Publications

recombinant adenovirus encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus partially protects mice from challenge with heterologous virus: a/hk/1/68 (h3n2).	immunization with recombinant adenoviral vaccine that induces potent immunity has been applied to many infectious diseases. we report here developing a recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus (siv). two replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses were generated: (1) rad-ha: recombinant adenovirus encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus, and (2) rad-vector: a control recombinant adenovirus containing adenovirus and transfer plasmids with ...	2002	12417948
surveillance for influenza--united states, 1997-98, 1998-99, and 1999-00 seasons.	in the united states, influenza epidemics occur nearly every winter and are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, including an average of approximately 114,000 hospitalizations and 20,000 deaths/year.	2002	12418623
mechanism by which mutations at his274 alter sensitivity of influenza a virus n1 neuraminidase to oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir.	oseltamivir carboxylate is a potent and specific inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase (na). an influenza a/h1n1 variant selected in vitro with reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir carboxylate contains a his274tyr mutation. to understand the mechanism by which a his274tyr mutation gives rise to drug resistance, we studied a series of na variant proteins containing various substitutions at position 274. replacement of his274 with larger side chain residues (tyr or phe) reduced the na sensitivity ...	2002	12435681
serological evidence of transmission of human influenza a and b viruses to caspian seals (phoca caspica).	seroepidemiological surveillance of influenza in caspian seals (phoca caspica) was conducted. antibodies to influenza a virus were detected in 54% (7/13), 57% (4/7), 40% (6/15) and 26% (11/42) of the serum samples collected in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in an hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test using h1-h15 reference influenza a viruses as antigens, more than half of the examined elisa-positive sera reacted with an h3n2 prototype strain a/aichi/2/68 ...	2002	12437032
antigenic drift and variability of influenza viruses.	annual influenza epidemics are caused by rapid evolution of the viral genome. continuous and extensive antigenic variation has been shown for hemagglutinin (ha), the principal immunizing antigen of the virus. monitoring of the antigenicity of circulating influenza viruses is necessary for selection of the most suitable vaccine strains. in this study, characterization of influenza a/h3n2 and influenza b viruses recently circulating in germany was performed by molecular and antigenic analysis. seq ...	2002	12458347
specific antibody response after influenza immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus.	to determine the efficacy of influenza virus vaccine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle).	2002	12465151
induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza a (h5n1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease?	in 1997, the first documented instance of human respiratory disease and death associated with a purely avian h5n1 influenza virus resulted in an overall case-fatality rate of 33%. the biological basis for the severity of human h5n1 disease has remained unclear. we tested the hypothesis that virus-induced cytokine dysregulation has a role.	2002	12480361
[influenza virus infection in progressing atherosclerosis].	to study relationship between influenza virus infection and activity of clinical presentations of atherosclerosis.	2002	12494108
influenza virus types and subtypes detection by single step single tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and agarose gel electrophoresis.	influenza virus type and subtype specific primers were selected for use in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the selected primer sets were used in a single step rt-pcr of influenza virus rna in multiplex format for the detection of virus type and subtypes. three one step reaction conditions are optimized: (1) multiplex typing only, (2) multiplex subtyping of influenza a, and (3) multiplex typing and subtyping simultaneously. rna from strains of influenza virus type a of s ...	2002	11684304
cooperation between the hemagglutinin of avian viruses and the matrix protein of human influenza a viruses.	to analyze the compatibility of avian influenza a virus hemagglutinins (has) and human influenza a virus matrix (m) proteins m1 and m2, we doubly infected madin-darby canine kidney cells with amantadine (1-aminoadamantane hydrochloride)-resistant human viruses and amantadine-sensitive avian strains. by using antisera against the human virus has and amantadine, we selected reassortants containing the human virus m gene and the avian virus ha gene. in our system, high virus yields and large, well- ...	2002	11799173
h3n2 influenza viruses from domestic chickens in italy: an increasing role for chickens in the ecology of influenza?	in italy, multiple h3n2 influenza viruses were isolated from chickens with mild respiratory disease and were shown to replicate in the respiratory tracts of experimentally infected chickens; this finding is the first to show that h3n2 influenza viruses can replicate and cause disease in chickens. h3n2 influenza viruses in pigs on nearby farms seemed a likely source of the virus; however, antigenic and molecular analyses revealed that the gene segments of the viruses in chickens were mainly of eu ...	2002	11807234
cold-adapted live influenza vaccine versus inactivated vaccine: systemic vaccine reactions, local and systemic antibody response, and vaccine efficacy. a meta-analysis.	since the 1940s, influenza vaccines are inactivated and purified virus or virus subunit preparations (iiv) administered by the intramuscular route. since decades, attempts have been made to construct, as an alternative, attenuated live influenza vaccines (liv) for intranasal administration. presently, the most successful liv is derived from the cold-adapted master strains a/ann arbor/6/60 (h2n2) and b/ann arbor/1/66 (aa-liv, for ann-arbor-derived live influenza vaccine). it has been claimed that ...	2002	11818152
sequence variation in a newly identified hla-b35-restricted epitope in the influenza a virus nucleoprotein associated with escape from cytotoxic t lymphocytes.	here, we describe a new hla-b*3501-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope in the influenza a virus (h3n2) nucleoprotein, which was found to exhibit a high degree of variation at nonanchor residues. the influenza virus variants emerged in chronological order, and ctls directed against old variants failed to recognize more recent strains of influenza a virus, indicating an escape from ctl immunity.	2002	11836437
