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nuclear envelope breakdown can substitute for primary envelopment-mediated nuclear egress of herpesviruses.herpesvirus nucleocapsids assemble in the nucleus but mature to infectious virions in the cytoplasm. to gain access to this cellular compartment, nucleocapsids are translocated to the cytoplasm by primary envelopment at the inner nuclear membrane and subsequent fusion of the primary envelope with the outer nuclear membrane. the conserved viral pul34 and pul31 proteins play a crucial role in this process. in their absence, viral replication is strongly impaired but not totally abolished. we used ...201121680518
phase ib study of gene-mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy adjuvant to up-front surgery and intensive timing radiation for malignant glioma.purpose despite aggressive therapies, median survival for malignant gliomas is less than 15 months. patients with unmethylated o(6)-methylguanine-dna methyltransferase (mgmt) fare worse, presumably because of temozolomide resistance. adv-tk, an adenoviral vector containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, plus prodrug synergizes with surgery and chemoradiotherapy, kills tumor cells, has not shown mgmt dependency, and elicits an antitumor vaccine effect. patients and methods patien ...201121844505
interaction and interdependent packaging of tegument protein ul11 and glycoprotein e of herpes simplex virus.the ul11 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus plays a critical role in the secondary envelopment; however, the mechanistic details remain elusive. here, we report a new function of ul11 in the budding process in which it directs efficient acquisition of glycoprotein e (ge) via a direct interaction. in vitro binding assays showed that the interaction required only the first 28, membrane-proximal residues of the cytoplasmic tail of ge, and the c-terminal 26 residues of ul11. a second, weaker b ...201121734040
the histone acetyltransferase clock is an essential component of the herpes simplex virus 1 transcriptome that includes tfiid, icp4, icp27, and icp22.studies published elsewhere have shown that the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein icp0 interacts with bmal1, a partner and regulator of circadian histone acetyltransferase clock, that both proteins localize at nd10 bodies and are stabilized by viral proteins, that enzymatically active clock partially complements +öicp0 mutants, and that silencing of clock suppresses the expression of viral genes. here we report that clock is a component of the transcriptional complex that includes tfiid, i ...201121734043
of mice and not humans: how reliable are animal models for evaluation of herpes cd8(+)-t cell-epitopes-based immunotherapeutic vaccine candidates?herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2)-specific cd8(+) t cells that reside in sensory ganglia, appear to control recurrent herpetic disease by aborting or reducing spontaneous and sporadic reactivations of latent virus. a reliable animal model is the ultimate key factor to test the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines that boost the level and the quality of sensory ganglia-resident cd8(+) t cells against spontaneous herpes reactivation from sensory neurons, yet its relevance has be ...201121718746
antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides isolated from sphaerococcus coronopifolius (rhodophytha, gigartinales) and boergeseniella thuyoides (rhodophyta, ceramiales).water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides isolated from two red algae sphaerococcus coronopifolius (gigartinales, sphaerococcaceae) and boergeseniella thuyoides (ceramiales, rhodomelaceae) collected on the coast of morocco inhibited in vitro replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) at 12.5 ++g/ml. in addition, polysaccharides were capable of inhibiting the in vitro replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) on vero cells values of ec(50) of 4.1 and 17.2 ++g/ml, respectively. th ...201121822410
outbreak of human herpesvirus type 1 infection in nonhuman primates (callithrix penincillata).human herpesvirus type 1 (hhv-1) is widely dispersed among the human population. although infection is often asymptomatic in humans, nonhuman primates develop a severe and often fatal infection. in august 2006, 13 black-tufted marmosets (callithrix penincillata) from a group of 14 presented with clinical apathy, anorexia, and ataxia. physical examination revealed conjunctivitis, erosive or ulcerative lesions on the skin, and swollen lymph nodes. of the 14 animals captured, 10 died. grossly, ulce ...201121719834
varicella-zoster virus (vzv) glycoprotein e is a serological antigen for detection of intrathecal antibodies to vzv in central nervous system infections, without cross-reaction to herpes simplex virus 1.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) cause serious central nervous system (cns) diseases that are diagnosed with pcr using samples of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and, during later stages of such infections, with assays of intrathecal igg antibody production. however, serological diagnoses have been hampered by cross-reactions between hsv-1 and vzv igg antibodies and are commonly reported in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (hse). in this study we have evaluated ...201121697341
male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of hiv in men.previous systematic reviews found inconsistent effects of male circumcision on hiv acquisition in men who have sex with men (msm). however, a number of new studies have become available in the three years since the last systematic review.201121678366
selection of hsv capsids for envelopment involves interaction between capsid surface components pul31, pul17, and pul25.during egress from the nucleus, hsv capsids that contain dna (termed c capsids) are preferentially enveloped at the inner nuclear membrane over capsid types lacking dna. using coimmunoprecipitation and biochemical analyses of wild-type and mutant capsids, we identify an interaction between a complex of pu(l)17/pu(l)25, termed the c capsid-specific complex (ccsc), and pu(l)31, a component of the nuclear egress complex (nec). we also show that the interactions between these components are dependen ...201121821792
activation of pkr causes amyloid ß-peptide accumulation via de-repression of bace1 expression.bace1 is a key enzyme involved in the production of amyloid ß-peptide (aß) in alzheimer's disease (ad) brains. normally, its expression is constitutively inhibited due to the presence of the 5'untranslated region (5'utr) in the bace1 promoter. bace1 expression is activated by phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eif)2-alpha, which reverses the inhibitory effect exerted by bace1 5'utr. there are four kinases associated with different types of stress that could phosphorylate eif2 ...201121738672
