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successful nanolitre real-time pcr detection of respiratory pathogens in clinical specimens.we performed a proof-of-concept study to determine if human pathogens could be detected in clinical specimens using nanolitre-volume real-time pcr. nanolitre pcr for bordetella pertussis/b. parapertussis and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was performed on nasopharyngeal specimens and results compared with conventional methods. b. pertussis/b. parapertussis nanolitre pcr detection was 100% sensitive (20/20; 95% ci, 84-100%) and 100% specific (26/26; 95% ci, 87-100%). rsv nanolitre pcr was also ...201222630162
aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in an h1n1 pandemic year: the role of respiratory viruses.this study aimed to determine the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) by adding polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to conventional methods and to describe the clinical and laboratory features between patients with bacterial pneumonia (bp) and viral pneumonia (vp). adults with cap admitted from november 2009 to october 2010 were included. demographics, comorbidities, severity and clinical features were recorded. conventional microbiological methods included blood and sputum cultures, acu ...201222549730
coronavirus infection in intensively managed cattle with respiratory disease.a detailed laboratory investigation identified bovine coronavirus (bcov) as the aetiological agent in an outbreak of respiratory disease at a semi-intensive beef cattle feedlot in south-east australia. the outbreak caused 30% morbidity in the resident population and also affected two cohorts of cattle that were newly introduced to the property.201223004228
the effects of viral vaccination of dairy heifer calves on the incidence of respiratory disease, mortality, and growth.bovine respiratory disease (brd) is one of the most common infectious causes of morbidity and mortality in young dairy cattle. the objective of this randomized clinical trial was to determine the effectiveness of 1 or 2 doses of a 5-way, modified-live viral vaccine, administered to heifer calves before weaning to aid in the prevention of brd. the hypotheses were that vaccination would reduce the incidence of brd and mortality, and that 2 doses would be more effective than 1. a total of 2,874 hei ...201222959931
effects of gastrointestinal parasites on parasite burden, rectal temperature, and antibody titer responses to vaccination and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus challenge.thirty-three colostrum-deprived holstein bull calves (initial bw of 131 ± 4 kg) were used to determine the effect of timing of anthelmintic administration relative to vaccination on antibody titer response to vaccine component antigens. when calves were at least 3 mo of age, they were sorted randomly into individual pens and assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, treatments consisted of 1) dewormed 2 wk before vaccination (dpv), 2) dewormed at the time of vaccination (dv), or 3) control, vaccinate ...201222648753
development and evaluation of a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to bovine respiratory diseases on the meso scale discovery platform.a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpv-3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was developed on the commercially available meso scale discovery (msd) platform. the multiplex elisa used the same antigens (relatively crude lysates of cultured virus) that are used in the current in-house separate elisas. testing a panel of field samples demonstrated th ...201222621944
one-step multiplex real time rt-pcr for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine parainfluenza virus 3.detection of respiratory viruses in veterinary species has traditionally relied on virus detection by isolation or immunofluorescence and/or detection of circulating antibody using elisa or serum neutralising antibody tests. multiplex real time pcr is increasingly used to diagnose respiratory viruses in humans and has proved to be superior to traditional methods. bovine respiratory disease (brd) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in housed cattle and virus infections can ...201222455597
association of herd brsv and bhv-1 seroprevalence with respiratory disease and reproductive performance in adult dairy cattle.the aim of this study was to detect the associations between bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) status of a herd and respiratory disease (brd) occurrence and reproductive performance in pregnant heifers and cows. the association between management-related factors and higher brd occurrence was also estimated.201222289165
application of network analysis parameters in risk-based surveillance - examples based on cattle trade data and bovine infections in sweden.financial resources may limit the number of samples that can be collected and analysed in disease surveillance programmes. when the aim of surveillance is disease detection and identification of case herds, a risk-based approach can increase the sensitivity of the surveillance system. in this paper, the association between two network analysis measures, i.e. 'in-degree' and 'ingoing infection chain', and signs of infection is investigated. it is shown that based on regression analysis of combine ...201222265643
independent structural domains in the paramyxovirus polymerase protein.all enzymatic activities required for genomic replication and transcription of nonsegmented negative strand rna viruses (nnsv or mononegavirales) are believed to be concentrated in the viral polymerase (l) protein. however, our insight into the organization of these different enzymatic activities into a bioactive tertiary structure remains rudimentary. fragments of mononegavirales polymerases analyzed to date cannot restore bioactivity through trans-complementation, unlike the related l proteins ...201222215662
respiratory viruses from hospitalized children with severe pneumonia in the philippines.pneumonia remains a leading cause of child death in developing countries. the viruses in severe pneumonia remain poorly defined.201223092190
a preliminary study of pneumonia etiology among hospitalized children in kenya.pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood death in the developing world. higher-quality etiological data are required to reduce this mortality burden.201222403235
respiratory syncytial virus morbidity, premorbid factors, seasonality, and implications for prophylaxis.objectives: we investigated factors associated with morbidity and pediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission in children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and explored seasonality and implication of prophylaxis. methods: a retrospective study between 2006 and 2008 of every child with a laboratory-confirmed rsv infection was included. results: six hundred seventy rsv admissions were identified. ten (1.5%) required picu admissions. children admitted to picu were younger than non ...201222227087