retrospective analysis of serum and nasal mucus from cattle in northern ireland for evidence of infection with influenza a virus.	eighty-four pairs of acute and convalescent serum samples collected in 1998 and 1999 from 17 outbreaks of respiratory disease, milk drop syndrome or diarrhoea in cattle were tested by haemagglutination inhibition against human influenza viruses a/eng/333/80 (hin1) and a/eng/427/88 (h3n2). antibodies to these viruses were present in the convalescent sera of 56.5 per cent and 58.8 per cent cattle tested, respectively, with 56 per cent of the animals seroconverting to one or both viruses. titres we ...	2002	11878437
stabilizing cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine under various storage conditions.	various diluents, stabilizers, buffers, and storage conditions were assessed for their efficacy in stabilizing cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine. frozen liquid vaccine formulations, comprised of a normal uninfected allantoic fluid diluent and an spg (sucrose-phosphate-glutamate) stabilizer, generated complete stability of h1n1, h3n2, and type b strains for at least 1 year of storage at -20 degrees c. the ability to store live influenza virus frozen liquid vaccines, at the moderate temperature ...	2002	11879689
detection and subtyping of swine influenza h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 viruses in clinical samples using two multiplex rt-pcr assays.	a total of 360 type a swine influenza virus-positive samples including cell culture isolates, nasal swabs or lung tissues along with 30 virus-negative samples were tested for the detection and subtyping of h1n1, h1n2 or h3n2 by two multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. the positive samples had been collected between 1999 and 2001 from pigs with respiratory diseases, and type a influenza virus was isolated and subtyped by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test at the minnesota veterinar ...	2002	11879692
the effectiveness of influenza vaccine against influenza a (h3n2) virus infections in nursing homes in niigata, japan, during the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 seasons.	to evaluate the effectiveness of influenza vaccines against influenza-like illness (ili) among nursing home residents.	2002	11893153
oral administration of cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitors protects ferrets against influenza virus infection.	several cyclopentane inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase that have inhibitory activities in tissue culture similar to those of zanamivir and oseltamivir have recently been described. these new inhibitors have been examined for efficacy against a virulent h3n2 influenza virus when administered orally to infected ferrets. preliminary studies indicated that oral administration of bcx-1923, bcx-1827, or bcx-1812 (rwj-270201) at a dose of 5 or 25 mg/kg of body weight was active in ferrets in ...	2002	11897581
in vitro characterization of a-315675, a highly potent inhibitor of a and b strain influenza virus neuraminidases and influenza virus replication.	a-315675 is a novel, pyrrolidine-based compound that was evaluated in this study for its ability to inhibit a and b strain influenza virus neuraminidases in enzyme assays and influenza virus replication in cell culture. a-315675 effectively inhibited influenza a n1, n2, and n9 and b strain neuraminidases with inhibitor constant (k(i)) values between 0.024 and 0.31 nm. these values were comparable to or lower than the k(i) values measured for oseltamivir carboxylate (gs4071), zanamivir, and bcx-1 ...	2002	11897583
antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza a h1n1 and h1n2 viruses in europe.	three subtypes of influenza a viruses, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2, co-evolve in pigs in europe. h1n2 viruses isolated from pigs in france and italy since 1997 were closely related to the h1n2 viruses which emerged in the uk in 1994. in particular, the close relationship of the neuraminidases (nas) of these viruses to the na of a previous uk h3n2 swine virus indicated that they had not acquired the na from h3n2 swine viruses circulating in continental europe. moreover, antigenic and genetic heterogeneit ...	2002	11907321
[outbreaks due to respiratory syncytial virus and influenzavirus a/h3n in institutionalized aged. role of immunological status to influenza vaccine and possible implication of caregivers in the transmission].	report of epidemiological, clinical and virological data collected from the prospective surveillance of febrile episodes observed in aged residents of a long-stay care unit of 33 beds, at the university hospital of saint-etienne, during the 1997-1998 winter season.	2002	11913077
effect of immobilization, cold and cold-restraint stress on liver monooxygenase activity and lipid peroxidation of influenza virus-infected mice.	the present study provides a direct experimental evidence that the combination of influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) infection with different models of "oxidative stress", such as immobilization, cold and cold-restraint, is associated with graduated oxidative disturbances in the liver of mice, despite the absence of virus and inflammation in this tissue. it was found that experimental influenza virus infection is accompanied with a significant increase of lipid peroxidation products, a decrease of na ...	2002	11914779
molecular epidemiology of influenza a(h3n2) virus reinfections.	between 1979 and 1989, families enrolled in the houston family study were prospectively monitored for influenza virus infections. reinfection with the h3n2 subtype occurred in a number of family members, and 6 pairs of isolates (interval between collection of first and second isolate, 2-5 years) were available for molecular analysis. changes in the hemagglutinin genes of pairs of viruses isolated from the same individuals were examined to determine the molecular basis for reinfection. the findin ...	2002	11920323
pathogenesis of avian influenza a (h5n1) viruses in ferrets.	highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n1 viruses caused outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry and humans in hong kong in 1997. direct transmission of the h5n1 viruses from birds to humans resulted in 18 documented cases of respiratory illness, including six deaths. here we evaluated two of the avian h5n1 viruses isolated from humans for their ability to replicate and cause disease in outbred ferrets. a/hong kong/483/97 virus was isolated from a fatal case and was highly pathogenic in the balb ...	2002	11932409
an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for the detection of antibodies against swine influenza virus.	an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma) has been developed to detect antibodies against swine influenza a virus (siv) in pig sera. the test was evaluated by using sequential sera from pigs experimentally infected with h1n1 subtype of siv. two hundred field serum samples that had been examined by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test were also tested. antibodies specific to siv were detected as early as 3 days postinoculation (dpi) in the ipma test as compared with 7 dpi by the hi test. un ...	2002	11939342
