Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| translocation of surface antigen genes to a unique telomeric expression site in pneumocystis carinii. | the surface of pneumocystis carinii sp. f. carinii contains an antigen known as major surface glycoprotein (msg), which is encoded by about 100 heterogeneous genes. expression of msg genes is not well understood. previous work identified a sequence termed ucs, which is present at the beginning of nearly all msg mrnas, and which is likely to be involved in regulation of msg gene transcription. here we show that the ucs was present in one copy per haploid genome, but that different msg genes were ... | 1996 | 8825774 |
| tuberculin testing in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | after declining for decades, the incidence of mycobacterium tuberculosis is increasing. the mantoux tuberculin skin test, which uses purified protein derivative (ppd) of tuberculin, has been used for years as a screening device to detect the presence of exposure and infection to tuberculosis. however, the advent of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has elicited many questions regarding the validity of traditional standards for ppd administration and interpretation. the uncertainties in interpre ... | 1996 | 8826400 |
| paediatric hiv infection. | by the year 2000 there will be six million pregnant women and five to ten million children infected with hiv-1. intervention strategies have been planned and in some instances already started. a timely and cost-effective strategy needs to take into account that most hiv-1 infected individuals reside in developing countries. further studies are needed on immunological and virological factors affecting hiv-1 transmission from mother to child, on differential disease progression in affected childre ... | 1996 | 8826814 |
| source of pneumocystis carinii in recurrent episodes of pneumonia in aids patients. | to investigate the hypothesis that p.carinii special form hominis (p.c. hominis) reinfections occur in aids patients. | 1996 | 8828745 |
| unexpected lung lesions in high resolution computed tomography (hrtc) among patients with advanced hiv disease. | the present pilot study was undertaken to characterize the frequency of lung lesions in asymptomatic human deficiency virus (hiv) infected individuals with advanced hiv disease. thirty two consecutive hiv+ homosexual males assessed for initiation of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis, were prospectively studied. all patients underwent a complete medical history, physical examination, pulmonary function tests and high resolution computed tomography (hrct). hrct scans were read by a ... | 1996 | 8834330 |
| cryptococcosis in hiv infection of man: an epidemiological and immunological indicator? | cryptococcosis is an epidemiological and immunological indicator due to the absence of cryptococcus neoformans as a saprophyte in immunocompetent humans and the advantage of specific c. neoformans culture. on this basis, a report is presented on the cd4 lymphocyte count of 36 aids patients suffering from cryptococcosis and other concomitant or missing opportunistic aids-defining infections. in 26 out of 36 patients, i.e. 72%, a cd4 lymphocyte count of < or = 50/microl (mean value 39.5%) was foun ... | 1996 | 8837378 |
| [advances in genetic diagnostics for respiratory tract infections]. | the past decade has seen the rapid advancement of molecular biology and its application in the field of infectious diseases. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a technique which brings about the in vitro amplification of dna, and is clinically useful in the sensitive, specific and rapid diagnosis of various infectious diseases. the fast diagnosis of viral infections using pcr is a prime example, since viral culture may take weeks to grow and since serologic conversion seldom occurs until the ... | 1996 | 8838114 |
| aids-associated infections in salivary glands: autopsy survey of 60 cases. | we reviewed the autopsy findings for the submandibular glands of 60 patients with aids who were autopsied at the george washington university medical center (washington, dc) from 1982 to 1992. aids-associated infections in the submandibular glands were compared with those in the pancreas and lung. cytomegalovirus intranuclear inclusions were found in 10 cases, and pneumocystis carinii infection was found in one case. disseminated mycobacterial and fungal infections were not identified in the sub ... | 1996 | 8838199 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after discontinuation of hydroxychloroquine in 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. | 1996 | 8838542 | |
| high frequency of non-hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with hiv-associated kaposi's sarcoma. | to evaluate, with the support of autopsy findings, the frequency of non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) among patients with aids-associated kaposi's sarcoma (ks) in comparison with that of aids patients with other aids-defining diseases. | 1996 | 8838706 |
| oral absorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with aids. | to determine the bioavailability of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 1996 | 8840373 |
| fatal mucor pneumonia after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for non-hodgkin's-lymphoma. | fungal infections, in addition to bacterial and opportunistic infections such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, may evolve in patients with infectious complications due to iatrogenic immunosuppression. aside from common candida and aspergillus species, rare fungi like mucor must be considered in patients with neutropenia or prolonged impaired t-cell function. here we report on a patient with a low grade lymphoma who was treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine because of disease progression. after r ... | 1996 | 8841104 |
| orbital infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | opportunistic infections frequently involve the anterior and posterior segments of the eye but rarely occur in the orbit in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. the authors managed eight patients with hiv and unilateral orbital infections who presented between july 1988 and march 1995. | 1996 | 8841310 |
