Publications

assay sensitivity and differentiation of monoclonal antibody specificity in elisa with different coating buffers.	buffers of different ph and ionic strength were employed as coating buffers for antigen adsorption to microtitre plates. their efficiency for coating plates with rinderpest virus (rpv) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigens was studied by elisa with polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparations. while the adsorption and detection of rpv antigen with polyclonal antiserum was highly dependent on the ionic strength and ph of coating buffer, adsorption of antigenically active fmdv antige ...	1989	2551906
development of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain characterisation--a review.		1989	2552629
foot-and-mouth disease virus-neutralizing antibodies induced in mice by anti-idiotypic antibodies.	a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmab) to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was used as antibody-1 (ab1) to induce anti-idiotypic antibodies (a-idab) in rabbits. the rabbit a-idab (ab2) were isolated on protein a-sepharose, followed by cycles of separation on idiotype and isotype affinity columns. the specificity of the ab2 for the paratope of ab1 was determined by direct binding to ab1 in solid-phase radioimmunoassay (sp-ria), and by competition ria (c-ria) with virus for binding to the ab ...	1989	2553588
analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus-neutralizing idiotypes from immune bovine and swine with anti-murine idiotype antibody probes.	rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies (a-idab) induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) neutralizing mab were used as probes to identify anti-fmdv id in immune serum from bovine and swine. in a competitive ria, at least two of the a-idab exhibited a dose-dependent capacity to compete with labeled virus for anti-fmdv antibodies from a convalescent bovine serum. these a-idab were immobilized on activated sepharose and used to isolate anti-viral id from bovine, swine, and murine fmdv immune sera. ...	1989	2553817
comparison of a liquid-phase blocking sandwich elisa and a serum neutralization test to evaluate immunity in potency tests of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.	sera from cattle vaccinated against either foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains a10 holland, o1 bfs, or c1 detmold were tested in a serum neutralization test (snt) and a liquid-phase blocking sandwich elisa (lbe), and the titers were compared with the results of intradermolingual challenge tests. the lbe test results were significantly more reproducible (p less than 0.005) than the snt results. the correlation coefficients between snt and lbe were 0.91 for fmdv strains a10 holland and o1 ...	1989	2553819
specificity of enzyme-substrate interactions in foot-and-mouth disease virus polyprotein processing.	a series of transcripts derived from fmdv cdna plasmids containing defined regions of the genome were translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. the products were analysed directly or following incubation with an fmdv-infected cell processing extract. processing by the l proteinase at the l/1a cleavage site occurred when most of the p1-2a protein was absent. substitution of sequences upstream of the 2c/3a cleavage site showed that the 3c proteinase was also able to cleave at an entirely ...	1989	2554577
serological probes for some foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural proteins.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o1 kaufbeuren-specific cdna fragments were subcloned into the e. coli expression vector prit.2t. fusion proteins thus produced in bacteria were purified by affinity chromatography and inoculated into rabbits. three sera thus obtained were found to be monospecific for fmdv proteins 3a, 3c, and 3d, respectively. two others were prevalently directed against protein 2c, but in addition, either to protein 2b or to protein 3a. five out of six mature nonstructural vi ...	1989	2554586
a theoretical study of the acidification of the rhinovirus capsid.	electrostatic calculations for human rhinovirus 14 indicate that histidine-base residue pairs in the region of a beta-strand interaction between pentamers may be involved in a ph-induced process that leads to the release of viral rna. other picornavirus sequences are examined for these residue pairs, a subset of which is present in enteroviruses. foot and mouth disease virus possesses one of the residue pairs, and cardioviruses, which undergo a separate ph and halide ion-induced capsid dissociat ...	1989	2555222
hydrolysis of a series of synthetic peptide substrates by the human rhinovirus 14 3c proteinase, cloned and expressed in escherichia coli.	the 3c proteins of several picornaviruses, including poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), have been demonstrated to be cysteine-type proteinases, involved in the processing of the respective polyproteins expressed by the monocistronic rna genome. nucleotide sequencing data have indicated that the human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) rna genome encodes a homologous 3c protein. the hrv-14 3c protein was purified to homogeneity from escherichia coli express ...	1989	2555433
[antigenic structure of foot-and-mouth virus. iv. synthesis and immunogenic properties of new fragments of the vp1 protein of food-and-mouth virus strain a22].	a synthesis of new fragments of vp1 protein with the specificity of a22 strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus is described. immunization with the free 136-152 peptide and klh-conjugates of the peptides 136-152 and 197-213 induced 60-80% protection of guinea pigs against challenge with the a22 virus. synthetic peptides corresponding to the 10-24, 50-69 and 175-189 sequences of vp1 did not show any protective activity. we have found that uncoupled peptides 175-189 and 197-213 are able to induce a ...	1989	2556150
protection induced by synthetic peptides corresponding to three serotypes in foot and mouth disease virus.		1989	2558525
[use of sarcoma 180 tg cells for obtaining ascitic fluid from mice hyperimmune to the foot-and-mouth disease virus].	mice immunized with fmdv c3 arg 84 antigen were inoculated intraperitoneally with sarcoma 180 tg. the ascitic fluid obtained by ventral puncture contained high titers of antibodies, similar to those obtained from serum, as determined by neutralization and elisa tests. ascitic volumes were 10 to 20 times greater than those obtainable with.	1989	2559425
[an immunoenzyme method of isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus by using beta-lactamase conjugate with virus-specific antibodies].	it was shown that in was feasible to use conjugates of virus-specific antibodies and beta-lactamase from bacillus licheniformis 749/c to identify aphthosa virus antigens. the antigen titers determined by enzyme immunoassay (eia) using a beta-lactamase conjugate were 5-64 times higher than the analogous indices of the complement fixation test. unlike eia, that by using the antibody conjugates with peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase there were observed no "background" responses.	1989	2559667
antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype c during propagation in the field is mainly restricted to only one structural protein (vp1).	the primary structure of vp3, vp2 and vp4 capsid protein genes has been determined for six epizootiologically-related foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolates of serotype c1, two of which presented immunogenic differences as determined by a cross-protection assay. the results obtained have been compared with those previously reported for the corresponding vp1 genes martinez et al. (1988) gene 62, 75-84. high rates of fixation of mutations have been estimated for the four capsid protein genes ...	1989	2560293
[antigenic structure of the foot-and-mouth virus. v. protection of naturally susceptible animals from foot-and-mouth disease using a synthetic peptide].	we have synthesized the peptide representing 135-159 vp1 sequence of a22 strain of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the synthetic peptide induced 100% protection of guinea pigs against the disease. two-fold immunization of cuttle with the peptide and single immunization of sheep induced full protection of the animals against a22 strain of fmdv.	1989	2561049
[primary structure of the gene for vp1 protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus of asia 1 serotype].	the nucleotide sequence of the cdna for the viral rna region coding for the main antigenic protein of the epidemic stomatitis virus of asia 1 serotype has been identified. the amino acid sequences in the regions of vp1 protein antigenic determinants of the serotype asia 1 virus and other serotypes viruses have been compared.	1989	2561378
survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sausage meat products (italian salami).	determination of the survival of foot- and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in fresh meat from experimentally infected swine and in several types of sausage meat (italian salami) produced according to the technology widely applied by the principal italian producers has been carried out. the purpose of the experiment was to assess if typical italian salami can be considered safe with regard to the spread of fmd through international trade. the results obtained showed: (a) high titers of fmdv were detec ...	1989	2561953
the isoelectrofocusing technique in comparison of some sudanese type sat-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses.	isoelectric focusing technique (ieft) was employed to compare type sat-1 fmd virus from sudan. results of the ieft tests were compared with available previous serological and epidemiological data on the viruses used. possible potential uses of the test, in parallel with previously available serological and epidemiological data, are discussed.	1989	2562038
[immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle: effect of vaccination].	foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most feared animal virus and vaccination still has to be used in many countries. in previous reports, using a murine model, we studied the cellular basis of immune responses against fmdv and were able to show that they are atypical. in cattle, although complete protection may be attained after only one dose of killed virus vaccine, very little is known about protection against fmdv, except for antibody responses, but practically nothing concernin ...	1989	2562135
use of in situ hybridization for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture.	biotinylated complementary dna (cdna) and rna probes were prepared from a specific and highly conserved section of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome coding for the rna-dependent rna polymerase. hybridization was conducted on fmdv-infected, bovine enterovirus (bev)-infected, and noninfected swine kidney cell cultures. the detection system utilized the enzyme system streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase, the substrate phosphate, and the chromogen nitroblue tetrazolium. intense cytoplasmic ...	1989	2562224
fimbriae of bacteroides nodosus: protein engineering of the structural subunit for the production of an exogenous peptide.	the pattern of sequence variation between bacteroides nodosus fimbrial subunits of different serotypes suggests a degree of flexibility, which might be exploited for protein engineering approaches for the expression of other peptides. we have tested this using the well-characterized peptide epitope from vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), residues 144-159: lrgdlqvlaqkvartl (strain 01-bfs). using bacterial codon usage, several oligonucleotides were designed for the substitution of this se ...	1989	2564674
hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia-1.	various immunizing regimens, cell culture requirements and cell fusion conditions were examined for efficient production of hybridomas secreting anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antibodies. a highly sensitive streptavidin-biotin-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used for screening of hybridomas for specific antibody production as well as for determining the serotype specificity of the antibodies. six hybridoma cell lines generating antibodies to fmdv type asia-1 (vaccin ...	1989	2569807
type 1 fimbriae of escherichia coli as carriers of heterologous antigenic sequences.	a strategy has been designed for the construction of recombinant bacterial strains which eventually may become useful as live vaccines and which may also be relevant for the preparation of conventional vaccines. the approach used is the fusion of small antigenic peptide sequences into specific segments of a protein whose location on the bacterial surface ensures that the recombinant organism is able to present the inserted antigen to the host (animal or human) infected by the bacterium. the chos ...	1989	2576014
experimental infection of eland (taurotrages oryx), sable antelope (ozanna grandicomis) and buffalo (syncerus caffer) with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the course of experimental infection of a type sat 1 fmdv strain was studied in buffalo, sable antelope and eland following tongue inoculation and contact and has been compared with that in cattle. all species became infected, although disease was less severe in the game animals and larger amounts of virus were required to infect game animals than cattle. neutralizing antibody titres were high and were maintained for an extended period in buffalo, sable antelope and eland. the carrier state was ...	1989	2584449
