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leishmania major: protective capacity of dna vaccine using amastin fused to hsv-1 vp22 and egfp in balb/c mice model.an intercellular spreading strategy using herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) vp22 protein is employed to enhance dna vaccine potency of leishmania major amastin antigen in balb/c mice model. we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of plasmid dna vaccines encoding amastin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) and vp22-amastin-egfp. optimal cell-mediated immune responses were observed in balb/c mice immunized with vp22-amastin-egfp as assessed by cytokine gene expression analy ...201121276444
serum antibodies against genitourinary infectious agents in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia patients: a case-control study.infection plays a role in the pathogenesis of many human malignancies. whether prostate cancer (pca) - an important health issue in the aging male population in the western world - belongs to these conditions has been a matter of research since the 1970 s. persistent serum antibodies are a proof of present or past infection. the aim of this study was to compare serum antibodies against genitourinary infectious agents between pca patients and controls with benign prostate hyperplasia (bph). we hy ...201121291519
mir-101 regulates hsv-1 replication by targeting atp5b.micrornas (mirnas) are short non-coding rnas that negatively modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are known to be involved in the cross-talk between the host and virus. using a standard plaque assay and real-time pcr method, we found that ectopic expression of mir-101 could significantly suppress herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) replication, and that blocking endogenous mir-101 could increase viral progeny without affecting cell viability. bioinformatics analysis indicate ...201121291913
review of the etiologies of viral meningitis and encephalitis in a dengue endemic region.to evaluate the etiology of viral meningitis and encephalitis in adults and adolescents living in areas affected by dengue.201121292281
in vitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities of ficus carica latex extracts.the latex of fig fruit (ficus carica) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of skin infections such as warts and also diseases of possible viral origin. five extracts (methanolic, hexanic, ethyl acetate, hexane-ethyl acetate (v/v) and chloroformic) of this species were investigated in vitro for their antiviral potential activity against herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1), echovirus type 11 (ecv-11) and adenovirus (adv). to evaluate the capacity of the extracts to inhibit the replication o ...201121294043
subacute herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis as an initial presentation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple sclerosis: a case report. 201121314934
involvement of the ul24 protein in herpes simplex virus 1-induced dispersal of b23 and in nuclear egress.ul24 of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is widely conserved within the herpesviridae family. herein, we tested the hypothesis that ul24, which we have previously shown to induce the redistribution of nucleolin, also affects the localization of the nucleolar protein b23. we found that hsv-1-induced dispersal of b23 was dependent on ul24. the conserved n-terminal portion of ul24 was sufficient to induce the redistribution of b23 in transient transfection assays. mutational analysis revealed that th ...201121316727
herpes simplex virus type 1-induced fasl expression in human monocytic cells and its implications for cell death, viral replication, and immune evasion.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is a ubiquitously occurring pathogen that infects humans early in childhood. the virus persists as a latent infection in dorsal root ganglia, especially of the trigeminal nerve, and frequently becomes reactivated in humans under conditions of stress. monocytic cells constitute an important component of the innate and adaptive immune responses. we show here for the first time that hsv-1 stimulates human fasl promoter and induces de novo expression of fasl on th ...201121319975
systemic herpesvirus infection in an azara's night monkey (aotus azarae).intra- and inter-species transmission of human herpesvirus type 1 were noticed. in the present study, the herpesviral infection of a 1-year-old azara's night monkey (aotus azarae) was investigated.201121320132
infant lungs are preferentially infected by adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors: role of the tissue mesenchymal cells.adenovirus (ad) and herpes-simplex-virus-1 (hsv-1) have been extensively applied as vectors for gene and cancer therapy in clinical trials. ad5, from which the vector was constructed, is a common respiratory virus that infects mainly infants, yet the reasons for infant sensitivity to infection, other than immunity, are not clear. hsv-1, usually a neurotropic virus, may also cause severe pneumonia or disseminated diseases in infants and immunocompromised patients.201121322100
full length antigen priming enhances the ctl epitope-based dna vaccine efficacy.although cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope-based dna vaccination is valuable experience on vaccine research but many attempts are still continued to achieve acceptable protective response. to study the role of full length antigen in ctl epitope immunization, we evaluated cellular immunity of diverse patterns of complete herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein b (gb) and the immunodominant ctl epitope (498-505) dna injection in c57bl/6 mice. optimal immune response was observed i ...201121324438
herpes simplex virus 2 microrna mir-h6 is a novel latency-associated transcript-associated microrna, but reduction of its expression does not influence the establishment of viral latency or the recurrence phenotype.the herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) viral microrna (mirna) designated mir-h6 is located upstream of the latency-associated transcript (lat) promoter region on the strand opposite the lat. deletion of the lat promoter and part of lat exon 1 abolished hsv-2 mir-h6 expression in acutely and latently infected guinea pig dorsal root ganglia (drg), suggesting that this region is needed both for the expression of lat-encoded mirnas and for mir-h6 expression in vivo. relative to cells infected with a vir ...201121325410
early induction of autophagy in human fibroblasts after infection with human cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus 1.the infection of human fetal foreskin fibroblasts (hfff2) with human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) resulted in the induction of autophagy. this was demonstrated by the increased lipidation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (lc3), a hallmark of autophagy, and by the visualization of characteristic vesicles within infected cells. the response was detected first at 2 h postinfection and persisted for at least 3 days. de novo protein synthesis was not required for the effect, since hcmv tha ...201121325419
