Publications

state-dependent risk-taking by green sea turtles mediates top-down effects of tiger shark intimidation in a marine ecosystem.	1. a predictive framework of community and ecosystem dynamics that applies across systems has remained elusive, in part because non-consumptive predator effects are often ignored. further, it is unclear how much individual-level detail community models must include. 2. previous studies of short-lived species suggest that state-dependent decisions add little to our understanding of community dynamics. body condition-dependent decisions made by long-lived herbivores under risk of predation, howeve ...	2007	17714261
identification, characterization and expression of a novel cytokine m17 homologue (msh) in fish.	members of the interleukin 6 (il6)-cytokine subfamily of proteins are involved in numerous physiological processes including cellular development, inflammatory function, and acute phase and immune responses. previously, a cytokine-like gene named m17, which is closely associated with the il6 subfamily, has been identified in fish with no apparent orthologue in higher vertebrates. here, we cloned a novel cdna from japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus, which had significant identity but exhib ...	2007	17950621
the re-emergence of felid camouflage with the decay of predator recognition in deer under relaxed selection.	when a previously common predator disappears owing to local extinction, the strong source of natural selection on prey to visually recognize that predator becomes relaxed. at present, we do not know the extent to which recognition of a specific predator is generalized to similar looking predators or how a specific predator-recognition cue, such as coat pattern, degrades under prolonged relaxed selection. using predator models, we show that deer exhibit a more rapid and stronger antipredator resp ...	2007	17148247
creating environmental awareness among children.	in india, most instruction in ecology and environment in schools and colleges comes from textbooks. yet, this form of education rarely results in action. children need to go into nature to study the flora, fauna, and ecosystems and into the environment to observe environmental problems, e.g., pollution, deforestation, and conservation processes. educators need to first stir love and curiosity for nature so children can become aware of the environment and motivated to take action to preserve it. ...	2007	12318357
can measures of prey availability improve our ability to predict the abundance of large marine predators?	apex marine predators can structure marine communities, so factors underlying their abundance are of broad interest. however, such data are almost completely lacking for large sharks. we assessed the relationship between tiger shark abundance, water temperature, and the availability of a variety of known prey over 5 years in western australia. abundance of sharks in four size categories and the density of prey (cormorants, dugongs, sea snakes, sea turtles) were indexed using daily catch rates an ...	2007	17549522
multiple priming of lexically ambiguous and unambiguous targets in the cerebral hemispheres: the coarse coding hypothesis revisited.	the coarse coding hypothesis postulates that the cerebral hemispheres differ in their breadth of semantic activation, with the left hemisphere activating a narrow, focused semantic field and the right weakly activating a broader semantic field. in support of coarse coding, studies investigating priming for multiple senses of a lexically ambiguous word have reported a right hemisphere benefit. however, studies of mediated priming have failed to find a right hemisphere advantage for processing dis ...	2007	17459344
acoustic mimicry in a predator-prey interaction.	mimicry of visual warning signals is one of the keystone concepts in evolutionary biology and has received substantial research attention. by comparison, acoustic mimicry has never been rigorously tested. visualizing bat-moth interactions with high-speed, infrared videography, we provide empirical evidence for acoustic mimicry in the ultrasonic warning sounds that tiger moths produce in response to echolocating bats. two species of sound-producing tiger moths were offered successively to naïve, ...	2007	17517637
feeding ecology of elasmobranch fishes in coastal waters of the colombian eastern tropical pacific.	stomach contents of 131 specimens of five elasmobranch species (mustelus lunulatus, dasyatis longa, rhinobatos leucorhynchus, raja velezi and zapteryx xyster) caught in the central fishing zone in the pacific ocean of colombia were counted and weighed to describe feeding habits and dietary overlaps.	2007	17877796
fear factor: do dugongs (dugong dugon) trade food for safety from tiger sharks (galeocerdo cuvier)?	predators can influence plants indirectly by altering spatial patterns of herbivory, so studies assessing the relationship between perceived predation risk and habitat use by herbivores may improve our understanding of community organization. in marine systems, the effects of predation danger on space use by large herbivores have received little attention, despite the possibility that predator-mediated alterations in patterns of grazing by these animals influence benthic community structure. we ...	2007	17636333
susceptibility of twolined spittlebug (hemiptera: cercopidae) life stages to entomophagous arthropods in turfgrass.	prosapia bicincta (say) (hemiptera: cercopidae), the twolined spittlebug, is an economic pest of turfgrass in the southeastern united states. no data concerning natural enemies of p. bicincta in turfgrass have been reported previously. we compared predation of spittlebug eggs, nymphs, and adults in the laboratory by potential generalist predators commonly found in turfgrass: bigeyed bugs geocoris uliginosus say and geocoris punctipes say; red imported fire ant, solenopsis invicta buren; wolf spi ...	2006	17066803
lions, tigers, and pandas, oh my.		2006	15955882
structure of the mitochondrial control region of the eurasian otter (lutra lutra; carnivora, mustelidae): patterns of genetic heterogeneity and implications for conservation of the species in italy.	in this study we determined the complete sequence of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region of the eurasian otter (lutra lutra). we then compared these new sequences with orthologues of nine carnivores belonging to six families (mustelidae, mephitidae, canidae, hyaenidae, ursidae, and felidae). the comparative analyses identified all the conserved regions previously found in mammals. the eurasian otter and seven other species have a single location with tandem repeats in the right domain, ...	2006	15731216
highly conserved d-loop-like nuclear mitochondrial sequences (numts) in tiger (panthera tigris).	using oligonucleotide primers designed to match hypervariable segments i (hvs-1) of panthera tigris mitochondrial dna (mtdna), we amplified two different pcr products (500 bp and 287 bp) in the tiger (panthera tigris), but got only one pcr product (287 bp) in the leopard (panthera pardus). sequence analyses indicated that the sequence of 287 bp was a d-loop-like nuclear mitochondrial sequence (numts), indicating a nuclear transfer that occurred approximately 4.8-17 million years ago in the tiger ...	2006	17072079