| changing patterns of infections in patients with aids: a study of 279 autopsies of prison inmates and nonincarcerated patients at a university hospital in eastern texas, 1984-1993. | reports on autopsies of 279 persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were reviewed retrospectively to determine changes in survival rates and infections and to identify differences between prison inmates and nonincarcerated patients. the 78 cases from 1984 through 1988 were compared with 201 from 1989 through 1993, on the basis of use of antiretroviral therapy and (after 1988) prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). risk factors for hiv infection were homosexual ... | 1996 | 8842257 |
| causes of fever in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus who were admitted to boston city hospital. | we prospectively studied causes of fever in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection that required admission to a municipal hospital. a total of 168 hiv-infected persons were admitted for 220 episodes of fever: 72% were male, 80% were nonwhite, 65% reported prior injection drug use, and 74% had a baseline cd4 lymphocyte count of < 200/mm3. bacterial infections, principally pneumonia, accounted for > 60% of the episodes; streptococcus pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus were mo ... | 1996 | 8842271 |
| semisynthetic echinocandins affect cell wall deposition of pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo. | cyclic lipodepsipeptide compounds of the echinocandin class exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal activity and have been shown to be effective in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in laboratory animal models. previous studies have led investigators to propose that these compounds, active against fungal cell walls, are selectively active against the cyst forms of p. carinii. we demonstrate that a semisynthetic, water-soluble echinocandin analog, ly307853, is effective in reducing the nu ... | 1996 | 8843286 |
| detection of pneumocystis carinii by in situ hybridization in the lungs of immunosuppressed rats. | in situ hybridization was performed to detect rat pneumocystis carinii in the lung sections. rats were immunosuppressed by weekly subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg methylprednisolone. on the 6th, 8th and 9th week of immunosuppression, the lungs were removed and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. a 22 base oligonucleotide probe complementary to p. carinii 5s ribosomal rna was commercially synthesized and its 3' terminal was labeled with biotin. in situ hybridization was performed utilizing manual ca ... | 1996 | 8843693 |
| pcr in diagnosis of pneumocystosis of rats. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a powerful technique to detect scanty amount of dna from living organisms. the present study intended to develop specific primers for pcr diagnosis of pneumocystosis and to evaluate diagnostic efficacy by preparation of template dnas from invasive bal fluid and also to screen serum or blood as a non-invasive specimen. albino rats of wistar or fischer strains were experimentally infected by pneumocystis carinii. extracted dnas or cell lysates of their blood, bro ... | 1996 | 8843695 |
| human surfactant protein a enhances attachment of pneumocystis carinii to rat alveolar macrophages. | pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia remains one of the most important opportunistic pulmonary infections. the alveolar macrophage (am) is likely the primary cell for recognition and removal of pc. the histopathology of pc pneumonia is characterized by a surfactant-like alveolar exudate. we hypothesize that surfactant protein a(sp-a), the major apoprotein of surfactant, mediates attachment of pc to rat ams by acting as a ligand between the organism and the am. in this study, attachment of pc was ... | 1996 | 8845173 |
| pneumocystis pneumonia in brain tumor patients: risk factors and clinical features. | we reviewed the clinical features and risk factors for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with brain tumors (bts) seen at our institution between 1980 and 1992. previously rare, this opportunistic infection appears to be increasing among hiv-negative cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive medications. recent reports have noted pcp among bt patients receiving corticosteroids, and suggested that these patients are particularly likely to develop pcp when corticosteroids are taper ... | 1996 | 8847557 |
| [pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a htlv-i carrier with monoclonal proliferation of htlv-i infected lymphocyte]. | a 63-year-old woman had pneumocystis carinii pneumonia without any apparent underlying disease such as cancers or hiv infection. although she reacted positively for htlv-i antibody, hematological findings and clinical symptoms did not suggest that this patient had an atl. southern blot analysis revealed that htlv-i infected lymphocytes had already proliferated monoclonally. the development of overt atl should be carefully monitored in this type of patient as pneumocystis carinii infection in htl ... | 1996 | 8847802 |
| monodrug efficacies of sulfonamides in prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | a remarkably high rate of adverse events is associated with the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. we examined the efficacies of sulfonamides alone in the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis, with the assumption that at least some of the adverse events with the drug combination might be due to trimethoprim. with the immunosuppressed rat model, eight sulfonamides were studied at 100, 10, and 1.0 mg/kg/day (10 rats per do ... | 1996 | 8849260 |
| polyamine content of pneumocystis carinii and response to the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine. | difluoromethylornithine (dfmo; eflornithine hydrochloride [ornidyl]), a suicide inhibitor of the key polyamine biosynthesis enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (odc), is effective in treating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a common opportunistic infection associated with aids. despite dfmo's specificity for odc, the reason for its selective toxicity against p. carinii is unknown since both host and parasite are dependent on the same enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis. a new high-performance liquid ch ... | 1996 | 8849262 |