icp27 protein of marek's disease virus interacts with sr proteins and inhibits the splicing of cellular telomerase chtert and viral vil8 transcripts.all herpesviruses have a post-transcriptional regulatory protein that prevents precursor mrna splicing and leads to the shutting off of host protein synthesis. the icp27 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is the prototype of these proteins. marek's disease virus (mdv-1), an alphaherpesvirus that induces lymphoma in birds, also has an icp27 protein that is produced in lytic mdv-1-infected cells. we characterized this protein. we demonstrated icp27 production in latently infected msb-1 cell ...201121325479
ocular neovascularization caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection results from breakdown of binding between vascular endothelial growth factor a and its soluble receptor.the normal cornea is transparent, which is essential for normal vision, and although the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor a (vegf-a) is present in the cornea, its angiogenic activity is impeded by being bound to a soluble form of the vegf receptor-1 (svr-1). this report investigates the effect on the balance between vegf-a and svr-1 that occurs after ocular infection with hsv, which causes prominent neovascularization, an essential step in the pathogenesis of the vision-impai ...201121325621
treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in sjl/j mice with a replicative hsv-1 vector expressing interleukin-5.experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is an autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system and is used as the experimental model of multiple sclerosis (ms). the exact mechanism behind the disease is still unknown, but interleukin (il)-17 expressing t cells are thought to mediate the disease. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are known to have a role in the innate immune response against pathogens, and several tlrs have also a role in the disease course of eae. here, we show that treatm ...201121326329
the influence of stress factors on the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in infected mice.this study shows that the influence of different stress factors impacts the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) specifically in the trigeminal ganglion of infected mice. different stress factors including hyperthermia, hypothermia, fatigue, and immunosuppression were exerted on mice infected with hsv-1. these viral antigens were then detected in the trigeminal ganglion region of infected mice under the influence of each stress factor, with hyperthermia having the most infl ...201121327577
persistent anti-tumor effects via recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding herpes thymidine kinase gene monitored by pet-imaging.despite the well-documented advantages of the recombinant adeno-associated virus (raav) as a gene delivery vehicle, including its non-pathogenic and long-term therapeutic gene expression, there have been very limited studies on its potential for producing persistent anti-tumor effects, particularly in vivo. to address this issue, we constructed raav vectors encoding herpes simplex virus 1-thymidine kinase (hsv-tk) or its mutant form (sc39tk) as therapeutic genes, and gfp as a control gene. effec ...201121331450
effect of sirnas on hsv-1 plaque formation and relative expression levels of rr mrna.rna interference (rnai) is a process by which introduced small interfering rna (sirna) can cause the specific degradation of mrna with identical sequences. the human herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) rr is composed of two distinct homodimeric subunits encoded by ul39 and ul40, respectively. in this study, we applied sirnas targeting the ul39 and ul40 genes of hsv-1. we showed that synthetic sirna silenced effectively and specifically ul39 and ul40 mrna expression and inhibited hsv-1 replicatio ...201121331889
hydrolyzable tannins (chebulagic acid and punicalagin) target viral glycoprotein-glycosaminoglycan interactions to inhibit herpes simplex virus 1 entry and cell-to-cell spread.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is a common human pathogen that causes lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons. non-nucleoside inhibitors that can limit hsv-1 recurrence are particularly useful in treating immunocompromised individuals or cases of emerging acyclovir-resistant strains of herpesvirus. we report that chebulagic acid (chla) and punicalagin (pug), two hydrolyzable tannins isolated from the dried fruits of terminalia chebula retz. (combretaceae), inhibit hsv-1 entry at noncytotoxi ...201121307190
the role of lat in increased cd8+ t cell exhaustion in trigeminal ganglia of mice latently infected with herpes simplex virus 1.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a classic example of latent viral infection in humans and experimental animal models. the hsv-1 latency-associated transcript (lat) plays a major role in the hsv-1 latency reactivation cycle and thus in recurrent disease. whether the presence of lat leads to generation of dysfunctional t cell responses in the trigeminal ganglia (tg) of latently infected mice is not known. to address this issue, we used lat-positive [lat(+)] and lat-deficient [lat(-)] virus ...201121307196
human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene expression in the osteosarcoma line u2os is repressed by the cell protein atrx.the control of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) immediate early (ie) gene expression in infected human fibroblasts was compared with that in the u2os human osteosarcoma cells. viral ie expression was stimulated by the virion protein pp71 and repressed by the cell protein hdaxx in fibroblasts, as expected from published data. neither of these events occurred in infected u2os cells, suggesting that this cell line lacks one or more factors that repress hcmv ie expression. the chromatin remodeling facto ...201121310198
functional reorganization of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies during bk virus infection.bk virus (bkv) is the causative agent for polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, a severe disease found in renal transplant patients due to reactivation of a persistent bkv infection. bkv replication relies on the interactions of bkv with many nuclear components, and subnuclear structures such as promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (pml-nbs) are known to play regulatory roles during a number of dna virus infections. in this study, we investigated the relationship between pml-nbs and bkv during i ...201121304169
ocular herpes simplex virus type 1: is the cornea a reservoir for viral latency or a fast pit stop?to present a review supporting and refuting evidence from mouse, rabbit, nonhuman primate, and human studies of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) concerning corneal latency.201121304287
synthesis and in vitro anti-hsv-1 activity of a novel hsp90 inhibitor bj-b11.in this study, a novel hsp90 inhibitor bj-b11, was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against several viruses. possible anti-hsv-1 mechanisms were also investigated. bj-b11 displayed no antiviral activity against coxsackievirus b(3) (cvb(3)), human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus (h1n1), but exhibited potent anti-hsv-1 and hsv-2 activity with ec(50) values of 0.42±0.18 µm and 0.60±0.21 µm, respectively. additionally, the inhibitory effects of bj-b11 a ...201121334891