translational fusions with fragments of the trpe gene improve the expression of a poorly expressed heterologous gene in escherichia coli.	a series of plasmids expressing fusions between the trpe gene product, anthranilate synthase component i and the major immunogen (vp1) of foot and mouth disease virus were constructed such that increasing amounts of the 3' end of trpe were deleted. deletions removing up to 70% of trpe had little effect on the quantity of fusion protein expressed, while the number of molecules appeared to increase. larger deletions led to a steady decrease in both the quantity of fusion protein produced and in th ...	1989	2674321
generation of a sheep x mouse heterohybridoma cell line (1c6.3a6t.1d7) and evaluation of its use in the production of ovine monoclonal antibodies.	a stable aminopterin-sensitive sheep x mouse heterohybridoma cell line (1c6.3a6t.1d7) for use in the generation of sheep monoclonal antibodies is described. the line was first constructed by fusing the mouse myeloma line, nso, to normal sheep lymphocytes obtained from the efferent lymphatic vessel of a cannulated popliteal lymph node. the line was rendered sensitive to aminopterin through a combination of irradiation and treatment with the anti-metabolite drug 6-thioguanine. characterisation of ...	1989	2760466
evidence for more than one important, neutralizing site on foot-and-mouth disease virus. brief report.	using polyclonal sera raised against foot-and-mouth disease virus in susceptible animals, evidence was obtained for the existence of at least one further important antigenic site in addition to the neutralizing site on vp1 140-160.	1988	2453185
genetic and immunogenic variations among closely related isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	genetic heterogeneity among closely related isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been measured by direct sequencing of the vp1-coding-region rna for three new fmdvs of serotype c1 and by additional sequences of rna from previously reported isolates, all belonging to a single episode of disease [sobrino et al., gene 50 (1986) 149-159]. in the ten viruses compared, eight different vp1 are represented. the changes include amino acid substitutions at a critical antigenic determinant o ...	1988	2453395
antigenic sites on foot-and-mouth disease virus type a10.	a set of monoclonal antibodies was used to isolate nonneutralizable foot-and-mouth disease virus variants, and the rnas of the variants were sequenced. cross-neutralization studies and mapping of the amino acid changes indicated two major antigenic sites. the first site was trypsin sensitive and included the vp1 140 to 160 sequence. the second site was trypsin insensitive and included mainly vp3 residues. two minor sites were located near vp1 169 and on the c terminus of vp1. comparison with pol ...	1988	2455819
immunization against foot-and-mouth disease with synthetic peptides representing the c-terminal region of vp1.	foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge experiments in guinea-pigs and immunoassays with a range of peptides equivalent to either or both of the sequences 141 to 158 and 200 to 213 of vp1 showed the most effective structure, in terms of protection, to be one in which both 'sites' were present with a minimum of additional amino acids. an 80 residue peptide comprising amino acids 134 to 213 was considerably less effective than 40 or 45 residue peptides. the major site for the induction of protectio ...	1988	2457649
extensive antigenic heterogeneity of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype c.	the antigenic behavior of 46 field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of serotype c has been studied with a panel of 24 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) prepared against fmdv c1 or fmdv c3 indaial. reactivities were assayed by immunodot, immunoelectrotransfer blot, and neutralization of infectivity. the epitopes recognized by the 10 nonneutralizing mabs are conserved in all isolates analyzed. in contrast, extreme antigenic heterogeneity is documented with regard to reactivity with 14 ma ...	1988	2460992
orientation of epitopes influences the immunogenicity of synthetic peptide dimers.	the immunogenicity of synthetic peptide dimers based on epitope sequences derived from the mycobacterial 65-kda antigen and the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 protein was examined in inbred mice. the analysis was directed towards the potential helper role of a t cell stimulatory mycobacterial epitope (65-85) with respect to poorly immunogenic sites either from the same molecule (422-436) or from vp1 (141-160). the 65-85 repeat homodimer induced an antibody response in cba/ca but not in ...	1988	2464496
class i mhc-restricted cytotoxic t cells efficiently recognize haemagglutinin that is defective in protein folding and cell surface expressions.	cytotoxic t-cell recognition of an engineered variant of the influenza viral haemagglutinin (ha), expressed in vaccinia virus, was investigated. we show that the insertion of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) immunogenic peptide into the ha results in major disruption of its higher order structure with intracellular rather than cell surface localization accompanying the loss of conformational epitopes detected by antibody. in contradistinction to antibody, recognition of the chimaeric molecu ...	1988	2467191
studies on the infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna using microinjection.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna, isolated as virion rna from purified virus particles or as total rna from infected cells, has been microinjected into nuclei and cytoplasms of bhk cells. when injected directly into the nucleus fmdv rna was not infectious, whereas cytoplasmic injection resulted in a high proportion of productive infections. infectivity microinjection assays on dilution series of various fmdv rnas showed that both single-stranded positive sense 35s rna and double-stranded ...	1988	2448416
neutralization sites of type o1 foot-and-mouth disease virus defined by monoclonal antibodies and neutralization-escape virus variants.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived from mice infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus type o1 brugge (fmdv 01b) or immunized with inactivated virions (140 s) or viral subunits (12 s). a total of 19 neutralizing mabs were characterized of which 17 recognized conformationally determined epitopes and two recognized amino acid sequences on isolated vp1. neutralizing mabs were used to select antigenic variants of fmdv o1b. based on cross-neutralization and binding assays with mabs the varian ...	1988	2827379
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus with dna probes in bovine esophageal-pharyngeal fluids.	infectivity and dot-blot hybridization techniques were compared for the detection of fmdv in esophageal-pharyngeal fluids from experimentally infected cows. the probe used includes the viral polymerase sequence which allows the detection of the three types of virus (a, o, and c) with equivalent sensitivity. virus was detected by dot-blot hybridization as well as by infectivity, according to sample analysis of esophageal-pharyngeal fluids extracted seven days post-infection. it was not possible t ...	1988	2833204