dna vaccination of ferrets with chimeric influenza a virus hemagglutinin (h3) genes.	recently a technology was established based on homologous recombination that allowed the rapid generation of chimeric ha genes of influenza viruses, containing the antigenic determinants obtained from various influenza virus a (h3n2) viruses. in the present report plasmids were generated using a h3 ha vector handle and the hypervariable regions of two genetically distinct influenza a h3n2 viruses, a/stockholm/7/97 and a/netherlands/18/94. in a ferret model it was shown that immunisation with pla ...	2002	11972972
preparation and characterisation of attenuated cold-adapted influenza a reassortants derived from the a/leningrad/134/17/57 donor strain.	the development of a rapid cell culture method for the preparation of cold-adapted (ca) influenza a reassortant viruses is described and compared with a currently used egg method. mixtures of the ca donor a/leningrad/134/17/57-ca (a/len/17) and a/beijing/32/92 (a/beij/32), a recent h3n2 epidemic strain, were used to co-infect chicken embryo kidney (cek) cell cultures; reassortant progeny were selected using an infectious centre assay. the assay was capable of detecting interference where the inf ...	2002	11972977
a candidate vaccine against influenza virus intensively improved the immunogenicity of a neutralizing epitope.	the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses is one of the major targets of the humoral response. the role of serum antibody to ha in the protection against infection has been demonstrated by long-standing observation. in previous studies, we suggested that an epitope vaccine might be a new strategy against the virus.	2002	11979050
prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2001 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 2001;50 [no. rr-4]:1-44). the 2002 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) the timing of influenza vaccination by risk group; 2) influenza vaccine for children aged 6-23 months; 3) the 2002-2003 trivalent vaccine virus strains: a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like, and b/hong kong ...	2002	12002171
ambroxol suppresses influenza-virus proliferation in the mouse airway by increasing antiviral factor levels.	the protective effect of ambroxol, a mucolytic agent which has antioxidant properties and stimulates the release of pulmonary surfactant, against influenza-virus proliferation in the airway was investigated in mice. ambroxol or the vehicle was administered intraperitoneally twice a day for 5-7 days to mice shortly after intranasal infection with a lethal dose of influenza a/aichi/68 (h3n2) virus, and the survival rate, virus titre and levels of factors regulating virus proliferation in the airwa ...	2002	12030738
human influenza a viral genes responsible for the restriction of its replication in duck intestine.	although influenza a viruses are occasionally transmitted from one animal species to another, their host range tends to be restricted. currently circulating human influenza a viruses are thought to have originated from avian viruses, yet none of these strains replicate in duck intestine, a major site of avian virus replication. although the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes are known to restrict human virus replication in ducks, the contribution of the other viral genes remains unk ...	2002	12033783
correlation between levels of apoptosis, levels of infection and haemagglutinin receptor binding interaction of various subtypes of influenza virus: does the viral neuraminidase have a role in these associations.	previously, we have shown that an h3n2 influenza virus (clone 7a) induced more apoptosis in mdck cells than an h1n1 (a/fiji) influenza virus and that the virion neuraminidase (na) played a role in the induction of apoptosis. in this study we have examined a further 6 n2 (h3/h2) and 3 n1 (hsw/h1) viruses and confirmed that the n2 viruses induce more apoptosis in mdck cells than the n1 viruses. furthermore, the level of apoptosis, the level of cell infection and the na activity of the virus prepar ...	2002	12034479
analysis of the 1991-2000 influenza epidemic in guangdong province, china.	influenza surveillance networks in guangdong were established to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of influenza and influenza epidemics. influenza activity peaked annually from march to july in guangdong in 1991-2000; influenza h3n2 predominated in the epidemic (7 years of 10); the outbreak of influenza in 1996 was the remarkable result of antigenic drift of h3n2 strain. ten isolates of h9n2 strains were discovered from human subjects in 1998 and 1999: chicken strains isolated afte ...	2001	12041555
[bronchiolitis caused by influenza type a virus. an emerging infectious disease].	to prospectively study the emergence and diagnostic problems of bronchiolitis caused by influenza a virus among children durign the 1999-2000 influenza epidemic.	2001	11844450
a comparative study of the preventive use of tilmicosin phosphate (pulmotil premix) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination in a pig herd with chronic respiratory disease.	this study was conducted to compare the effects of a preventive in-feed medication programme using tilmicosin (pulmotil 200 premix, elanco animal health) at 200 p.p.m. with those of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (mh) vaccination programme (stellamune mycoplasma, pfizer animal health). a pig herd with chronic respiratory disease in which infection with mh played an important role was selected, and a total of 204 piglets were randomly allocated to either the medication (p) or the vaccination (v) group. ...	2001	11846018
infection of human airway epithelia with h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2 influenza a virus strains.	three subtypes of influenza a virus cause human disease: h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2. although all result in respiratory illness, little is known about how these subtypes infect differentiated airway epithelia. therefore, we assayed a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/japan/305/57 (h2n2), and x31 (h3n2) influenza virus strains for binding and infection on fully differentiated primary cultures of airway epithelia isolated from human bronchus, grown on semiporous filters at an air-liquid interface. in this model system, ...	2001	11273782
h9n2 influenza a viruses from poultry in asia have human virus-like receptor specificity.	h9n2 influenza a viruses are currently widespread in chickens, quail, and other poultry in asia and have caused a few cases of influenza in humans. in this study, we found that h9n2 viruses from hong kong live bird markets have receptor specificity similar to that of human h3n2 viruses. in addition, the neuraminidase of poultry h9n2 viruses has mutations in its hemadsorbing site, a characteristic resembling that of human h2n2 and h3n2 viruses but differing from that of other avian viruses. pecul ...	2001	11277689
isolation of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses (h3n2) from patients following administration of amantadine in japan.	in japan, the use of amantadine for treatment of influenza a virus infection was not accepted until november 1998, although it was widely used for treatment of parkinsonism. since then, we have monitored the emergence of amantadine-resistant viruses and isolated two viruses from patients on long-term treatment with amantadine.	2001	11283109