[sero-epidemiology of six viruses natural infection in tupaia belangeri chinensis].tupaia (tupaia belangeris chinensis, tree shrew) as a new experiment animal in medicine are non-rodent, small animals and close to primates in evolution. experimental animals infected with viruses will affect the animal's health, interference experiment, and even endanger the operator's safety. therefore, the viral infection in experimental animals has long been considered an important part of quality control. lack of clearer viral natural infection information on the t. belangeris limits its us ...201121341379
uncoupling uncoating of herpes simplex virus genomes from their nuclear import and gene expression.incoming capsids of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) enter the cytosol by fusion of the viral envelopes with host cell membranes and use microtubules and microtubule motors for transport to the nucleus. upon docking to the nuclear pores, capsids release their genomes into the nucleoplasm. progeny genomes are replicated in the nucleoplasm and subsequently packaged into newly assembled capsids. the minor capsid protein pul25 of alphaherpesviruses is required for capsid stabilization after genom ...201121345968
interferon-gamma, macrophages, and virus spread after hsv-1 injection.after uniocular anterior chamber (ac) injection of hsv-1, the anterior segment of balb/c mice becomes inflamed and infected; however, virus does not spread from the anterior segment to cause retinitis in the injected eye. the purpose of these studies was to determine whether interferon (ifn-)-? and mac-1(+) cells play a role in preventing direct anterior-to-posterior spread of hsv-1 in the injected eye.201121345992
serological evidence of exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in the catie schizophrenia sample.cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia. previous studies have indicated that exposure to neurotropic infectious agents such as herpes simplex virus type 1 may contribute to cognitive deficits and neuroanatomical abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. we examined the association between exposure to neurotropic infectious agents and cognitive function in 1308 participants in the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (catie) trial. this sample includ ...201121353483
a case of neonatal sepsis with acute liver failure. 201121354858
isatin-ß-thiosemicarbazones as potent herpes simplex virus inhibitors.a series of isatin-ß-thiosemicarbazones have been designed and evaluated for antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) in a plaque reduction assay. their cytotoxicity was examined using human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (rd cells). several derivatives of isatin-ß-thiosemicarbazone exhibited significant and selective antiviral activity with low cytotoxicity. it was found that the thiourea group at thiosemicarbazone and the nh functionality at isatin were essenti ...201121356589
defining the herpes simplex virus-specific cd8+ t cell repertoire in c57bl/6 mice.hsv type 1 (hsv-1) expresses its genes sequentially as immediate early (a), early (ß), leaky late (?1), and true late (?2), where viral dna synthesis is an absolute prerequisite only for ?2 gene expression. the ?1 protein glycoprotein b (gb) contains a strongly immunodominant cd8(+) t cell epitope (gb(498-505)) that is recognized by 50% of both the cd8(+) effector t cells in acutely infected trigeminal ganglia (tg) and the cd8(+) memory t cells in latently infected tg. of 376 predicted hsv-1 cd8 ...201121357536
deal watch: amgen buys oncolytic virus company. 201121358726
il-2 suppression of il-12p70 by a recombinant hsv-1 expressing il-2 induces t-cell auto-reactivity and cns demyelination.to evaluate the role of cellular infiltrates in cns demyelination in immunocompetent mice, we have used a model of multiple sclerosis (ms) in which different strains of mice are infected with a recombinant hsv-1 expressing il-2. histologic examination of the mice infected with hsv-il-2 demonstrates that natural killer cells, dendritic cells, b cells, and cd25 (il-2ra) do not play any role in the hsv-il-2-induced demyelination. t cell depletion, t cell knockout and t cell adoptive transfer experi ...201121364747
amplification free detection of herpes simplex virus dna.amplification-free detection of nucleic acids in complex biological samples is an important technology for clinical diagnostics, especially in the case where the detection is quantitative and highly sensitive. here we present the detection of a synthetic dna sequence from herpes simplex virus-1 within swine cerebrospinal fluid (csf), using a sandwich-like, magnetic nanoparticle pull-down assay. magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles were both modified with dna probes, a ...201121369562
chronic progressive deficits in neuron size, density and number in the trigeminal ganglia of mice latently infected with herpes simplex virus.numerous epidemiological studies have proposed a link between herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection and several common chronic neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. experimental hsv infection of mice can lead to chronic behavioral and neurological deficits and chronic pain. while neuron injury and loss are well-documented consequences of the acute phase of infection, the pathologic consequences of latent hsv infection are poorly understood. to determine whether latent hsv infection can ...201121371157
a role for the snare protein syntaxin 3 in human cytomegalovirus morphogenesis.as an enveloped virus, replication of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is dependent on interaction with cellular membrane systems. its final envelopment occurs into intracellular membranes prior to its secretion. however the mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. here, we show that hcmv infection induces expression of the soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (snare) syntaxin 3 (stx3), a component of the cellular machinery for membrane fusion. st ...201121371234
insulin-like growth factor-i gene delivery to astrocytes reduces their inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide.insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) exerts neuroprotective actions in the central nervous system that are mediated at least in part by control of activation of astrocytes. in this study we have assessed the efficacy of exogenous igf-i and igf-i gene therapy in reducing the inflammatory response of astrocytes from cerebral cortex.201121371294
evaluation and optimization of the administration of a selectively replicating herpes simplex viral vector to the brain by convection-enhanced delivery.the direct intraparenchymal administration of oncolytic viral vectors by convection-enhanced delivery (ced) represents a promising new treatment strategy for malignant gliomas. however, there is no evidence to suggest that oncolytic viruses as large as herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) can be administered by ced, as this has not been systematically examined in an animal model. in this study, the administration of a herpes simplex viral vector, hsv1, has been evaluated in detail in the gray and whit ...201121372854
cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids.some natural products consisting of the alkaloids yohimbine and vincamine (indole-type), scopolamine and atropine (tropane-type), colchicine (tropolone-type), allantoin (imidazolidine-type), trigonelline (pyridine-type) as well as octopamine, synephrine, and capsaicin (exocyclic amine-type); the flavonoid derivatives quercetin, apigenin, genistein, naringin, silymarin, and silibinin; and the phenolic acids namely gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quinic acid, were tested for their ...201121391841