| pneumocystis carinii: molecular taxonomy and epidemiology. | 1996 | 8849696 | |
| single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of a novel microfluidized suspension of atovaquone in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients. | the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of and tolerability to a new microfluidized suspension of atovaquone were studied in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with cd4 counts of < or = 200 cells per mm3 in order to define a dosing regimen for the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. this was an open study with groups of six patients each. in the first part of the study, six subjects received escalating single doses of 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg after an overnight fa ... | 1996 | 8851570 |
| identification of a class of sulfonamides highly active against dihydropteroate synthase form toxoplasma gondii, pneumocystis carinii, and mycobacterium avium. | sulfanilanilides with 3',5'-halogen substitutions had ki values 6- to 57-fold lower than the ki of sulfamethoxazole when tested against dihydropteroate synthase from toxoplasma gondii. the compounds acted as competitive inhibitors. these compounds were also active against dihydropteroate synthase from pneumocystis carinii, mycobacterium avium, and escherichia coli but were not significantly more active than sulfamethoxazole. the compounds were significantly more active in culture than were stand ... | 1996 | 8851601 |
| laboratory implementation of a rapid three-stain technique for detection of microorganisms from lower respiratory specimens. | a rapid, cost-effective method for the evaluation of lower respiratory specimen has become increasingly important in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in immunocompromised patients. in the past, the technically demanding, time-consuming, and expensive gomori-methenamine-silver (gms) stain was the principal means for the evaluation of these specimens. in this study, we compared the gms stain with a new rapid, three-stain protocol for the evaluation of lower respiratory specimens. lower respirat ... | 1996 | 8852363 |
| granulomatous pneumocystis carinii myositis presenting as an intramuscular mass. | 1996 | 8852986 | |
| hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and human immunodeficiency virus infection. | 1996 | 8852997 | |
| does dapsone increase mortality when given for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia? | 1996 | 8853742 | |
| low-dose dapsone, co-trimoxazole, and survival in pneumocystis carinii primary prophylaxis. | 1996 | 8853743 | |
| patterns of morbidity and mortality in aids patients on pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis who died during hospital admission: a report of 50 diseased patients. | since the introduction of prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) the pattern of illnesses related to aids has changed. pcp prophylaxis may delay the first aids-defining illness (adi) and shifts the clinical manifestations of aids to illnesses other than pcp. | 1996 | 8854672 |
| pulmonary infections in hiv infected patients. | we retrospectively reviewed causes, clinical presentations and chest radiographs of pulmonary infections in symptomatic hiv infected patients diagnosed in srinagarind hospital from february 1992 to 1994. we found 95 episodes of pulmonary infections in 88 hiv infected patients enrolled in our review. the three most common pathogens were mycobacterium tuberculosis (37.2%), pneumocystis carinii (23.8%), and cryptococcus (15.2%). coexistent pulmonary infections were seen in 10.5 per cent, mostly due ... | 1996 | 8855629 |
| evaluation of sequential thallium and gallium scans of the chest in aids patients. | with decreasing incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in aids as a result of prophylactic regimens, there is a higher incidence of tuberculosis (tb), mycobacterium avii complex (mac), kaposi sarcoma and malignant lymphoma. there is a need for differentiating these various pathological entities. the purpose of this study was for a retrospective evaluation of sequential thallium and gallium scans in aids patients for differentiating intrathoracic kaposi sarcoma from malignant lymphoma ... | 1996 | 8862304 |
| pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis misdiagnosed as pneumocystis pneumonia in an immunocompromised host. | yeast cells of paracoccidioides brasiliensis can resemble the cysts of pneumocystis carinii in smears stained with grocott's modification of the gomori methanamine silver stain. furthermore, p. brasiliensis can cross-react in material stained with a widely used p. carinii immunofluorescent stain which uses monoclonal antibodies. the need to differentiate p. brasiliensis and p. carinii will become more important as the increasing incidence of immunosuppression results in the reactivation of laten ... | 1996 | 8862614 |
| detection of pneumocystis carinii dna by filtration of air. | the high incidence of pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii in immunosuppressed patients makes it the most important parasite in non-tropical geographical regions. it has recently been shown to be a fungus, but several aspects of this organism are still poorly understood. a major question of clinical relevance is the nature of transmission and, thereby, the related problem of prevention. the mode of p. carinii transmission is thought to be air, but this is based on circumstantial evidence, th ... | 1996 | 8863362 |
| hiv infection and aids in jerusalem: a microcosm of illness in israel. | during the decade 1985-94, 158 individuals (124 males, 34 females) with hiv/aids were seen at the aids clinic of hadassah university hospital. they comprised 10% of the total reported number of hiv-infected israelis and included 6% of all reported hiv-infected ethiopians and all hiv-infected west bank palestinians. most individuals (82%) were self-referred; 12% were detected through the local hiv screening clinic. risk groups for aids were homo/bisexuality (39%), heterosexual relations (30%), in ... | 1996 | 8865824 |
