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acute bronchiolitis.bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection to affect infants and toddlers. high-risk patients include infants younger than 3 months, premature infants, children with immunodeficiency, children with underlying cardiopulmonary or neuromuscular disease, or infants prone to apnea, severe respiratory distress, and respiratory failure. bronchiolitis is a self-limited disease in healthy infants and children. treatment is usually symptomatic, and the goal of therapy is to maintai ...201324093893
a single amino acid in the f2 subunit of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein alters growth and fusogenicity.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in children, especially in infants less than 1 year of age. there are currently no licensed vaccines against rsv. ra2δm2-2 is a promising live-attenuated vaccine candidate that is currently being evaluated in the clinic. attenuation of ra2δm2-2 is achieved by a single deletion of the m2-2 gene, which disrupts the balance between viral transcription and replication. whilst performing a manufacturing feasibility stud ...201324092758
[association of the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus with environmental factors in chile during the period 2000-2007].pollution and viral infections could be associated with the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus.201324089274
[levels of inflammatory cytokines and plasma cortisol in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis].an increased inflammatory innate response may play a role in pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.201324089271
ciliary motility activity measurement using a dense optical flow algorithm.persistent respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections have been associated with the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). this virus infects the respiratory epithelium, leading to chronic inflammation, and induces the release of mucins and the loss of cilia activity, two factors that determine mucus clearance and the increase in sputum volume. in this study, an automatic method has been established to determine the ciliary motili ...201324110720
rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections: a pilot evaluation of an immuno-chromatographic rapid antigen detection method. 201324133927
effect of palivizumab prophylaxis on subsequent recurrent wheezing in preterm infants.palivizumab effectively prevents severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease in preterm infants. our objective was to test whether palivizumab prophylaxis given to preterm infants during the first rsv season reduces the incidence of subsequent recurrent wheezing up to 3 years of life.201324127479
appropriateness of age thresholds for respiratory syncytial virus immunoprophylaxis in moderate-preterm infants: a cohort study.importance recommendations concerning the appropriate age threshold for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis in moderate-preterm infants are highly debated. objective to determine the age at which moderate-preterm infants' risk of rsv hospitalization has decreased to the risk observed in low-risk term infants. design, setting, and participants retrospective cohort study of florida and texas medicaid fee-for-service billing records matched to birth certificates from medicaid beneficiarie ...201324126903
respiratory syncytial virus infection is linked to recurrent wheezing in healthy premature infants. 201324160662
rsv vaccine in development: assessing the potential cost-effectiveness in the dutch elderly population.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is increasingly recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality and health-care utilization in the elderly population. a theoretical model was built to assess the levels of vaccine effectiveness and vaccine costs for which a hypothetical rsv-vaccine for dutch elderly could be cost-effective.201324148573
lack of long term effects of high dose inhaled beclomethasone for rsv bronchiolitis - a randomized placebo-controlled trial.previously we showed that high-dose early initiated inhaled corticosteroids during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis partially and transiently prevents subsequent recurrent wheeze. here, we study treatment effect on lung function at age 6.201324168979
[follow up care of the preterm infant].the birthrate of preterm infants in switzerland has remained stable over the last few years with 7.3 % of all live births in 2011. although outcome and survival have significantly improved in the last decades, morbidity and mortality of preterm infants are still challenging the health care system. important sequelae especially of extreme preterm birth are bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd), impaired growth and neurodevelopmental delay. respiratory problems following discharge are more common among ...201324168798
detection and genome analysis of human bocavirus 1-4 from hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection and symptoms of wheezing in shanghai.the aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical and molecular epidemiology of human bocavirus (hbov)1-4 in hospitalized children in shanghai suffering from acute lower respiratory tract infection with symptoms of wheezing. hbov1-4 was detected by nested pcr from 275 nasopharyngeal secretion samples collected from hospitalized children. the hbov-positive dna sequences were aligned and phylogenetic trees were constructed. the detection rate of hbov1 was 5.45% (15/275), which was second only to ...201324085194
modeling respiratory syncytial virus cytopathogenesis in the human airway. 201324083857