widespread utility of highly informative aflp molecular markers across divergent shark species.	population numbers of many shark species are declining rapidly around the world. despite the commercial and conservation significance, little is known on even the most fundamental aspects of their population biology. data collection that relies on direct observation can be logistically challenging with sharks. consequently, molecular methods are becoming increasingly important to obtain knowledge that is critical for conservation and management. here we describe an amplified fragment length poly ...	2006	17150982
allozyme heterozygosity and growth in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	statistically significant, positive correlations were found between individual heterozygosity at seven protein polymorphisms and size in five natural populations of tiger salamanders. when these same populations were sampled later in the same year, the positive associations between heterozygosity and size were no longer evident. a pair mating was conducted in the laboratory, and offspring were distributed randomly to four replicate populations maintained in the laboratory. in two to these four r ...	2006	7108182
immunolocalisation of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the epidermis of the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	a. tigrinum: immunoreactivity for isoforms of nitric oxidase synthase is found in the flash cells and outer-deep epidermal cell layers of the tiger salamander a. tigrinum. despite the absence of physiological data we assume no may be lumped together as cytocrine regulators in the amphibian epidermis.	2006	16824585
insights into the mating habits of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) as revealed by genetic parentage analyses.	among urodeles, ambystomatid salamanders are particularly amenable to genetic parentage analyses because they are explosive aggregate breeders that typically have large progeny arrays. such analyses can lead to direct inferences about otherwise cryptic aspects of salamander natural history, including the rate of multiple mating, individual reproductive success, and the spatial distribution of clutches. in 2002, we collected eastern tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) egg masses (> 100 ...	2006	16689907
form and function of on-off amacrine cells in the amphibian retina.	on-off amacrine cells were studied with whole cell recording techniques and intracellular staining methods using intact retina-eyecup preparations of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) and the mudpuppy (necturus maculosus). morphological characterization of these cells included three-dimensional reconstruction methods based on serial optical sections obtained with a confocal microscope. some cells had their detailed morphology digitized with a computer-assisted tracing system and converte ...	2006	16481463
photoactivated insecticidal thiophene derivatives from xanthopappus subacaulis.	three new photoactivated insecticidal thiophene derivatives, xanthopappins a-c (1-3), were isolated from xanthopappus subacaulis, along with three known thiophene acetylenes, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-(e)-hept-5-ene-1,3-diynylthiophene (4), 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-2-(e)-hept-5-ene-1,3-diynylthiophene (5), and 5-(1,2-diacetoxyethyl)-2-(e)-hept-5-ene-1,3-diynylthiophene (6). the structures of 1-3 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. compounds 1-6 exhibited significant photoactivated insecticidal activ ...	2006	16933888
specific dynamic action of ambystomatid salamanders and the effects of meal size, meal type, and body temperature.	the past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in studies of amphibian and reptile specific dynamic action (sda). these studies have demonstrated that sda, the summed energy expended on meal digestion and assimilation, is affected significantly by meal size, meal type, and body size and to some extent by body temperature. while much of this attention has been directed at anuran and reptile sda, we investigated the effects of meal size, meal type, and body temperature on the postprandial metab ...	2006	16826498
myogenin in model pufferfish species: comparative genomic analysis and thermal plasticity of expression during early development.	myogenin (myog) is a muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays an essential role in the specification and differentiation of myoblasts. the myogenin genes from the tiger pufferfish, takifugu rubripes, and green-spotted pufferfish, tetraodon nigroviridis, were cloned and a comparative genomic analysis performed. the gene encoding myogenin is composed of three exons and has a relatively similar genomic structure in t. rubripes, t. nigroviridis and human. introns 1 and ...	2006	20483233
gaba-mediated positive autofeedback loop controls horizontal cell kinetics in tiger salamander retina.	horizontal cells (hcs) appear to release, and also to be sensitive to, gaba. the external gaba concentration is increased with depolarization of the hc membrane via an electrogenic gaba transporter. this extracellular gaba opens a gabaa-gated cl- channel in the hc membrane. since the equilibrium potential for cl- (ecl) is near -20 mv, gaba released by the hc further depolarizes the hc. the gaba transporter and the gabaa receptor thus constitute a positive feedback loop in the hc membrane. this l ...	2006	1351934
detection of toxolasma gondii in captive wild felids.	toxoplasma gondii can infect all species of warm-blooded animals, including humans, and causes serious diseases in immunocompromized hosts. live tachyzoites derived from serial passage in hela culture were used in the sabin-feldman dye test for detection of toxoplasma gondii antibody in serum samples of 21 captive wild felids including one fishing cat (prion nailurus viverrina), one leopard (panthera pardus), two flat-headed cats (prion nailurus planiceps), 6 tigers (panthera tigris), two leopar ...	2006	17547043
disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a captive indochinese tiger (panthera tigris corbetti) with chronic renal disease.	a 19-yr-old, 78.2-kg captive female indochinese tiger (panthera tigris corbetti) from the el paso zoo (el paso, texas, usa) with chronic renal disease was euthanized after a 10-day course of anorexia, depression, progressive rear limb weakness, muscle fasciculations, and head tremors. postmortem findings included pericardial effusion, generalized lymphadenopathy, glomerulosclerosis, glomerular atrophy with membranous glomerulonephropathy, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. pyogranulomatous pneumonia ...	2006	17315442
microtar: predicting microrna targets from rna duplexes.	the accurate prediction of a comprehensive set of messenger rnas (targets) regulated by animal micrornas (mirnas) remains an open problem. in particular, the prediction of targets that do not possess evolutionarily conserved complementarity to their mirna regulators is not adequately addressed by current tools.	2006	17254305