effect of light adjuvant on kinetics of t-cell responses induced by hsv-1 dna immunization.background: studies on efficacy of various vaccines that prevent or reduce the primary and recurrent hsv-1 infection have demonstrated the importance of cellular immunity for protection against the infection. we previously used dna vaccination to induce cellular immunity against hsv-1 infection in mice. objective: the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of light; a member of tnf super family, on the kinetic of ctl response induced by hsv-1 glycoprotein b based dna vaccine. methods: using ...201121705834
using centralized laboratory data to monitor trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection in british columbia and the changing etiology of genital herpes.understanding the regional epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections is important for clinical and public health practice, due to the increasing availability of type-specific serologic testing in canada and the contribution of genital hsv-2 infection to ongoing hiv transmission. we used centralized laboratory data to describe trends in viral identifications of genital hsv in bc and assess the utility of these data for ongoing population surveillance.201121714324
[herpes simplex virus infections, an update for the practitioner].the herpesviruses hsv-1 and -2 classically infect the oral and genital area respectively. they descend from a common ancestor but have evolved separately since several million years, getting each adapted to these areas. thus, while both can infect either site, hsv-1 reactivates often orally, while hsv-2 does so in the genital area. the followings facts are stressed, because we think they are new, or worth attention regarding hsv epidemiology (plateauing of the hsv-2 epidemic in the us, growing s ...201121674891
mannose-6-phosphate regulates destruction of lipid-linked oligosaccharides.mannose-6-phosphate (m6p) is an essential precursor for mannosyl glycoconjugates, including lipid-linked oligosaccharides (llo; glucose(3)mannose(9)glcnac(2)-p-p-dolichol) used for protein n-glycosylation. in permeabilized mammalian cells, m6p also causes specific llo cleavage. however, the context and purpose of this paradoxical reaction are unknown. in this study, we used intact mouse embryonic fibroblasts to show that endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress elevates m6p concentrations, leading to c ...201121737679
in vitro nuclear egress of herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids.during their life cycles, viruses typically undergo many transport events throughout the cell. these events depend on a variety of both viral and host proteins and are often not fully understood. such studies are often complicated by asynchronous infections and the concurrent presence of various viral intermediates in the cells, making it difficult to molecularly define each step. in the case of the herpes simplex virus type 1, the etiological agent of cold sores and many other illnesses, the vi ...201121824520
inhibition of multiplication of herpes simplex virus by caffeic acid.hot water extracts of coffee grinds and commercial instant coffee solutions have been shown to exhibit marked antiviral and virucidal activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). specifically, it has been shown that caffeine and n-methyl-pyridinium formate inhibit the multiplication of hsv-1 in hep-2 cells. the present study examined the virological properties and the antiviral activity of caffeic acid against hsv-1. caffeic acid inhibited the multiplication of hsv-1 in vitro, while c ...201121725588
conversion of trichosanthin-induced cd95 (fas) type i into type ii apoptotic signaling during herpes simplex virus infection.trichosanthin (tcs) is a type i ribosome-inactivating protein with wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. it inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) replication but the mechanism is not clear. from a previous study, tcs was found to be more cytotoxic to hiv-1 infected cells than uninfected cells. similar finding was confirmed with hsv-1 in the present study. tcs induced cell death in hep-2 cells and the ec(50) was 24.64++g/ml. when the s ...201121723610
bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis to reveal protein interactions in herpes virus infected cells.protein interactions are at the basis of all processes in living organisms. in particular, regulatory proteins do not act alone but participate in multifaceted sets of interactions that are organized into complex networks. in herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) infected cells, viral proteins interact with cellular proteins and with other viral proteins to form the protein complexes required for virus production, including transcription complexes, replication complexes and virion assembly complexes. whi ...201121820055
unified immune modulation by 4-1bb triggering leads to diverse effects on disease progression in vivo.4-1bb (cd137) is a powerful t-cell costimulatory molecule in the treatment of virus infections and tumors, but recent studies have also uncovered regulatory functions of 4-1bb signaling. since 4-1bb triggering suppresses autoimmunity by accumulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) in dendritic cells (dcs) in an interferon (ifn)-+¦-dependent manner, we asked whether similar molecular and cellular changes were induced by 4-1bb triggering in virus-infected mice. 4-1bb triggering increased ifn-+¦ ...201121700476
the herpes simplex virus 1 latency-associated transcript promotes functional exhaustion of virus-specific cd8+ t cells in latently infected trigeminal ganglia: a novel immune evasion mechanism.following ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) infection of c57bl/6 mice, hsv-specific (hsv-gb(498-505) tetramer(+)) cd8(+) t cells are induced, selectively retained in latently infected trigeminal ganglia (tg), and appear to decrease hsv-1 reactivation. the hsv-1 latency-associated transcript (lat) gene, the only viral gene that is abundantly transcribed during latency, increases reactivation. previously we found that during latency with hsv-1 strain mckrae-derived viruses, more of the total t ...201121715478
direct and specific binding of the ul16 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus to the cytoplasmic tail of glycoprotein e.the ul16 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus (hsv) is conserved throughout all of the herpesvirus families. previous studies have shown that the binding of hsv to heparan sulfate molecules on the host cell triggers the release of ul16 from the capsid, but the mechanism by which the signal is sent from the virion surface into the tegument is unknown. here, we report that a glutathione s-transferase chimera bearing the cytoplasmic tail of viral glycoprotein e (ge) is capable of binding to ul1 ...201121734044