influenza outbreak in a correctional facility.	the outbreak of influenza in a corrections facility occurred during august 2000. the outbreak progressed following introduction of the disease by a member of the public to the facility. rapid diagnosis and typing of the influenza isolates was available, although two prisoners required hospital admission due to the severity of complications at the time of diagnosis. the group demonstrated rapid transmission of the virus by the respiratory route and probably by fomites. the identified infecting vi ...	2001	11688625
epidermal powder immunization induces both cytotoxic t-lymphocyte and antibody responses to protein antigens of influenza and hepatitis b viruses.	cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) play a vital role in host defense against viral and intracellular bacterial infections. however, nonreplicating vaccines administered by intramuscular injection using a syringe and needle elicit predominantly humoral responses and not ctl responses. here we report that epidermal powder immunization (epi), a technology that delivers antigens on 1.5- to 2.5-microm gold particles to the epidermis using a needle-free powder delivery system, elicits ctl responses to nonr ...	2001	11689645
[safety of an influenza-split-vaccine in children].	the aim of this study was to investigate the safety of the split-product influenza vaccine begrivac(r), containing the recommended virus strains for the influenza season 1998/99.	2001	11713714
[effectiveness of an influenza vaccine in a working population in colombia].	to determine if a vaccine against influenza significantly decreases episodes of acute upper respiratory infection (auri) and work absenteeism caused by auri, in healthy adult employees of a banking entity in the city of medellín, colombia.	2001	11715169
influenza activity--united states, 2001-02 season.	in collaboration with the world health organization (who) and its collaborating laboratories, national respiratory and enteric virus surveillance system (nrevss) collaborating laboratories, state and local health departments, and a network of sentinel physicians, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states during september 30-november 24, 2001, w ...	2001	11770504
influenza diagnosis and treatment: a view from clinical practice.	influenza is a descriptive term for respiratory epidemic disease presenting with cough and fever. influenza viruses are probably the most important of the pathogens that cause this condition. clinical influenza occurs almost every winter in england and wales and the outbreaks last 8-10 weeks. in recent years, influenza b virus outbreaks have occurred in january and february, whereas influenza h3n2 virus outbreaks have generally started long before christmas. influenza h3n2 virus outbreaks pressu ...	2001	11779394
influenza surveillance during winter 1997-1998 in israel.	each winter influenza activity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in israel and worldwide.	2001	11794913
immune response to influenza vaccine in adult liver transplant recipients.	influenza virus infection may cause significant complications in liver transplant recipients, and whether vaccination is effective in these patients is controversial. we performed a study to assess the immune response to influenza vaccine in liver transplant recipients and patients with cirrhosis compared with healthy controls. liver transplant recipients (n = 20), patients with compensated cirrhosis awaiting transplantation (n = 14), and healthy volunteers (n = 9) were administered the standard ...	2001	11303290
acceptable protective efficacy of influenza vaccination in young military conscripts under circumstances of incomplete antigenic and genetic match.	commercial inactivated parenteral influenza vaccines reduced febrile (> or = 38 degrees c) respiratory illness by 53% (95% cl: 41-63%) during a 3 week outbreak in 1998 when a/sydney/5/97(h3n2)-like influenza viruses were shown to be the predominant etiological agents and an older antigenic variant, a/nanchang/933/95, served as the vaccine virus. the calculatory efficacy for preventing virologically diagnosed influenza infections was 57% (95% cl: 40-68%). the study population consisted of 1374 yo ...	2001	11312022
identification and characterization of mutations in the high growth vaccine strain of influenza virus.	x-31(h3n2) virus, which is a high yielding reassortant between a/pr/8/34(h1n1) and a/aichi/68(h3n2), is currently used as a backbone strain for influenza vaccine production. the sequence of the current x-31 virus was determined from cloned cdna of 6 internal rna genes, and was compared with the original sequence of the a/pr/8/34 virus. 71 point mutations were accumulated in the six internal viral genes (pb2, pb1, pa, np, m and ns). these nucleotide changes encode 23 amino acid substitutions in s ...	2001	11315644
mucosal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine induces b-cell-dependent heterosubtypic cross-protection against lethal influenza a h5n1 virus infection.	influenza vaccines that induce greater cross-reactive or heterosubtypic immunity (het-i) may overcome limitations in vaccine efficacy imposed by the antigenic variability of influenza a viruses. we have compared mucosal versus traditional parenteral administration of inactivated influenza vaccine for the ability to induce het-i in balb/c mice and evaluated a modified escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin adjuvant, lt(r192g), for augmentation of het-i. mice that received three intranasal (i.n. ...	2001	11333895
prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2000 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 2000;49[no. rr-3]:1-38). the 2001 recommendations include new or updated information regarding a) the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination; b) the influenza vaccine supply; c) neuraminidase-inhibitor antiviral drugs; d) the 2001-2002 trivalent vaccine virus strains, which are a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1 ...	2001	11334444
[analysis of etiology of influenza-like morbidity and monitoring influenza epidemic of 1998-1999 by laboratory diagnosis methods].	the etiological structure of influenza-like was analyzed in the population in cities and towns and in russia as a whole in november 1998 to april 1999 by the findings of immunofluorescence and serological surveys of patients with acute respiratory viral infections (arvi). by the results of both tests, the proportion of the incidence of influenza a (h3n2) was largest, the decreasing order in their significance was as follows: adenoviruses, type 3 parainfluenza virus, rsv, influenza b virus, influ ...	2001	11338361
response to influenza immunisation during treatment for cancer.	to assess the annual risk of influenza infection in children with cancer and the immunogenicity of a trivalent split virus influenza vaccine in these children.	2001	11369567
infection of a child in hong kong by an influenza a h3n2 virus closely related to viruses circulating in european pigs.	influenza virus a/hong kong/1774/99, isolated from a young child with mild influenza, was shown to be similar in its antigenic and genetic characteristics to h3n2 viruses circulating in pigs in europe during the 1990s and in particular to be closely related to viruses isolated from two children in the netherlands in 1993. similar viruses had previously not been identified outside europe. although there is little evidence as to how the child contracted the infection, it appears likely that pigs i ...	2001	11369884