chemical constituents from the roots and stems of erycibe obtusifolia and their in vitro antiviral activity.three new quinic acid derivatives, 4-o-caffeoyl-3-o-sinapoylquinic acid methyl ester (1), 5-o-caffeoyl-4-o-syringoylquinic acid methyl ester (2), and 4-o-caffeoyl-3-o-syringoylquinic acid methyl ester (3), as well as four new coumarin glycosides, 7-o-(3-o-sinapoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-6-methoxycoumarin (12), 7-o-(6-o-sinapoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-6-methoxycoumarin (13), 7-o-(2-o-sinapoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-6-methoxycoumarin (14), and 7-o-(6-o-syringoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-6-methoxycoumarin (15), ...201324081686
a novel investigational fc-modified humanized monoclonal antibody, motavizumab-yte, has an extended half-life in healthy adults.the study objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (pk), antidrug antibody (ada), and safety of motavizumab-yte (motavizumab with amino acid substitutions m252y/s254t/t256e [yte]), an fc-modified anti-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) monoclonal antibody. healthy adults (n = 31) were randomized to receive a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of motavizumab-yte or motavizumab (0.3, 3, 15, or 30 mg/kg) and followed for 240 days. clearance of motavizumab-yte was significantly lower (71% to 86%) a ...201324080653
the test-negative design: validity, accuracy and precision of vaccine efficacy estimates compared to the gold standard of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials.the test-negative design (tnd) is an efficient form of case-control study commonly applied to influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) estimation. tnd validity is predicated on the core assumption that the intervention (vaccine) has no effect on other non-targeted aetiologies resulting in similar illness/disease. here we verify this core assumption and compare efficacy estimates derived by the tnd versus classical per-protocol analysis of four datasets obtained from randomised placebo-controlled cli ...201324079398
respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory disease in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: viral rna detection in blood, antiviral treatment, and clinical outcomes.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia after hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) is associated with severe morbidity. although rsv rna has been detected in serum from patients with rsv lower respiratory disease (lrd) after hct, the association with clinical outcomes has not been well established in multivariable models. additionally, the role of antiviral treatment in hct recipients has not been previously analyzed in multivariable models.201324065324
molecular characterization of circulating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) genotypes in gilgit baltistan province of pakistan during 2011-2012 winter season.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but very little is known about its epidemiology and circulating genotypes in pakistan. this study analyzed the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of rsv genotypes detected in pakistani children less than 2 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections (aris) in a tertiary care hospital in gilgit baltistan (gb) province during 2011-12 winter season. rsv was detecte ...201324058513
curcumin prevents replication of respiratory syncytial virus and the epithelial responses to it in human nasal epithelial cells.the human nasal epithelium is the first line of defense during respiratory virus infection. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of bronchitis, asthma and severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. we previously reported in human nasal epithelial cells (hnecs), the replication and budding of rsv and the epithelial responses, including release of proinflammatory cytokines and enhancement of the tight junctions, are in part regulated via an nf-κb pathway. ...201324058438
respiratory syncytial virus infection disrupts monolayer integrity and function in cystic fibrosis airway cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a common contributor to pulmonary symptoms in children with cystic fibrosis (cf). here we examined rsv infection in immortalized bronchial epithelial cells (cfbe41o-) expressing wild-type (wt) or f508del cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr), for monolayer integrity and rsv replication.201324056672
[palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus disease].palivizumab (synagis, abbott) is a humanized monoclonal antibody of igg class currently used for prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. it neutralises the protein f of rsv, which allows the virus to penetrate inside the host cell and subsequently to form syncytia, causing clinical manifestations. based on that, our aim was to assess if an early administration of palivizumab during rsv infection could positively modify the infection course, hence providing a therapeutic effec ...201324056377
aged mice exhibit a severely diminished cd8 t cell response following respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory virus infections in the elderly result in increased rates of hospitalization and death. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of severe virus-induced respiratory disease in individuals over the age of 65. cd8 t cells play a critical role in mediating rsv clearance. while it is clear that t cell immunity declines with age, it is not clear to what extent the cd8 t cell response to rsv is altered. using aged balb/c mice, we demonstrated that rsv-specific cd8 t cell respon ...201324049171