[in vitro study on the anti-hsv-1 and hbv activities of extracts from the fruit of eucalyptus maidenii].to investigate the antiviral activities of three kinds of extracts from the fruit of eucalyptus maidenii against herpes simplex virus typel and hepatitis b virus.201121823484
antitumor effect of orlistat, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, is via activation of caspase-3 on human colorectal carcinoma-bearing animal.we established a ht-29/tk-luc human colorectal carcinoma-bearing animal model for the study of the inhibition effect and mechanism of orlistat, a fatty acid synthase (fasn) inhibitor. the results showed that orlistat caused cell cycle arrest at g1 phase, and triggered apoptosis through caspase-3 activation. the tumor inhibition effect of orlistat may also due to the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis without altering fasn activity. the tumor size of orlistat-treated mice in vivo was significantl ...201121723078
population-based surveillance for neonatal herpes in new york city, april 2006-september 2010.: population-based data for neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection are needed to describe disease burden and to develop and evaluate prevention strategies.201121844721
herpes simplex virus infection in the croatian population.abstract background: herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections are caused by 2 types of virus, hsv-1 and hsv-2. both viruses are endemic worldwide. there are marked variations in the seroprevalences of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in europe. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hsv infections in croatia. methods: during a 3-y period (2008-2010), a total of 1672 patients were tested for the presence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. results: the over ...201121696254
a functional type i interferon pathway drives resistance to cornea herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by recruitment of leukocytes.type i interferons are critical antiviral cytokines produced following herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) infection that act to inhibit viral spread. in the present study, we identify hsv-infected and adjacent uninfected corneal epithelial cells as the source of interferon-+¦. we also report mice deficient in the a1 chain of the type i ifn receptor (cd118(-/-)) are extremely sensitive to ocular infection with low doses (100 pfu) of hsv-1 as seen by significantly elevated viral titers in the cor ...201121709805
the ribonucleotide reductase r1 subunits of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 protect cells against poly(i {middle dot} c)-induced apoptosis.we recently provided evidence that the ribonucleotide reductase r1 subunits of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2) protect cells against tumor necrosis factor alpha- and fas ligand-induced apoptosis by interacting with caspase 8. double-stranded rna (dsrna) is a viral intermediate known to initiate innate antiviral responses. poly(i -à c), a synthetic analogue of viral dsrna, rapidly triggers caspase 8 activation and apoptosis in hela cells. here, we report that hela cells after hs ...201121697465
episomal transgene expression in pluripotent stem cells.herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) amplicon vectors possess a number of features that make them excellent vectors for the delivery of transgenes into stem cells. hsv-1 amplicon vectors are capable of efficiently transducing both dividing and nondividing cells and since the virus is quite large, 152 kb, it is of sufficient size to allow for incorporation of entire genomic dna loci with native promoters. hsv-1 amplicon vectors can also be used to incorporate and deliver to cells a variety of sequences ...201121822889
ck2 inhibitors increase the sensitivity of hsv-1 to interferon-+¦.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) requires the activities of cellular kinases for efficient replication. the host kinase, ck2, has been shown or is predicted to modify several hsv-1 proteins and has been proposed to affect one or more steps in the viral life cycle. furthermore, potential cellular and viral substrates of ck2 are involved in antiviral pathways and viral counter-defenses, respectively, suggesting that ck2 regulates these processes. consequently, we tested whether pharmacological ...201121722672
functional characterization of the essential tail-anchor of the hsv-1 nuclear egress protein ul34.release of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) nucleocapsids from the host nucleus relies on the nuclear egress complex (nec) consisting of the two essential proteins pul34 and pul31. the cytoplasmically exposed amino terminal region of pul34 interacts with pul31 while a hydrophobic region followed by a short luminal part mediates membrane association. based on its domain organization pul34 was postulated to be a tail-anchor (ta) protein. we performed a coupled in vitro transcription / translation as ...201121832006
loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the diagnosis of retinitis caused by herpes simplex virus-1.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for the detection of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). the specificity of the assay was tested using dna extracted from hsv-1-infected rabbit corneal epithelium cultures, hsv-2 grown on vero cell line, cytomegalovirus (cmv) (ad-169), varicella zoster virus (vzv) (oka-vaccine), adenovirus, aspergillus flavus and staphylococcus aureus. the specificity of lamp was confirmed by bidirectional sequencing of the amplicons. the sensitivit ...201120298270
seroprevalence of torch infections in women of childbearing age in croatia.during 2005-2009, a seroepidemiological study was carried out in croatia to define the population susceptible to common torch agents among pregnant and non-pregnant women of childbearing age. the igg seroprevalence was 29.1% fort. gondii, 94.6% for rubella, 75.3% for cytomegalovirus (cmv), 78.7% for herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), and 6.8% for hsv-2. acute toxoplasmosis and cmv infection (positive igm antibodies with low igg avidity) were documented in 0.25% and 0.09% women, respectively. i ...201120476874
rapid recruitment and activation of cd8+ t cells after herpes simplex virus type 1 skin infection.after localized infection, naive antigen-specific t cells must localize to those lymph nodes (lns) draining the site of infection before engaging antigen-bearing dendritic cells. given that naive precursors are initially distributed randomly throughout the secondary lymphoid compartment, it is unclear how long it takes most antigen-specific precursors to mobilize to draining lns and become recruited into the primary t cell response. here, we have examined the kinetics of these events, measuring ...201120458339