pattern of mutation in the genome of influenza a virus on adaptation to increased virulence in the mouse lung: identification of functional themes.	the genetic basis for virulence in influenza virus is largely unknown. to explore the mutational basis for increased virulence in the lung, the h3n2 prototype clinical isolate, a/hk/1/68, was adapted to the mouse. genomic sequencing provided the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that a group of 11 mutations can convert an avirulent virus to a virulent variant that can kill at a minimal dose. thirteen of the 14 amino acid substitutions (93%) detected among clonal isolates were likely instrum ...	2001	11371620
efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons in welfare nursing homes: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic.	the effect of influenza vaccination on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in a population residing in nursing homes was studied through a program by the osaka prefectural government, which is the first and official support for influenza vaccination of the elderly population during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan:	2001	11382801
outbreak of influenza in highly vaccinated crew of u.s. navy ship.	an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) occurred aboard a u.s. navy ship in february 1996, despite 95% of the crew's having been appropriately vaccinated. virus isolated from ill crew members was antigenically distinct from the vaccination strain. with an attack rate of 42%, this outbreak demonstrates the potential for rapid spread of influenza in a confined population and the impact subsequent illness may have upon the workplace.	2001	11384530
formation of wild-type and chimeric influenza virus-like particles following simultaneous expression of only four structural proteins.	we are studying the structural proteins and molecular interactions required for formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the cell surface. to investigate these events, we generated a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses in sf9 cells the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix (m1), and m2 proteins of influenza virus a/udorn/72 (h3n2). using this quadruple recombinant, we have been able to demonstrate by double-labeling immunofluorescen ...	2001	11390617
primary immune system effects of the orally administered cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 in influenza virus-infected mice.	the cyclopentane derivative [1s,2s,3r,4r]-3-[(1s)-1-(acetylamino)-2- ethylbutyl]-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (rwj-270201) has been previously reported to be a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, and to inhibit infections with this virus in vitro, in mice, and in clinical challenge studies. the effect of oral gavage therapy of 100 mg/kg/day of rwj-270201 administered twice daily for 5 days beginning 16 h prior to virus exposure, o ...	2001	11407315
pharmacodynamic evaluation of rwj-270201, a novel neuraminidase inhibitor, in a lethal murine model of influenza predicts efficacy for once-daily dosing.	we examined rwj-270201 in a lethal model of influenza in balb/c mice. the aim was to delineate the pharmacodynamically linked variable for the drug. challenge was performed with influenza virus a/shongdong/09/93 (h3n2). treatment was administered by gavage. five doses (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) and three schedules (every 24, 12, and 8 h) were evaluated with 10 mice per group. there were 39 placebo-treated mice. drug exposure was evaluated for infected mice. exposures were calculated after po ...	2001	11408232
respiratory virus surveillance. fluwatch project, 2000-2001. end of season update.	the 2000-2001 season was a relatively mild season worldwide. in canada, lower than usual activity was reported for all national indicators of influenza activity, including the rate of influenza-like illness (ili), the percentage of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza and provincial/territorial influenza activity levels. however, there were a number of interesting characteristics of this year's influenza season. in contrast to the predominance of influenza a, and in particular the a/sydney/5/ ...	2001	11416943
influenza virus a stimulates expression of eotaxin by nasal epithelial cells.	respiratory virus is one of the most common causes of airway inflammation, but its pathogenic mechanisms are not well understood. eotaxin is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant and is a selective agonist for c-c chemokine receptor 3 (ccr3). although it has recently been demonstrated that epithelial cells express eotaxin, both in vivo and in vitro, there are few data concerning the expression in viral infection.	2001	11422151
detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (ns1) of influenza a virus allows distinction between vaccinated and infected horses.	antibodies to the nonstructural protein (ns1) of a/equine/miami/1/63 (h3n8) influenza virus were detected exclusively in the sera of mice experimentally infected with a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and horses infected with a/equine/kentucky/1/81 (h3n8) or a/equine/la plata/1/93 (h3n8), but not in those of the animals immunized with the inactivated viruses, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using a recombinant ns1 as antigen. the results indicate that the present method is useful for serological ...	2001	11423202
[generation of human recombinant antibody fab fragment to influenza virus from combined antibody library].	to acquire the recombinant human monoclonal antibodies to influenza virus which can be used in mucous membrane treatment to prevent the infection of virus in animal model in the future.	2001	11436656
influence of virus strain, challenge dose, and time of therapy initiation on the in vivo influenza inhibitory effects of rwj-270201.	the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 (cyclopentane carboxylic acid, 3-[cis-1-(acetylamino)-2-ethylbutyl]-4[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-[cis, 2s, 3r, 4r]) was significantly inhibitory to an infection in mice induced by influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1) virus when oral gavage (p.o.) treatment with 10 mg/kg per day was delayed at least 60 h after virus exposure. treatment was 5 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days. viral challenge doses of influenza a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) virus ranging f ...	2001	11448729
molecular evolution of influenza a/h3n2 viruses in the province of québec (canada) during the 1997-2000 period.	in this study, we compared antigenic (hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay) and molecular (sequencing of the hemagglutinin (ha1) gene) characterization of influenza isolates collected in the province of québec (canada) during the last three flu seasons (1997-2000). twenty-three isolates were tested by a standard hi assay and 37 by sequencing of the ha1 gene for their homology to the a/h3n2 vaccine strains a/wuhan/359/95 (1997-1998) and a/sydney/5/97 (1998-1999 and 1999-2000). by hi, two isolat ...	2001	11451491