proteins involved in extracellular matrix dynamics are associated with rsv disease severity.severity of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection ranges widely. to what extent the local immune response is involved in rsv disease pathogenesis and which markers of this response are critical in determining disease severity is still matter of debate.the local immune response was studied in nasopharyngeal aspirates (npas) during rsv infection. forty-seven potential markers of disease severity were analysed in a screening cohort of rsv-infected infants with mild disease at home (n=8), hosp ...201222267765
role of neutralizing antibodies in adults with community-acquired pneumonia by respiratory syncytial virus.background. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been implicated in the etiology of adult community-acquired pneumonia (cap). we investigated rsv infection in chilean adults with cap using direct viral detection, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtrt-pcr), and serology (microneutralization assay).methods. rsv, other respiratory viruses, and bacteria were studied by conventional and molecular techniques in adults aged ≥18 years presenting with cap to the healthcare faci ...201222238168
vesicular stomatitis virus as an oncolytic agent against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is a promising oncolytic agent against a variety of cancers. however, it has never been tested in any pancreatic cancer model. pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (pda) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer. in this study, the oncolytic potential of several vsv variants was analyzed in a panel of 13 clinically relevant human pda cell lines and compared to conditionally replicative adenoviruses (crads), sendai virus and respiratory syncytial vir ...201222238308
when are amniotic fluid viral pcr studies indicated in prenatal diagnosis?objective: to determine which prenatal ultrasound findings indicate the need to also obtain pcr studies for viral genome in women undergoing midtrimester amniocentesis. methods: this was a retrospective observational study on women that underwent amniotic fluid karyotyping and viral pcr testing for history or ultrasound based indication. amniotic fluid was tested for adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, enterovirus, epstein-barr virus, and parvovirus b19 using multiplex pcr ...201222275111
noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure from respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.the present study focused on respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis with respiratory failure. the aim of the study was to determine whether noninvasive ventilation reduces the need for endotracheal intubation or slows the clinical progression of acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis by reducing the incidence of infectious complications.201223917936
respiratory virus laboratory pandemic planning and surveillance in central viet nam, 2008-2010.laboratory capacity is needed in central viet nam to provide early warning to public health authorities of respiratory outbreaks of importance to human health, for example the outbreak of influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in 2009. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) procedures established as part of a capacity-building process were used to conduct prospective respiratory surveillance in a region where few previous studies have been undertaken.201223908924
respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in preterm infants: a cost-effectiveness study from turkey.the main aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis with palivizumab in turkey, by comparing hospitalization rates and costs as well as results of risk analyses in preterm infants who were treated either with palivizumab or conservatively. this retrospective study was undertaken in two centers on infants born with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks during the 2010-2011 seasons. patients were divided into two groups based on status of rsv ...201223692714
[respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants]. 201223513905
regulation of tight junctions in upper airway epithelium.the mucosal barrier of the upper respiratory tract including the nasal cavity, which is the first site of exposure to inhaled antigens, plays an important role in host defense in terms of innate immunity and is regulated in large part by tight junctions of epithelial cells. tight junction molecules are expressed in both m cells and dendritic cells as well as epithelial cells of upper airway. various antigens are sampled, transported, and released to lymphocytes through the cells in nasal mucosa ...201223509817
a large-scale study of respiratory virus infection over 2 years using the luminex xtagrvp assay.traditional methods of detecting and identifying respiratory viruses like cell culture and immunofluorescence are labor intensive, often slow, and are dependent on specimen viability. as a result, there has been a shift in laboratory practices from these methods to molecular-based techniques such as polymerase chain reaction, which can be faster, more sensitive, and less labor intensive than traditional methods. the food and drug administration approved version of the luminex xtag respiratory vi ...201223397701
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a dual subunit vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus are the most significant pathogens causing respiratory tract diseases. composite vaccines are useful in reducing the number of vaccination and confer protection against multiple infectious agents. in this study, we generated fusion of rsv g protein core fragment (amino acid residues 131 to 230) and influenza ha1 globular head domain (amino acid residues 62 to 284) as a dual vaccine candidate. this fusion protein, gcf-ha1, was bacterially expr ...201223396871
use of rapid human respiratory syncytial virus strip tests for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimentally vaccinated calves.three different rapid strip tests: tru rsv, binaxnow rsv and rsv respi-strip were compared with rt-pcr and elisa brsv ag for the ability to detect bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) in nasal swabs collected from calves experimentally vaccinated with live vaccine rispoval rs-pi3. the reference strains of brsv (375 and a51908) were detected by elisa brsv ag whereas the strains of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv-3) were not. all rapid stri ...201223390751
