to induce acute otitis media in the mouse and to describe the clinical and bacteriological course of the infection, middle ears of balb/c, swiss-webster and c57bl/6 mice were inoculated with streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. systemic and local changes were monitored by clinical observations, otomicroscopy, and analysis of bacterial samples from blood and middle ears. agglutination of mouse erythrocytes by m. catarrhalis was also tested. depending on bact ...	2003	14616553
antimicrobial activity of lb10827, a new orally administered cephalosporin, tested against haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae.	a new orally administered cephalosporin, lb10827, was compared to 16 other antimicrobial agents tested against streptococcus pneumoniae (520 strains), haemophilus influenzae (302 strains) and moraxella catarrhalis (188 strains) by reference broth microdilution methods. lb10827 (mic90, 0.12 mg/l; highest mic, 0.5 mg/l) was 8-16-fold more potent than cefdinir, cefpodoxime or cefuroxime when tested against s. pneumoniae. all gram-negative strains were inhibited at </= 0.5 mg/l lb10827, which is an ...	2003	14616716
evaluation of a new cellulose sponge-tipped swab for microbiological sampling: a laboratory and clinical investigation.	a new type of swab (cellswab; cellomeda, turku, finland), utilizing a highly absorbent cellulose viscose sponge material, was compared to some traditional swabs. the survival of 14 aerobic and 10 anaerobic and microaerophilic bacterial species in the cellswab, two commercial swab transport systems (copan, brescia, italy, and orion diagnostica, espoo, finland), and one dacron swab (technical service consultants ltd. [tsc], heywood, united kingdom) was evaluated. bacteria were suspended in broth, ...	2003	12734223
new antibacterial tetrahydro-4(2h)-thiopyran and thiomorpholine s-oxide and s,s-dioxide phenyloxazolidinones.	combinatorial libraries of n-acylated 5-(s)-aminomethyloxazolidinone derivatives of s-oxide and s,s-dioxide tetrahydro-4(2h)-thiopyranyl and thiomorpholine phenyloxazolidinone series have been synthesized on a solid phase and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. several novel potent leads have been identified, including orally active oxazolidinones with enhanced activity against respiratory tract infection pathogens haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	2003	14623003
acute otitis media in pediatric medicine: current issues in epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.	acute otitis media (aom) is not only the most common bacterial infection in children in the united states, it is also the most common indication for the prescription of antibiotics. unfortunately, antibiotic resistance to pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis) typically causative of aom, continues to increase. more than 30% of the beta-lactamase producing h. influenzae are resistant to amoxicillin and virtually all strains of m. catarrhalis are be ...	2003	14632101
acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in pediatric medicine: current issues in diagnosis and management.	in children, acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is a common infection and although rare, carries a potential for serious, life threatening complications. bacterial rhinosinusitis usually follows a viral infection or allergic rhinitis. early, effective antibacterial therapy is essential to shorten the duration of infection and illness, to diminish mucosal damage, and to prevent contiguous infectious involvement of the orbit or central nervous system. because the signs and symptoms of acute bacterial ...	2003	14632103
nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (nalt): frequency and localization in young children.	in mucosal immunology nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (nalt) is taken as a constitutive structure of the nasal immune system and as a target tissue in strategies of local defence and an induction site for vaccination. these concepts are based on findings in rodents, but it has not been investigated systematically whether nalt also is present in humans and if so in which amount and localization. in a postmortem study the presence of nalt in humans is documented as a morphologically distinct stru ...	2003	14632758
total genome polymorphism and low frequency of intra-genomic variation in the uspa1 and uspa2 genes of moraxella catarrhalis in otitis prone and non-prone children up to 2 years of age. consequences for vaccine design?	intra-genomic variation in the uspa1 and uspa2 genes of moraxella catarrhalis was studied using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis. from a set of 91 m. catarrhalis isolates, 19 pairs of pfge identical isolates were found. five pairs originated from otitis non-prone children, 11 pairs from otitis prone children and for 3 pairs, one of the pair originated from an otitis prone and the other from an otiti ...	2003	12559789