comparison of the simplexa flua/b & rsv direct assay and laboratory-developed real-time pcr assays for detection of respiratory virus.the results of the focus simplexa flua/b & rsv direct assay were compared to those of laboratory-developed reverse transcription pcr tests for 498 nasopharyngeal swabs. concordance rates were 96.6% (476/493; κ = 0.91), 97.6% (481/493; κ = 0.47), and 99.2% (488/492; κ = 0.94) for influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively.201324048529
experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection of human peribronchial gland cells in vitro.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a relevant agent of respiratory tract infections, especially in exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. peribronchial submucosal glands are the main source of tracheobronchial mucus and therefore of major interest. the authors isolated and cultured human peribronchial gland cells and infected them with rsv. the course of infection was monitored by transmission electron, immuno-, and lectin fluorescence microscopy. morphology shows virus factories with budding ...201324047348
oral dexamethasone for bronchiolitis: a randomized trial.determine whether dexamethasone treatment added to salbutamol reduces time to readiness for discharge in patients with bronchiolitis and possible asthma.201324043283
nanoparticle vaccines encompassing the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein cx3c chemokine motif induce robust immunity protecting from challenge and disease.nanoparticle vaccines were produced using layer-by-layer fabrication and incorporating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein polypeptides comprising the cx3c chemokine motif. balb/c mice immunized with g protein nanoparticle vaccines produced a neutralizing antibody response that inhibited rsv replication in the lungs following rsv challenge. elispot analysis showed that g nanoparticle vaccinated mice had increased levels of rsv g protein-specific il-4 and ifn-γ secreting cells compared to ...201324040360
respiratory syncytial virus infection as a cause of hospitalization in population under 1 year in colombia.to determine the frequency, complications and seasonality at which respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection of the lower respiratory tract causes hospitalization in infants of age 1 year or less in 6 cities of colombia.201324029550
the human cathelicidin ll-37 has antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness among infants, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. currently, there is no effective vaccine or disease modifying treatment available and novel interventions are urgently required. cathelicidins are cationic host defence peptides expressed in the inflamed lung, with key roles in innate host defence against infection. we demonstrate that the human cathelicidin ll-37 has effective antiviral activity against ...201324023689
translational sciences approach to rsv vaccine development.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly. despite its relatively low degree of antigenic variation, it causes frequent reinfection throughout life. clinical manifestations of rsv disease and the immune response to infection differ in infants and the elderly, suggesting that vaccines designed to protect these two populations may require different attributes. here, the authors describe the translational approach of utilizin ...201324053398
corticosteroids plus long-acting β2-agonists prevent double-stranded rna-induced upregulation of b7-h1 on airway epithelium.airway viral infections provoke exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. b7-h1 is a costimulatory molecule that is implicated in an escape mechanism of viruses from host immune systems. this escape may be associated with the persistence of viral infection and lead to exacerbation of underlying diseases. we have shown that an analog of viral double-stranded rna, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly ic), upregulated the expression of b7-h1 on airway epithelial cells, an ...201322948082
comparison of diagnostic tools with multiplex polymerase chain reaction for pediatric lower respiratory tract infection: a single center study.acute respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. most have a viral etiology, with pneumococcus as an important pathogen. this single-center study compared the use of conventional diagnostic tools and two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) examinations for determining pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) among children aged <5 years.201323031535
an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outpatients: good outcome without specific antiviral treatment.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of seasonal respiratory viral infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (hsct) patients. the efficacy of treatment, however, remains controversial. we describe an outbreak of 31 cases of rsv that occurred in an hsct outpatient care unit in the fall season from march through may 2010, with a good outcome without any specific antiviral treatment.201322783905
6 cmh2o continuous positive airway pressure versus conventional oxygen therapy in severe viral bronchiolitis: a randomized trial.to compare the effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (ncpap) and conventional oxygen therapy on the clinical signs of respiratory distress and the respiratory muscle workload in acute viral bronchiolitis.201322431446