cytotoxicity in l929 fibroblasts and inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 kupka by estuarine cyanobacteria extracts.the cyanobacteria are known to be a rich source of metabolites with a variety of biological activities in different biological systems. in the present work, the bioactivity of aqueous and organic (methanolic and hexane) crude extracts of cyanobacteria isolated from estuarine ecosystems was studied using different bioassays. the assessment of dna damage on the sos gene repair region of mutant pq37 strain of escherichia coli was performed. antiviral activity was evaluated against influenza virus, ...201121396440
[herpes simplex encephalitis].herpes simplex encephalitis, which is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, is a severe central nervous system infection. this disease starts with fever, convulsion, and impaired consciousness, and often accompanies with temporal robe symptoms such as hallucination, cognitive disturbance. in spite of the establishments of early diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and effective antiviral therapies, the prognosis of herpes simplex encephalitis is still poor and often accompani ...201121400835
the hiv protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication in vitro.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is the most common hiv-associated cancer worldwide and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality in some regions. antiretroviral (arv) combination regimens have had mixed results for ks progression and resolution. anecdotal case reports suggest that protease inhibitors (pis) may have effects against ks that are independent of their effect on hiv infection. as such, we evaluated whether pis or other arvs directly inhibit replication of kaposi's sarcoma-associ ...201121402841
residues of the ul25 protein of herpes simplex virus that are required for its stable interaction with capsids.the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) ul25 gene product is a minor capsid component that is required for encapsidation, but not cleavage, of replicated viral dna. ul25 is located on the capsid surface in a proposed heterodimer with ul17, where five copies of the heterodimer are found at each of the capsid vertices. previously, we demonstrated that amino acids 1 to 50 of ul25 are essential for its stable interaction with capsids. to further define the ul25 capsid binding domain, we generated recombi ...201121411517
phenotypic suppression of a herpes simplex virus 1 icp27 mutation by enhanced transcription of the mutant gene.icp27 is an essential herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) regulatory protein that enhances viral gene expression. although it is predominantly nuclear, it shuttles to the cytoplasm during infection using an n-terminal nuclear export signal (nes). we previously engineered an nes-negative icp27 mutant, dleu, that replicates poorly in cultured cells. in this study, we isolated dleur, a growth-competent revertant of dleu. we show that dleur possesses one or more extragenic mutations that enhance icp27 tr ...201121411532
herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gb and gd function in a redundant fashion to promote secondary envelopment.egress of herpes simplex virus (hsv) and other herpesviruses from cells involves extensive modification of cellular membranes and sequential envelopment and deenvelopment steps. hsv glycoproteins are important in these processes, and frequently two or more glycoproteins can largely suffice in any step. capsids in the nucleus undergo primary envelopment at the inner nuclear membrane (inm), and then enveloped virus particles undergo deenvelopment by fusing with the outer nuclear membrane (onm). ca ...201121411539
activities of icp0 involved in the reversal of silencing of quiescent herpes simplex virus 1.icp0 is a transcriptional activating protein required for the efficient replication and reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). multiple regions of icp0 contribute its activity, the most prominent of which appears to be the ring finger, which confers e3 ubiquitin ligase activity. a region in the c terminus of icp0 has also been implicated in several activities, including the disruption of a cellular repressor complex, rest/corest/hdac1/2/lsd1. we used quiescent infection of mrc-5 ...201121411540
use of cytokine immunotherapy to block cns demyelination induced by a recombinant hsv-1 expressing il-2.we previously have described a model of multiple sclerosis (ms) in which constitutive expression of murine interleukin (il)-2 by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) (hsv-il-2) causes central nervous system (cns) demyelination in different strains of mice. in the current study, we investigated whether this hsv-il-2-induced demyelination can be blocked using recombinant viruses expressing different cytokines or by injection of plasmid dna. we have found that coinfection of hsv-il-2-infected mice w ...201121412284
herpes simplex virus infections among rural residents in eastern china.herpes simplex virus (hsv) has two types: hsv-1 and hsv-2. both infect epithelial cells and establish latent infections in neurons causing an infection that persists for life. information on age- and gender-specific seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 is valuable for understanding hsv transmission dynamics and designing population-based prevention and intervention programs for hsv. however, such information is not available for china.201121414231
subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in all stages of hiv infection.analysis of 200 paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from 180 hiv-positive individuals, 136 of whom had aids, revealed intrathecal synthesis of antibodies specific for varicella zoster virus (vzv) in 28 (16%) individuals, measles virus in 15 (8%), herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) in 1 (0.6%), and hsv-2 in none. of the 28 subjects with a positive vzv antibody specificity index, only 1 had zoster rash at the time of serum and csf sampling; of the total 180 hiv-positive subjects, 146 (8 ...201121419427
multiple viral coinfections among hiv/aids patients in china.a cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine seroprevalence and correlates of coinfections of hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), epstein-bar virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus including type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients in china. a total of 1,110 hiv/aids patients from shanxi (central area, n = 287), zhejiang (eastern area, n = 163), yunnan (southwestern area, n = 300) and xinjiang (n ...201121422594
[analysis of clinical features of herpes encephalitis].herpes encephalitis makes up more than 20% of all viral encephalitises in countries with moderate climate. over the period of 1971-2008, 112 inpatients with herpes encephalitis have been examined and treated. outcomes were as follows: 90 (80%) patients recovered and 22 (20%) patients died. the diagnostic criteria were the relation with herpes simplex virus type i (hsv-1) by immunological and clinical data in the presence of clinical symptoms of viral encephalitis for recovered patients and clini ...201121423111