association of allergic sensitization with infectious diseases burden in roma and non-roma children.the hypothesis whether exposure to certain infections protects from atopy remains equivocal. to further investigate this, we compared serologic markers of infection and allergic sensitization prevalence in roma children, who live under unfavorable hygienic conditions that facilitate the spread of infections, and non-roma children who live in the same area. analyses included 98 roma and 118 non-roma children. serum igg antibodies for 13 foodborne- airborne- and bloodborne infectious agents were d ...201120573034
short-term viral exposure and memory. 201120603634
herpes simplex virus-1 induces expression of a novel mxa isoform that enhances viral replication.mxa is an antiviral protein induced by interferon (ifn)-α/β that is known to inhibit the replication of many rna viruses. in these experiments, the 76-kda mxa protein expressed in ifn-α-treated cells was shown to have antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), a human dna virus. however, mxa was expressed as a 56-kda protein in hsv-1-infected cells in the absence of ifn-α. this previously unrecognized mxa isoform was produced from an alternatively spliced mxa transcript that had ...201120603636
manzamine a as a novel inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type-1 replication in cultured corneal cells.this study investigated the putative inhibitory effect of manzamine a on hsv-1 infection. our results indicated that manzamine a effectively inhibited viral replication and infection in the cell line sirc, a corneal cell line, at 1 µm. the existing anti-hsv-1 drug acyclovir was analyzed and showed a comparable activity at 50 µm. plaque assays demonstrated that manzamine a reduced the release of infectious virus by 10 (11)-fold. rtpcr assays indicated that hsv-1 virion host shutoff (vhs) activity ...201120645244
failure of free connective tissue grafts caused by recurrent herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. 201120663597
recurrent intraoral hsv-1 infection: a retrospective study of 58 immunocompetent patients from eastern europe.to revise the clinical features of the recurrent intraoral herpetic infection (rioh) with respect to precipitating factors, demographic, clinical features and outcome.201120711124
a 40-year journey in search of selective antiviral chemotherapy.my search for a selective antiviral chemotherapy started more than 40 years ago with interferon inducers, then shifted to nucleoside analogs with the discovery of bvdu (brivudin), a highly selective anti-hsv-1 and anti-vzv agent, and to dideoxynucleoside analogs such as d4t (stavudine), anti-hiv agents. the search culminated in the discovery of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (anps) (in collaboration with antonin holý), a key class of compounds active against hiv, hepatitis b virus, and dna viru ...201120809796
activity investigation of pinostrobin towards herpes simplex virus-1 as determined by atomic force microscopy.in the present study, the antiviral activity of pinostrobin towards herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) was investigated by mtt assay and atomic force microscopy. pinostrobin can inhibit hsv-1 replication with 50% effective concentration (ec(50)) of 22.71 ± 1.72 μg/ml. mtt assay showed hsv-1 was significantly inhibited when pretreated with pinostrobin, with the inhibition of 85.69 ± 2.59%. significant changes in morphology and size of hsv-1 were observed by atomic force microscopy (afm) in response t ...201120739162
hsv-tk/gcv cancer suicide gene therapy by a designed recombinant multifunctional vector.the objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of a recombinant nonviral vector for targeted delivery of a thymidine kinase (tk) suicide gene to xenograft skov-3 tumors. the vector was genetically engineered and used to condense the tk gene into particles of less than 100 nm. the nanoparticles were used to transfect and kill skov-3 cancer cells in combination with ganciclovir (gcv) in vitro. the results demonstrated that the vector could effectively kill up to 80% of the skov-3 canc ...201120817124
herpes simplex vegetans presenting as an eyelid mass.a 16-year-old girl with congenital t-cell immunodeficiency presented with a 2-month history of an enlarging lower eyelid mass. after complete excision of the mass, the lesion was noted to recur. histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of the excised mass revealed infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 with exuberant inflammatory reaction and granulation tissue consistent with the diagnosis of herpes simplex vegetans. treatment with valacyclovir resulted in complete resolution of t ...201120829726
role of human herpes virus 6 in corneal inflammation alone or with human herpesviruses.: the purpose of this study was to determine the association of human herpes virus 6 (hhv-6) and/or other human herpesviruses in corneal inflammation using polymerase chain reaction (pcr).201120847652
evaluation of tear samples for herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv) detection in suspected cases of viral keratitis using pcr assay and conventional laboratory diagnostic tools.herpes simplex virus (hsv) keratitis is a leading cause of corneal blindness. definitive laboratory diagnosis is essential for timely management. collection of corneal scrapings in patients with advanced epithelial keratitis and corneal thinning poses perforation risks; tear fluid is a feasible and convenient alternative but has not been widely evaluated for hsv detection.201120852317
herpes simplex virus type 1 strain kos carries a defective us9 and a mutated us8a gene.the membrane protein encoded by the us9 gene of alphaherpesviruses plays an important role during virion assembly and transport in neurons. here, we demonstrate that in herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) strain kos, due to base substitutions, the predicted tata-box of us9 is mutated, and a premature stop is present at codon 58 of us9, which contains 91 codons in other hsv-1 strains. the tata-box mutation also removes the native stop codon of the adjacent us8a gene, leading to extension of the c ...201120861322
in vitro synergism of trifluorothymidine and ganciclovir against hsv-1.to determine whether trifluorothymidine (tft) and ganciclovir (gcv) are synergistic against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1).201120861476
upregulation of mouse genes in hsv-1 latent tg after butyrate treatment implicates the multiple roles of the lat-icp0 locus.to determine host response by gene expression in hsv-1 latent trigeminal ganglia (tg) after sodium butyrate (nabu) treatment.201120881297
tropism of herpes simplex virus type 1 to nonmelanoma skin cancers.current treatments for nonmelanoma skin cancer include surgery, mohs micrographic surgery, radiation, cryosurgery, photodynamic therapy, local chemotherapy and application of immunomodulators such as imiquimod. however, all have a 5-year recurrence rate of 1-40%. gene therapy for the treatment of skin cancers is a promising new approach, as delivery of the vectors to the skin is simple and safety issues can be properly addressed.201120973767