antigenic and molecular heterogeneity in recent swine influenza a(h1n1) virus isolates with possible implications for vaccination policy.	in order to explore the occurrence of antigenic drift in swine influenza a(h1n1) viruses and the match between epidemic and vaccine strains, 26 virus isolates from outbreaks of respiratory disease among finishing pigs in the netherlands in the 1995/1996 season and reference strains from earlier outbreaks were examined using serological and molecular methods. in contrast to swine h3n2 viruses, no significant antigenic drift was observed in swine h1n1 viruses isolated from the late 1980s up to 199 ...	2001	11483271
efficacy of vaccination of pigs with different h1n1 swine influenza viruses using a recent challenge strain and different parameters of protection.	this study investigates whether antigenic evolution within h1n1 swine influenza viruses can compromise vaccine efficacy and, specifically, whether the a/new jersey/8/76 strain in the commercial swine influenza vaccines needs to be updated. pigs were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with experimental monovalent vaccines derived from different h1n1 strains (a/new jersey/8/76, sw/belgium/1/83 or sw/belgium/1/98) or with a commercial bivalent vaccine based on a/new jersey/8/76 (h1n1) and a/port chal ...	2001	11483274
ferrets as a transmission model for influenza: sequence changes in ha1 of type a (h3n2) virus.	ferrets were used as an animal model to study whether controlled transmission of type a influenza is similar to human transmission when sequence changes in ha1 are used as the outcome. ferrets were infected initially with a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) or a/la/1/87 (h3n2) intranasally, and transmission chains were established by housing infected ferrets with noninfected ferrets with no influenza antibody titer against the infecting virus. ferrets infected with a/sydney were seronegative for a/sydney and a ...	2001	11494159
nosocomial outbreak of influenza virus a (h3n2) infection in a solid organ transplant department.	there is a strong body of evidence in favor of influenza virus immunization in solid organ recipients. however, little attention has been devoted to other reservoirs, such as the patients' relatives and, at the time of hospital admission, to the healthcare workers.	2001	11502991
diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (h3n8) viruses in the western hemisphere.	we reported previously that equine-2 influenza a virus (h3n8) had evolved into two genetically and antigenically distinct "eurasian" and "american" lineages. phylogenetic analysis, using the ha1 gene of more recent american isolates, indicated a further divergence of these viruses into three evolution lineages: a south american lineage, a kentucky lineage, and a florida lineage. these multiple evolution pathways were not due to geographic barriers, as viruses from different lineages co-circulate ...	2001	11504416
detection of influenza a subtypes in community-based surveillance.	a rapid microtitre cell enzyme immuno assay (cell-eia) was developed for the detection of influenza a subtypes in nasopharyngeal(nps) swabs taken for surveillance. during the 1997/1998 influenza season in the united kingdom, cell-eia was compared to cell culture for the detection and typing of influenza a viruses in nps obtained by sentinel general practitioners in community surveillance. the cell eia can also be used to detect different influenza a subtypes (h3n2, h1n1, h5n3, h5n1, h7n7, and h9 ...	2001	11505459
serum and mucosal immunologic responses in children following the administration of a new inactivated intranasal anti-influenza vaccine.	children are at considerable risk for influenza infection and may constitute the main vector for transmitting the virus to adults in the community. at present, the use of available vaccines in children is limited mainly because of a fear of side effects from the injection. intranasal immunization was assessed as a painless, side effect-free method of facilitating the enrollment of children in vaccination programs. one intranasal dose of a trivalent inactive whole virus vaccine containing 20 micr ...	2001	11505461
hyperattenuated recombinant influenza a virus nonstructural-protein-encoding vectors induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice.	we have generated recombinant influenza a viruses belonging to the h1n1 and h3n2 virus subtypes containing an insertion of the 137 c-terminal amino acid residues of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nef protein into the influenza a virus nonstructural-protein (ns1) reading frame. these viral vectors were found to be genetically stable and capable of growing efficiently in embryonated chicken eggs and tissue culture cells but did not replicate in the murine respiratory tract. despit ...	2001	11533153
analysis of the quality of protection induced by a porcine influenza a vaccine to challenge with an h3n2 virus.	antigenic drift of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses away from the human a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) strain, used in current commercial swine influenza vaccines, has been demonstrated in the netherlands and belgium. therefore, replacement of this human strain by a more recent swine h3n2 isolate has to be considered. in this study, the efficacy of a current commercial swine influenza vaccine to protect pigs against a recent dutch field strain (a/sw/oedenrode/96) was assessed. to evaluate the level ...	2001	11557293
influenza virus vaccination and booster in b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients.	background: influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (cll). because response rates are often low, we decided to evaluate antibody response to single and booster vaccinations with influenza a and b virus vaccine in these patients. methods: twenty patients with b-cll received two subunit virus vaccine injections 21 days apart. antibody titres were determined before and 21 days after the single and booster vaccinations. the serological response was ...	2001	11557327
cocirculation of avian h9n2 and contemporary "human" h3n2 influenza a viruses in pigs in southeastern china: potential for genetic reassortment?	pigs are permissive to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be an intermediate host for the genesis of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation of avian viruses. prospective virological surveillance carried out between march 1998 and june 2000 in hong kong, special administrative region, people's republic of china, on pigs imported from southeastern china, provides the first evidence of interspecies transmission of avian h9n2 viruses to pigs and d ...	2001	11559800
inhibition of release of lentivirus particles with incorporated human influenza virus haemagglutinin by binding to sialic acid-containing cellular receptors.	mutants of the haemagglutinin (ha) gene of human influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) encoding ha proteins that are proteolytically cleaved intracellularly, defective in binding to cellular receptors or defective for acylation within the cytoplasmic c terminus have been generated. here, the properties of these mutated ha molecules are described and their incorporation into the lipid membrane of released human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-like particles is analysed. it is demonstrated that, when p ...	2001	11562541