novel antibacterial class.	we report the discovery and characterization of a novel ribosome inhibitor (nri) class that exhibits selective and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. compounds in this class inhibit growth of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including the common respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, and moraxella catarrhalis, and are nontoxic to human cell lines. the first nri was discovered in a high-throughput screen designed to identif ...	2003	14638491
comparative in vitro susceptibilities and bactericidal activities of investigational fluoroquinolone abt-492 and other antimicrobial agents against human mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas.	we determined in vitro susceptibilities for abt-492 and other antimicrobials against mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma species. abt-492 mics were < or =1 microg/ml, and the agent was bactericidal against selected isolates of m. pneumoniae and m. hominis. abt-492 has potential for treatment of infections due to these microorganisms.	2003	14638513
salivary antibodies directed against outer membrane proteins of moraxella catarrhalis in healthy adults.	moraxella catarrhalis is a major mucosal pathogen of the human respiratory tract, but the mucosal immune response directed against surface components of this organism has not been characterized in detail. the aim of this study was to investigate the salivary immunoglobulin a (iga) response toward outer membrane proteins (omp) of m. catarrhalis in healthy adults, the group of individuals least likely to be colonized and thus most likely to display mucosal immunity. unstimulated saliva samples col ...	2003	14638765
human antibodies specific for the high-molecular-weight adhesion proteins of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae mediate opsonophagocytic activity.	the hmw1- and hmw2-like adhesion proteins of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae are expressed by 75% of these strains, and antibodies directed against these proteins are protective in animal models of infection. the purpose of the present study was to define the functional activity of human antibodies specific for these proteins in an in vitro complement-dependent opsonophagocytic assay. human promyelocytic cell line hl-60 served as the source of phagocytic cells, and a commercial preparation of ...	2003	14638776
[bacteria and resistance to antibiotics in acute otitis media in paediatrics, depending on the geographical origin].	epidemiology of the bacteria responsible: acute otitis media (aom) is the most common bacterial infection in childhood below the age of 5 years. bacteria may be isolated from middle ear fluid in about two-thirds of patients. the prevalence of bacteria varies from one country to the next. the most common pathogens recovered are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae (20-50%) and less frequently moraxella catarrhalis (10%). however, several recent reports suggest an increasing rate of is ...	2003	14663392
comparative spectrum and activity of nvp-pdf386 (vrc4887), a new peptide deformylase inhibitor.	the antibacterial activity of nvp-pdf386 (vrc4887), a novel peptide deformylase (pdf) inhibitor, was tested against over 1000 recent clinical isolates collected during 2001 and 2002. the mic(50/90) (mg/l) results for nvp-pdf386 (vrc4887) were: staphylococcus aureus (sa) 0.5/1, coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) 0.5/1, streptococcus pneumoniae 0.25/0.5, other streptococci 0.25/0.5, enterococci 1/2, moraxella catarrhalis 0.25/0.25, haemophilus influenzae 8/32 and enterobacteriaceae or non-fer ...	2003	12493802
activities of the glycylcycline tigecycline (gar-936) against 1,924 recent european clinical bacterial isolates.	the in vitro activities of tigecycline against 1,924 clinical isolates were examined. the new glycylcycline exhibited excellent activity against all gram-positive cocci (mics at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited [mic(90)s], <or=1 microg/ml). in addition, it was also very potent against most members of the enterobacteriaceae, with most mic(90)s being <or=2 microg/ml. among the nonfermenters, acinetobacter spp. and stenotrophomonas maltophilia are included in the in vitro spectrum of ...	2003	12499224
evaluation of a pcr assay for detection of streptococcus pneumoniae in respiratory and nonrespiratory samples from adults with community-acquired pneumonia.	streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, but it is undoubtedly underdiagnosed. we used a nested pcr assay (targeting the pneumolysin gene) to detect s. pneumoniae dna in multiple sample types from 474 adults with community-acquired pneumonia and 183 control patients who did not have pneumonia. plasma or buffy coat samples were pcr positive in only 6 of the 21 patients with positive blood cultures for s. pneumoniae and in 12 other patients (4 of whom had ...	2003	12517826