intravenous ribavirin for respiratory syncytial viral infections in pediatric hematopoietic sct recipients.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a potential cause of serious morbidity and even mortality among children undergoing hematopoietic sct (hsct). contrary to the available information regarding the aerosolized formulation of ribavirin, there is a paucity of published studies using i.v. ribavirin in adults, and very few single reports on pediatric patients. aerosolized drug administration has been limited by potential toxicity and special air-flow requirements. in this regard, i.v. ribavirin cou ...201323000643
clinical and pharmacological aspects of immunoprophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of respiratory tract infection in infants and young children throughout the world. although preterm birth has been considered for years the major risk factor for severe disease and hospitalization, recent findings indicate that prematurity is not a necessary condition, but one of the independent risk factors for severe rsv infection, together with chronic lung diseases, congenital heart disease and immunodeficiency. furthermore, over 50% of ...201322935064
hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in preterm infants at <33 weeks gestation without bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the castor study.this study was conducted during the 2008-2009 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) season in france to compare hospitalization rates for bronchiolitis (rsv-confirmed and all types) between very preterm infants (<33 weeks' gestational age, wga) without bronchopulmonary dysplasia and full-term infants (39-41 wga) matched for date of birth, gender and birth location, and to evaluate the country-specific risk factors for bronchiolitis hospitalization. data on hospitalizations were collected both retros ...201322697130
pericardial effusion in an infant with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.respiratory syncytial virus is the most common pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infection in infants. respiratory syncytial virus infection is also associated with a number of extrapulmonary manifestations, including the cardiac system. pericardial effusion, however, is a very rare occurrence with respiratory syncytial virus infection. we report a very young infant with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis whose clinical course was associated with pericardial effusion, treated conse ...201322694896
mechanisms of respiratory syncytial virus modulation of airway immune responses.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) most often causes severe respiratory disease in the very young and the elderly. acute disease can also cause exacerbations of asthma in any age group. recent findings provide insight into how the innate and adaptive immune systems respond to rsv infection and provide preliminary evidence that these effects vary significantly by rsv strain and host. components of cell signaling pathways that induce inflammatory cytokine expression during the innate immune respons ...201222692775
[expression and role of sugar chains on airway mucus during the exacerbation of airway inflammation].human bronchial mucins, such as muc5ac, have traditionally been defined as a family of high-molecular weight glycoproteins. changes in the contents of sugar chains on muc5ac are among the fundamental features in inflammatory respiratory disease. the changes have been shown to lead to unfavorable alterations in the viscosity of mucus, resulting in impairment of mucociliary transport, vulnerability to viral/bacterial infection as sugar chains play an important role in adhesion of some viruses and ...201222687728
eicosanoids and respiratory viral infection: coordinators of inflammation and potential therapeutic targets.viruses are frequent causes of respiratory infection, and viral respiratory infections are significant causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and sometimes mortality in a variety of patient populations. lung inflammation induced by infection with common respiratory pathogens such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus is accompanied by increased lung production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, lipid mediators with a wide range of effects on host immune function. deficiency or pharmacolog ...201222665949
respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein induces lung epithelial cell cycle arrest through a p53 dependent pathway.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of viral respiratory infections in children. our previous study showed that the rsv infection induced lung epithelial cell cycle arrest, which enhanced virus replication. to address the mechanism of rsv-induced cell cycle arrest, we examined the contribution of rsv-matrix (rsv-m) protein. in this report, we show that in both the a549 cell line and primary human bronchial epithelial (phbe) cells, transfection with rsv-m protein caused the cells ...201222662266
rapid acute onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in a lung transplant recipient after respiratory syncytial virus infection.bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (bos) can have either an acute or chronic onset with an abrupt or insidious course. the diagnosis is typically achieved by physiological criteria with development of a sustained decline in expiratory flow rates for at least 3 weeks. we review the rapid development of acute bos and bronchiectasis after respiratory syncytial virus infection in a lung transplant recipient, who had been doing well with normal pulmonary function for 3 years after lung transplantation ...201222650803