| disease patterns and survival after acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. | the clinical manifestations of hiv infection in children involve a broad spectrum of conditions ranging from mild symptoms to aids. knowledge of the disease and survival patterns of these children are needed to plan for future needs and develop baseline information to evaluate newer prophylactic or therapeutic management options. | 1996 | 8866801 |
| calcofluor white stain for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in transbronchial lung biopsy specimens: a study of 68 cases. | calcofluor white (cfw), a chemofluorescent agent, has proven effective in the recognition of pneumocystis carinii cysts in respiratory fluids and secretions. however, its usefulness in the recognition of p. carinii cysts in tissue preparations has not been established. we studied 68 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, transbronchial tissue biopsy specimens from individuals seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus and stained them with the cfw stain and the conventional gomori methenamine ... | 1996 | 8871929 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among north american women. | women constitute the fastest growing segment of adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), representing 18% of all cases in the united states in 1994. heterosexual transmission is now the dominant route by which women are infected. recent reports indicate that although certain manifestations may be different in women than in men, the rate of clinical progression is similar when they receive comparable medical treatment. antiretroviral therapy is equally as effective in women as in me ... | 1996 | 8873494 |
| pneumocystis carinii: an atypical fungal micro-organism. | the purpose of this review is to assist mycologists in having a better understanding of pneumocystis carinii and the disease that it causes. now considered to be a fungus, p. carinii is unusual in its life cycle and relationship with the host. p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) pathogenesis, immunology and host defence mechanisms are examined, as well as epidemiological and control strategies. most pneumocystosis pathophysiological changes result from the parasite's attachment and proliferation in the l ... | 1996 | 8873881 |
| factors affecting survival in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | knowledge of the survival times of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and the factors that influence survival is important both for increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and planning health service interventions. although there is considerable variation in survival after aids diagnosis, even within developed countries, most studies have estimated a mean survival time of 12-18 months. those with a higher cd4 lymphocyte count at initial diagnosis hav ... | 1996 | 8874621 |
| anti-herpesvirus treatment and risk of kaposi's sarcoma in hiv infection. royal free/chelsea and westminster hospitals collaborative group. | with the recent identification of a new herpesvirus in patients with kaposi's sarcoma (human herpesvirus-8 or kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus), there have been several reports on the use of anti-herpesvirus therapy (foscarnet, ganciclovir and aciclovir) and risk of developing kaposi's sarcoma. we therefore investigated the association between use of anti-herpesvirus drugs and kaposi's sarcoma in a large unselected group of patients with aids. | 1996 | 8874626 |
| the association between cigarette smoking and selected hiv-related medical conditions. | to clarify the effect of cigarette smoking on the development of conditions associated with hiv infection. | 1996 | 8874629 |
| racial differences in rate of cd4 decline in hiv-1-infected homosexual men. | to determine whether racial differences exist in the rate of cd4 lymphocyte decline in hiv-1-infected homosexual men. | 1996 | 8874633 |
| aids defining diseases in the uk: the impact of pcp prophylaxis and twelve years of change. | we examined all reports of adult aids cases made to the 2 national surveillance centres in the uk for changes in aids defining conditions between january 1982 and september 1994. differences and changes among persons diagnosed since january 1988 who had and had not been aware of their hiv infection prior to their aids diagnosis were of particular interest. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the aids defining disease most often reported at the initial aids diagnosis. its proportion of all ai ... | 1996 | 8876355 |
| atovaquone as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii. | 1996 | 8876368 | |
| zinc levels and infections in hospitalized patients with aids. | impaired cellular and humoral immunity and phagocytic function have been attributed to zinc deficiency. this study examined the association between low serum zinc concentration and opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). we examined the records from all 505 inpatient consultations performed by our nutrition service from may 1992 through june 1994. the medical records from all 228 patients with aids with known serum zinc levels (deter ... | 1996 | 8878145 |
| combination of ps-15, epiroprim, or pyrimethamine with dapsone in prophylaxis of toxoplasma gondii and pneumocystis carinii dual infection in a rat model. | in a rat model of dual infection, we studied such dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors as ps-15 (25 mg/kg of body weight), epiroprim (100 mg/kg), and pyrimethamine (3 mg/kg) alone or in combination with various doses of dapsone (50, 25, or 5 mg/kg) for the prevention of pneumocystosis and toxoplasmosis. rats latently infected with pneumocystis carinii were immunosuppressed by corticosteroids for 7 weeks, and the drugs were administered from the initiation of the corticosteroid treatment. at ... | 1996 | 8878582 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants after heart transplantation. | although the reported incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after heart transplantation in adults ranges from 3% to 40%, data are lacking regarding the incidence in the pediatric heart transplantation population. a retrospective review was performed on 152 infants (0 to 12 months of age) undergoing transplantation from november 1985 through december 1993 who survived at least 6 months after heart transplantation. patients did not receive postoperative pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis. ten ... | 1996 | 8878758 |