analysis of neutralizing epitopes on foot-and-mouth disease virus.	for the investigation of the antigenic determinant structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against complete virus were characterized by western blot (immunoblot), enzyme immunoassay, and competition experiments with a synthetic peptide, isolated coat protein vp1, and viral particles as antigens. two of the four mabs reacted with each of these antigens, while the other two mabs recognized only complete viral particles and reacted only very poorl ...	1988	2835507
rapid selection of genetic and antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistence in cattle.	rapid evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is documented during persistent infections of cattle. the carrier state was established experimentally with plaque-purified fmdv of serotype c3. virus was recovered from the esophageal pharyngeal area of the animals up to 539 days postinfection. analysis of capsid proteins by electrofocusing and by electrophoretic mobility of the genomic poly(c)-rich tract suggested heterogeneity in several isolates and sequential dominance of viral subpopul ...	1988	2835508
coevolution of cells and viruses in a persistent infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture.	virus and cells evolve during serial passage of cloned bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). these carrier cells, termed c1-bhk-rc1 (j.c. de la torre, m. dávila, f. sobrino, j. ortín, and e. domingo, virology 145:24-35, 1985), become constitutively resistant to the parental fmdv c-s8c1. curing of late-passage c1-bhk-rc1 cells of fmdv by ribavirin treatment (j.c. de la torre, b. alarcón, e. martínez-salas, l. carrasco, and e. domingo, j. virol. 61:233-235, 1 ...	1988	2835509
comparative quantification of foot-and-mouth disease virus (146 s antigen) by sucrose and potassium-bromide density gradient centrifugation.		1988	2835937
use of pre-coated immunoplates and freeze-dried reagents for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease and swine vesicular disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa).	an indirect sandwich elisa is used by the world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus and swine vesicular disease virus. the potential for supplying elisa 'kits' for diagnosis to other laboratories has been assessed by evaluating the reactivity of (a) immunoplates pre-coated with rabbit antisera to fmdv and svdv and (b) freeze-dried diluted reference antisera. immunoplates pre-coated using a sodium carbonate/hydrogen carbonate buffer re ...	1988	2836457
new approaches to animal vaccines utilizing genetic engineering.	control of infectious diseases in livestock is an important determinant in the success of a nation's effort to efficiently meet its need for animal products. genetic engineering offers many new options in the design of animal vaccines. monoclonal antibodies, dna cloning, recombination, and transfection are examples of techniques that facilitate innovative strategies in antigen identification, production, and delivery. this article reviews the use of genetic engineering in the production of vacci ...	1988	2837363
use of peptides for immunization against foot-and-mouth disease.	a peptide corresponding to the major immunogenic site of the protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) will elicit a protective neutralizing antibody response in guinea-pigs, cattle and pigs. the response is much greater when the peptide is presented as a linear dimer or tetramer and pigs receiving as little as 40 micrograms peptide have been protected against challenge infection. an even greater response is obtained when the peptide is presented as part of the core protein of hepatitis ...	1988	2838987
failure of haematobia thirouxi potans (bezzi) to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus mechanically between viraemic and susceptible cattle.	in 2 separate experiments the blood-feeding fly haematobia thirouxi potans (bezzi) failed to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus when transferred from viraemic (log 2,6-log 4,3 mld50 or tcid50/ml) to susceptible cattle. each experiment involved 2 susceptible and 2 viraemic animals housed in separate stables and 2,000-4,000 flies of which most had fed on viraemic hosts 120 min prior to transfer. furthermore, only minimal quantities of virus were isolated from free-living flies captured on exper ...	1988	2839809
the suitability of a rolled bhk21 monolayer system for the production of vaccines against the sat types of foot-and-mouth disease virus. i. adaptation of virus isolates to the system, immunogen yields achieved and assessment of subtype cross reactivity.	in an examination of 34 southern african sat-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses, all but 1 attained satisfactory levels of infectivity within 6 passages in rolled bhk21 monolayer cell cultures. however, there were marked differences between adapted viruses with respect to the mass of immunogen (146s material) produced. several isolates which consistently produced levels greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml were identified. in cross neutralization tests using post-vaccinal sera, sat-1 and sa ...	1988	2839810
[possibilities of biophysicochemical antigen control in vaccine production using foot-and-mouth disease virus as an example (review)].		1988	2840042
[the differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains of type o by serologic and biophysicochemical methods].		1988	2840043
[the foot-and-mouth disease virus in ultrathin sections].		1988	2840049
processing and assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus proteins using subgenomic rna.	recombinant dna clones were constructed in order to study the mechanisms of proteolytic processing and assembly in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). rna transcripts from these clones were synthesized using sp6 polymerase and translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. efficient translation occurred in the absence of all 5' untranslated sequences and processing of the structural proteins occurred in the presence of functional 3c protease which can function in trans. the specificity of 3c protea ...	1988	2842438
modification of the leader protein (lb) of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna for extended periods in rabbit reticulocyte lysates results in the appearance of a previously undescribed protein. a protein with similar properties can also be detected in bhk cells at late times after virus infection. specific immunoprecipitation has shown that this protein (lb') is closely related to the smaller of the two leader proteins, lb, although it migrates with an apparently higher mr in sds-polyacrylamide gels. the conversion of lb to l ...	1988	2842439