atrazine increases ranavirus susceptibility in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	pathogenic diseases and environmental contaminants are two of the leading hypotheses for global amphibian declines, yet few studies have examined the influence of contaminants on disease susceptibility. in this study, we examined effects of ecologically relevant doses of atrazine (0, 1.6, 16, and 160 microg/l), sodium nitrate (0, 6.8, 68 mg/l), and their interactions on susceptibility of four laboratory-bred tiger salamander families to ambystoma tigrinum virus (atv), a pathogen implicated in gl ...	2006	17205907
occurrence and density of vibrio parahaemolyticus in live edible crustaceans from markets in china.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium causing foodborne disease. occurrence of the bacterium was investigated in six species of edible crustaceans available from markets in mainland china. the bacterium was detected in 22 of 45 whole-body, shell, and feces samples, including mitten crabs, which are supposed to be produced in freshwater ponds. the mean densities ranged from 2.8 log cfu/g in mitten crabs (eriocheir sinensis) to 5.1 cfu/g in giant tiger prawns (penaeus monodon). in hemolymp ...	2006	17133820
expression of interleukin-10 in intestinal lymphocytes detected by an interleukin-10 reporter knockin tiger mouse.	to identify interleukin-10 (il-10)-producing cells in vivo, we generated a knockin mouse where an internal ribosome entry site (ires) green fluorescence protein (gfp) element was inserted immediately before the polyadenylation site of the il-10 gene. gfp fluorescence in cells from these mice was found to correlate positively with il-10 protein expression. with this model, we found that after multiple t cell receptor (tcr) stimulations, strong expression of il-10 was produced specifically by intr ...	2006	17137799
experimental transmission of enteromyxum leei to freshwater fish.	the myxosporean enteromyxum leei is known to infect a wide range of marine fish hosts. the objective of the present study was to determine whether freshwater fish species are also receptive hosts to this parasite. seventeen species of freshwater fish were experimentally fed e. leei-infected gut tissue from donor gilthead sea bream sparus aurata obtained from a commercial sea bream cage farm. four of the tested species, tiger barb puntius tetrazona, zebra danio danio rerio, oscar astronotus ocell ...	2006	17140140
molecular evidence for species-level distinctions in clouded leopards.	among the 37 living species of felidae, the clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa) is generally classified as a monotypic genus basal to the panthera lineage of great cats. this secretive, mid-sized (16-23 kg) carnivore, now severely endangered, is traditionally subdivided into four southeast asian subspecies (figure 1a). we used molecular genetic methods to re-evaluate subspecies partitions and to quantify patterns of population genetic variation among 109 clouded leopards of known geographic orig ...	2006	17141620
neutralizing antibodies against feline parvoviruses in nondomestic felids inoculated with commercial inactivated polyvalent vaccines.	the virus neutralization (vn) antibody titers of serum samples from 18 individuals representing 8 carnivore species vaccinated with commercial polyvalent vaccines optimized for domestic cats containing inactivated feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) were evaluated against canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv2). in addition, the titers among 5 individuals from 4 carnivore were evaluated against antigenic variants of feline parvoviruses; fplv, cpv2, cpv2a, cpv2b, cpv2c, mink enteritis virus type 1 (mev1) a ...	2006	17146178
functional response of the tiger beetle megacephala carolina carolina (coleoptera: carabidae) on twolined spittlebug (hemiptera: cercopidae) and fall armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the functional response of the tiger beetle megacephala carolina carolina l. (coleoptera: carabidae) was determined on adult twolined spittlebug, prosapia bicincta (say) (hemiptera: cercopidae), and fourth instars of fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), in single-prey and two-prey systems. in the laboratory, m. carolina carolina demonstrated a type ii functional response for p. bicincta and s. frugiperda in both single- and two-prey systems. search efficien ...	2006	17066786
electrical coupling, receptive fields, and relative rod/cone inputs of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina.	light responses, dendritic/axonal morphology, receptive field diameters, patterns of dye coupling, and relative rod/cone inputs of various types of horizontal cells (hcs) were studied using intracellular recording and lucifer yellow/neurobiotin dye injection methods in the flatmount tiger salamander retina. three physiologically and morphologically distinct types of hc entities were identified. 1) the a-type hcs are somas that do not bear axons, with average (+/-se) soma diameters of 20.01 +/- 0 ...	2006	16998920
collaborating to conserve large mammals in southeast asia.	depressed mammal densities characterize the interior of many southeast asian protected areas, and are the result of commercial and subsistence hunting. local people are part of this problem but can participate in solutions through improved partnerships that incorporate local knowledge into problem diagnosis. the process of involving local people helps build a constituency that is more aware of its role (positive and negative) in a protected area and generates site-specific conservation assessmen ...	2006	17002757
genetic diversity of the giant tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) in thailand revealed by pcr-sscp of polymorphic est-derived markers.	a total of 90 ests from normal and 157 from subtractive ovarian cdna libraries of the giant tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) were sequenced. sscp analysis of disulfide isomerase (dsl), zinc finger protein (zfp), pmo920, and pmt1700 was carried out for population genetic studies of p. monodon in thai waters. the number of codominant alleles per locus for overall samples was 6 for pmo920, 5 for pmt1700, and 12 for zfp, and there were 19 dominant alleles for dsi. the observed heterozygosity of each g ...	2006	17028786
twentieth century toxinology and antivenom development in australia.	it was not until the last decade of the 19th century that an experimental approach (led by bancroft in queensland and martin in sydney and melbourne) brought a higher plane of scientific objectivity to usher in the modern era of australian toxinology. this australia era, 1895-1905, coincided with and in some respects was the result of the new knowledge emerging from europe and the americas of the therapeutic effects of antitoxins. the subsequent systematic study of australian venoms and toxins t ...	2006	17030053
phenotypic and molecular typing of vibrio harveyi isolates and their pathogenicity to tiger shrimp larvae.	the objective of the present study was to identify the biotype(s) and molecular type(s) of vibrio harveyi associated with pathogenicity in tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) larvae.	2006	17032233