| management and outcome of pneumothoraces in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | to better understand the natural history, management, and outcome of pneumothoraces in hiv-infected patients, we reviewed hospital charts and chest radiographs of hiv-infected adults discharged from the university of maryland medical center over a 6-year period. sixty pneumothoraces occurred in 39 patients. twenty-three pneumothoraces resulted from trauma and 37 were spontaneous. thirty-two (86%) of the spontaneous pneumothoraces occurred in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). ei ... | 1996 | 8879789 |
| trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: hyperkalemia is an important complication regardless of dose. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a frequently prescribed antibiotic with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. as a result of the increasing number of aids patients requiring therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use had dramatically increased. a previously unreported and potentially lethal adverse reaction associated with high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, hyperkalemia, subsequently developed. recognition of this potassium disorde ... | 1996 | 8879854 |
| trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and hypouricemia. | hypouricemia has been reported in a substantial fraction of patients with aids and attributed to an hiv-related renal urate transport defect. we tested the alternative hypothesis that hypouricemia was associated with the administration of high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). | 1996 | 8879855 |
| mycobacterium kansasii infection limited to the skin in a patient with aids. | we describe a case of cutaneous mycobacterium kansasii infection in a 56-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, who received treatment with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. resolution of the cutaneous lesion was observed without specific treatment. | 1996 | 8881686 |
| production of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitors by alveolar macrophages in control subjects and aids patients. | to reveal a possible impairment of the plasminogen activator system in the pulmonary infections of aids patients. | 1996 | 8882668 |
| cutaneous reactions to trimethoprim-sulphametrole in aids patients treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1996 | 8882678 | |
| detection of asymptomatic pneumocystis carinii infection by polymerase chain reaction: predictive for subsequent pneumonia. | 1996 | 8883597 | |
| the epidemiology of hiv-associated kaposi's sarcoma: the unraveling mystery. | unraveling the mysteries associated with the etiology of ks is of tremendous public health significance. whereas the introduction of prophylaxis has led to a decreased incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, the incidence of ks has remained relatively stable and treatment of the hiv-infected ks patient remains a challenge. the last year has brought forth significant breakthroughs in ks research. although kshv has only recently been described, rapid progress is being made in understanding th ... | 1996 | 8883610 |
| drug-induced disorders of glucose metabolism. mechanisms and management. | glucose homeostasis is maintained by a balance between the release and action of insulin, and the counterregulatory responses mediated principally by glucagon, catecholamines, growth hormone and cortisol. hence, the effects of a drug on glucose metabolism may be mediated by any of these agents singly or in combination. host factors, such as inherent glucoregulatory mechanisms, concurrent diseases, organ function and concomitant medications also increase the risk of drug-induced disturbances of g ... | 1996 | 8884164 |
| identification, characterization, and expression of the bip endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperonins in pneumocystis carinii. | we have isolated, characterized, and examined the expression of the genes encoding bip endoplasmic reticulum (er) resident chaperonins responsible for transport, maturation, and proper folding of membrane and secreted proteins from two divergent strains of pneumocystis carinii. the bip genes, pcbip and prbip, from the p. c. carinii (prototype) strain and the p. c. rattus (variant) strain, respectively, are single-copy genes that reside on chromosomes of approximately 330 and approximately 350 kb ... | 1996 | 8890193 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in scid mice induced by viable organisms propagated in vitro. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, despite the widespread use of prophylaxis and the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. the study of p. carinii and of pulmonary host defenses directed against it has been limited by lack of reliable, reproducible methods to obtain pure populations of organisms in useful quantities. while recent success has been achieved with cultures of rat p. carinii organ ... | 1996 | 8890219 |
| continuous infusion of dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine and improved efficacy against a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | the rapid depletion of pneumocystis carinii polyamines caused by in vitro exposure to dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo; also called eflornithine or ornidyl) and the rapid repletion following removal of this drug suggested that the in vivo efficacy of dfmo against p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) may be limited by troughs in drug concentration resulting from the schedule of administration. this led to the prediction that, compared with the response to the standard animal protocol of administering ... | 1996 | 8891137 |