high therapeutic potential for systemic delivery of a liposome-conjugated herpes simplex virus.oncolytic viral therapy is a newly developed modality to treat tumors. many clinical trials worldwide have examined the efficacy of locally injected oncolytic viruses. however, systemic intravascular injections are limited by the humoral immune response, which dramatically decreases the level of infection. to overcome this limitation, we encapsulated the oncolytic virus in liposomes.201121062239
tau cleavage at d421 by caspase-3 is induced in neurons and astrocytes infected with herpes simplex virus type 1.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is ubiquitous, neurotropic, and the most common pathogenic causes of sporadic acute encephalitis in humans. herpes simplex encephalitis is associated with a high mortality rate and significant neurological, neuropsychological, and neurobehavioral sequelae, which afflict patients for life. hsv-1 infects limbic system structures in the central nervous system and has been suggested as an environmental risk factor for alzheimer's disease. however, the possible mec ...201121098975
herpes keratitis in a patient undergoing treatment with topical mitomycin c.to report a case of herpetic keratitis in a patient undergoing mitomycin c therapy for conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma.201121099403
no impact of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on herpes simplex virus shedding in hiv-infected adults.to determine the impact of oral tenofovir as part of combination antiretroviral therapy on asymptomatic herpes simplex virus (hsv) shedding.201121150556
the canonical and unconventional ligands of the herpesvirus entry mediator. 201121153339
prevention of neonatal herpes.neonatal herpes can occur when the neonate is exposed to herpes simplex virus in the maternal genital tract during labour. attack rates are highest when the mother has a newly acquired infection and, therefore, does not have antibodies to protect the neonate. even with early therapy, there is significant morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal herpes, suggesting that preventing neonatal herpes simplex virus exposure or early recognition of exposure is important. the incidence of neonata ...201121159118
antiviral activity of the lippia graveolens (mexican oregano) essential oil and its main compound carvacrol against human and animal viruses.mexican oregano (lippia graveolens) is a plant found in mexico and central america that is traditionally used as a medicinal herb. in the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of the essential oil of mexican oregano and its major component, carvacrol, against different human and animal viruses. the mtt test (3-4,5-dimethythiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) was conducted to determine the selectivity index (si) of the essential oil, which was equal to 13.1, 7.4, 10.8, 9. ...201124031796
antiviral effects of dehydroascorbic acid.in the present study, dehydroascorbic acid inhibited the multiplication of viruses of three different families: herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), influenza virus type a and poliovirus type 1. although dehydroascorbic acid showed some cytotoxicity at higher concentrations, the observed antiviral activity was not the secondary result of the cytotoxic effect of the reagent, as the inhibition of virus multiplication was observed at reagent concentrations significantly lower than those resulting i ...201022993629
spread of herpes simplex virus to the spinal cord is independent of spread to dorsal root ganglia.levels of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 dna in dorsal root ganglia (drg) and spinal cord (sc) were quantified after inoculation of guinea pig genitals and footpads. in genital infection, viral dna reached sc and drg simultaneously (at 2 to 3 days after inoculation) but was more abundant in sc than in drg. after inoculation of footpads, which lack parasympathetic innervation, the viruses spread more efficiently to drg than to sc. these results show important differences between genital ...201021159869
alzheimer's disease plaques and tangles: cemeteries of a pyrrhic victory of the immune defence network against herpes simplex infection at the expense of complement and inflammation-mediated neuronal destruction.plaques and tangles are highly and significantly enriched in herpes simplex (hsv-1) binding proteins (by 11 and 15 fold respectively (p<4.47466e-39) and 132/341 (39%) of the known hsv-1 binding partners or associates are present in these structures. the classes involved include the majority (63-100%) of the known hsv-1 host protein carriers and receptors, 85-91% of the viral associated proteins involved in endocytosis, intracellular transport and exocytosis and 71% of the host proteins associate ...201021167244
structural features and in vitro antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides from sphacelaria indica.many viruses display affinity for cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans with biological relevance to virus entry. this raises the possibility of the application of sulfated polysaccharides in antiviral therapy. in this study, we have analyzed xylogalactofucan- and alginic acid-containing fractions from sphacelaria indica, a marine alga. the xylogalactofucan that has apparent molecular mass of 26±5 kda and negative specific rotation [α](d)(32) -71° (c 0.2, h(2)o) contains, inter alia, (1→3)- ...201021167536
development of a selective biopharmaceutical from herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins e and i for blocking antibody mediated neutralization of oncolytic viruses.future cancer therapies will be molecular cures. they will correct, block or destroy cancer cells by targeting molecular changes that lead to carcinogenesis. destroying cancer cells can be done using oncolytic viruses. by blocking antibody mediated neutralization of oncolytic viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins e and i could be used in the adjuvant treatment of cancer for improving the chances of oncolytic viruses to kill cancer cells in vivo.201021169133
systemic immunological tolerance to ocular antigens is mediated by trail-expressing cd8+ t cells.systemic immunological tolerance to ag encountered in the eye restricts the formation of potentially damaging immune responses that would otherwise be initiated at other anatomical locations. we previously demonstrated that tolerance to ag administered via the anterior chamber (ac) of the eye required fas ligand-mediated apoptotic death of inflammatory cells that enter the eye in response to the antigenic challenge. moreover, the systemic tolerance induced after ac injection of ag was mediated b ...201021169546