[differences of the regulation on the expression of mucin 1 induced by two single-strand rna viruses, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus].to investigate whether influenza virus (ifz) could up-regulate the expression of mucin 1 (muc1) which exists in epithelial cells of upper respiratory track to restrict the inflammation, as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) does. quantitative rt-pcr and western blot were performed to detect the expression level of muc1 induced by two single-strand rna viruses in a549 cell lines. hep-2 and mdck cells were used respectively to culture rsv and ifz. at 24h post a549 cells infection with the same tite ...201223367563
respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations in louisiana.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under one year of age worldwide. records indicative of rsv cases were pulled from the louisiana inpatient hospital discharge data based on rsv diagnosis codes to describe the burden of rsv infections in louisiana from 1999 to 2010. two thousand to three thousand hospitalized rsv cases occurred each year, with rates ranging from 37.2 to 71.4 hospitalizations per 100,000 population and the majorit ...201223362592
[prevalence of h1n1 a influenza virus infection among hospitalized patients with bronchiolitis twelve months old and younger].many pathogens have been reported to ause bronchiolitis during the winter season including he respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza, oetapneumovirus, etc. the last h1n1 a influenza pandemic ccurred during the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) eason. the role of the pandemic influenza strain as a ause of bronchiolitis was not documented.201223350292
neonatal calf infection with respiratory syncytial virus: drawing parallels to the disease in human infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common viral cause of childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections. it is estimated that rsv infections result in more than 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. bovine rsv is a cause of enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. furthermore, bovine rsv plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. infection of cal ...201223342375
the pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) model of acute respiratory infection.pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is related to the human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pathogens, and has been used to study respiratory virus replication and the ensuing inflammatory response as a component of a natural host—pathogen relationship. as such, pvm infection in mice reproduces many of the clinical and pathologic features of the more severe forms of rsv infection in human infants. here we review some of the most recent findings on the basic biology of pvm infection and it ...201223342367
respiratory syncytial virus persistence in macrophages alters the profile of cellular gene expression.viruses can persistently infect differentiated cells through regulation of expression of both their own genes and those of the host cell, thereby evading detection by the host’s immune system and achieving residence in a non-lytic state. models in vitro with cell lines are useful tools in understanding the mechanisms associated with the establishment of viral persistence. in particular, a model to study respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) persistence in a murine macrophage-like cell line has been ...201223342359
value of chest radiographic pattern in rsv disease of the newborn: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection is the most common viral respiratory infection in infants. several authors have sought to determine which risk factors are the best predictors for severe rsv disease. our aim was to evaluate if a specific chest radiographic pattern in rsv disease can predict the disease severity. we conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study in term and preterm neonates with confirmed lower respiratory tract rsv infection, admitted to ne ...201223304470
[viruses and clinical features associated with hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in lhasa, tibet].to investigate the viral etiology and clinical features of hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections in tibet.201223302560
the incidence and clinical burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease identified through hospital outpatient presentations in kenyan children.there is little information that describe the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) associated disease in the tropical african outpatient setting.201223300695
combination therapy using monoclonal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g glycoprotein protects from rsv disease in balb/c mice.therapeutic options to control respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are limited, thus development of new therapeutics is high priority. previous studies with a monoclonal antibody (mab) reactive to an epitope proximal to the central conserved region (ccr) of rsv g protein (mab 131-2g) showed therapeutic efficacy for reducing pulmonary inflammation rsv infection in balb/c mice. here, we show a protective effect in rsv-infected mice therapeutically treated with a mab (130-6d) reactive to an epitope w ...201223300550
detection rate and clinical impact of respiratory viruses in children with kawasaki disease.the purpose of this prospective case-control study was to survey the detection rate of respiratory viruses in children with kawasaki disease (kd) by using multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and to investigate the clinical implications of the prevalence of respiratory viruses during the acute phase of kd.201223300502
prevalence of acute lower respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in amirkola children's hospital, northern iran during march 2008-march 2010. 201223285422
[prophylaxis against respiratory viral disease in pediatric and adult patients undergoing solid organ and hematopoietic stem cells transplantation].respiratory viruses have been identified as a cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing sot and hsct, specially in children. the most frequent are respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza (flu), parainfluenza (pi) and adenovirus (adv). these infections are associated with progression to severe lower respiratory tract infections in up to 60% of the cases. it is advised to apply universal protection recommendations for respiratory viruses (a2) and some specific measures for flu a ...201223282554
non-benzimidazole containing inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus.several non-benzimidazole containing inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus are described. core template modification, analysis of antiviral activity, physicochemistry and optimisation of properties led to the thiazole-imidazole 13, that showed a good potency and pharmacokinetic profile in the rat.201223265891