genotyping faecal samples of bengal tiger panthera tigris tigris for population estimation: a pilot study.	bengal tiger panthera tigris tigris the national animal of india, is an endangered species. estimating populations for such species is the main objective for designing conservation measures and for evaluating those that are already in place. due to the tiger's cryptic and secretive behaviour, it is not possible to enumerate and monitor its populations through direct observations; instead indirect methods have always been used for studying tigers in the wild. dna methods based on non-invasive sam ...	2006	17044939
molecular cloning and characterisation of prophenoloxidase cdna from haemocytes of the giant freshwater prawn, macrobrachium rosenbergii, and its transcription in relation with the moult stage.	expression of prophenoloxidase (propo) cdna was determined from haemocytes of the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and rapid amplification of cdna using oligonucleotide primers based on the propo sequence of tiger shrimp penaeus monodon, freshwater crayfish pacifastacus leniusculus, green tiger shrimp penaeus semisulcatus, kuruma shrimp marsupenaeus japonicus, and white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei. the propo of m. rose ...	2006	16376571
molecular cloning and characterisation of peroxinectin, a cell adhesion molecule, from the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii.	expression of peroxinectin cdna was determined from haemocytes of giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii using oligonucleotide primers and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) based on the peroxinectin sequence of white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei, tiger shrimp penaeus monodon, and freshwater crayfish pacifastacus leniusculus. the peroxinectin of m. rosenbergii was constitutively expressed. analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed that the cdna clone has an open ...	2006	16377210
evolutionary analysis of a large mtdna translocation (numt) into the nuclear genome of the panthera genus species.	translocation of cymtdna into the nuclear genome, also referred to as numt, has been reported in many species, including several closely related to the domestic cat (felis catus). we describe the recent transposition of 12,536 bp of the 17 kb mitochondrial genome into the nucleus of the common ancestor of the five panthera genus species: tiger, p. tigris; snow leopard, p. uncia; jaguar, p. onca; leopard, p. pardus; and lion, p. leo. this nuclear integration, representing 74% of the mitochondrial ...	2006	16380222
a new rna virus found in black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon from thailand.	a new, apparently innocuous virus was found while investigating the cause of monodon slow growth syndrome (msgs) in cultured black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon). it was identified via plasmid vector clones of e. coli containing randomly amplified cdna fragments produced from total nucleic acid extracts of hemolymph from msgs shrimp. of 421 clones, 30 that failed to give positive dot blot hybridization with a digoxigenin (dig)-labeled shrimp dna probe were sequenced and compared to genbank recor ...	2006	16384619
cloning, characterization and tissue specific expression of amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica) igf-i.	insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) plays an important role in regulating gonad function, which is essential for normal reproduction in animals, especially in sexual receptivity and reproductive behavior. in this study, a cdna encoding amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica) igf-i was isolated from liver total rna using rt-pcr. the igf-i cdna of amur tiger (atigf-i) was highly homologous to that of other animals, 84.8% to rat, 93.7% to human and horse. alignment analysis showed that the cysteine r ...	2006	16926496
treatment of snakebite in australia: the current evidence base and questions requiring collaborative multicentre prospective studies.	despite the wealth of anecdotes and case reports there are fundamental questions of management of snakebite in australia that remain unresolved or for which the current evidence is limited. the efficacy in the field, potential limitations and possibility of improvements in pressure immobilisation first aid need objective studies in humans. optimal bandage sizes, stretch and pressure for different sized limbs need further evaluation, as does the use of pressure pads. better definitions of specifi ...	2006	16930660
genetic characterization of influenza a viruses (h5n1) isolated from 3rd wave of thailand ai outbreaks.	three major outbreaks of avian influenza (ai) occurred in thailand. during the third episode in october 2005, we have isolated h5n1 viruses from one human case and three poultry cases. the whole genomes of ai viruses from human, chickens and quail from the outbreaks were characterized. sequence analysis of eight gene segments revealed that the 2005 h5n1 viruses isolated in october 2005 were closely related to those recovered from chicken, tiger(s) and human(s) in january and july 2004. in additi ...	2006	16935377
penaeus monodon gene discovery project: the generation of an est collection and establishment of a database.	a large-scale expressed sequence tag (est) sequencing project was undertaken for the purpose of gene discovery in the black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon. initially, 15 cdna libraries were constructed from different tissues (eyestalk, hepatopancrease, haematopoietic tissue, haemocyte, lymphoid organ, and ovary) of shrimp, reared under normal or stress conditions, to identify tissue-specific genes and genes responding to infection and heat stress. a total of 10,100 clones were analyzed by single-p ...	2006	16945489
temperature effects on the development of enteromyxum spp. (myxozoa) in experimentally infected tiger puffer, takifugu rubripes (temminck & schlegel).	the effects of water temperature on the development of the enteric myxosporeans, enteromyxum fugu and enteromyxum leei, were investigated in experimentally infected tiger puffer, takifugu rubripes. after naïve tiger puffer were fed gut tissue infected with both e. fugu and e. leei, they were divided into separate tanks and kept at different constant temperature regimes between 10 and 25 degrees c. regardless of the water temperature tested, e. fugu was consistently detected with a high prevalenc ...	2006	16948706
molecular cloning and functional expression of the penaeus monodon 5-ht receptor.	serotonin (5-ht) mediates a number of diverse physiological functions in crustaceans by interacting with various 5-ht receptor subtypes. a putative 5-ht receptor cloned from the ovary of the black tiger prawn (penaeus monodon) consisted of 2291 nucleotides, encoding a putative 5-ht(1pem) receptor protein of 591 amino acids. transient expression of 5-ht(1pem) in hek293 cells demonstrated a saturable [3h]-5-ht binding with a kd of 10.43+/-1.13 nm and bmax of 1.53+/-0.06 pmol/mg. the putative 5-ht( ...	2006	16949686