extracorporeal life support in the acute management of tumour lysis syndrome.a 16-month old boy presented with a severe tumour lysis syndrome (tls) complicating induction therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. this was further complicated by a respiratory syncytial virus infection. the failure of response to escalating treatment necessitated the use of extracorporeal life support (ecls) during continuation of his induction chemotherapy. he was weaned from support after the resolution of the tls and completed chemotherapy successfully. ecls may have a role to play in the ac ...201222647970
eosinophil granular proteins damage bronchial epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial (rs) virus infection is an important exacerbating factor in acute bronchial asthma. however, the precise mechanisms responsible for viral infection-induced exacerbations of asthma are uncertain. to elucidate the role of eosinophilic inflammation in the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma, we investigated the effects of eosinophil granule proteins on bronchial epithelial cell infected with rs virus.201222627361
high risk for rsv bronchiolitis in late preterms and selected infants affected by rare disorders: a dilemma of specific prevention.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent aetiologic agent that causes bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract infection in infants. these infections may be severe and even life-threatening in selected high-risk populations. traditional, well-established, high-risk populations are preterm infants with or without chronic lung disease and children with congenital heart disease. for these children, rsv prophylaxis using palivizumab, a monoclonal anti-rsv humanised antibody against th ...201222633511
childhood asthma in low income countries: an invisible killer?bacterial pneumonia has hitherto been considered the key cause of the high respiratory morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age (under-5s) in low-income countries, while asthma has not been stated as a significant reason. this paper explores the definitions and concepts of pneumonia and asthma/wheezing/bronchiolitis and examines whether asthma in under-5s may be confused with pneumonia. over-diagnosing of bacterial pneumonia can be suspected from the limited association betwee ...201222623048
oral versus inhaled ribavirin therapy for respiratory syncytial virus infection after lung transplantation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant contributor to morbidity in adult lung transplant recipients. multiple modes of ribavirin administration have been described in the literature. this study investigated outcomes related to delivery route.201222621746
respiratory viral pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract disease among young children in the highlands of papua new guinea.acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) commonly result in fatal outcomes in the young children of papua new guinea (png). however, comprehensive studies of the viral aetiology of alri have not been conducted in png for almost 30 years.201222595309
prevalence and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus in children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in northern brazil.childhood pneumonia and bronchiolitis is a leading cause of illness and death in young children worldwide with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) as the main viral cause. rsv has been associated with annual respiratory disease outbreaks and bacterial co-infection has also been reported. this study is the first rsv epidemiological study in young children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in belém city, pará (northern brazil).201222591236
immunogenicity and protective capacity of a virosomal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid a in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of viral brochiolitis in infants and young children and is also a significant problem in elderly and immuno-compromised adults. to date there is no efficacious and safe rsv vaccine, partially because of the outcome of a clinical trial in the 1960s with a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine (fi-rsv). this vaccine caused enhanced respiratory disease upon exposure to the live virus, leading to increased morbidity and the death of two children. subsequ ...201222590614
specific increase in local il-17 production during recovery from primary rsv bronchiolitis.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis is the most important cause of hospital admission for infants during the winter season, the pathogenesis is largely unknown. interleukin-17 (il-17) concentrations were studied in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 21 non-ventilated and 17 ventilated infants admitted to hospital with rsv bronchiolitis at time of admission and discharge from the hospital. on admission, nasopharyngeal concentrations of most cytokines and chemokines were lower in n ...201222585726
an insertion in loop l7 of human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is crucial for its antiviral activity.the human eosinophil granule ribonuclease, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (edn) has been shown to have antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus-b (rsv-b). other closely related and more active rnases such as rnase a, onconase, and rnase k6 do not have any antiviral activity. a remarkable unique feature of edn is a nine-residue insertion in its carboxy-terminal loop, l7 which is not present in rnase a, and differs in sequence from the corresponding loop in another eosinophil rnase, e ...201222581709