host cell targets of tegument protein vp22 of herpes simplex virus 1.in the present study, seven novel host cell factors associated with vp22 were identified from the human leukocyte cdna library using a yeast two-hybrid high-throughput screening system. to confirm some of the interactions, vp22 and its homologues and two candidate targets were tagged with enhanced cyan or yellow fluorescent protein. while ring finger protein 10 (rnf10), wd repeat-containing protein 42a (wdr42a) or vp22 alone showed distinct subcellular localization patterns, rnf10 and wdr42a wer ...201121424732
herpes simplex virus type i (hsv-1) replicates in mature dendritic cells but can only be transferred in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner.hsv-1 is a very successful representative of the a-herpesvirus family, and ~ 90% of the population is seropositive for this particular virus. although the pathogen usually causes the well-known mild lesions on the lips, also, severe infections of the eye or the brain can be observed in rare cases. it is well known, that this virus can efficiently infect the most potent apcs, i.e., the dcs, in their immature and mature state. although the infection of the idc has been shown to be productive, infe ...201121427206
double-stranded rna induces mmp-9 gene expression in hacat keratinocytes by tumor necrosis factor-a.viral double-stranded rna (dsrna) and its synthetic analog poly (i:c) are recognized via multiple pathways and induce the expression of genes related to inflammation. in the present study, we demonstrate that poly (i:c) specifically induced the expression of matrix metallo-proteinase-9 (mmp-9) in hacat keratinocytes. studies using specific pharmacological inhibitors revealed the involvement of nf-?b, p38 mapk, and pi-3k signal transduction pathways in poly (i:c)-induced mmp-9 gene expression. mm ...201121428909
circulating herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1)-specific cd8+ t cells do not access hsv-1 latently infected trigeminal ganglia. 201121429183
the herpes simplex virus 1 vhs protein enhances translation of viral true late mrnas and virus production in a cell type-dependent manner.the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) virion host shutoff protein (vhs) degrades viral and cellular mrnas. here, we demonstrate for the first time that vhs also boosts translation of viral true late mrnas in a cell type-dependent manner and that this effect determines the viral growth phenotype in the respective cell type. our study was prompted by the detection of stress granules, indicators of stalled translation initiation, in cells infected with vhs mutants but not in wild-type-virus-infected c ...201121430045
antiserum to the recombinant truncated vp22 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 that also recognizes full-length vp22.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) tegument protein vp22 encoded by the ul49 gene is essential for hsv-1 infection. however, its precise functions in the virus life cycle are unknown. a relatively important tool for disclosing these functions is an antiserum specifically detecting vp22 in the infected cell. to this end, a recombinant truncated vp22 protein consisting of c-terminal 45 aa fused to eyfp (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) and his-tag was expressed in escherichia coli, purifi ...201121434707
corneal latency and transmission of herpes simplex virus-1.the transmission of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 by corneal transplantation has rarely been reported. it is believed that these cases have resulted either from reactivated virus traveling from the trigeminal ganglion to the cornea or from latent hsv-1 in the donor cornea itself. studies of long-term viral presence in corneal tissue have sought to determine whether there is evidence of true non-neuronal latency, although there are problems in its definition. recent studies provide new insights in ...201121436960
in vitro evaluation of antiviral and virucidal activity of a high molecular weight hyaluronic acid.hyaluronic acid (ha), a non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan, is present in synovial fluid, vitreous humour serum and many connective tissues. pharmaceutical preparations of ha are used in clinical practice for wound healing, joint pain, kerato-conjunctivitis, asthma, mouth care, oesophageal-reflux, and gastritis. moreover, it is used as a filler to counteract ageing and facial lipoatrophy. our study aims at investigating the in vitro antiviral activity of a high molecular weight ha.201121439070
viral infection induces thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) in human keratinocytes. 201121440421
mechanisms of viral infections associated with hiv: workshop 2b.hiv infection is commonly associated with activation and dissemination of several other viral pathogens, including herpes simplex virus 1/2, human cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 8, epstein-barr virus, varicella zoster virus, and human papillomavirus, which behave as opportunistic agents and cause various diseases in immunocompromised hosts. the increased frequency and severity of diseases caused by these viruses in hiv-infected individuals is due mainly to dysfunction of both the adaptive an ...201121441494
ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15%: in acute herpetic keratitis (dendritic ulcers).dendritic epithelial keratitis is most commonly caused by infections of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 (hsv-1), and less frequently by hsv type 2 (hsv-2). ganciclovir, a guanosine nucleoside analogue, is a well established broad-spectrum antiviral agent that inhibits replication of viral dna and is active against both hsv-1 and -2 and several other viruses. ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15% is a five-times-daily topical preparation that is indicated for the treatment of acute herpetic keratiti ...201121443283
imaging herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon vector-mediated gene expression in human glioma spheroids.vectors derived from herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) have great potential for transducing therapeutic genes into the central nervous system; however, inefficient distribution of vector particles in vivo may limit their therapeutic potential in patients with gliomas. this study was performed to investigate the extent of hsv-1 amplicon vector-mediated gene expression in a three-dimensional glioma model of multicellular spheroids by imaging highly infectious hsv-1 virions expressing green fluor ...201121443839
enhanced anti-tumor effect of a gene gun-delivered dna vaccine encoding the human papillomavirus type 16 oncoproteins genetically fused to the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein d.anti-cancer dna vaccines have attracted growing interest as a simple and non-invasive method for both the treatment and prevention of tumors induced by human papillomaviruses. nonetheless, the low immunogenicity of parenterally administered vaccines, particularly regarding the activation of cytotoxic cd8+ t cell responses, suggests that further improvements in both vaccine composition and administration routes are still required. in the present study, we report the immune responses and anti-tumo ...201121445524