| detection of toxoplasma gondii in immunodeficient subjects by gene amplification: influence of therapeutics. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology was used to detect toxoplasma gondii dna in 253 immunodeficient subjects, 179 of whom were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the incidence of toxoplasmosis was 12.3% (22/179) in the hiv-infected subjects and 2.7% (2/74) in the remainder. the sensitivity of the pcr during episodes of toxoplasmosis in hiv-infected subjects not on antiparasitic treatment was 86.6% on peripheral blood and 60% on cerebrospinal fluid (csf), but was only 25 ... | 1996 | 8893403 |
| high resolution computed tomography in hiv patients with suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and a normal chest radiograph. | to correlate the appearances of high resolution computed tomography (hrct) with the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) findings in hiv positive patients in whom there is a strong clinical suspicion of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) but a normal chest radiograph. | 1996 | 8893636 |
| pneumocystis carinii: what is it, exactly? | the identity of pneumocystis carinii has been uncertain for many years. until recently, it was widely regarded to be a protozoan because it does not grow in culture and is not susceptible to antifungal drugs. although these and a number of other phenotypic characteristics of p. carinii differ from those of typical fungi, analysis of dna sequences has shown that p. carinii is a member of the fungal lineage of eukaryotes. however, a close phylogenetic relative of p. carinii has not yet been found. ... | 1996 | 8894348 |
| are we preventing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in regular clinic attenders with hiv. | 1996 | 8894830 | |
| prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus 1-related disease among 512 infants born to infected women in new york city. the new york city perinatal hiv transmission collaborative study group. | to determine the incidence of hiv-1-related clinical findings, mortality and predictors of death in a cohort of hiv-exposed infants followed from birth. | 1996 | 8895922 |
| altered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ratios for prophylaxis and treatment of toxoplasma gondii and pneumocystis carinii dual infections in rat model. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) is the first-line drug for prophylaxis and treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and for prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis in hiv-infected patients. evidence indicating intolerance related to the dose of smx led us to examine the efficacy of altered tmp-smx ratios in a corticosteroid-treated rat model. infections were assessed by counting p. carinii cysts in lung and by titration of toxoplasma gondii burdens in tissue culture. for prophylaxis, the r ... | 1996 | 8898664 |
| host defense against pneumocystis carinii: more than the cd4+ lymphocyte. | 1996 | 8900286 | |
| role of cd8+ lymphocytes in host defense against pneumocystis carinii in mice. | an improved understanding of host defense against pneumocystis carinii could provide novel therapeutic modalities directed against this opportunistic pathogen. immunodeficient mouse models confirm the role of cd4+ lymphocytes in defense against p. carinii, but the role of cd8+ lymphocytes is controversial. balb/c mice specifically depleted of cd4+ lymphocytes are susceptible to p. carinii, recruiting large numbers of cd8+ lymphocytes to their lungs during infection. because of this recruitment, ... | 1996 | 8900290 |
| review: pneumothorax in patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | a retrospective review was performed to describe the clinical characteristics, course, and outcome of pneumothorax for all patients admitted to bellevue hospital, new york, with aids who had pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) diagnosed between january 1985, through july 1991. of 1360 patients with aids and pcp, 67 patients (4.9%) were identified with pneumothorax; a group of 50 is the subject of this review. of these 50 patients, 22 patients (44%) developed spontaneous pneumothorax, 15 patient ... | 1996 | 8900387 |
| a novel assay for drug-dna binding mode, affinity, and exclusion number: scanning force microscopy. | determining the mode-of-binding of a dna ligand is not always straightforward. here, we establish a scanning force microscopic assay for mode-of-binding that is (i) direct: lengths of individual dna-ligand complexes are directly measured; (ii) rapid: there are no requirements for staining or elaborate sample preparation; and (iii) unambiguous: an observed increase in dna length upon addition of a ligand is definitive evidence for an intercalative mode-of-binding. mode-of-binding, binding affinit ... | 1996 | 8901572 |
| comparison of changing autopsy trends in the bronx population with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | the opportunistic infections, malignancies, and causes of death related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) are changing, perhaps as a result of improved treatment, prophylaxis, and education. with its high percentage of persons who acquired the human immunodeficiency virus from intravenous drug (ivd) use, the population of patients with aids in the bronx is potentially unique. all of the 257 consecutive adult human immunodeficiency virus and/or aids cases from two bronx teaching hospit ... | 1996 | 8902838 |
| molecular epidemiology of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1996 | 8903219 | |
| comparison of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission to hospital in hiv-and non-hiv-infected patients. | to compare community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with that in hospitalized non-hiv-infected patients by assessing presenting characteristics, etiology and outcomes. | 1996 | 22514448 |
| medical microbiology | pneumocystis carinii is a cause of diffuse pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. even in fatal cases, the organism and the disease remain localized to the lung. the pneumonia rarely, if ever, occurs in healthy individuals. pneumocystis carinii, an extracellular protozoan, has been observed in three forms. diagnosis requires identification of p carinii in lung tissue, obtained by invasive techniques, or in lower airway fluids. experimental studies have shown that the organism can be transmitted b ... | 1996 | 21413303 |