gene encoding capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus: a quasispecies model of molecular evolution.	a phylogenetic tree relating the vp1 gene of 15 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of serotypes a, c, and o has been constructed. the most parsimonious tree shows that fmdv subtypes and isolates within subtypes constitute sets of related, nonidentical genomes, in agreement with a quasispecies mode of evolution of this virus. the average number of nucleotide replacements per site for all possible pairs of vp1 coding segments is higher among representatives of serotype a than serotype ...	1988	2842792
serological and biochemical analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype c3) isolated in argentina between 1981 and 1986.	the evolution in the field is described for foot-and-mouth disease viruses belonging to serotype c3 in argentina between 1981 and 1986. during 1981 and 1982 only three isolations of this serotype took place, which showed minor serological and biochemical variations from the prototype strain c3 resende-brasil/55. at the beginning of 1983 an outbreak was detected in a restricted geographical region caused by strains which had important serological and biochemical differences from the prototype str ...	1988	2844033
a high proportion of anti-peptide antibodies recognize foot-and-mouth disease virus particles.	synthetic peptides representing the amino acid sequence 141-160 of the structural protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) elicit virus-neutralizing antibody. absorption of anti-peptide sera with purified virus particles removed all detectable virus-binding and neutralizing activity, and reduced the elisa titres against the homologous peptide by 31-41%. the proportion of anti-peptide antibodies that also recognized virus was unaffected by whether the peptide had been inoculated free, c ...	1988	2844657
qualitative and quantitative differences in the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens and synthetic peptides.	in cross-immunization studies using foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigens and a synthetic peptide, from a region within virus coat protein vp1, it has been shown that intact virus will prime the immune system for intact virus, virus subunits and synthetic peptide but not for disrupted virus. in contrast, peptide will prime for a response to peptide and virus subunits but not to intact virus or disrupted virus. furthermore, studies on antibody populations in anti-virus and anti-peptide ant ...	1988	2844964
relationship of p220 cleavage during picornavirus infection to 2a proteinase sequencing.	infection of hela cells by poliovirus results in an abrupt inhibition of host cell protein synthesis. it is thought that the mechanism of this inhibition involves proteolytic cleavage of the p220 component of the cap-binding protein complex, thereby causing functional inactivation of the cap-binding protein complex and preventing capped (cellular) mrnas from binding ribosomes. current data suggest that the viral proteinase 2a indirectly induces p220 cleavage via alteration or activation of a sec ...	1988	2845133
leader protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus is required for cleavage of the p220 component of the cap-binding protein complex.	suppression of host protein synthesis in cells infected by poliovirus and certain other picornaviruses involves inactivation of the cap-binding protein complex. inactivation of this complex has been correlated with the proteolytic cleavage of p220, a component of the cap-binding protein complex. since picornaviral rna is not capped, it continues to be translated as the cap-binding protein complex is inactivated. the cleavage of p220 can be induced to occur in vitro, catalyzed by extracts from in ...	1988	2845152
[neutralization of foot-and-mouth disease virus o1 campos by antibodies induced by a synthetic peptide].	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), contains a positive single-stranded rna enclosed in a protein capsid. previous studies have shown that a synthetic peptide located at the carboxyterminal end of vp1 of fmdv strain o1 kaufbeuren (o1k) at the amino acid positions 144-159, and coupled to klh was able to elicit high titers of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs and protected them against challenge with the homologous virus (8, 15). fmdv strain o1 campos (o1 ca) has a similar amino acid sequenc ...	1988	2845477
a comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation and virus isolation for foot and mouth disease diagnosis.	a total of 205 epithelial tissue samples were examined for the presence of foot and mouth disease virus by either the complement-fixation (cf) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and/or by virus isolation in bovine thyroid or kidney cell cultures. the virus was isolated from 134 of the 201 (67%) specimens. samples, from which virus was isolated, were termed virus-positive samples. the cf test detected viral antigen in 30 (24%) of 123 virus-positive samples, whereas the elisa detected ...	1988	2845633
prediction of three-dimensional models for foot-and-mouth disease virus and hepatitis a virus.	atomic models of foot-and-mouth disease virus and hepatitis a virus have been predicted using amino acid sequence alignments with the known structures of mengo virus and human rhinovirus 14. the structural models are consistent with results of biochemical and immunological studies. the two viruses appear to have surface features exceedingly different than those of other picornaviruses. they also have large hydrophobic cavities within vp1 suggesting that it may be possible to inhibit their infect ...	1988	2845659
coupling of foot-and-mouth disease virus to sheep red blood cells using tannic acid for immunological assays.	a technique for coupling foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to tanned sheep red blood cells (srbc) is reported. different parameters influencing the procedure were studied. subtypes c2, c3, o1 and a24 were used as antigens, and guinea pig hyperimmune sera obtained were tested for specific antibody in passive hemagglutination (ph), passive hemagglutination inhibition (phi) and passive immune hemolysis (pil) assays. fresh and srbc stored in alsever's solution showed similar behavior when used as ...	1988	2846600
a continuous bovine kidney cell line for routine assays of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a continuous bovine kidney cell line, lf-bk, arose from primary bovine calf kidney cells that survived infection with a temperature-sensitive mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus. no virus was recovered after the first passage. cells of passage 48 were inoculated into two steers which remained healthy and did not develop neutralizing antibodies to the virus. the karyotype of cells of the 53rd and 87th passages was similar and revealed that the cells were markedly transformed. the modal number ...	1988	2847400