dna genome of spontaneously occurring deletion mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 lacking one copy of the inverted repeat sequences of the l component.three non-engineered, spontaneously occurring herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) mutants (gn52, gn82, and gn91) that have a deletion of approximately 10 kbp (including a part of the ul55 gene, the entire ul56 gene, and one copy of the inverted repeat sequences of the l component (r(l))) and retain the a sequence were isolated. the yields of the mutants at 24 h post-adsorption in cultured cells were comparable to that of an hsv-1 isolate (gn28) without the deletion. although the three mutants lo ...201121448739
anterograde transport of herpes simplex virus capsids in neurons by both separate and married mechanisms.anterograde transport of herpes simplex virus (hsv) from neuronal cell bodies into, and down, axons is a fundamentally important process for spread to other hosts. different techniques for imaging hsv in axons have produced two models for how virus particles are transported in axons. in the separate model, viral nucleocapsids devoid of the viral envelope and membrane glycoproteins are transported in axons. in the married model, enveloped hsv particles (with the viral glycoproteins) encased withi ...201121450818
herpes simplex virus 1 icp4 forms complexes with tfiid and mediator in virus-infected cells.the infected cell polypeptide 4 (icp4) of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is a regulator of viral transcription that is required for productive infection. since viral genes are transcribed by cellular rna polymerase ii (rna pol ii), icp4 must interact with components of the pol ii machinery to regulate viral gene expression. it has been shown previously that icp4 interacts with tata box-binding protein (tbp), tfiib, and the tbp-associated factor 1 (taf1) in vitro. in this study, icp4-containing c ...201121450820
prevalence and association of human papillomavirus 16, epstein-barr virus, herpes simplex virus-1 and cytomegalovirus infection with human esophageal carcinoma: a case-control study.recent research shows esophageal carcinoma (ec) as the ninth most common malignancy in the world. the association of viral infection and ec has been reported in the last 30 years. however, geographic variation in infection rates and the key mechanisms of the viral action have yet to be resolved. this study aimed to determine the prevalence and association of human papillomavirus 16 (hpv-16), herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection in the etiol ...201121455581
virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide spl7013 against hiv-1.topical microbicides for use by women to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. spl7013 is a dendrimer with broad-spectrum activity against hiv type i (hiv-1) and -2 (hiv-2), herpes simplex viruses type-1 (hsv-1) and -2 (hsv-2) and human papillomavirus. spl7013 [3% (w/w)] has been formulated in a mucoadhesive carbopol gel (vivagel® ...201121459115
identification of a spliced gene from duck enteritis virus encoding a protein homologous to ul15 of herpes simplex virus 1.in herpesviruses, ul15 homologue is a subunit of terminase complex responsible for cleavage and packaging of the viral genome into pre-assembled capsids. however, for duck enteritis virus (dev), the causative agent of duck viral enteritis (dve), the genomic sequence was not completely determined until most recently. there is limited information of this putative spliced gene and its encoding protein.201121466705
single tube multiplex real-time pcr for the rapid detection of herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system.human herpesvirus infection of immunocompromised hosts may lead to central nervous system (cns) infection and diseases. in this study, a single tube multiplex real-time pcr was developed for the detection of five herpesviruses (hsv-1, hsv-2, vzv, ebv and cmv) in clinical cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens. two primer pairs specific for the herpesvirus polymerase gene and five hybridization probe pairs for the specific identification of the herpesvirus types were used in a lightcycler multiplex ...201121466846
hsv-1 cgal+ infection promotes quaking rna binding protein production and induces nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of quaking i-5 isoform in human hepatoma cells.herpesvirus type 1 (hsv-1) based oncolytic vectors arise as a promising therapeutic alternative for neoplastic diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. however, the mechanisms mediating the host cell response to such treatments are not completely known. it is well established that hsv-1 infection induces functional and structural alterations in the nucleus of the host cell. in the present work, we have used gel-based and shotgun proteomic strategies to elucidate the signaling pathways impair ...201121467216
effects of electrolytes on virus inactivation by acidic solutions.acidic ph is frequently used to inactivate viruses. we have previously shown that arginine synergizes with low ph in enhancing virus inactivation. considering a potential application of the acid inactivation of viruses for the prevention and treatment of superficial virus infection at body surfaces and fixtures, herein we have examined the effects of various electrolytes on the acid-induced inactivation of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), the influenza a virus (iav) an ...201121468540
intrathecal herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon vector-mediated human proenkephalin reduces chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats.in the present study, we investigated the antinociceptive effect of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) amplicon vector-mediated human proenkephalin (hppe) on chronic constriction injury (cci)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. male sprague-dawley rats were intrathecally administered normal saline (ns), phsvires-lacz (shz) or recombinant hsv-1 amplicon vector phsvires-hppe-lacz (shpz), respectively. once a week for 5 weeks after the intrathecal (i.t.) administration, the expression levels of hppe ...201121468603
novel benzimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazinone derivatives with potent activity against hsv-1.the synthesis of new 2-carboxymethylsulfanylmethyl-1h-benzimidazole and 1,3-dihydro-4h-benzo[4',5']imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazine-4-one-8-carboxylic acid derivatives was investigated. the antiviral activity of compounds 1-14 was tested against the herpes simplex virus 1. compounds 5 and 14 showed potent activity as they inhibited virus propagation by 94.7% and 91.3% at a dose of 50 µg, respectively. compounds 5 and 14 showed higher potency than acyclovir at doses of 20 µg and 50 µg.201121469175
cxcl10 expressing hematopoietic-derived cells are requisite in defense against hsv-1 infection in the nervous system of cxcl10 deficient mice.the chemokine cxcl10 is crucial for the control of viral replication through the regulation of mobilization of antigen-specific t cells to sites of infection. cxcl10 is highly expressed both at sites of inflammation as well as constitutively within lymphoid organs by both bone marrow (bm)-derived and non-bm-derived cells. however, the relative immunologic importance of cxcl10 expressed by these divergent sources relative to hsv-1 infection is unknown. using mouse chimeras reconstituted with eith ...201121470697