comparison of lightcycler pcr, rapid antigen immunoassay, and culture for detection of group a streptococci from throat swabs.	we compared the performance characteristics of a real-time pcr method, the lightcycler strep-a assay (roche applied science, indianapolis, ind.), to those of a rapid antigen immunoassay, the directigen 1-2-3 group a strep test kit (bd diagnostic systems, sparks, md.), and a standard culture method for detection of group a streptococci (gas) from 384 throat swabs. the lightcycler pcr produced more positive results (n = 58) than either culture (n = 55) or the directigen immunoassay (n = 31). the r ...	2003	12517855
identification of haemophilus influenzae serotypes by standard slide agglutination serotyping and pcr-based capsule typing.	to resolve discrepancies in slide agglutination serotyping (sast) results from state health departments and the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), we characterized 141 of 751 invasive haemophilus influenzae isolates that were identified in the united states from january 1998 to december 1999 through an active, laboratory-based, surveillance program coordinated by the cdc. we found discrepancies between the results of sast performed at state health departments and those of pcr caps ...	2003	12517878
sequence polymorphism of the 16s rrna gene of vibrio vulnificus is a possible indicator of strain virulence.	vibrio vulnificus exhibits considerable strain-to-strain variation in virulence. attempts to associate phenotypic or genotypic characteristics with strain virulence have been largely unsuccessful. based on a 17-nucleotide difference throughout the sequence of the small subunit 16s rrna gene, there are two major groups of v. vulnificus designated types a and b. in a survey of the 16s rrna genotype in 67 v. vulnificus human clinical and nonclinical strains, we determined that the majority of noncl ...	2003	12517889
dead bugs don't mutate: susceptibility issues in the emergence of bacterial resistance.	the global emergence of antibacterial resistance among common and atypical respiratory pathogens in the last decade necessitates the strategic application of antibacterial agents. the use of bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic agents as first-line therapy is recommended because the eradication of microorganisms serves to curtail, although not avoid, the development of bacterial resistance. bactericidal activity is achieved with specific classes of antimicrobial agents as well as by combinati ...	2003	12533275
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid: a review of its use in the management of paediatric patients with acute otitis media.	amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin), augmentin es-600 is a well established, orally administered combination of amoxicillin (a semisynthetic antibacterial agent) and clavulanic acid (a beta-lactamase inhibitor). amoxicillin/clavulanic acid shows good activity against the main pathogens associated with acute otitis media (aom), including penicillin-susceptible and -intermediate strains of streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-lactamase producing strains of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella ca ...	2003	12534334
bacterial otitis media: current vaccine development strategies.	otitis media is the most common reason for children less than 5 years of age to visit a medical practitioner. whilst the disease rarely results in death, there is significant associated morbidity. the most common complication is loss of hearing at a critical stage of the development of speech, language and cognitive abilities in children. the cause and pathogenesis of otitis media is multifactorial. among the contributing factors, the single most important are viral and bacterial infections. inf ...	2003	12534945
acute mastoiditis caused by moraxella catarrhalis.	acute mastoiditis is the most frequent intratemporal complication of otitis media. the bacteriology of acute otitis media is changing continuously and it differs markedly from the bacteriology of acute mastoiditis. moraxella catarrhalis (m. catarrhalis) is the third most common bacteria found in acute otitis media, and in recent years its importance as an etiological factor of acute otitis media has markedly increased in certain geographic areas. however, there are no reports of acute mastoiditi ...	2003	12560147
etiology of acute otitis media in childhood and evaluation of two different protocols of antibiotic therapy: 10 days cefaclor vs. 3 days azitromycin.	acute otitis media (aom) is a common childhood infection that is frequently treated by antibiotics. there are no prospective and comprehensive trials evaluating childhood aom for etiologic pathogens and resistance pattern in turkey. the aims of the study were to determine the bacterial etiologies and resistance patterns, and identify the efficacy and the relapse rates of 3 days of azitromycin and 10 days of cefaclor therapy in aom.	2003	12560149
a novel polymerase chain reaction assay to detect mycoplasma genitalium.	to design and validate a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay targeting the 16s rrna gene of mycoplasma genitalium.	2003	12560459
levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in vitro activities against 4,003 clinical bacterial isolates collected in 24 italian laboratories.	levofloxacin showed comparable in vitro susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, and staphylococcus aureus, while greater susceptibility was observed in stenotrophomonas maltophilia and staphylococcus epidermidis, mainly when oxacillin resistant. the susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae to levofloxacin reached 99%.	2003	12543701
comparison of the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin for the treatment of acute, bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults.	in this multicentre, multinational, comparative, double-blind clinical trial, out-patients with both symptoms and radiographic evidence of acute sinusitis were randomly assigned to receive either a seven-day, once daily (o.d.) oral regimen of moxifloxacin (400 mg) or a 10-day o.d. oral regimen of trovafloxacin (200 mg). among 452 patients considered valid for clinical efficacy, moxifloxacin treatment was found to be statistically equivalent to trovafloxacin (96.9 per cent vs 92.1 per cent -95 pe ...	2003	12590855
position-based scanning for comparative genomics and identification of genetic islands in haemophilus influenzae type b.	bacteria exhibit extensive genetic heterogeneity within species. in many cases, these differences account for virulence properties unique to specific strains. several such loci have been discovered in the genome of the type b serotype of haemophilus influenzae, a human pathogen able to cause meningitis, pneumonia, and septicemia. here we report application of a pcr-based scanning procedure to compare the genome of a virulent type b (hib) strain with that of the laboratory-passaged rd kw20 strain ...	2003	12595420
human immune response to outer membrane protein cd of moraxella catarrhalis in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	moraxella catarrhalis is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). the antibody response to outer membrane protein (omp) cd, a highly conserved surface protein of m. catarrhalis under consideration as a vaccine antigen, was studied in adults with copd following 40 episodes of infection or colonization. following infection or colonization, 9 of 40 patients developed new serum immunoglobulin g (igg) to omp cd, as measured by en ...	2003	12595444
in vitro activity of s-3578, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.	the in vitro antibacterial activity of s-3578, a new parenteral cephalosporin, against clinical isolates was evaluated. the mics of the drug at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited were 4 micro g/ml for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and 2 micro g/ml for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis, which were fourfold higher than and equal to those of vancomycin, respectively. the anti-mrsa activity of s-3578 was considered to be due to its high affinity for penicill ...	2003	12604523
concentrations of garenoxacin in plasma, bronchial mucosa, alveolar macrophages and epithelial lining fluid following a single oral 600 mg dose in healthy adult subjects.	a microbiological assay was used to measure concentrations of garenoxacin (bms-284756) in plasma, bronchial mucosa (bm), alveolar macrophages (am) and epithelial lining fluid (elf), following a single 600 mg oral dose. twenty-four healthy subjects were allocated into four nominal time intervals after the dose, 2.5-3.5, 4.5-5.5, 10.5-11.5 and 23.5-24.5 h. mean concentrations in plasma, bm, am and elf, respectively, for the four nominal time windows were for 2.5-3.5 h 10.0 mg/l (s.d. 2.8), 7.0 mg/ ...	2003	12615879
detection and identification of bartonella species pathogenic for humans by pcr amplification targeting the riboflavin synthase gene (ribc).	several bartonella species have now been implicated as human pathogens. the recovery of these fastidious organisms in the clinical microbiology laboratory remains difficult, and current methods are still relatively insensitive. thus, the bartonellae are good candidates for detection by pcr. we have developed a pcr assay which uses a single primer pair targeting the riboflavin synthase gene (ribc) and detected six bartonella species that have been implicated in human disease, b. henselae, b. quin ...	2003	12624031
genotypes at the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear rrna operon of pneumocystis jiroveci in nonimmunosuppressed infants without severe pneumonia.	the frequency of pneumocystis jiroveci (human-derived pneumocystis) in immunocompetent infants developing acute respiratory syndromes has recently been evaluated and has been shown to be close to 25%. until now, there have been no data on the genomic characteristics of the fungus in these patients, while molecular typing of p. jiroveci organisms was mostly performed with samples from immunosuppressed patients with pneumocystosis (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [pcp]). the present report describe ...	2003	12624048