Depletion of alveolar macrophages prolongs survival in response to acute pneumovirus infection.Alveolar macrophages are immunoregulatory effector cells that interact directly with respiratory virus pathogens in vivo. We examined the role of alveolar macrophages in acute infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a rodent pneumovirus that replicates the clinical sequelae of severe human respiratory syncytial virus disease. We show that PVM replicates in primary mouse macrophage culture, releasing infectious virions and proinflammatory cytokines. Alveolar macrophages isolated from PVM-in ...201222129848
increased replication of respiratory syncytial virus in the presence of cytokeratin 8 and 18.previously, it was reported that productive viral infection, viral protein synthesis, and viral rna replication of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) operated efficiently in two human epithelial cell lines (hep-2 and a549), but not in a human mast-cell line, hmc-1. based on these observations, it was hypothesized that hmc-1 cells lack the machinery required for rsv replication. to identify the host factors required for rsv replication, cdna subtraction using a549, hep-2, and hmc-1 cells was perfo ...201222170560
microrna-221 modulates rsv replication in human bronchial epithelium by targeting ngf expression.early-life infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is associated with aberrant expression of the prototypical neurotrophin nerve growth factor (ngf) and its cognate receptors in human bronchial epithelium. however, the chain of events leading to this outcome, and its functional implications for the progression of the viral infection, has not been elucidated. this study sought to test the hypothesis that rsv infection modulates neurotrophic pathways in human airways by silencing the expres ...201222272270
jama patient page. respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. 201222235094
epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in two long-term refugee camps in kenya, 2007-2010.abstract: background: refugees are at risk for poor outcomes from acute respiratory infections (ari) because of overcrowding, suboptimal living conditions, and malnutrition. we implemented surveillance for respiratory viruses in dadaab and kakuma refugee camps in kenya to characterize their role in the epidemiology of ari among refugees. methods: from 1 september 2007 through 31 august 2010, we obtained nasopharyngeal (np) and oropharyngeal (op) specimens from patients with influenza-like illne ...201222251705
[rhinoviruses. frequency in nonhospitalized children with acute respiratory infection].molecular methods for human rhinoviruses (hrv) have increased the sensitivity in their diagnosis. hrv may cause acute respiratory infections (ari) of the upper and lower respiratory tract. hrv infection during childhood is a predictor of asthma development. in this study, the hrv frequency in outpatient children with ari was determined, and their clinical features and previous conditions were evaluated. a total of 186 respiratory samples of children under 6 year old attending the cemic pediatric ...201222257453
regulatory t cells expressing granzyme b play a critical role in controlling lung inflammation during acute viral infection.the inflammatory response to lung infections must be tightly regulated, enabling pathogen elimination while maintaining crucial gas exchange. using recently described "depletion of regulatory t cell" (dereg) mice, we found that selective depletion of regulatory t cells (tregs) during acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection enhanced viral clearance but increased weight loss, local cytokine and chemokine release, and t-cell activation and cellular influx into the lungs. conversely, infla ...201222236998
molecular evolution of respiratory syncytial virus fusion gene, canada, 2006-2010.to assess molecular evolution of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion gene, we analyzed rsv-positive specimens from 123 children in canada who did or did not receive rsv immunoprophylaxis (palivizumab) during 2006-2010. resistance-conferring mutations within the palivizumab binding site occurred in 8.7% of palivizumab recipients and none of the nonrecipients.201222264682
il-21 promotes the pathologic immune response to pneumovirus infection.il-21 is a cytokine with pleiotropic actions, promoting terminal differentiation of b cells, increased ig production, and the development of th17 and t follicular helper cells. il-21 is also implicated in the development of autoimmune disease and has antitumor activity. in this study, we investigated the role of il-21 in host defense to pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), which initiates an infection in mice resembling that of respiratory syncytial virus disease in humans. we found that pvm-infected ...201222238461
isolation of influenza viruses in mdck 33016pf cells and clearance of contaminating respiratory viruses.this paper summarizes results obtained by multiplex pcr screening of human clinical samples for respiratory viruses and corresponding data obtained after passaging of virus-positive samples in mdck 33016pf cells. using the resplexii v2.0 (qiagen) multiplex pcr, 393 positive results were obtained in 468 clinical samples collected during an influenza season in germany. the overall distribution of positive results was influenza a 42.0%, influenza b 38.7%, adenovirus 1.5%, bocavirus 0.5%, coronaviru ...201222119922
Primary airway epithelial cultures from children are highly permissive to respiratory syncytial virus infection.Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of airway epithelial cells (AECs) is an important initial event in RSV bronchiolitis. AEC immunological responses are thought to be critical in driving the subsequent inflammation in the airway. This study examined viral replication, cytotoxicity and cytokine production in cultures of primary AECs from children compared with responses to RSV infection in an immortalised epithelial cell line and to those from infants with RSV bronchiolitis. ...201221865207
Ge-Gen-Tang has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.Ge-Gen-Tang (GGT) has been used against adult respiratory tract infection for thousand years in ancient China. However, GGT is unable to inhibit influenza virus. The effect of GGT to manage respiratory tract viral infection has been questioned. Several ingredients of GGT and their constituents are able to inhibit various viruses. Therefore, GGT might have antiviral activity against other viruses causing respiratory tract illness. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is one of the most import ...201222120014