[is the arg-gly-asp sequence the site for foot-and-mouth disease virus binding with cell receptor?].	the arg-gly-asp sequence is being found in an increasing wide range of proteins with "adhesive" function. studying a series of synthetic peptide fragments of vp1 protein of fmdv, we showed that peptides containing the arg-gly-asp sequence, but not control peptides, inhibited fmdv binding to pig kidney cells in vitro, thus indicating participation of that sequence in fmdv binding to host cells.	1988	2847760
opsonization-enhanced phagocytosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	using isolated peritoneal adherent cells, in which monocytes and macrophages dominate, the uptake and destruction of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was enhanced by the opsonization with mab of particular epitope specificity. this was seen under conditions in which virus infectivity was not neutralized, as determined by in vitro assay. activation of macrophages in vivo further enhanced the uptake of opsonized virus, presumably by increasing the percentage of phagocytosing cells. the enhanced ...	1988	2847979
rapid correlation between field isolates and vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	antigenic relationships between field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus and available vaccine strains can be rapidly determined by elisa. the most suitable vaccine strain to control an outbreak caused by the field isolate can then be quickly identified. the classical method of subtyping strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus should be replaced with a nomenclature which describes the relationship between a strain and the most antigenically closely related vaccine strain.	1988	2848376
further characterization of an rna defective mutant of the foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in this paper a further characterization of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) temperature-sensitive mutant, ts 6, is described. this mutant presents a defective rna synthesis at non-permissive temperature (npt) by comparison to the wt capacity. however, a low level of viral rna synthesis (below 10%) was sufficient to achieve an almost normal protein synthesis including a normal pattern of protein cleavage. in addition, morphogenetic precursor particles, 14s and 75s, are formed, indicating th ...	1988	2848384
crossover regions in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) recombinants correspond to regions of high local secondary structure.	the rna genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was analysed for the degree of inverted complementarity and thus potential secondary structure using the procedure of pustell and kafatos [nucleic acids res (1982) 10: 4765-4782]. regions of crossover in 42 fmdv recombinants [king et al. (1985) virus res 3: 373-384; saunders et al. (1985) j virol 56: 921-929] and regions lacking crossovers were assigned an average secondary structure score against which the number of observed recombinants was ...	1988	2848475
serological and biochemical analysis of some recent type a foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from the middle east.	in 1986 and 1987 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a was isolated from outbreaks of disease in saudi arabia and iran. selected virus isolates were antigenically distinct from the prototype a22 virus strain (a22/iraq/64), but were serologically related to each other. however, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that whilst the respective saudi arabian structural polypeptides were homogeneous, those from an iran isolate were distinct. direct sequencing of part of the p-1d (vp1) ge ...	1988	2850938
single dilution elisa for detection of serum antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle.	a single dilution blocking elisa was developed and evaluated for measuring serum antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). basic parameters of the assay were established and a positive-negative threshold determined from testing 176 specific antibody negative sera from australian cattle. sera collected from immunised animals in thailand were tested by elisa and virus-neutralisation (vn) tests and the results compared. a positive correlation between elisa and vn titres was recorded for each ...	1988	2852874
[antigenic structure of the foot-and-mouth-disease virus. i. synthesis of protective peptides from the major immunogenic region of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth virus type o1k].	a series of overlapping peptides with the sequence of the immunodominant region of vp1 protein of fmdv strain o1k have been synthesized by the classical solution method. peptides were purified by standard methods and used for immunization of guinea pigs. it is shown that the 136-152 and 136-148 segments provide antiviral protection in guinea pigs, both in the free state and conjugated with an immunogenic carrier. results with uncoupled peptides indicated that these segments may form not only b-, ...	1988	2852937
[antigenic structure of the foot-and-mouth disease virus. ii. synthesis of protective peptides from the major immunogenic region of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a22].	earlier we found that the immune response and antiviral protection from fmdv can be achieved by immunization with uncoupled fmdv peptides. in a search of approaches to animal protection from fmdv a22 strain we prepared a series of peptides corresponding to the putative antigenic determinants. synthetic 131-149 and 140-149 sequences afforded 50 to 80% protection, both in the free state and conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. we believe that the 140-149 segment is so far the smallest peptid ...	1988	2852938
minimum number of cells required for reconstitution of a foot-and-mouth disease virus-carrier cell culture.	a serial cell plating experiment has been designed to determine the minimum number of cells, isolated from a culture persistently infected with a virus, required to reconstruct the carrier state. for cell line c1-bhk-rc1, consisting of bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus type c (isolate c-s8c1), more than 10(3) cells derived from one monolayer were needed to reinitiate a stable, fmdv-producing carrier culture. thus, the fmdv-bhk-21 cell system cannot be explained ...	1988	2855980
genetic manipulation of major p-fimbrial subunits and consequences for formation of fimbriae.	the influence of genetic manipulation of the structural genes coding for major p-fimbrial subunits on the formation of fimbriae in escherichia coli was studied. deletion of two regions that code for hypervariable parts of the p fimbrillin resulted in strong reduction or total absence of fimbria production. replacement of deleted amino acids by other amino acid residues restored the formation of fimbriae. the hypervariable regions may be important for biogenesis of fimbriae by imposing correct sp ...	1988	2903858