in vitro anti hsv-1 and hsv-2 activity of tanacetum vulgare extracts and isolated compounds: an approach to their mechanisms of action.herpes simplex viruses (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are responsible for long-term latent infections in humans, with periods of recurring viral replication associated to lesions around the lips, eyes, mucous membrane of the oral cavity or the genitals. the lack of an effective vaccine, the moderate to high toxicity of the available synthetic antiherpes compounds and the appearance of resistant viral strains emphasize the need for new inhibitors. tanacetum vulgare, commonly known as tansy, has been used for ...201021171142
pml isoforms i and ii participate in pml-dependent restriction of hsv-1 replication.intrinsic antiviral resistance mediated by constitutively expressed cellular proteins is one arm of defence against virus infection. promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies (pml-nbs, also known as nd10) contribute to host restriction of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) replication via mechanisms that are counteracted by viral regulatory protein icp0. nd10 assembly is dependent on pml, which comprises several different isoforms, and depletion of all pml isoforms decreases cellular resistance to ...201021172801
[a pathogenic and clinical study of 882 cases of adult influenza-like illness in guangzhou].this study was undertaken to describe the viral etiology and clinical features in patients with influenza-like illness (ili) in guangzhou.201021176504
[advances in basic and clinical corneal research].it is well known that corneal epithelial stem cells reside in the limbal basal layer. recently, it has been found that oligopotent stem cells, located in the basal layer of corneal epithelium, can repair epithelial cell damage. although corneal endothelial cells usually could not regenerate in vivo, stem cells have been detected in the endothelial cell layer and can convert into endothelial cells under certain circumstances. stem cells are also present in corneal stroma. the heterogeneous stroma ...201021176607
a single mutation responsible for temperature-sensitive entry and assembly defects in the vp1-2 protein of herpes simplex virus.evidence for an essential role of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) tegument protein vp1-2 originated from the analysis of the temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant tsb7. at the nonpermissive temperature (npt), tsb7 capsids accumulate at the nuclear pore, with defective genome release and substantially reduced virus gene expression. we compared the ul36 gene of tsb7 with that of the parental strain hfem or strain 17 and identified four amino acid substitutions, 1061d → g, 1453y → h, 2273y → h, ...201021177812
varicella-zoster virus transcriptome in latently infected human ganglia.we recently developed a novel multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay that allows rapid and sensitive detection of transcripts corresponding to all 68 unique varicella-zoster virus (vzv) open reading frames (orfs) in only five amplification reactions (m. a. nagel, d. gilden, t. shade, b. gao, and r. j. cohrs, j. virol. methods 157:62-68, 2009). herein, we applied multiplex rt-pcr analysis to mrna extracted from 26 trigeminal ganglia latently infected with vzv and one control trigeminal ga ...201021177814
the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript can protect neuron-derived c1300 and neuro2a cells from granzyme b-induced apoptosis and cd8 t-cell killing.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) latency-associated transcript (lat) is the only hsv-1 gene transcript abundantly expressed throughout latency. lat null mutants have a significantly reduced reactivation phenotype. lat's antiapoptosis activity is the major lat factor involved in supporting the wild-type reactivation phenotype. during hsv-1 latency, some ganglionic neurons are surrounded by cd8 t cells, and it has been proposed that these cd8 t cells help maintain hsv-1 latency by suppressi ...201021177822
testing of herpes simplex virus for resistance to antiviral drugs.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections can be treated efficiently by the application of antiviral compounds. several drugs on the basis of acyclovir (acv), penciclovir (pcv) and foscarnet (fos) have been approved. resistant viral isolates can be observed especially in immunocompromised patients, who are treated with antivirals for long time intervals. that is why methods for analysis of hsv resistance to antiviral drugs have to be available in virological laboratories. we analyzed hsv type 1 (hsv ...201021178503
pcr detection of multiple human herpesvirus dna in saliva from hiv-infected individuals in teresina, state of piauí, brazil.human herpesviruses are frequently associated with orofacial diseases in humans (hsv-1, ebv, cmv and hhv-8), some can also cause systemic disease (cmv and hhv-8). the transmission of these viruses occurs by contact with infected secretions, especially saliva. human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hhvs and related diseases.201021181010
ocular herpes simplex virus type 1: is the cornea a reservoir for viral latency or a fast pit stop?purpose:: to present a review supporting and refuting evidence from mouse, rabbit, nonhuman primate, and human studies of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) concerning corneal latency. methods:: more than 50 research articles on hsv-1 published in peer-reviewed journals were examined. results:: infectious hsv-1 has been found in mouse denervated tissues and in tissues with negative cultures from the corresponding ganglion. however, the different mouse strains have shown varied responses to diff ...201021099411
novel tumour-specific promoters for transcriptional targeting of hepatocellular carcinoma by herpes simplex virus vectors.hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is a cancer of poor prognosis, with limited success in patient treatment, which it makes an excellent target for gene therapy and viral oncolysis. accordingly, herpes virus simplex type-1 (hsv-1) is one of the most promising viral platforms for transferring therapeutic genes and the development of oncolytic vectors that can target, multiply in, and eradicate hepatoma cells via their lytic cycle. enhanced efficacy and specificity of hsv-1-based vectors towards hcc m ...201021104973
ethosomes for the delivery of anti-hsv-1 molecules: preparation, characterization and in vitro activity.this paper describes the production, characterization and in vitro activity of ethosomes containing two molecules with antiviral activity, such as acyclovir (acy) and n1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-pyrazole [3,4d]pyridazin-7(6p-chlorine-phenyl)-one nucleoside (n1cp). ethosomes were prepared and morphologically characterized by cryo-tem. the encapsulation efficiency was 92.3 +/- 2.5% for acy and 94.2 +/- 2.8% for n1cp. the release of the drug from vesicles, determined by a franz cell method, indicated t ...201021105576