independent variation of retinal s and m cone photoreceptor topographies: a survey of four families of mammals.	in mammals, cone photoreceptor subtypes are thought to establish topographies that reflect the species-relevant properties of the visual environment. middle- to long-wavelength-sensitive (m) cones are the dominant population and in most species they form an area centralis at the visual axis. short-wavelength-sensitive (s) cone topographies do not always match this pattern. we here correlate the interrelationship of s and m cone topographies in representatives of several mammalian orders with dif ...	2006	16961976
prediction of heat-induced collagen shrinkage by use of second harmonic generation microscopy.	collagen shrinkage associated with denaturation from thermal treatment has a number of important clinical applications. however, individualized treatment is hindered by the lack of reliable noninvasive methods to monitor the process of collagen denaturation. we investigate the serial changes of collagen denaturation from thermal treatment of rat tail tendons at 58 degrees c by use of second harmonic generation (shg) microscopy. we find that rat tail tendon shrinks progressively from 0 to 9 min o ...	2006	16822069
investigating mechanisms of collagen thermal denaturation by high resolution second-harmonic generation imaging.	we apply the technique of second-harmonic generation (shg) microscopy to obtain large area submicron resolution image of type i collagen from rat tail tendon as it is heated from 40 degrees c to 70 degrees c for 0-180 min. the change in the collagen structure as reflected in its shg image is observed at length scales from submicron to hundreds of microns. we observed that heating the tendon below the temperature of 54 degrees c does not produce any change in the averaged shg intensity. at the he ...	2006	16829565
taming clinical research's paper tigers.		2006	16857781
development of polymorphic expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellites for the extension of the genetic linkage map of the black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon).	in this study, microsatellite markers were developed for the genetic linkage mapping and breeding program of the black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon. a total of 997 unique microsatellite-containing expressed sequence tags (ests) were identified from 10 100 est sequences in the p. monodon est database. at-rich microsatellite types were predominant in the est sequences. homology searching by the blastn and blastx programs revealed that these 997 ests represented 8.6% known gene products, 27.8% hypo ...	2006	16879347
binding of shrimp cellular proteins to taura syndrome viral capsid proteins vp1, vp2 and vp3.	viruses are a major cause of production losses in the world shrimp-farming industry. despite this, little is known about viral-host interactions in shrimp due in part to the lack of continuous shrimp cell lines. here, the yeast two-hybrid assay system was employed to study interactions between three taura syndrome viral capsid proteins (vp1-vp3) and proteins from a cdna library of the black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon. vp1 interacted with beta-actin, elongation factor 1alpha (ef1alpha), lysozym ...	2006	16889862
wolbachia effects on aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) immature survivorship and development.	wolbachia bacteria manipulate the reproduction of mosquito hosts via a form of sterility known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), promoting the spread of infections into host populations. the rate at which an infection invades is affected by host fitness costs associated with the wolbachia infection. here, we examine for an effect of wolbachia infection on the immature fitness of the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae). in two experiments, we examine for a wolbac ...	2006	16892625
[aedes albopictus: chronical of a spreading vector].	over the last 50 years the asian tiger mosquito aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) has spread to all continents in the old and new world. this anthropophilous species is able to adapt to most climates. although long considered as a secondary disease vector, it has been shown to be competent for arbovirus transmission under laboratory conditions. in several locations that it has invaded, the tiger mosquito has played a major role in arbovirus transmission (dengue fever and chikungunya). a recen ...	2006	16924811
[construction and experimental immunity of recombinant replication-competent canine adenovirus type 2 expressing hemagglutinin gene of h5n1 subtype tiger influenza virus].	h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was highly pathogenic and sometimes even fatal for tigers and cats. to develop a new type of vaccine for felidae influenza prevention, recombinant replication-competent canine adenovirus type 2 expressing hemagglutinin gene of h5n1 subtype tiger influenza virus was constructed. a/tiger/harbin/01/2003 (hsn1) ha gene was cloned into pvax1. the ha expression cassette which included cmv and ha and polya was ligated into the e3 deletion region of pvaxdelta ...	2006	16736595
anuric renal failure in a dog after red-bellied black snake (pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation.	a case of red-bellied black snake envenomation resulting in intravascular haemolytic anaemia, rhabdomyolysis and anuric renal failure is described in the dog. a 12-year-old female desexed golden retriever was presented with a 15 hour history of profuse salivation, progressive lethargy, obtundence, inappetence and collapse. significant findings on clinical examination were pallor, icterus, tachypnoea and dyspnoea with increased respiratory sounds and crackles in all lung fields. generalised abdom ...	2006	16739524
isolation of malassezia spp. from cerumen of wild felids.	the objective of this study was to determine the presence of different species of the genus malassezia in the healthy external auditory canal of wild felids maintained in captivity. one hundred and thirty-two adult animals (264 samples of cerumen), 77 males (58.3%) and 55 females (41.7%), were studied: large felids (55 animals) - 26 lions (panthera leo), 13 tigers (panthera tigris), 6 leopards (panthera pardus), 6 jaguars (panthera onca), 2 cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), 2 pumas (puma concolor); s ...	2006	16772235
interspecific transfer of wolbachia into the mosquito disease vector aedes albopictus.	intracellular wolbachia bacteria are obligate, maternally inherited endosymbionts found frequently in insects and other invertebrates. the evolutionary success of wolbachia is due in part to an ability to manipulate reproduction. in mosquitoes and many other insects, wolbachia causes a form of sterility known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). wolbachia-induced ci has attracted interest as a potential agent for affecting medically important disease vectors. however, application of the approach ...	2006	16777718
amino acid sequence of the amur tiger prion protein.	prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in human and animal associated with conformational conversion of a cellular prion protein (prp(c)) into the pathologic isoform (prp(sc)). various data indicate that the polymorphisms within the open reading frame (orf) of prp are associated with the susceptibility and control the species barrier in prion diseases. in the present study, partial prnp from 25 amur tigers (tprnp) were cloned and screened for polymorphisms. four single nucleotide p ...	2006	16780982