response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in newborn calves. influence of age, colostral antibodies and adjuvants.	oil-emulsified (oe) and aqueous (aq) vaccines were prepared with the same batch of inactivated a24 8345 foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). calves born to vaccinated dams did not respond to the aq vaccine 30 or 90 days post partum. when the oe vaccine was used on a similar group of calves, no responses were elicited up to 21 days post partum. however, calves 30 or more days old responded like adult cattle to the oe vaccine. when the oe vaccine was used in colostral antibody-free calves 3-30 day ...	1988	2828089
vp1 of serotype c foot-and-mouth disease viruses: long-term conservation of sequences.	the nucleotide sequences of the vp1-coding regions of several isolates of serotype c3 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were determined. the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with those of serotype c1 fmdv. the results provide evidence for two different lineages of fmdv c3 and document the potential for both long-term conservation and rapid evolution of fmdv.	1988	2831408
3d gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus. conservation by convergence of average sequences.	the nucleotide sequence of the 3d (polymerase) gene of eight epidemiologically related isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype c1 is reported. the genetic heterogeneity of 3d rna is compared with that of the vp1-coding rna of the same viruses. regression lines of substitutions per nucleotide that distinguish any pair of viruses as a function of the time interval between the corresponding isolations show: (1) the slope (substitutions/nucleotide per month) is 2.1 times larger for the ...	1988	3225850
role of epidermal langerhans cells in viral infections.	langerhans cells function as highly potent antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis. in the last few years, their role in viral infections has been studied in various experimental systems. they have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of a number of infections of viral origin. these include vaccinia virus, human papilloma virus, herpes simplex virus, foot and mouth disease virus and human retrovirus infections. studies on the effect of various factors, that are known to modulate the a ...	1988	3063231
gtp-binding domain: three consensus sequence elements with distinct spacing.	a sequence comparison of nine functionally different gtp-binding protein families has yielded further information on the general characterization of the conservation and importance of amino acid sequences in the gtp-binding domain, including a consensus sequence composed of three consensus elements gxxxxgk, dxxg, and nkxd with consensus spacings of either 40-80 or approximately equal to 130-170 amino acid residues between the first and second elements and approximately 40-80 amino acid residues ...	1987	3104905
liposome encapsulated subunit (vp1) and virion vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease.	subunit vaccine prepared from vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) types 0 and asia 1 protected guinea pigs against fmd and also induced high levels of antibody. liposomes have been used as a safe and potent immunological adjuvant for fmd vaccines. vaccines prepared from inactivated virus types 0 and asia 1 encapsulated in liposomes protected guinea pigs against challenge with homologous virus and showed good antibody response in pigs on a small scale field trial.	1987	2886019
in vitro immune serum-mediated protection of pig monocytes against african swine fever virus.	serum samples from pigs that had recovered from infection with a dominican republic isolate of african swine fever virus (asfv) were mixed with dilutions of the virus, then assayed in microcultures of normal pig mononuclear leukocytes to determine whether the samples contained antibodies that protected monocytes against the virus. protection was determined by the difference in titer (log10) between virus mixed with healthy pig serum and virus mixed with immune pig serum, using 50% cytopathogenic ...	1987	3631688
serologic survey of viral antibodies in the peruvian alpaca (lama pacos).	sera from more than 100 alpacas (lama pacos) from the peruvian southern sierra were examined for antibodies to 8 viruses known to infect other domestic animals. on the basis of these serologic findings and previously published serologic or clinical data, it is now known that the alpaca can be infected with the following viruses: parainfluenza-3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bluetongue virus, border disease virus, influenza a virus, rotavirus, rabies virus, vesicular ...	1987	3826854
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus. iii. evaluation of antibodies after infection and vaccination.	investigations using a liquid-phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the measurement of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in sera from sheep and from cattle are reported, and results compared with those obtained by virus neutralization (vn) tests. serum antibody titres in sheep after primary vaccination and in cattle challenged with a natural aerosol after vaccination were similar by elisa and vn. however, the antibody levels detected in sera o ...	1987	3428376
immune response to uncoupled peptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	uncoupled synthetic peptide representing the sequence of amino acids 141-160 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) protein vp1 induced a virus-neutralizing antibody response in guinea-pigs. this response required incomplete freund's adjuvant (ifa) for the primary inoculation and was dependent on the presence of an added cysteine residue with an unblocked sulphydryl group at the carboxy-terminus. secondary immunization could be carried out in the absence of adjuvant. a study of the relative acti ...	1987	3034769
surface structure and rna-protein interactions of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the surface structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and the interaction of the individual capsid proteins with the virus rna have been examined using modification reagents. by measuring the extent of modification of the lysine residues of intact and disrupted virus particles and the 12s protein subunit with bolton & hunter reagent it was found that 54% of the residues of vp1, 15% of the residues of vp2 and 37% of the residues of vp3, equivalent to five, two and four lysine residues resp ...	1987	3035064
effect of lysosomotropic compounds on early events in foot-and-mouth disease virus replication.	the effect of three lysosomotropic compounds, chloroquine, monensin and nh4cl, on the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a12 was studied. viral replication was almost totally inhibited by 0.5 mm chloroquine, 50 microm monensin, or 25 mm nh4cl. monensin and nh4cl affected replication when added either before or within the first hour of infection. chloroquine, however, still inhibited viral replication when added up to 2.5 h after infection. assays of binding of radiolabeled v ...	1987	3037820