recurrent acute otitis media occurring within one month from completion of antibiotic therapy: relationship to the original pathogen.	(1) to determine the relationship between acute otitis media (aom) pathogens isolated in cases of early clinical recurrence of aom (occurring within 1 month from completion of therapy) to the original pathogens causing the initial aom episode; and (2) to determine whether shorter time intervals between completion of antibiotic therapy and clinical recurrences of aom are associated with higher rates of true bacteriologic relapse.	2003	12634580
mucosal immune response to specific outer membrane proteins of moraxella catarrhalis in young children.	moraxella catarrhalis is an important cause of otitis media. a number of candidate antigens for a future infant otitis media vaccine have been identified, but their mucosal immunogenicity induced by nasopharyngeal m. catarrhalis colonization has not been characterized. the aim of this study was to determine the salivary iga response to m. catarrhalis outer membrane proteins (omp) in young children.	2003	12634588
activity of nine oral agents against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria encountered in community-acquired infections: use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic breakpoints in the comparative assessment of beta-lactam and macrolide antimicrobial agents.	the application of pharmacokinetic (pk) and pharmacodynamic (pd) data in conjunction with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antibacterial agents has been shown to allow for improved selection and appropriate dosing of antimicrobial agents for specific infections, increasing the likelihood of bacteriologic cure and, through this, reducing the risk for the development of resistant organisms.	2003	12637118
genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated during ciprofloxacin therapy from a patient with bronchiectasis.	five spain(9v-3) streptococcus pneumoniae strains were isolated from a patient with bronchiectasis who had received long-term ciprofloxacin therapy. one ciprofloxacin-susceptible strain was isolated before treatment, and four ciprofloxacin-resistant strains were isolated during treatment. the resistant strains were derived from the susceptible strain either by a parc mutation (low-level resistance) or by parc and gyra mutations (high-level resistance). this study shows that ciprofloxacin therapy ...	2003	12654682
in vitro activity of a new antibiotic, nvp-pdf386 (vrc4887), against chlamydia pneumoniae.	the in vitro activity of nvp-pdf386 (vrc4887), a novel new peptide deformylase inhibitor, and those of levofloxacin and clarithromycin were tested against 21 isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae. the mic at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited and the minimal bactericidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates were killed by nvp-pdf386 for all isolates of c. pneumoniae were 0.008 micro g/ml (range, 0.008 to 0.015 micro g/ml) compared to 0.25 and 0.06 micro g/ml for levofloxacin and clarithro ...	2003	12654690
current status of bacterial resistance in the otolaryngology field: results from the second nationwide survey in japan.	the study reported here was a nationwide assessment of otitis media (466 patients with acute suppurative otitis media and 476 with chronic suppurative otitis media), sinusitis (447 with acute sinusitis and 426 with chronic sinusitis), acute tonsillitis (724 patients), and peritonsillar abscess (141 patients) performed between november 1998 and march 1999. eighty university hospitals, 79 affiliated hospitals, and 103 general practitioners participated. methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus( ...	2003	12673407
quantitative detection of moraxella catarrhalis in nasopharyngeal secretions by real-time pcr.	the recognition of moraxella catarrhalis as an important cause of respiratory tract infections has been protracted, mainly because it is a frequent commensal organism of the upper respiratory tract and the diagnostic sensitivity of blood or pleural fluid culture is low. given that the amount of m. catarrhalis bacteria in the upper respiratory tract may change during infection, quantification of these bacteria in nasopharyngeal secretions (npss) by real-time pcr may offer a suitable diagnostic ap ...	2003	12682118
resistance in respiratory tract pathogens and antimicrobial use in icelandic and lithuanian children.	to assess resistance rates among respiratory tract pathogens and antimicrobial usage of children in iceland and lithuania, and to correlate usage patterns with resistance rates, nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from healthy children attending day-care centres in reykjavik (n = 6) and vilnius (n = 13), and cultured for pneumococci, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. information about recent antimicrobial use was obtained by a questionnaire. 50% and 51% carried pneumococci, 59% and 6 ...	2003	12685879