a comparison of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of respiratory infections in children with bronchiolitis, and the implications for a cohorting strategy.	cohorting bronchiolitis patients infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and/or influenza viruses is paramount in preventing cross-infection of these viruses in hospital. nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) was compared with immunofluorescence (if) for the detection of rsv subtypes a and b in children with suspected bronchiolitis. co-infection with influenza a(h3n2), chlamydia spp. and picornavirus/rhinovirus was also investigated using molecular techniques.a total of 50 nasopharynge ...	2001	11567557
a single dose of an iscom influenza vaccine induces long-lasting protective immunity against homologous challenge infection but fails to protect cynomolgus macaques against distant drift variants of influenza a (h3n2) viruses.	since the production of influenza vaccines is complicated by the continuous variation of these viruses, it would be desirable to develop vaccines that induce cross-protective immunity against influenza virus strains that circulate in subsequent winter epidemics. we have recently demonstrated that antibodies induced after vaccination with an immune stimulating complex (iscom)-based vaccine exhibited a certain degree of cross-reactivity with other influenza virus strains. in the present study, isc ...	2001	11567760
influenza a infection is an important cause of febrile seizures.	to compare the incidence of febrile seizures in children hospitalized for influenza a infection with parainfluenza and adenovirus infection and to examine the hypothesis that children hospitalized for influenza a (variant sydney/h3n2) during the 1998 season in hong kong had more frequent and refractory seizures when compared with other respiratory viruses, including the a/wuhan h3n2 variant that was present in the previous year.	2001	11581471
vaccination-induced hi antibody response to intraepidemic influenza a(h3n2) virus variants of the 1996-1997 epidemic season.	intraepidemic antigenic and genetic variation was indicated when h3n2-subtype influenza a virus strains isolated during the 1996-1997 epidemic season in finland were studied for reactivity in the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay and for nucleotide sequences coding for the variable ha1 domain of viral haemagglutinin. thirty prevaccination- and postvaccination-paired sera taken from subjects who had been vaccinated against influenza during the previous autumn were studied for the presence o ...	2001	11596097
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2000.	surveillance of influenza in australia in 2000 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel general practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. the peak in influenza cases was in mid-september. influenza a was the dominant strain, with the highest proportion being influenza a (h3n2), but with a significant proportion of isolates of influenza a (h1n1) (16%) for the first time since 1995. th ...	2001	11596710
hemagglutinin residues of recent human a(h3n2) influenza viruses that contribute to the inability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes.	to identify the molecular determinants contributing to the inability of recent human influenza a(h3n2) viruses to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes, phenotypic revertants were selected upon passage in eggs or mdck cells. the leu194ile or val226ile substitutions were detected in their hemagglutinin (ha) sequence concomitantly with the phenotypic reversion. remarkably, as little as 3.5% of variants bearing a val226ile substitution was found to confer the ability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes ...	2001	11601919
respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza a virus infection.	the level of heterosubtypic immunity (het-i) and the immune mechanisms stimulated by a heterosubtypic influenza virus infection were investigated in pigs. pigs are natural hosts for influenza virus and, like humans, they host both subtypes h1n1 and h3n2. marked het-i was observed when pigs were infected with h1n1 and subsequently challenged with h3n2. after challenge with h3n2, pigs infected earlier with h1n1 did not develop fever and showed reduced virus excretion compared with non-immune contr ...	2001	11602782
[clinico-anatomic parallels of cardiac lesion in sporadic influenza].	data on 40 patients (21 men, 19 women) who died in hospital of influenza in 1975-1990 are analysed. the age of the patients ranged from 47 to 92 years, 37 patients were over 60. 31 deceased had ischemic heart disease (ihd), of them 13 survived myocardial infarction; 11 patients had essential hypertension, 1--lymphoid leukemia, 1--pollenosis. influenza caused by virus of a type (h3n2) was diagnosed in 27 patients. influenza virus type b was detected in 13 patients. the disease ran a hypertoxic, s ...	2001	11641939
characterization of an influenza a (h3n2) virus resistant to the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201.	the novel influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitor, (1s,2s,3r,4r)-3-[(1s)-(acetylamino)-2-ethylbutyl]-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (rwj-270201, bcx-1812), is a potent inhibitor of influenza a and b viruses in cell culture and in infected mice. a mouse-adapted strain of influenza a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) virus was serially passaged in the presence of 1 microm compound. after the fourth passage, breakthrough of resistant virus occurred. by the tenth passage ...	2001	11675142
comparison of gamma and neutron radiation inactivation of influenza a virus.	radiation inactivation of viral pathogens has potential application in sterilization and in the manufacture of biological reagents, including the production of non-infectious viral antigens. viral inactivation by gamma radiation has been extensively investigated, but few direct comparisons to other qualities of radiation have been explored. experiments were designed to examine direct radiation damage by both gamma photons (gamma) and neutrons (n) while minimizing methodological differences. froz ...	2001	11675143
immunization against influenza: comparison of various topical and parenteral regimens containing inactivated and/or live attenuated vaccines in healthy adults.	methods for enhancing immune responses to influenza were explored in 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. intranasal (inl) immunization with monovalent, live attenuated, cold-adapted recombinant (cr) or inactivated influenza virus (miv) vaccine and intramuscular (im) immunization with miv were evaluated in various combinations. healthy susceptible adults were assigned randomly to receive 10(7.1) tcid(50) of cr (a/h1n1 or a/h3n2), homologous miv (15 microg), or placebo inl and placebo or ho ...	2001	11110645
cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitors with potent in vitro anti-influenza virus activities.	a novel series of cyclopentane derivatives have been found to exhibit potent and selective inhibitory effects on influenza virus neuraminidase. these compounds, designated rwj-270201, bcx-1827, bcx-1898, and bcx-1923, were tested in parallel with zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate against a spectrum of influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1) and influenza b viruses in mdck cells. inhibition of viral cytopathic effect ascertained visually and by neutral red dye uptake was used, with 50% effective ( ...	2001	11181354
in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rjw-270201.	the cyclopentane influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 was evaluated against influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), and b/hong kong/05/72 virus infections in mice. treatment was by oral gavage twice daily for 5 days beginning 4 h pre-virus exposure. the influenza virus inhibitor oseltamivir was run in parallel, and ribavirin was included in studies with the a/shangdong and b/hong kong viruses. rwj-270201 was inhibitory to all infections using do ...	2001	11181355
[properties of influenza a and b, isolated from chick embryos and in mdck cell culture].	mdck culture was used along with the traditional chicken embryonated eggs (cee) for improving the efficiency of isolation of epidemic influenza a and b viruses from clinical material. the number of influenza viruses isolated in both systems in epidemic seasons of 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 was as follows: 1 in mdck and 21 in cee for influenza a(h1n1), 56 and 7, respectively, for influenza a(h3n2), and 4 and 2 strains, respectively, for influenza b viruses. influenza a viruses were heterogeneous by ...	2001	11233284
zanamivir: a rational approach to influenza b.	influenza b viruses have co-circulated with the hin1 and h3n2 subtypes of influenza a since 1977. influenza a viruses are found in various animals, whereas influenza b viruses are probably restricted to humans. the lack of an animal reservoir means that the virus has no potential for genetic reassortment across species. in addition, influenza b viruses are more serologically homogeneous than influenza a viruses. thus, the chance of influenza b causing a pandemic is much lower than that of influe ...	2001	11234975
diversity of epitope and cytokine profiles for primary and secondary influenza a virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses.	screening with the flow cytometric ifn-gamma assay has led to the identification of a new immunogenic peptide (ssyrrpvgi) [corrected] from the influenza pb1 polymerase (pb1(703--711)) and a mimotope (isplmvaym) from the pb2 polymerase (pb2(198--206)). cd8(+) t cells specific for k(b)pb1(703) make both ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha following stimulation with both peptides. the cd8(+) k(b)pb1(703)(+) population kills pb2(198)-pulsed targets, but cell lines stimulated with pb2(198) neither bind the k(b)p ...	2001	11254721
synthesis, antiretroviral and antioxidant evaluation of a series of new benzo[b]furan derivatives.	the antiretroviral and anti-oxidant profile of a series of new c-2 and c-7 substituted benzo[b]furans was explored by employing well established antiviral and antioxidant protocols. the most potent antioxidant compound tested was analog 7, which bears an oh at c-7 and a benzoyl group at c-2. in the influenza a type h3n2 virus screens analog 8a was almost five-fold more active than its counterparts and equipotent to rimantadine and amantadine. in the influenza b screening all of the new compounds ...	2001	11258046
adaptation of influenza a viruses to cells expressing low levels of sialic acid leads to loss of neuraminidase activity.	influenza a viruses possess two virion surface proteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). the ha binds to sialyloligosaccharide viral receptors, while the na removes sialic acids from the host cell and viral sialyloligosaccarides. alterations of the ha occur during adaptation of influenza viruses to new host species, as in the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics. to gain a better understanding of the contributions of the ha and possibly the na to this process, we generated cell lines exp ...	2001	11264365
two cases of severe bronchopneumonia due to influenza a (h3n2) virus: detection of influenza virus gene using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.	we report two cases of severe bronchopneumonia due to influenza a (h3n2) virus. the severity of the disease necessitated initiation of empiric therapy based on the present illness and clinical data on admission. both patients were improved by artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressures and administration of broad spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids before confirming the diagnosis of viral bronchopneumonia using viral culture and serological tests. within 24 hours, influenz ...	2001	11201374
[influenza and influenza-like acute respiratory diseases in slovakia in the 1999-2000 season].	acute respiratory infections (ari) represent the most frequent cause of morbidity. their epidemic outbreaks become a severe problem not only in healthcare, but also in economical and social spheres.	2000	11218957
[mechanism of the emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains and their control measures].	the 1957 asian h2n2 and 1968 hong kong h3n2 pandemic strains of influenza are genetic reassortants between avian viruses and human strains. since avian viruses of any subtype can contribute genes in the generation of reassortants in pigs, none of the 15 ha and 9 na subtypes can be ruled out as potential candidates for future pandemics. the h5n1 influenza virus transmission from domestic poultry to humans in hong kong in 1997 further emphasized the need to have information on influenza viruses in ...	2000	11225307
[in vitro antiviral activity of antisense oligonucleotides against influenza virus].	for developing of antisense oligonucleotides as potential antiviral therapeutic agents against influenza a virus, phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides(ps-odn) targeted to part to the 3' and 5' end sequences which are common to the eight rnas of type a influenza virus were synthesized. the in vitro cytotoxicity of these ps-odns was assayed and then antiviral activity of these ps-odns was evaluated by using cultured mdck cells infected by a/jingfang/86-1(h1n1). it was found that(1) no in vitro c ...	2000	12548758
binding of influenza type a viruses to group b streptococcus and haemagglutination by virus-bound bacteria.	we studied the bindings of human influenza a type viruses to group b streptococcus (gbs), types ia, ii, iii and iv, of sialic acid (sa)alpha2-3 linkage, using a/pr/8/34(h1n1) and a/memphis/1/71(h3n2). the viruses were found to bind to all types of gbs, with the exception of pr/8/34 for gbsii, and to elute from gbsia, iii and iv at 37 degrees c, except gbsii. electron microscopy confirmed these behaviours of the influenza viruses. the virus-binding capability of gbs types seemed to depend on the ...	2000	11270858