Induction of mucosal and systemic immunity against respiratory syncytial virus by inactivated virus supplemented with TLR9 and NOD2 ligands.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most important viral cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and children worldwide and also forms a serious threat in the elderly. The development of RSV vaccine, however, has been hampered by the disastrous outcome of an earlier trial using an inactivated and parenterally administered RSV vaccine which did not confer protection but rather primed for enhanced disease upon natural infection. Mucosal administration does not seem to prime f ...201222120195
Use of palivizumab in primary practice.Objective: To describe the implementation of a program for the use of palivizumab in a general pediatrics office and evaluate adherence to the 2009 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. Methods: Pediatricians in a large practice were educated in the diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis, with specific attention to the AAP's palivizumab administration guidelines. During the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 respiratory syncytial virus seasons, children were systematically identified and enr ...201222184649
A sensitive real-time PCR for detection and subgrouping of human respiratory syncytial virus.Improved diagnostic tools for rapid detection, quantitation, and subgrouping of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are needed to aid the development and evaluation of novel intervention strategies. A quantitative real-time RT-PCR using specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes was developed to identify RSV and to distinguish RSV subgroups A and B (RSV LNA assay). RSV subgroup diversity and the relationship between viral load and disease severity in confirmed RSV infections were also explore ...201222119628
Human rhinoviruses in severe respiratory disease in very low birth weight infants.Objectives: To assess incidence, burden of illness, and risk factors for human rhinoviruses (HRVs) in a cohort of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: A 2-year prospective cohort study was conducted among VLBW premature infants in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Infants were enrolled in the NICU from June 1, 2003, to May 31, 2005, and managed monthly and with every acute respiratory illness (ARI) during the first year of life. Nasal wash samples were obtained during every respiratory episode ...201222201153
Making sense of cell surface nucleolin: Implications for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis and therapy.Comment on: Tayyari F, et al. Nat Med 2011; 17:1132-5.201222185777
Antiviral activity of arbidol, a broad-spectrum drug for use against respiratory viruses, varies according to test conditions.The therapeutic activity of arbidol was investigated against representatives of seven different virus families. Its 50% median effective concentration (EC(50) ) was 0.22-11.8?µg/ml (0.41-22?nM). Therapeutic indices of 91 were obtained for type 1 poliovirus and 1.9-8.5 for influenza A and B, human paramyxo-3, avian infectious bronchitis-, and Marek's disease viruses. Arbidol was more inhibitory for influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus than rimantadine or amantadine (EC(50) 10 vs. >15 and >31.6?µg/ ...201222028179
Purification of human respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein.Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion glycoprotein (F) elicits neutralizing antibodies to RSV and has therefore attracted much attention as a suitable candidate antigen in the development of gene-based vaccines against RSV infections. However, a major obstacle in vaccine development has been the problem of antigen purification. To address this problem, we have developed a new method that combines sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and a two-step chromatographic process, to purify RSV ...201221979254
regulation of dendritic cell functions against harmful respiratory pathogens by a cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor antagonist.cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist (ltra) is a widely used medicine for asthma. cysteinyl leukotrienes (cyslts) are involved in the regulation of dendritic cell (dc) function. however, the effects of ltra on dc-related antimicrobial immunity against harmful respiratory pathogens remain unknown. the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ltra administered in vivo on dc function against representative respiratory pathogens in vitro. pulmonary dcs were isolated from four groups ...201222852127
the human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 1 regulates type i and type ii interferon pathways.respiratory syncytial viruses encode a nonstructural protein (ns1) that interferes with type i and iii interferon and other antiviral responses. proteomic studies were conducted on human a549 type ii alveolar epithelial cells and type i interferon-deficient vero cells (african green monkey kidney cells) infected with wild-type and ns1-deficient clones of human respiratory syncytial virus to identify other potential pathway and molecular targets of ns1 interference. these analyses included two-di ...201222322095
role of the rab11 pathway in negative-strand virus assembly.as intracellular pathogens, enveloped viruses must usurp the host cell machinery for many stages of the viral life cycle in order to produce a new generation of infectious virions. in one of the less understood steps of viral assembly, viral components including the transmembrane glycoproteins, structural proteins and the viral genome must be targeted to the site of viral budding, where they assemble and are incorporated into a newly formed virion that gains a lipid envelope from a cellular memb ...201223176490
in vitro antiviral activity of brazilian plants (maytenus ilicifolia and aniba rosaeodora) against bovine herpesvirus type 5 and avian metapneumovirus.medicinal plants are well known for their use in traditional folk medicine as treatments for many diseases including infectious diseases.201222873798
respiratory syncytial virus regulates human micrornas by using mechanisms involving beta interferon and nf-κb.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common viral cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children. the virus replicates in polarized epithelial cells in the airway and, to a lesser extent, infects airway antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (dcs). rsv possesses a number of expressed genes that antagonize the effect of type i interferons and other related host factor pathways that inhibit replication efficiency. virus infection alters host gene transc ...201223249809
burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent and important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children. it is a seasonal virus, with peak rates of infection occurring annually in the cold season in temperate climates, and in the rainy season, as temperatures fall, in tropical climates. high risk groups for severe rsv disease include infants below six mo of age, premature infants with or without chronic lung disease, infants with hemodynamically significant congen ...201225254161