middle ear pathogens in otitis-prone children.	a cohort of 191 children with recurrent otitis media and persistent middle ear effusion underwent myringotomy and tubes, at which time middle ear cultures were taken. the indications, fluid type, culture and sensitivity results, and pre- and post-procedure frequency of otitis media were evaluated. sixty-seven percent of the effusions were mucoid in nature, and 24% of cultures grew pathogens, including hemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aure ...	2003	12693271
concomitant spine infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis and pyogenic bacteria: case report.	a case report of an extremely rare condition describing lumbar spine tuberculosis associated with concurrent pyogenic infection is presented.	2003	12698133
fear of bioterrorism and implications for public health preparedness.	after the human anthrax cases and exposures in 2001, the illinois department of public health received an increasing number of environmental and human samples (1,496 environmental submissions, all negative for bacillus anthracis). these data demonstrate increased volume of submissions to a public health laboratory resulting from fear of bioterrorism.	2003	12702237
comparison of the efficacy and safety of faropenem daloxate and cefuroxime axetil for the treatment of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults.	in this multicentre, multinational, comparative, double-blind clinical trial, outpatients with both clinical signs and symptoms and radiographic evidence of acute sinusitis were randomly assigned to receive for 7 days either a twice-daily oral regimen of faropenem daloxate (300 mg) or a twice daily oral regimen of cefuroxime axetil (250 mg). among 452 patients considered valid for clinical efficacy, faropenem daloxate treatment was found to be statistically equivalent to cefuroxime axetil (89.0% ...	2003	12709801
national surveillance programme on susceptibility patterns of respiratory pathogens in south africa: moxifloxacin compared with eight other antimicrobial agents.	the susceptibility patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae, and streptococcus pyogenes isolated from specimens submitted to 12 private laboratories in south africa were determined.	2003	12719453
[moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis infection].		2003	12722241
comparative in vitro potency of amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and four oral agents against recent north american clinical isolates from a global surveillance study.	the in vitro activity of amoxycillin-clavulanic acid was compared with four comparator oral antimicrobial agents; ampicillin, azithromycin, cefuroxime and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole against 4536 recent clinical isolates covering 29 species isolated in the us and canada between 1997 and 1999. based upon minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid was the most active agent against many gram-positive species and phenotypes including methicillin susceptible staphylococc ...	2003	12727075
antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in north america in 1999-2000: findings of the protekt surveillance study.	the protekt surveillance study commenced in 1999 to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory pathogens. we report here the results from 2371 isolates collected during 2000 by north american centers (canada, n = 7; usa, n = 8). overall, 21.3% of pneumococci (n = 687) were penicillin g-resistant (canada, 10.3%; usa, 32.6%). corresponding rates of erythromycin resistance were 16.3% and 31.5%. telithromycin inhibited all penicillin- and erythromycin-resistant isolat ...	2003	12729995
comparative activity of garenoxacin (bms 284756), a novel desfluoroquinolone, tested against 8,331 isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections: north american results from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (1999-2001).	emerging resistances to orally administered antimicrobials have escalated among bacteria causing community-acquired respiratory infections (carti). the spectrum and potency of garenoxacin, (formerly bms 284756) was assessed against a collection of carti isolates from north american medical centers during a longitudinal surveillance study, the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (1999-2001). a total of 8,331 strains of hemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoni ...	2003	12729999
susceptibilities to levofloxacin in streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates from children: results from 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 trust studies in the united states.	among respiratory tract isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae from children, resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (sxt) increases on an annual basis. pediatric patients who do not respond to conventional therapy for respiratory tract infections someday may be treated with fluoroquinolones. in this study, mics of beta-lactams, azithromycin, sxt, and levofloxacin were determined and interpreted by using nccls guidelines for isolates of s. pneumoni ...	2003	12760850