disseminated mycobacteriosis due to mycobacterium avium in captive bengal tiger (panthera tigris).	a 2-year-old captive female bengal tiger (panthera tigris) died after prolonged anorexia in the gwangju uchi park zoo, gwangju, republic of korea. necropsy revealed multiple nodules of varying sizes in the lung, liver, kidney, and spleen. histopathologic examination revealed a typical granuloma composed of caseous necrotic areas surrounded by lymphocytes with a few giant cells and foamy macrophages. periodic acid-schiff stain and gomori methenamine silver stain did not reveal any fungal bodies. ...	2006	16789727
who ate whom? adaptive helicobacter genomic changes that accompanied a host jump from early humans to large felines.	helicobacter pylori infection of humans is so old that its population genetic structure reflects that of ancient human migrations. a closely related species, helicobacter acinonychis, is specific for large felines, including cheetahs, lions, and tigers, whereas hosts more closely related to humans harbor more distantly related helicobacter species. this observation suggests a jump between host species. but who ate whom and when did it happen? in order to resolve this question, we determined the ...	2006	16789826
isolation and pharmacological characterisation of hostoxin-1, a postsynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the stephen's banded snake (hoplocephalus stephensi).	envenoming by the stephen's banded snake (hoplocephalus stephensi) is not usually characterised by neurotoxicity. the present study describes the pharmacological characterisation of hostoxin-1 (mw 6660 da), the first neurotoxin to be isolated from the venom of the stephen's banded snake. hostoxin-1 (0.3-1.0 microm) caused concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. the neurotoxic activity of hostoxin-1 (0.3 microm) was irrevers ...	2006	16806296
[research on sailong boneextracts on proliferation and apoptosis of osteoblast cells].	to investigate the metabolic regulation and apoptosis of sailong bone extracts on rat osteoblast cells in vitro.	2006	17348198
cloning of a crustin-like, single whey-acidic-domain, antibacterial peptide from the haemocytes of the european lobster, homarus gammarus, and its response to infection with bacteria.	degenerate pcr was used to isolate a 221-base pair nucleotide sequence of a new crustin-like antibacterial peptide from the haemocytes of the european lobster, homarus gammarus. rapid amplification of cdna ends was used to extend the sequence to determine the complete open reading frame and un-translated regions. the inferred amino acid sequence of this peptide was found to be similar to crustin-like peptides isolated for several species of shrimp as well as the shore crab, carcinus maenas. the ...	2006	16144710
molecular cloning and characterisation of cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cytmn-sod) from the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii.	a cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cytmn-sod) cdna was cloned from the hepatopancreas of giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) by degenerate primers. both 3'- and 5'-regions were isolated by rapid amplification of cdna end race method. analysis of nucleotide sequence revealed that the cytmn-sod cdna clone consists of 1339 bp with an open reading frame of 858 bp encoding a protein of 286 amino acids. the calculated ...	2006	16154362
single step multiplex real-time rt-pcr for h5n1 influenza a virus detection.	h5n1 influenza a virus causes a rapidly fatal systemic disease in domestic poultry and spreads directly from poultry to mammalian species such as leopards, tigers and humans. the aim of this study was to develop a multiplex real-time rt-pcr for rapid detection of h5n1 influenza a virus. the selected primers and various labeled taqman mgb reporter probes corresponding to m, h5 and n1 were used in a single step multiplex real-time rt-pcr to simultaneously detect triple fluorescent signals. in orde ...	2006	16183140
genetic characterization of h5n1 influenza a viruses isolated from zoo tigers in thailand.	the h5n1 avian influenza virus outbreak among zoo tigers in mid-october 2004, with 45 animals dead, indicated that the avian influenza virus could cause lethal infection in a large mammalian species apart from humans. in this outbreak investigation, six h5n1 isolates were identified and two isolates (a/tiger/thailand/cu-t3/04 and a/tiger/thailand/cu-t7/04) were selected for whole genome analysis. phylogenetic analysis of the 8 gene segments showed that the viruses clustered within the lineage of ...	2006	16194557
effect of salinity on the immune response of tiger shrimp penaeus monodon and its susceptibility to photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae.	addition of nacl at 2.5% to tryptic soy broth (tsb) significantly increased the growth of photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae. tiger shrimp penaeus monodon held in 25 per thousand seawater were injected with p. damsela subsp. damselae grown in tsb containing nacl at 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5% and 3.5% at a dose of 8.48 x 10(4)colony-forming units (cfu)shrimp(-1). over 24-96 h, the cumulative mortality was significantly higher for the shrimp challenged with p. damselae subsp. damselae grown in 2.5% nac ...	2006	16213751
concentration-dependent suppressive effect of shrimp head protein hydrolysate on dehydration-induced denaturation of lizardfish myofibrils.	to utilize fishery waste products as functional food material, the shrimp head protein hydrolysate (shph) was produced from three species of shrimp wastes, northern pink shrimp, endeavour shrimp and black tiger shrimp, by enzymatic hydrolysis. the shph was used as a natural food preservative by adding to lizardfish myofibrils at concentrations ranging from 2.5% to 10%. their effects on the state of water and the denaturation of myofibrils during dehydration were evaluated. the amount of monolaye ...	2006	16324842
non-exercise activity thermogenesis: the crouching tiger hidden dragon of societal weight gain.	non-exercise activity thermogenesis (neat) is the energy expenditure of all physical activities other than volitional sporting-like exercise. neat includes all the activities that render us vibrant, unique, and independent beings such as working, playing, and dancing. because people of the same weight have markedly variable activity levels, it is not surprising that neat varies substantially between people by up to 2000 kcal per day. evidence suggests that low neat may occur in obesity but in a ...	2006	16439708
useful probability considerations in genetics: the goat problem with tigers and other applications of bayes' theorem.	probabilities or risks may change when new information is available. common sense frequently fails in assessing this change. in such cases, bayes' theorem may be applied. it is easy to derive and has abundant applications in biology and medicine. some examples of the application of bayes' theorem are presented here, such as carrier risk estimation in x-chromosomal disorders, maximal manifestation probability of a dominant trait with unknown penetrance, combination of genetic and non-genetic info ...	2006	16463135