proteolytic processing of foot-and-mouth disease virus polyproteins expressed in a cell-free system from clone-derived transcripts.	all picornaviral genes are expressed as a single, large polyprotein, which is proteolytically processed into the system produces functional proteins, including viral protease 3c, which plays a major role in processing the precursor proteins. to study the function of the two putative proteases 3c and leader (l) in processing, we constructed several cdna plasmids encoding various regions of the fmdv type a12 genome. these plasmids, containing fmdv cdna segments under the control of the t7 promoter ...	1987	3041041
ribavirin cures cells of a persistent infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro.	ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1h-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) eliminates foot-and-mouth disease virus from persistently infected cell cultures. the latter are 10-fold more sensitive to ribavirin than lytically infected cells. in treated cells no viral rna or proteins could be detected by dot-blot hybridization to cdna probes, virus and rna infectivity assays, or immunofluorescence. a potential application of the drug for the treatment of animals carrying the virus is suggested.	1987	3023704
conformational alteration in foot-and-mouth disease virus virion capsid structure after complexing with monospecific antibody.	a mechanism of neutralization of virus infectivity by antibody is described and related to the immune defences in vivo. the interaction of a particular monoclonal antibody with homologous foot-and-mouth disease virus alters the conformation of the virions to permit penetration of staining reagents. a consequence of this structural alteration is that the rna genome becomes susceptible to dissociation from the capsid proteins. this mechanism of virus neutralization is irreversible and therefore pr ...	1987	3028937
peptide vaccine--a new approach to a safer foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine.	a synthetic peptide, of which the region of the major antigenic determinant of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o1k located on the coat protein vp1 consists, was coupled to different protein carriers. comparing the potency of the conjugates to elicit neutralising antibodies it has been shown that klh was the best carrier protein. using different amounts of peptide a (aa 144-aa 159) the dependence of neutralising antibody response on the amount of injected peptide has been demonstrated. pept ...	1987	3032213
subtyping of european foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by nucleotide sequence determination.	the vp1-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains from 18 recent european outbreaks and of 9 strains isolated more than 20 years ago and used in part as vaccines were determined by direct cdna sequencing. comparison of the sequences revealed that most of the isolated outbreak viruses are closely related to the vaccine strains used. isolates from the italian epizootic of 1984 to 1985 correspond, for example, to the vaccine strain a5 parma 62; the outbreak in 1984 in bernbeuren, feder ...	1987	3033288
all foot and mouth disease virus serotypes initiate protein synthesis at two separate augs.	translation of the foot and mouth disease virus genome in vitro and in vivo indicated that all seven serotypes initiate protein synthesis at two separate augs. sequence analysis of the region surrounding these augs has shown that the efficiency with which the initiating aug is recognized is dependent on the flanking nucleotides. however, in vitro, the major factor determining which aug is used is the concentration of mg2+.	1987	3033601
multiple variants in foot-and-mouse disease virus (fmdv) populations: the achilles heel for peptide and rec. dna vaccines?	variants of type a10 fmdv were isolated by passage of virus in bhk-cells in the presence of a neutralizing anti-peptide serum or monoclonal antibodies. these variants which were no longer neutralized by the particular anti-peptide serum or monoclonal antibody were easily obtained from (crude) virus populations ("cattle" virus and bhk-adapted virus). the rapidity of isolation (in two or three passages) suggested that these variants are already present in normal virus populations. all (plaque puri ...	1987	3034708
challenging settled opinions in classic foot-and-mouth disease vaccine preparation.	in a previous study we challenged the generally accepted opinion that inactivation of fmdv by formaldehyde (fa) is an (unsafe) non-linear process. our data showed that under proper conditions inactivation will be linear without "tailing-off". for more than forty years two other fixed beliefs existed with respect to fmd vaccine preparation: virus must first be adsorbed to al(oh)3-gel before being inactivated. concentrations of formaldehyde are critical and must be within a very narrow range. unti ...	1987	3034709
[diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease and strain identification of the foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1987	2831824
[foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in cloned bhk-21 cell cultures with reduced serum requirements].		1987	2831826
[quantitative studies of ammonium sulfate precipitation of foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1987	2831829
infection of cattle by airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus: minimal doses with o1 and sat 2 strains.	equipment has been constructed and methods developed for exposing individual cattle to two strains of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in aerosols to determine the minimal infective dose by the respiratory route. the aerosols used were produced either artificially by a spinning-top aerosol generator, in which case they were of homogeneous small particle size (less than 3 micron in diameter) or else they were derived naturally from infected pigs, in which case the particles were heterogeneous i ...	1987	2832913
[cdna cloning of foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1987	2829769
[preparation of the 35s ribonucleic acid of foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1987	2829770
[in vitro translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus ribonucleic acid].		1987	2829771
[differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses by counterimmunoelectrophoresis].	studied were the opportunities for employing the method of counter immunoelectrophoresis (cie) to differentiate f. m. d. viruses of different origin, comparing the results obtained with those reached through the immunodiffusion test (idt). it was found that cie could be used successfully for the serotyping of f. m. d. viruses, the method being as precise as idt, however, the results are recorded at the 90th minute, while idt requires at least 24 hours to read the results.	1987	2830709