vigor extended to annotate genomes for additional 12 different viruses.a gene prediction program, vigor (viral genome orf reader), was developed at j. craig venter institute in 2010 and has been successfully performing gene calling in coronavirus, influenza, rhinovirus and rotavirus for projects at the genome sequencing center for infectious diseases. vigor uses sequence similarity search against custom protein databases to identify protein coding regions, start and stop codons and other gene features. ribonucleicacid editing and other features are accurately ident ...201222669909
respiratory syncytial virus infection: mechanisms of redox control and novel therapeutic opportunities.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children, for which no effective treatment is currently available. although the mechanisms of rsv-induced airway disease remain incompletely defined, the lung inflammatory response is thought to play a central pathogenetic role. in the past few years, we and others have provided increasing evidence of a role of reactive oxygen species (ros) as important regul ...201222799599
replication of respiratory syncytial virus is inhibited by the host defense molecule viperin.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important viral pathogen of otitis media, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. as infection of the upper airways is a precondition for the development of these diseases, understanding rsv pathogenesis and the host response induced by rsv in this niche may enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this virus. we have used a microarray approach and showed that expression of the gene that encodes the antiviral protein viperin was significantly u ...201223018837
the small hydrophobic protein of the human respiratory syncytial virus forms pentameric ion channels.the small hydrophobic (sh) protein is encoded by the human respiratory syncytial virus. its absence leads to viral attenuation in the context of whole organisms, and it prevents apoptosis in infected cells. herein, we have examined the structure of sh protein in detergent micelles and in lipid bilayers, by solution nmr and attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. we found that sh protein has a single α-helical transmembrane domain and forms homopentamers ...201222621926
ips-1 signaling has a nonredundant role in mediating antiviral responses and the clearance of respiratory syncytial virus.the cytosolic rna helicases melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and retinoic acid-inducible gene-i and their adaptor ifn-β promoter stimulator (ips-1) have been implicated in the recognition of viral rna and the production of type i ifn. complementing the endosomal tlr, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and retinoic acid-inducible gene-i provides alternative mechanisms for viral detection in cells with reduced phagocytosis or autophagy. the infection route of respiratory syncyti ...201223136205
poly (i:c), an agonist of toll-like receptor-3, inhibits replication of the chikungunya virus in beas-2b cells.double-stranded rna (dsrna) and its mimic, polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid [poly (i:c)], are recognized by toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) and induce interferon (ifn)-β in many cell types. poly (i:c) is the most potent ifn inducer. in in vivo mouse studies, intraperitoneal injection of poly (i:c) elicited ifn-α/β production and natural killer (nk) cells activation. the tlr3 pathway is suggested to contribute to innate immune responses against many viruses, including influenza virus, respirator ...201222698190
comparing the use of, and considering the need for, lumbar puncture in children with influenza or other respiratory virus infections.the clinical presentation of influenza in infancy may be similar to serious bacterial infection and be investigated with invasive procedures like lumbar puncture (lp), despite very limited evidence that influenza occurs concomitantly with bacterial meningitis, perhaps because the diagnosis of influenza is very often not established when the decision to perform lp is being considered.201223122417
evaluation of a multiplex real-time pcr assay for the detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens.in this study, we evaluated the analytical performance and clinical potential of a one-step multiplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of 14 types of respiratory viruses using the advansure rv real-time pcr kit (lg life sciences, korea).201223130338
effect of chemokine receptor cx3cr1 deficiency in a murine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of serious lower respiratory illness in infants and young children worldwide, making it a high priority for development of strategies for prevention and treatment. rsv can cause repeat infections throughout life, with serious complications in elderly and immunocompromised patients. previous studies indicate that the rsv g protein binds through a cx3c chemokine motif to the host chemokine receptor, cx3cr1, and modulates the inflammatory i ...201222330646
comparison of the luminex xtag rvp fast assay and the idaho technology filmarray rp assay for detection of respiratory viruses in pediatric patients at a cancer hospital.respiratory viruses are increasingly recognized as serious causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. the rapid and sensitive detection of respiratory viruses is essential for the early diagnosis and administration of appropriate antiviral therapy, as well as for the effective implementation of infection control measures. we compared the performance of two commercial assays, xtag rvp fast (luminex diagnostics, toronto, canada) and filmarray rvp (fa rvp; idaho technology, sa ...201222518855
il-10 regulates viral lung immunopathology during acute respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice.interleukin (il-) 10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with broad immunosuppressive functions, particularly at mucosal sites such as the intestine and lung. here we demonstrate that infection of balb/c mice with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) induced il-10 production by cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells in the airways at later time points (e.g. day 8); a proportion of these cells also co-produced ifn-γ. furthermore, rsv infection of il-10(-/-) mice resulted in more severe disease with enhanced weight loss, d ...201222393401
spectrum of viral infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.this review explores the extensive influence of viral infections leading to chronic deterioration of lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). the mechanisms how viral agents affect the pathogenesis as well as the inflammatory and immune response of cf are discussed. viral infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract due to viruses in cf patients and methods for diagnosis of respiratory viruses are described in detail. the importance of respiratory and non-respiratory viral age ...201224688762
respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein-induced toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) signaling is inhibited by the tlr4 antagonists rhodobacter sphaeroides lipopolysaccharide and eritoran (e5564) and requires direct interaction with md-2.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4), a signaling receptor for structurally diverse microbe-associated molecular patterns, is activated by the rsv fusion (f) protein and by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) in a cd14-dependent manner. tlr4 signaling by lps also requires the presence of an additional protein, md-2. thus, it is possible that f protein-mediated tlr4 activation relies on md-2 as well, although this hypothesi ...201222872782
bronchiolitis outbreak caused by respiratory syncytial virus in southwest bangladesh, 2010.during july 2010, newspapers reported a respiratory disease outbreak in southwestern bangladesh resulting in the admission of children to a secondary care hospital. we investigated this outbreak to determine the etiology and explore possible risk factors.201222938872
etiology and incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western kenya, 2007-2010.few comprehensive data exist on disease incidence for specific etiologies of acute respiratory illness (ari) in older children and adults in africa.201222937071
innate immune dysfunction is associated with enhanced disease severity in infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.most patients with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis requiring admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (picu) have no risk factors for severe disease. we sought to investigate the relationship between serum cytokine concentrations, innate immune responsiveness, and rsv disease severity.201223204162
comparison of the etiology of viral respiratory illnesses in inner-city and suburban infants.the risk of developing childhood asthma has been linked to the severity and etiology of viral respiratory illnesses in early childhood. since inner-city infants have unique environmental exposures, we hypothesized that patterns of respiratory viral infections would also be distinct.201223014674
response to infections in patients with asthma and atopic disease: an epiphenomenon or reflection of host susceptibility?associations between respiratory tract infections and asthma inception and exacerbations are well established. infant respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections are known to be associated with an increased risk of asthma development, and among children with prevalent asthma, 85% of asthma exacerbations are associated with viral infections. however, the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. is the increase in severity of infections an epiphenomenon, meaning respiratory tra ...201222846746
respiratory syncytial virus promotes moraxella catarrhalis-induced ascending experimental otitis media.otitis media (om) is a polymicrobial disease wherein prior or concurrent infection with an upper respiratory tract virus plays an essential role, predisposing the middle ear to bacterial invasion. in episodes of acute bacterial om, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most commonly isolated virus and thus serves as an important co-pathogen. of the predominant bacterial agents of om, the pathogenesis of disease due to moraxella catarrhalis is the least well understood. rigorous study of m. ca ...201222768228
il1rl1 gene variants and nasopharyngeal il1rl-a levels are associated with severe rsv bronchiolitis: a multicenter cohort study.targets for intervention are required for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis, a common disease during infancy for which no effective treatment exists. clinical and genetic studies indicate that il1rl1 plays an important role in the development and exacerbations of asthma. human il1rl1 encodes three isoforms, including soluble il1rl1-a, that can influence il33 signalling by modifying inflammatory responses to epithelial damage. we hypothesized that il1rl1 gene variants and soluble il ...201222574108
mechanisms of respiratory syncytial virus modulation of airway immune responses.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) most often causes severe respiratory disease in the very young and the elderly. acute disease can also cause exacerbations of asthma in any age group. recent findings provide insight into how the innate and adaptive immune systems respond to rsv infection and provide preliminary evidence that these effects vary significantly by rsv strain and host. components of cell signaling pathways that induce inflammatory cytokine expression during the innate immune respons ...201222692775
[expression and role of sugar chains on airway mucus during the exacerbation of airway inflammation].human bronchial mucins, such as muc5ac, have traditionally been defined as a family of high-molecular weight glycoproteins. changes in the contents of sugar chains on muc5ac are among the fundamental features in inflammatory respiratory disease. the changes have been shown to lead to unfavorable alterations in the viscosity of mucus, resulting in impairment of mucociliary transport, vulnerability to viral/bacterial infection as sugar chains play an important role in adhesion of some viruses and ...201222687728
eicosanoids and respiratory viral infection: coordinators of inflammation and potential therapeutic targets.viruses are frequent causes of respiratory infection, and viral respiratory infections are significant causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and sometimes mortality in a variety of patient populations. lung inflammation induced by infection with common respiratory pathogens such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus is accompanied by increased lung production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, lipid mediators with a wide range of effects on host immune function. deficiency or pharmacolog ...201222665949
respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein induces lung epithelial cell cycle arrest through a p53 dependent pathway.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of viral respiratory infections in children. our previous study showed that the rsv infection induced lung epithelial cell cycle arrest, which enhanced virus replication. to address the mechanism of rsv-induced cell cycle arrest, we examined the contribution of rsv-matrix (rsv-m) protein. in this report, we show that in both the a549 cell line and primary human bronchial epithelial (phbe) cells, transfection with rsv-m protein caused the cells ...201222662266