antimicrobial resistance in haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis respiratory tract isolates: results of the canadian respiratory organism susceptibility study, 1997 to 2002.	a total of 7,566 unique patient isolates of haemophilus influenzae and 2,314 unique patient isolates of moraxella catarrhalis were collected between october 1997 and june 2002 from 25 medical centers in 9 of the 10 canadian provinces. among the 7,566 h. influenzae isolates, 22.5% produced beta-lactamase, while 92.4% of the 2,314 m. catarrhalis isolates produced beta-lactamase. the incidence of beta-lactamase-producing h. influenzae isolates decreased significantly over the 5-year study period, f ...	2003	12760861
in vitro activities of telithromycin and 10 oral agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.	a study of the comparative in vitro activity of telithromycin, a new ketolide, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic antral sinus puncture isolates showed it to be active against a broad range of sinus pathogens. all pneumococci, including erythromycin-resistant strains, were susceptible to telithromycin at < or = 0.5 microg/ml; all haemophilus influenzae and eikenella corrodens strains were inhibited by < or = 4 microg of telithromycin/ml; all moraxella spp. and beta-lactamase-producing prevote ...	2003	12760875
emergence of resistance in normal human aerobic commensal flora during telithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatments.	mean fecal global yeast counts increased similarly during 7 days of treatment with telithromycin (800 mg once daily) or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amoxiclav) (1 g of amoxicillin and 125 mg of clavulanic acid 3 times daily) in human volunteers and decreased slowly thereafter. on skin, coagulase-negative staphylococci of decreased susceptibility (ds) to telithromycin increased in the telithromycin group, whereas those with ds to methicillin increased in the amoxiclav group. a similar antibiotic- ...	2003	12760893
the immunoglobulin d-binding protein mid from moraxella catarrhalis is also an adhesin.	the moraxella catarrhalis immunoglobulin d (igd)-binding protein (mid) is a 200-kda outer membrane protein displaying a unique and specific affinity for human igd. mid is found in the majority of m. catarrhalis strains. in the present paper, we show that mid-expressing m. catarrhalis strains agglutinate human erythrocytes and bind to type ii alveolar epithelial cells. in contrast, m. catarrhalis isolates with low mid expression levels and two mutants deficient in mid, but with readily detectable ...	2003	12761112
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae gene expression induced in vivo in a chinchilla model of otitis media.	the gram-negative bacterium nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is the predominant pathogen in chronic otitis media with effusion and, with streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis, is a causative agent of acute otitis media. to identify potential virulence determinants, bacterial gene expression was monitored by differential fluorescence induction during early disease progression in one specific anatomical niche of a chinchilla model of nthi-induced otitis media. genomic dna fra ...	2003	12761130
s-carboxymethylcysteine inhibits the attachment of streptococcus pneumoniae to human pharyngeal epithelial cells.	streptococcus pneumoniae causes respiratory and other invasive infections. increased resistance of this bacterium to antibiotics necessitates new approaches to the treatment of infections. attachment of bacteria to human pharyngeal epithelial cells is the initial step in the pathogenesis of infection and s-carboxymethylcysteine (s-cmc) can modulate the attachment of moraxella catarrhalis and nontypable haemophilus influenzae to epithelial cells. unlike these two, s. pneumoniae is gram-positive a ...	2003	12782478
the future prospects of oxazolidinones.	the high rates of antimicrobial resistance seen among many gram-positive pathogens means that there is an ongoing need for new antibacterial drugs. currently, several pharmaceutical companies are investigating compounds belonging to a new class of anti-gram-positive agents, the oxazolidinones, one member of which, linezolid, is licensed for clinical use. interest in oxazolidinones is being stimulated by the results of recent trials demonstrating the excellent clinical efficacy of linezolid in a ...	2003	12789613
the in vitro effects of faropenem on lower respiratory tract pathogens isolated in the united kingdom.	faropenem is a new oral penem with a structure different from current beta-lactams including carbapenems. the susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis to faropenem, a macrolide, a beta-lactam, a beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination and two fluoroquinolones was investigated. s. pneumoniae was the most susceptible of the three species to faropenem. the mic(90)s of faropenem against m. catarrhalis and h. influenzae were 0.5 and 1 mg/l, ...	2003	12791474
bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of high dose amoxicillin for therapy of acute otitis media in children.	high dose (70 to 90 mg/kg/day) amoxicillin is recommended as first line therapy of acute otitis media (aom) in geographic areas where drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae is prevalent. information on the bacteriologic efficacy of high dose amoxicillin treatment for aom is limited.	2003	12792379
can acute otitis media caused by haemophilus influenzae be distinguished from that caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?	previous limited data suggest that acute otitis media (aom) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae can present as a more severe disease than that caused by haemophilus influenzae or moraxella catarrhalis, as expressed by both tympanic membrane and systemic findings.	2003	12799507
sentry antimicrobial surveillance program asia-pacific region and south africa.	the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program was initiated in january 1997 and was designed to monitor the predominant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections globally by using validated, reference-quality identification and susceptibility testing methods performed in a central laboratory. consecutive bacterial or fungal isolates, deemed clinically significant by local criteria, are forwarded to the local reference laboratory from various stu ...	2003	12807276
antibacterial resistance of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens recovered from patients in latin america: results from the protekt surveillance study (1999-2000).	protekt (prospective resistant organism tracking and epidemiology for the ketolide telithromycin) is a global surveillance study established in 1999 to monitor antibacterial resistance of respiratory tract organisms. thirteen centers from argentina, brazil and mexico participated during 1999-2000; they collected 1806 isolates (streptococcus pneumoniae 518, haemophilus influenzae 520, moraxella catarrhalis 140, staphylococcus aureus 351, s. pyogenes 277). overall, 218 (42.1%) of the s. pneumoniae ...	2003	12807691
bacterial aetiology of non-resolving otitis media in south african children.	little is known of the aetiology, serotypes or susceptibility of the pathogens causing non-resolving otitis media in children receiving care from specialists in private practice in developed or in developing countries. increased access to antibiotics in the community amongst children receiving such private care in south africa may be anticipated to lead to levels of resistance similar to those found in countries with similar models of private practice, such as the united states. this study was c ...	2003	12648369
telithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a pooled analysis.	the efficacy of telithromycin has been assessed in six phase iii studies involving adults with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia (cap) with a degree of severity compatible with oral therapy. patients received telithromycin 800 mg once daily for 7-10 days in three open-label studies (n=870) and three randomized, double-blind, comparator-controlled studies (n=503). comparator antibacterials were amoxicillin 1000 mg three-times daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily and trovafloxacin ...	2003	12814146
the emulsiv filter removes microbial contamination from propofol but is not a substitute for aseptic technique.	to evaluate the ability of the emulsiv filter (ef) to remove extrinsic microbial contaminants from propofol.	2003	12826543
implications for antimicrobial prescribing of strategies based on bacterial eradication.	antimicrobial prescribing in respiratory tract infection is generally empirical. agents that do not eradicate the key bacterial respiratory pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis) provide suboptimal therapy. a recent paper developed by a multidisciplinary, multinational group presented a consensus on the principles that should underpin appropriate antimicrobial prescribing. in summary, in order to ensure clinical success and minimize the threat of ...	2003	12839705
tsukamurella conjunctivitis: a novel clinical syndrome.	in this report, we describe the first three cases of tsukamurella conjunctivitis in the literature. all three patients presented with congestion of one eye with small amounts of serous discharge for 1 to 2 days. all three recovered after 10 days of treatment with polymyxin b-neomycin or chloramphenicol eyedrops. sequencing of the 16s rrna genes of the three isolates recovered from the serous discharge of the three patients showed that they were all tsukamurella species. the phenotypic characteri ...	2003	12843095