seeing the portal in herpes simplex virus type 1 b capsids.resolving the nonicosahedral components in large icosahedral viruses remains a technical challenge in structural virology. we have used the emerging technique of zernike phase-contrast electron cryomicroscopy to enhance the image contrast of ice-embedded herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids. image reconstruction enabled us to retrieve the structure of the unique portal vertex in the context of the icosahedral capsid and, for the first time, show the subunit organization of a portal in a virus inf ...201021106752
antiviral effect of pyridinium formate, a novel component of coffee extracts.n-methyl-pyridinium formate, a novel component of coffee extracts, inhibited the multiplication of both dna and rna viruses. in the presence of the compound, the progeny viral yields of both herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and poliovirus in hep-2 cells and those of influenza virus type a in mdck cells decreased with increasing concentrations of the compound, although the degree of viral sensitivity to this compound differed. in addition, none of these viruses were directly inactivated by the ...201020127052
effects of herbal medicinal formulas on suppressing viral replication and modulating immune responses.the chinese medicinal herbs radix isatidis and viola yedoensis makino have been suggested to possess antiviral activity. this study tests whether these and other chinese and western herbal medicinal formulas can modulate the immune functions involving virus-suppression in balb/c mouse. we first confirmed the extract from viola yedoensis makino, but not from radix isatidis, the traditional chinese medicine (tcm) formula chui-uren-chien (cuc), or a western homeopathic medicinal drink método canova ...201020128053
high prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and other sexually transmitted infections among women attending two sexual health clinics in bissau, guinea-bissau, west africa.the objective was to examine the prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and 10 other sexually transmitted infections (stis), and to explore the relationship between hiv and those stis in women attending two sexual health clinics in bissau, guinea-bissau. in all, 711 women with urogenital problems were included. clinical examination was performed and hiv-1, hiv-2, human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv)-1, htlv-2 and syphilis were diagnosed by serology. trichomonas vaginalis was examined using wet mount micro ...201021097735
projected cost-savings with herpes simplex virus screening in pregnancy: towards a new screening paradigm.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections in newborns are an uncommon but potentially devastating consequence of genital hsv infection in women. current practice focuses on preventing perinatal transmission by women with prevalent hsv, but transmission risk is greatest when genital hsv is acquired for the first time late in pregnancy. the objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of identifying pregnant women at risk of de novo hsv acquisition as a means of preve ...201021097810
nongenital herpes simplex virus.nongenital herpes simplex virus type 1 is a common infection usually transmitted during childhood via nonsexual contact. most of these infections involve the oral mucosa or lips (herpes labialis). the diagnosis of an infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 is usually made by the appearance of the lesions (grouped vesicles or ulcers on an erythematous base) and patient history. however, if uncertain, the diagnosis of herpes labialis can be made by viral culture, polymerase chain reaction, sero ...201021121552
patient information. herpes virus: cold sores. 201021121553
reversible conformational change in herpes simplex virus glycoprotein b with fusion-from-without activity is triggered by mildly acidic ph.the pre-fusion form of the herpes simplex virus (hsv) fusion protein gb undergoes ph-triggered conformational change in vitro and during viral entry (dollery et al., j. virol. 84:3759-3766, 2010). the antigenic structure of gb from the fusion-from-without (ffwo) strain of hsv-1, ang path, resembles wild type gb that has undergone ph-triggered changes. together, changes in the antigenic and oligomeric conformation of gb correlate with fusion activity. we tested whether the pre-fusion form of ffwo ...201021122119
impact of valency of a glycoprotein b-specific monoclonal antibody on neutralization of herpes simplex virus.herpes simplex virus (hsv) glycoprotein b (gb) is an integral part of the multicomponent fusion system required for virus entry and cell-cell fusion. here we investigated the mechanism of viral neutralization by the monoclonal antibody (mab) 2c, which specifically recognizes the gb of hsv type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2. binding of mab 2c to a type-common discontinuous epitope of gb resulted in highly efficient neutralization of hsv at the postbinding/prefusion stage and completely abrogated the viral ...201021123390
in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus in the abalone haliotis laevigata.as viruses are extremely abundant in oceans, marine organisms may have evolved novel metabolites to protect themselves from viral infection. this research examined a well-known commercial gastropod, abalone (haliotidae), which in australia have recently experienced disease due to a neurotropic infection, abalone viral ganglioneuritis, caused by an abalone herpesvirus (abhv). due to the lack of molluscan cell lines for culturing abhv, the antiviral activity of the abalone haliotis laevigata was a ...201021123549
herpes simplex virus is akt-ing in translational control.all viruses depend on the cellular protein synthesis machinery for the production of viral proteins. thus, viruses have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid innate host responses that inhibit protein synthesis. in this issue of genes & development, chuluunbaatar and colleagues (pp. 2627-2639) demonstrate that herpes simplex virus-1 counteracts this response through viral kinase us3, which mimics cellular kinase akt to phosphorylate and repress tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (tsc2), resulting i ...201021123644
constitutive mtorc1 activation by a herpesvirus akt surrogate stimulates mrna translation and viral replication.all viruses require cellular ribosomes to translate their mrnas. viruses producing methyl-7 (m⁷) gtp-capped mrnas, like herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), stimulate cap-dependent translation by activating mtorc1 to inhibit the translational repressor 4e-binding protein 1 (4e-bp1). here, we establish that the hsv-1 kinase us3 masquerades as akt to activate mtorc1. remarkably, us3 displays no sequence homology with the cellular kinase akt, yet directly phosphorylates tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (tsc ...201021123650