rapid acute onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in a lung transplant recipient after respiratory syncytial virus infection.bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (bos) can have either an acute or chronic onset with an abrupt or insidious course. the diagnosis is typically achieved by physiological criteria with development of a sustained decline in expiratory flow rates for at least 3 weeks. we review the rapid development of acute bos and bronchiectasis after respiratory syncytial virus infection in a lung transplant recipient, who had been doing well with normal pulmonary function for 3 years after lung transplantation ...201222650803
extracorporeal life support in the acute management of tumour lysis syndrome.a 16-month old boy presented with a severe tumour lysis syndrome (tls) complicating induction therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. this was further complicated by a respiratory syncytial virus infection. the failure of response to escalating treatment necessitated the use of extracorporeal life support (ecls) during continuation of his induction chemotherapy. he was weaned from support after the resolution of the tls and completed chemotherapy successfully. ecls may have a role to play in the ac ...201222647970
eosinophil granular proteins damage bronchial epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial (rs) virus infection is an important exacerbating factor in acute bronchial asthma. however, the precise mechanisms responsible for viral infection-induced exacerbations of asthma are uncertain. to elucidate the role of eosinophilic inflammation in the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma, we investigated the effects of eosinophil granule proteins on bronchial epithelial cell infected with rs virus.201222627361
high risk for rsv bronchiolitis in late preterms and selected infants affected by rare disorders: a dilemma of specific prevention.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent aetiologic agent that causes bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract infection in infants. these infections may be severe and even life-threatening in selected high-risk populations. traditional, well-established, high-risk populations are preterm infants with or without chronic lung disease and children with congenital heart disease. for these children, rsv prophylaxis using palivizumab, a monoclonal anti-rsv humanised antibody against th ...201222633511
childhood asthma in low income countries: an invisible killer?bacterial pneumonia has hitherto been considered the key cause of the high respiratory morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age (under-5s) in low-income countries, while asthma has not been stated as a significant reason. this paper explores the definitions and concepts of pneumonia and asthma/wheezing/bronchiolitis and examines whether asthma in under-5s may be confused with pneumonia. over-diagnosing of bacterial pneumonia can be suspected from the limited association betwee ...201222623048
oral versus inhaled ribavirin therapy for respiratory syncytial virus infection after lung transplantation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant contributor to morbidity in adult lung transplant recipients. multiple modes of ribavirin administration have been described in the literature. this study investigated outcomes related to delivery route.201222621746
respiratory viral pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract disease among young children in the highlands of papua new guinea.acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) commonly result in fatal outcomes in the young children of papua new guinea (png). however, comprehensive studies of the viral aetiology of alri have not been conducted in png for almost 30 years.201222595309
prevalence and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus in children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in northern brazil.childhood pneumonia and bronchiolitis is a leading cause of illness and death in young children worldwide with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) as the main viral cause. rsv has been associated with annual respiratory disease outbreaks and bacterial co-infection has also been reported. this study is the first rsv epidemiological study in young children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in belém city, pará (northern brazil).201222591236
immunogenicity and protective capacity of a virosomal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid a in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of viral brochiolitis in infants and young children and is also a significant problem in elderly and immuno-compromised adults. to date there is no efficacious and safe rsv vaccine, partially because of the outcome of a clinical trial in the 1960s with a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine (fi-rsv). this vaccine caused enhanced respiratory disease upon exposure to the live virus, leading to increased morbidity and the death of two children. subsequ ...201222590614
specific increase in local il-17 production during recovery from primary rsv bronchiolitis.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis is the most important cause of hospital admission for infants during the winter season, the pathogenesis is largely unknown. interleukin-17 (il-17) concentrations were studied in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 21 non-ventilated and 17 ventilated infants admitted to hospital with rsv bronchiolitis at time of admission and discharge from the hospital. on admission, nasopharyngeal concentrations of most cytokines and chemokines were lower in n ...201222585726
an insertion in loop l7 of human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is crucial for its antiviral activity.the human eosinophil granule ribonuclease, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (edn) has been shown to have antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus-b (rsv-b). other closely related and more active rnases such as rnase a, onconase, and rnase k6 do not have any antiviral activity. a remarkable unique feature of edn is a nine-residue insertion in its carboxy-terminal loop, l7 which is not present in rnase a, and differs in sequence from the corresponding loop in another eosinophil rnase, e ...201222581709
cost utility of palivizumab prophylaxis among pre-term infants in the united states: a national policy perspective.the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab has previously been reported among certain guideline-eligible, high-risk premature infants in medicaid. because guideline authorities base decisions on a national perspective, the economic model of palivizumab was adapted to include all infants, that is, public and privately insured patients (60% of palivizumab use is public, 40% is private).201222574798
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