| medical microbiology | the protozoa are considered to be a subkingdom of the kingdom protista, although in the classical system they were placed in the kingdom animalia. more than 50,000 species have been described, most of which are free-living organisms; protozoa are found in almost every possible habitat. the fossil record in the form of shells in sedimentary rocks shows that protozoa were present in the pre-cambrian era. anton van leeuwenhoek was the first person to see protozoa, using microscopes he constructed w ... | 1996 | 21413323 |
| anti-pneumocystis carinii pneumonia activity of dicationic 2,4-diarylpyrimidines. | a synthesis of 2,4-bis-(4-amidinophenyl)pyrimidine 6, 2,4-bis-[(4-imidazolin-2-yl)phenyl)]pyrimidine 7, 2,4-bis [(4-tetrahydropyrimidinyl-2-yl)phenyl]pyrimidine 8, 2,4-bis[(4-n-n-propylamidino)phenyl]pyrimidine 9, 2,4-bis[(4-n-isopropylamidino)-phenyl]pyrimidine 10 and 2,4-bis[(4-n-isobutylamidino)phenyl]pyrimidine 11 starting from 4-bromobenzamidine and 4-bromoaceto-phenone is reported. a synthesis of 2-(4-amidinopnenyl)-4-(2-methoxy-4-amidinophenyl)pyrimidine 20, 2-[4-(imidazolin2-yl)-phenyl]- ... | 1996 | 22026932 |
| ophthalmic lesions in dexamethasone-treated rats naturally infected with sialodacryoadenitis virus while concurrently used for pneumocystis carinii propagation. | 1996 | 16457526 | |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after renal transplantation. | 1996 | 18417916 | |
| differentiating pneumocystis cysts from candida sp. yeasts in pulmonary specimens using methenamine silver. | pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia in the immunocopromised patient requires prompt therapeutic intervention; therefore, rapid identification of pc organisms in cytopathologic specimen is essential. conclusive diagnoses of pc are achievable using grocott's methenamine silver (gms), the "gold-standard" stain for pc cyst visualization. however, non-budding candida sp. yeasts can simulate pc cysts with gms and thus pose significant diagnostic challenges. after qualitative and semi-quantitative anal ... | 1996 | 17372436 |
| in vitro systems in pneumocystis research. | most groups involved in pneumocystis research need large quantities of well preserved, viable pneumocystis organisms free of host cell contamination. biological, biochemical, immunological, genetic or other studies on pneumocystis usually involve the separation of pneumocystis from lung tissue as well as elimination of host cell debris from parasite extracts. in other investigations, such as transmission, infectivity, life cycle, biochemical, in vitro culture or drug-screening studies, viable an ... | 1996 | 15275206 |
| [the new age of hiv/aids. a special report on the xi international conference on aids]. | new treatments that are available promoted optimism at the xi international conference on aids, held in vancouver in july 1996. topics that were presented at the conference are highlighted, including a global analysis of the epidemic, possible eradication of the virus, pathogenesis of the hiv virus, detection of the viral load change in the blood, and the status of protease inhibitors. a brief report on the combination and activity of crixivan, azt and 3tc is presented. the dangers of opportunis ... | 1996 | 11364380 |
| early intervention and prevention options. | in july 1993, the united states public health service and the infectious disease society of america gave a set of recommendations for early intervention and prevention of opportunistic infections in hiv-positive people. these guidelines follow cd4 counts. according to the guidelines, cd4 counts above 500 should be monitored every 4 to 6 months and screenings for tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and other diseases should also be done. at a cd4 count of 75, a prophylaxis of rifabutin a ... | 1996 | 11363117 |
| dapsone not affected by chewable ddi. | dapsone, a treatment used for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), is ineffective when taken in conjunction with ddi. a study of the chewable form of ddi showed no significant decrease in the blood level of dapsone taken together with ddi. researchers are searching for another reason why dapsone fails to prevent pcp when taken with ddi. | 1996 | 11363130 |
| plasma donor's hiv went undetected in repeated tests. | the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) conducted a test to detect the p24 antigen in the blood of a frequent plasma donor. this test, now considered more reliable than the standard hiv-antibody test, showed traces of the virus in the blood of a utah man who had tested negative following his wife's diagnosis of aids. the man continued to donate plasma from 1994 through august 1995, when he developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), an aids-defining illness. the man's plasma was ... | 1996 | 11363265 |
| supreme court says suit against insurer can continue. | the oregon supreme court is allowing the estate of ronald shaw, a restaurant worker, to seek damages against an insurance company that refused to cover his employer when it was determined that shaw had pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, an aids-defining condition. shaw's lawsuit charges that the paac health plan inc. denied the application for insurance filed by employer holly hart of the old wives' tales restaurant. shaw sued paac, hart, and the insurance broker. before shaw's death in august 1993 ... | 1996 | 11363278 |
| report from the 3rd conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections. | the third conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections offered hope for new treatments for aids-related illnesses. news about antiretroviral therapies, especially protease inhibitors, was enthusiastically received. anthony fauci, md, of the national institutes of health (nih), proposed an expanded model of hiv progression. carl grunfeld, md, discussed the issue of wasting and emphasized that secondary infections are the primary precipitants of wasting. the human growth hormone's role ... | 1996 | 11363313 |