an anti-inflammatory role of vegfr2/src kinase inhibitor in herpes simplex virus 1-induced immunopathology.corneal neovascularization represents a key step in the blinding inflammatory stromal keratitis (sk) lesion caused by ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (hsv). in this report, we describe a novel approach for limiting the angiogenesis caused by hsv infection of the mouse eye. we show that topical or systemic administration of the src kinase inhibitor (tg100572) that inhibits downstream molecules involved in the vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) signaling pathway resulted in marke ...201121471229
a pre-immediate-early role for tegument icp0 in the proteasome-dependent entry of herpes simplex virus.herpes simplex virus (hsv) entry requires host cell 26s proteasomal degradation activity at a postpenetration step. when expressed in the infected cell, the hsv immediate-early protein icp0 has e3 ubiquitin ligase activity and interacts with the proteasome. the cell is first exposed to icp0 during viral entry, since icp0 is a component of the inner tegument layer of the virion. the function of tegument icp0 is unknown. deletion of icp0 or mutations in the n-terminal ring finger domain of icp0 re ...201121471243
generation of neutralising aptamers against hsv-2: potential components of multivalent microbicides.the prophylactic use of topical antiviral agents has recently been validated by the reduction in hiv-1 infection incidence seen using tonofovir-containing microbicides. in order to develop a wide-spectrum microbicide to prevent infection with a wide range of sexually transmitted viruses, we have previously reported the development of hiv-neutralizing aptamers, and here report the isolation and characterization of aptamers that neutralize herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). these aptamers bind t ...201121471320
bioactive compounds from the scale insect pathogenic fungus conoideocrella tenuis bcc 18627.a new cyclohexadepsipeptide, conoideocrellide a (1), its linear derivatives, conoideocrellides b-d (2-4), three new hopane triterpenoids (5-7), two new bioxanthracenes (9 and 10), and a new isocoumarin glycoside (13) were isolated from the scale insect pathogenic fungus conoideocrella tenuis bcc 18627. biological activities of the new compounds were evaluated.201121473608
[meta-analysis on the incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.]objective: to determine the global incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). methods: meta-analysis was performed to systematically and quantitatively review all the original research papers and reports that were published in 1990 - 2010 on the global incidence of hsv-2. pooled incidence, pooled hazard ratios, publication bias, heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis for those studies were calculated or conducted using stata 10.0. results: hsv-2 incidence varied considera ...201121518628
conservation of multifunctional ribosomal protein metallopanstimulin-1 (rps27) through complex evolution demonstrates its key role in growth regulation in archaea, eukaryotic cells, dna repair, translation and viral replication.when the functions of a protein serve a useful survival and unique purpose, the selective pressures of evolutionary laws of nature conserve the dna sequences encoding such proteins. in many instances, the conservation of these sequences has occurred since the inception of life on earth to the present in phylogenetically related species. the unique function(s) of metallopanstimulin (mps-1/rps27) ribosomal protein (rp) and a limited number of other rps, in growth regulation, and viral infection is ...201121518817
sequence variation in the herpes simplex virus us1 ocular virulence determinant.purpose: the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) us1 gene encodes host-range and ocular virulence determinants. mutations in us1 affecting virulence are known in strain od4 but the genomic variation across several strains is not known. the goal was to determine the degree of sequence variation in the gene from several ocular hsv isolates. methods: the us1 gene from 6 ocular hsv-1 isolates, as well as strains kos and f were sequenced and bioinformatics analyses were applied to the data. results: ...201121519032
long-term observation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection in a child with wiskott-aldrich syndrome and a possible reactivation mechanism for thymidine kinase-negative hsv-1 in humans.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infections in a child with congenital immunodeficiency syndrome were observed over a 10-year period. the child suffered from recurrent and severe hsv-1 mucocutaneous infections. he frequently suffered from acyclovir (acv)-resistant (acv(r)) hsv-1 infection in the later phase of his life, especially after the episode of acv(r) hsv-1 infection. virological analyses on the hsv-1 isolates recovered from this patient revealed that all the acv(r) hsv-1 isolates were ...201121519125
are empiric antibiotics for acute exudative tonsillitis needed in children?background: empiric antibiotics are frequently given for children with acute exudative tonsillitis. a few studies have investigated the causative agent of acute "exudative" tonsillitis in children to evaluate the necessity of antibiotic therapy. this study tried to explore the common causative agent of acute exudative tonsillitis among children. methods: from april 2009 to march 2010, throat swabs were obtained and cultured for viruses and bacteria from children who visited the pediatric emergen ...201121524968
auditory and vestibular defects induced by experimental labyrinthitis following herpes simplex virus in mice.abstract conclusion. our herpes simplex virus (hsv) labyrinthitis mouse model suggests that hsv infection induces vestibular neuritis and sudden deafness. objective: viral labyrinthitis has been postulated to play a role in vestibular neuritis and sudden deafness. we established a mouse model to investigate the pathogenesis of hsv-induced labyrinthitis. the relationship between hsv infection and apoptosis in the labyrinth was assessed. methods: hsv types 1 and 2 were inoculated into the middle e ...201121526906
knowledge-based virtual screening of hla-a*0201-restricted cd8(+) t-cell epitope peptides from herpes simplex virus genome.a novel knowledge-based method is developed to virtually screen potential hla-a*0201 binders from large-scale peptide candidates. this method utilizes the information from both the crystal structures and experimental affinities of various peptides bound with hla-a*0201 to construct a single-position mutation free energy profile for accurately characterizing hla-a*0201-peptide interaction and for effectively predicting the binding affinities of peptides to hla-a*0201. we employ this method to ana ...201121530544
generation of replication-competent and -defective hsv vectors.introduction engineering effective vectors has been crucial to the efficient delivery and expression of therapeutic gene products in vivo. among these, hsv-1 represents an excellent candidate vector for delivery to the peripheral and central nervous systems. the natural biology of hsv-1 includes the establishment of a lifelong latent state in neurons in which the viral genome persists as an episomal molecule. genomic hsv vectors can be produced that are completely replication-defective, nontoxic ...201121536761