identification of sex-specific expression markers in the giant tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon).	bulked segregant analysis (bsa) and aflp were used for isolation of genomic sex determination markers in penaeus monodon. a total of 256 primer combinations were tested against 6-10 bulked genomic dna of p. monodon. five and one candidate female- and male-specific aflp fragments were identified. female-specific fragments were cloned and further characterized. scar markers derived from fe10m9520, fe10m10725.1, fe10m10725.2 and fe14m16340 provided the positive amplification product in both male an ...	2006	16466636
infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihhnv)-related sequences in the genome of the black tiger prawn penaeus monodon from africa and australia.	we found an infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihhnv)-related sequence within the shrimp genome in populations of penaeus monodon from africa and australia. ihhnv is a single-stranded dna virus that has caused severe mortality and stunted growth in penaeid shrimp. recently, ihhnv-related sequences were found in samples of p. monodon from madagascar and tanzania. these sequences vary considerably (14 and 8%, respectively) from that of ihhnv found in association with viral epi ...	2006	16473428
identification of a non-mammalian leptin-like gene: characterization and expression in the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum).	leptin is well established as a multifunctional cytokine in mammals. however, little is known about the evolution of the leptin gene in other vertebrates. a recently published set of ests from the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) contains a sequence sharing 56% nucleotide sequence identity with the human leptin cdna. to confirm that the est is naturally expressed in the salamander, a 409bp cdna was amplified by rt-pcr of salamander testis and stomach mrnas. the coding sequence of the cdna i ...	2006	16480984
a five-domain kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor from black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon and its inhibitory activities.	a novel five-domain kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor, spipm2, identified from the hemocyte cdna library of black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon was successfully expressed in the escherichia coli expression system. the expressed recombinant spipm2 (rspipm2) as inclusion bodies was solubilized with a sodium carbonate buffer, ph10, and purified by gel filtration chromatography. the molecular mass of rspipm2 was determined using maldi-tof mass spectrometry to be 29.065 kda. the inhibitory activi ...	2006	16519941
a non-surgical uterine lavage technique in large cats intended for treatment of uterine infection-induced infertility.	this paper presents the successful use of a non-surgical, transcervical uterine lavage technique for the treatment of uterine infection-induced infertility in three female large cats. we developed a non-surgical uterine lavage technique, which allowed repeated flushing of the uterine lumen and installation of therapeutic antibiotics. the entire procedure was performed under general anaesthesia (duration of anesthesia ranged from 40 to 70 min). it was successfully applied in a sumatran tiger (pan ...	2006	16530816
amyloid-producing odontogenic tumour (calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour) in the mandible of a bengal tiger (panthera tigris tigris).	a 13-year-old male tiger (panthera tigris tigris) had a marked mandibular swelling noticed 12 months earlier and associated with progressive anorexia and weight loss. radiological and post-mortem examination revealed a mass (13x15 cm) which was firm and poorly defined, with destruction of the adjacent bone tissue. histologically, the mass was poorly demarcated, with infiltrative growth, and composed of nests, cords and islands of epithelial cells with characteristic basal cell features. also obs ...	2006	16540113
identification of a putative egg-laying hormone in neural and ovarian tissues of the black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon, using immunocytochemistry.	the existence of an egg-laying hormone (elh) was identified for the first time in the black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon, by means of immunoenzyme and immunofluorescence techniques. this was achieved using a polyclonal antibody produced against expressed recombinant elh of the female australian blacklip abalone, haliotis rubra. the shrimp elh reactive material was found to be localised within female neurosecretory tissues and the secretory tissue of the antennal gland, but was not identified in ...	2006	16544160
natural and gonadotropin-induced ovarian activity in tigers (panthera tigris) assessed by fecal steroid analyses.	fecal samples were collected from female tigers (n = 17) to compare endocrine patterns associated with natural ovarian activity with those after chorionic gonadotropin ovulation induction and artificial insemination (ai). baseline fecal estradiol concentrations were 65.77 +/- 3.61 ng/g with estrual peaks of 167.39 +/- 9.92 ng/g and an anovulatory cycle length of 17.96 +/- 0.70 days. peak fecal estradiol was higher when females were housed with a male for breeding (262.30 +/- 41.43 vs. 165.30 +/- ...	2006	16564049
mode of action of a novel nonchemical method of insect control: atmospheric pressure plasma discharge.	atmospheric pressure plasma discharge (appd) has been applied to a number of industrial applications, including the bacterial sterilization of medical equipment of bacteria. appd may also have applications in insect control. a positive correlation was found between exposure time to appd and mortality of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande); tobacco thrips, frankliniella fusca (hinds); asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse); twospotted spider mite, tetranychus urti ...	2006	16573321
geomyces pannorum as a possible causative agent of dermatomycosis and onychomycosis in two patients.	chrysosporium pannorum (link) hughes is a soil keratinophilic fungus present in organic residues, on human skin surface and in the general environment of human beings. clear evidence for the pathogenicity of this fungus for human beings was lacking. in 1999, a case of fungal infection in a chow-chow dog and its owner was published, where chrysosporium pannorum (link) hughes was determined as the only possible infection trigger. the state hygiene institute in bratislava repeatedly confirmed the c ...	2006	16603097
a broadly applicable method to characterize large dna viruses and adenoviruses based on the dna polymerase gene.	many viral pathogens are poorly characterized, are difficult to culture or reagents are lacking for confirmatory diagnoses. we have developed and tested a robust assay for detecting and characterizing large dna viruses and adenoviruses. the assay is based on the use of degenerate pcr to target a gene common to these viruses, the dna polymerase, and sequencing the products.	2006	16608526