| pediatric treatment update. | the actg 152 study compared azt monotherapy with ddi monotherapy in hiv-positive children, ranging in age from 3 months to 18 years. the data safety and monitoring board (dsmb) recommended that azt monotherapy be discontinued based on survival and hiv disease progression. actg 152 opened in august 1991 and included 839 children. the trial assessed the efficacy of three antiretroviral drugs as first-line treatment. only asymptomatic children with relatively normal laboratory values were excluded, ... | 1996 | 11363392 |
| palliative care and hiv, part i: ois and cancers. | a two-part report discusses palliative care for opportunistic infections and cancers of hiv-infected people, and addresses systemic manifestations. guidelines are provided for determining when palliation with traditional methods is best achieved, and when continuation of restorative treatments is an appropriate palliative measure. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, and mycobacterium avium complex palliative care are examined. the hiv-related cance ... | 1996 | 11363409 |
| clarithromycin for mac prevention offers additional benefits. | the use of clarithromycin in preventing mycobacterium avium complex (mac) may also prevent a number of other opportunistic infections in aids patients. a large multinational study showed a reduction in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), community-acquired pneumonia (cap), and giardiasis, an intestinal disorder. the study involved participants with cd4 counts below 100. | 1996 | 11363431 |
| living with therapy. | michael helquist, an aids writer since 1980, communicates his feelings about being diagnosed with aids. helquist describes how he has dealt with his own therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) for 2 1/2 years. helquist recognized the need to be heard and understood by a therapist and specified that a therapist should have knowledge, empathy, and flexibility. a therapist should know about the primary treatments for aids, including the prophylactic drugs used to treat infections and their ... | 1996 | 11363481 |
| health care quality versus economics in hiv. | aids treatment costs are astronomical, and insurance considerations have forced many hiv-positive persons into managed care programs. in many cases of treating opportunistic infections, the most effective treatment is also the least costly. prophylaxis with bactrim dramatically reduces the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and is significantly less expensive than the care of acute pcp. a study by the community medical alliance (cma) in boston evaluated treatment options provided ... | 1996 | 11363637 |
| pneumonia. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a leading cause of illness and death in aids patients, accounting for about one-third of aids deaths. it was rare until the 1980s, when only 50 percent of patients with pcp survived an episode of the disease. increasingly, prophylactic treatment is being used to prevent the onset of the disease. the use of oral antibiotics is discussed, and guidelines for early diagnosis and effective treatment are included. | 1996 | 11363644 |
| opportunistic infections in vancouver. | participants at the xi international conference on aids in vancouver appeared impressed by the improvements being made in the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of aids-related opportunistic infections. improvements in the following areas are discussed: cytomegalovirus infection prophylaxis and maintenance with oral ganciclovir, prophylactic effects of azithromycin against mycobacterium avium complex infection and its potential for preventing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and the use of dox ... | 1996 | 11363841 |
| opportunistic infections: the growing challenge. | a great deal of attention at the xi international conference on aids was focused on new approaches to managing and preventing aids-related opportunistic infections (ois). aside from a similar prevalence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in developed countries, a different spectrum of ois is seen in less developed areas, such as latin america, where many endemic diseases are included among ois. candidiasis has been the most common fungal pathogen, but a broader spectrum of mycoses is being ... | 1996 | 11363908 |
| europeans eye new drug cocktails. | controversies on the use of new anti-hiv combination therapies from the european point of view were presented at the third international conference on drug therapy in hiv infection. treatment strategies varied between countries, with dutch health authorities agreeing to fund treatment with protease inhibitors for early hiv infection. conversely, the british treatment patterns are the most conservative, providing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis when a patient presented with a cd4 count ... | 1996 | 11364015 |
| trimetrexate glucuronate associated with anti-kaposi sarcoma effect. | trimetrexate glucuronate, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor related to methotrexate, was developed by parke-davis as an alternative antineoplastic agent for tumors, especially sarcomas, that had developed resistance to methotrexate. this is a report on a patient with aids who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which was treated with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (bactrim) with poor response, then with pentamidine with poor response, and finally with trimetrexate glucuronate (neutrexin) ... | 1996 | 11361514 |
| outcome and survival in hiv-infected infants with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure. | a retrospective chart review (january 1987-december 1994) of cases of histologically proven pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in 9 infants (ages 1.1-7 months) who had perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency-1 virus (hiv) infection was performed. none of the children was suspected of having hiv or had received pcp prophylaxis. respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation developed in all 9 children. comparison of survivors (5) with nonsurvivors (4) showed no significant differences ... | 1996 | 11361582 |
| attitudes and practices of physicians caring for hiv-infected children. | the objective of our study was to describe the practices and attitudes of physicians who manage children with hiv infection. | 1996 | 11361585 |