role of il-4 in an experimental model of encephalitis induced by intracranial inoculation of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1).herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) is a pathogen that may cause severe encephalitis in humans. in this study, we aimed to investigate the role of interleukin-4 (il-4) in a model of hsv-1 brain infection. il-4 knockout (il-4-/-) and wild type (wt) c57bl/6 mice were inoculated with 10(4) plaque-forming units of hsv-1 by the intracranial route. histopathologic analysis revealed a distinct profile of infiltrating cells at 3 days post-infection (dpi). infected wt mice presented mononuclear inflammatory c ...201121537568
how to control an infectious bead string: nucleosome-based regulation and targeting of herpesvirus chromatin.herpesvirus infections of humans can cause a broad variety of symptoms ranging from mild afflictions to life-threatening disease. during infection, the large double-stranded dna genomes of all herpesviruses are transcribed, replicated and encapsidated in the host cell nucleus, where dna is typically structured and manoeuvred through nucleosomes. nucleosomes individually assemble dna around core histone octamers to form 'beads-on-a-string' chromatin fibres. herpesviruses have responded to the adv ...201121538665
expansion of t cells targeting multiple antigens of cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus and adenovirus to provide broad antiviral specificity after stem cell transplantation.abstract background aims. hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) is the treatment of choice for a proportion of patients with hematologic malignancies as well as for non-malignant diseases. however, viral infections, particularly epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv) and adenovirus (ad), remain problematic after transplant despite the use of antiviral drugs. we have shown that cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) generated against cmv-pp65, ebv and ad antigens in a single culture are capab ...201121539497
herpes simplex virus type 1 induced-transcriptional networks of corneal endothelial cells indicate antigen presentation function.purpose: to determine the transcriptional response of cultured human corneal endothelial (hcen) cells after herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection and to characterize the primary functional elements and anti-viral responses. methods: immortalized hcen cells were infected with hsv-1, and the global transcriptional profile was determined. the transcriptional networks of hcen cells were constructed, and the inflammatory network nodes were evaluated for induction of candidate inflammatory med ...201121540477
arginine methylation of the rgg box does not appear to regulate icp27 import during herpes simplex virus infection.arginine methylation can regulate protein import and export and can modulate protein interactions. herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) icp27 is a shuttling protein involved in viral mrna export. we reported that icp27 is methylated on three arginines within its rgg box and arginine methylation regulates icp27 export and its interaction with srpk1 and aly/ref. here, we report that icp27 was efficiently imported into the nucleus when hypomethylated as determined by fluorescence recovery after photoblea ...201121543499
oncolytic herpes simplex virus type-1 encoding 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase mitigates immune suppression and reduces ectopic primary and metastatic breast cancer in mice.oncolytic hsv-1 viruses armed with immunomodulatory transgenes have shown potential for enhanced anti-tumor therapy by overcoming tumor-based immune suppression and promoting anti-tumor effector cell development. previously, we reported that the new oncolytic hsv-1 virus,os, engineered to fuse tumor cells, prevented tumor growth and metastasis to distal organs in the 4t1/balb/c immunocompetent breast cancer mouse model suggesting the elicitation of anti-tumor immune responses (israyelyan et al, ...201121543507
increased oncolytic efficacy for high-grade gliomas by optimal integration of ionizing radiation into the replicative cycle of hsv-1.oncolytic viruses have been combined with standard cancer therapies to increase therapeutic efficacy. given the sequential activation of herpes viral genes (herpes simplex virus-1, hsv-1) and the temporal cellular changes induced by ionizing radiation, we hypothesized an optimal temporal sequence existed in combining oncolytic hsv-1 with ionizing radiation. murine u-87 glioma xenografts were injected with luciferase encoding hsv-1, and ionizing radiation (ir) was given at times before or after v ...201121544094
pdzd8 is a novel moesin-interacting cytoskeletal regulatory protein that suppresses infection by herpes simplex virus type 1.the host cytoskeleton plays a central role in the life cycle of many viruses yet our knowledge of cytoskeletal regulators and their role in viral infection remains limited. recently, moesin and ezrin, two members of the erm (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family of proteins that regulate actin and plasma membrane cross-linking and microtubule (mt) stability, have been shown to inhibit retroviral infection. to further understand how erm proteins function and whether they also influence infection by other ...201121549406
a dual reporter cell assay for identifying serotype and drug susceptibility of herpes simplex virus.a dual reporter cell assay (drca) that allows real-time detection of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection was developed. this was achieved by stable transfection of cells with an expression cassette that contains the dual reporter genes, secreted alkaline phosphatase (seap) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), under the control of an hsv early gene promoter. baby hamster kidney (bhk) and chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell lines were used as parental cell lines because the former is permi ...201121549682
modulation of human {beta}-defensin-1 (hbd-1) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc), monocytes, and epithelial cells by influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, and sendai virus and its possible role in innate immunity.hbd comprise a family of antimicrobial peptides that plays a role in bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. the expression of hbd-2 increases upon stimulation of numerous cell types with lps and proinflammatory cytokines. in contrast, hbd-1 remains constitutively expressed in most cells in spite of cytokine or lps stimulation; however, its presence in human pdc suggests it plays a role in viral host defense. to examine this, we characterized the expression of hbd-1 in in ...201121551252
antiviral effect of edaphic cyanophytes on rabies and herpes-1 viruses.five cyanophyte species (amorphonostoc punctiforme, gloeocapsa turgidus, sphaeronostoc coeruleum, stratonostoc linckia f. spongiaeforme and synechococcus cedrorum) were isolated and identified from sandy egyptian soils. polysaccharides extracted from these species showed a pronounced antiviral activity against rabies and herpes-1 viruses represented by the absence of the characteristic cytopathic effects of these viruses. it was found that 100 μg polysaccharide/ml induced 100% inhibition of the ...201121555271
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