could lysine supplementation prevent alzheimer's dementia? a novel hypothesis.there is a growing body of evidence that implicates the herpes simplex type 1 virus (hsv-1) in the development of alzheimer's dementia (ad). hsv-1 has been found to be present in the cerebrum of the great majority of older adults, and in many of the same areas of the brain that are affected by ad. when active, the virus may contribute to the formation of the neuro-fibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques characteristic of ad. like ad, hsv-1 encephalitis may cause long term memory loss. hsv-1 repli ...201021127688
inhibition of viral adsorption and penetration by an aqueous extract from rhododendron ferrugineum l. as antiviral principle against herpes simplex virus type-1.the polyphenol-enriched aqueous extract rf from the aerial parts of rhododendron ferrugineum exhibited strong antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type-1 while adenovirus 3 was not affected. rf exhibited an ic(50) of 7.4 μg/ml and a selectivity index of 64 when added to the virus inoculum prior to infection. rf abolished virus entry into the host cell by blocking attachment to the cell surface. when added after attachment at a concentration of >25 μg/ml, rf inhibited also penetration ...201021129454
three-dimensional analysis of combination effect of ellagitannins and acyclovir on herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.the effects of combinations of three nonahydroxyterphenoyl-bearing c-glucosidic ellagitannins (castalagin, vescalagin and grandinin) with acyclovir (acv) on the replication of type-1 and type-2 herpes simplex viruses in mdbk cells were tested by the focus-forming units reduction test. ellagitannins included in these combinations possess a high individual antiviral activity: selectivity index of castalagin and vescalagin versus hsv-1 was similar to that of acv, and relatively lower against hsv-2. ...201021134403
availability of serologic and virologic testing for herpes simplex virus in the largest sexually transmitted disease clinics in the united states.background:: the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) in the united states is estimated to be 57.7% for hsv 1 and 17.0% for hsv 2. the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that both virologic and serologic tests be available at clinics that examined clients at risk for sexually transmitted diseases. methods:: a telephone survey was conducted. providers at the 230 largest sexually transmitted disease clinics in the united states were surveyed regar ...201021139516
ocular infection of mice with an avirulent recombinant hsv-1 expressing il-4 and an attenuated hsv-1 strain generates virulent recombinants in vivo.to assess the relative impact of overexpression of interleukin 2 (il-2), interleukin 4 (il-4), and interferon gamma (ifn-γ) expressing recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) on altering immune responses in ocularly infected mice.201021139679
hsv-1 infection of human corneal epithelial cells: receptor-mediated entry and trends of re-infection.the human cornea is a primary target for herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) infection. the goals of the study were to determine the cellular modalities of hsv-1 entry into human corneal epithelial (hce) cells. specific features of the study included identifying major entry receptors, assessing ph dependency, and determining trends of re-infection.201021139972
seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among the indigenous population of cape york, far north queensland, australia.the objective of this study was to obtain representative seroprevalence data for the indigenous population of far north queensland by measuring the age- and sex-specific seroprevalence of the herpes simplex viruses (hsv-1 and hsv-2) in cape york.201021062586
atypical presentation of herpes simplex encephalitis in an infant. 201021068230
coordinated leading and lagging strand dna synthesis by using the herpes simplex virus 1 replication complex and minicircle dna templates.the origin-specific replication of the herpes simplex virus 1 genome requires seven proteins: the helicase-primase (ul5-ul8-ul52), the dna polymerase (ul30-ul42), the single-strand dna binding protein (icp8), and the origin-binding protein (ul9). we reconstituted these proteins, excluding ul9, on synthetic minicircular dna templates and monitored leading and lagging strand dna synthesis using the strand-specific incorporation of dtmp and damp. critical features of the assays that led to efficien ...201021068232
noncytotoxic inhibition of viral infection through eif4f-independent suppression of translation by 4egi-1.the eukaryotic initiation factor eif4f recruits ribosomes to capped mrnas while eif2 mediates start codon recognition to initiate protein synthesis. increasing interest in targeting translation to suppress tumor growth has led to the development of new classes of inhibitors, including 4egi-1, which disrupts eif4f complexes. however, the full effects of this inhibitor and its potential uses in the treatment of other disease states remain unclear. here, we show that overall rates of protein synthe ...201021068241
herpes simplex virus type 1 helicase-primase: dna binding and consequent protein oligomerization and primase activation.the heterotrimeric helicase-primase complex of herpes simplex virus type i (hsv-1), consisting of ul5, ul8, and ul52, possesses 5' to 3' helicase, single-stranded dna (ssdna)-dependent atpase, primase, and dna binding activities. in this study we confirm that the ul5-ul8-ul52 complex has higher affinity for forked dna than for ssdna and fails to bind to fully annealed double-stranded dna substrates. in addition, we show that a single-stranded overhang of greater than 6 nucleotides is required fo ...201021068246
negative association of epstein-barr virus or herpes simplex virus-1 with tumefactive central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease.central nervous system (cns) demyelination has been suggested to be associated with infections caused by the epstein-barr virus (ebv) or herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1. cns inflammatory demyelinating disease (idd) rarely presents as a large lesion. we evaluated samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect recent infection with these viruses and analyzed csf and brain specimens by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or immunohistochemical studies for evi ...201021070119
oligomeric proanthocyanidins from rumex acetosa l. inhibit the attachment of herpes simplex virus type-1.the polyphenole-enriched acetone-water extract r2 from the aerial parts of rumex acetosa l. containing high amounts of oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins and flavonoids was tested for antiviral activity. r2 exhibited strong antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) while the replication of adenovirus 3 was not affected. by plaque reduction test and mtt assay on vero cells, the hsv-1-specific inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) and cytotoxic concentration (cc(50)) were ...201021070811
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