cloning and characterisation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (mtmnsod) from the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii.	a cdna encoding a mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (mtmnsod) was cloned from the hepatopancreas of giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) by degenerate primers. both 3'- and 5'-regions were isolated by rapid amplification of cdna end (race) pcr method. analysis of nucleotide sequence revealed that the mtmnsod full-length cdna consists of 1202bp containing an open reading frame of 654bp, which encodes a protein c ...	2006	16621606
the effect of sodium alginate on the immune response of tiger shrimp via dietary administration: activity and gene transcription.	the total haemocyte count (thc), phenoloxidase (po) activity, respiratory bursts (release of superoxide anions), and superoxide dismutase (sod) activity, as well as expressions of beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein (betagbp), prophenoloxidase (propo), peroxinectin (pe), cytosolic sod (cyt-sod), penaeidin-5 (pa-5), and a single whey acidic protein (wap) domain protein (swdp) gene were determined in the tiger shrimp penaeus monodon (15.6-19.5g) which had individually been fed diets containing sodium ...	2006	16684609
influence of selected indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (wssv) infection in black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon with reference to haematological, biochemical and immunological changes.	immunostimulants are the substances, which enhance the non-specific defence mechanism and provide resistance against the invading pathogenic micro-organism. in order to increase the immunity of shrimps against the wssv, the methanolic extracts of five different herbal medicinal plants like cyanodon dactylon, aegle marmelos, tinospora cordifolia, picrorhiza kurooa and eclipta alba were selected and mixed thoroughly in equal proportion. the mixed extract was supplemented with various concentration ...	2006	16698283
cloning and characterization of a shrimp clip domain serine protease homolog (c-sph) as a cell adhesion molecule.	clip domain serine protease homologs (c-sphs) are involved in various innate immune functions in arthropods such as antimicrobial activity, cell adhesion, pattern recognition, opsonization, and regulation of the prophenoloxidase system. in the present study, we cloned a c-sph cdna from tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) hemocytes. it is 1337 bp in length with a coding region of 1068 bp consisting a protein of 355 amino acid residues. the deduced protein includes one clip domain and one catalytically ...	2006	16701896
role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in covert word retrieval: neural correlates of switching during verbal fluency.	word retrieval ability is commonly assessed with a semantic verbal fluency task, in which subjects must produce a list of exemplars of a category (e.g., animals). the order in which exemplars are produced is not random; rather, subjects tend to produce "clusters" of semantically related items (e.g., cow, pig, sheep) and occasionally "switch" to other clusters (e.g., lion, tiger, bear). patients with frontal lobe pathology (associated with focal lesions or parkinson's disease) exhibit reduced out ...	2006	16725162
admissions for suspected snake bite to the perth adult teaching hospitals, 1979 to 1988.	to describe the epidemiology of snake bite in perth, and the likelihood of envenomation.	2006	1745167
the martial arts and the caucasian knee: "a tiger by the tail".		2006	1195699
for physicians, is it the lady or the tiger?		2006	10258699
passive electrical cable properties and synaptic excitation of tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells.	the passive electrical properties of 17 on-off retinal ganglion cells were derived from electrophysiological recordings. the parameters for each cells' equivalent model were obtained from the transient current responses to small step changes in clamp potential. thirteen of the cells could be adequately approximated by a spherical soma connected to an equivalent dendritic cable. estimates for the cell input conductance (gn), membrane time constant (tau m), the dendritic-to-soma conductance ratio ...	2006	8903038
cross reactivity between venomous, mildly venomous, and non-venomous snake venoms with the commonwealth serum laboratories venom detection kit.	studies have noted the relatively common occurrence of positive urine results with the commonwealth serum laboratories venom detection kit (vdk) when testing patients with suspected snakebite who are not envenomed. possible explanations have been false positive test results or subclinical envenoming. we investigated a third possibility, that there is potential for the venom (or saliva) from mildly venomous and non-venomous snakes to give a positive reading with the vdk.	2006	15537410
who put the tank in the tiger?		2006	12558302
tiger moth responses to a simulated bat attack: timing and duty cycle.	many night-flying insects perform complex, aerobatic escape maneuvers when echolocating bats initiate attack. tiger moths couple this kinematic defense with an acoustic reply to a bat's biosonar-guided assault. the jamming hypothesis for the function of these moth sounds assumes that tiger moth clicks presented at high densities, temporally locked to the terminal phase of the bat attack will produce the greatest jamming efficacy. concomitantly, this hypothesis argues that moths warning bats of b ...	2006	16809455
quantitative and confirmatory analyses of malachite green and leucomalachite green residues in fish and shrimp.	liquid chromatographic methods are presented for the quantitative and confirmatory determination of malachite green (mg) and leucomalachite green (lmg) for channel catfish, rainbow trout, tilapia, basa, atlantic salmon, and tiger shrimp. residues were extracted from tissues with ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile and isolated by partitioning into dichloromethane. lmg was quantitatively oxidized to the chromic mg with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone. extracts were analyzed for tot ...	2006	16786992
genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of pank2 mutations in patients with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation.	neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (nbia) is a group of disorders characterized by magnetic resonance imaging (mri) changes in basal ganglia. both missense and nonsense mutations have been found in such patients in a gene encoding the mitochondrial pantothenate kinase (pank2).	2006	16437574
pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration with increased lentiform nuclei cerebral blood flow.	we report a case of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration with increased regional cerebral blood flow (rcbf) in bilateral lentiform nuclei on technetium tc-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer single-photon emission ct (ecd-spect). a 6-year-old boy presented with opisthotonus. t2*-weighted mr images revealed areas of marked hypointensity with a hyperintense focus in bilateral globus pallidus, creating the characteristic eye-of-the-tiger appearance. ecd-spect showed increased rcbf in bilateral l ...	2006	16418386
a tiger with glaucoma.		2006	17114593