cost utility of palivizumab prophylaxis among pre-term infants in the united states: a national policy perspective.the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab has previously been reported among certain guideline-eligible, high-risk premature infants in medicaid. because guideline authorities base decisions on a national perspective, the economic model of palivizumab was adapted to include all infants, that is, public and privately insured patients (60% of palivizumab use is public, 40% is private).201222574798
production of chemokines in respiratory syncytial virus infection with central nervous system manifestations.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children can be associated with acute encephalopathy. however, the roles of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of such patients remain unevaluated. in this study, a profile of 17 cytokines was determined for eight rsv-infected children with neurological complications. in one patient with high levels of 13 cytokines, a cytokine storm was considered to have occurred. interleukin (il)-6, il-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (mcp)-1, and macro ...201222572852
meteorologic conditions and respiratory syncytial virus activity.the factors that determine the initiation and persistence of yearly epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis are not well known. a limited number of studies have found that meteorologic conditions could be associated with rsv activity.201222572747
frequency and clinical outcome of respiratory viral infections and mixed viral-bacterial infections in children with cancer, fever and neutropenia.the role of respiratory viral infections (rvis) as a cause of overall fever and neutropenia (fn) episodes in children with cancer has been less characterized than bacterial infections. we conducted a study aimed to determine the frequency of rvi in children with low compared with high risk for invasive bacterial infection (ibi) fn episodes and compare the clinical outcome of rvi and mixed rv-bacterial infections.201222565292
cost-effectiveness of potential infant vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the netherlands.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is one of the major causes of respiratory illness in infants, infecting virtually every child before the age of 2 years. currently, several phase 1 trials with rsv vaccines in infants are ongoing or have been completed. as yet, no efficacy estimates are available for these vaccine candidates. nevertheless, cost-effectiveness estimates might be informative to enable preliminary positioning of an rsv vaccine.201222561315
antibodies to the central conserved region of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein block rsv g protein cx3c-cx3cr1 binding and cross-neutralize rsv a and b strains.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide, and despite decades of effort, there remains no safe and effective vaccine. rsv modifies the host immune response during infection by cx3c chemokine mimicry adversely affecting pulmonary leukocyte chemotaxis and cx3cr1+ rsv-specific t-cell responses. in this study we investigated whether immunization of mice with rsv g protein polypeptides from str ...201222551066
a comparative study of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis in premature infants within the canadian registry of palivizumab (caress).we examined the dosing regimens, compliance, and outcomes of premature infants who received palivizumab within the canadian registry of palivizumab (caress). infants receiving ≥1 dose of palivizumab during the 2006-2011 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons were recruited across 30 sites. respiratory illness events were captured monthly. infants ≤32 completed weeks gestational age (ga) (group 1) were compared to 33-35 completed weeks ga infants (group 2) following prophylaxis. in total, 6,65 ...201222546928
baculovirus-based vaccine displaying respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein induces protective immunity against rsv infection without vaccine-enhanced disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract diseases in infancy and early childhood. despite its importance as a pathogen, there is no licensed vaccine against rsv yet. the attachment glycoprotein (g) of rsv is a potentially important target for protective antiviral immune responses. recombinant baculovirus has been recently emerged as a new vaccine vector, since it has intrinsic immunostimulatory properties and good bio-safety profile.201222536165
role of human tlr4 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced nf-κb activation, viral entry and replication.tlrs play a key role in innate immune defenses. it was previously reported that purified respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein elicits an inflammatory response in hematopoietic cells, which required expression of tlr4 and its co-receptor cd14. however, a biological role of tlr4 in immunity to rsv, as initially proposed, has remained inconclusive and controversial. here, we directly assess the role of human tlr4 and its co-receptors in nf-κb activation, viral entry and replication usin ...201222535679
respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in a pediatric liver transplant recipient treated with oral ribavirin.the mainstay of therapy for rsv disease is supportive care, although aerosolized ribavirin has been used to treat infants and young children with severe lower respiratory tract infections. aerosolized ribavirin has adverse effects, high cost and teratogenic potential. we report the case of a pediatric liver transplant recipient diagnosed with lower respiratory rsv infection, who was successfully treated with oral ribavirin.201222533837
epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants born at less than thirty-five weeks of gestational age.the aims of this study were to observe the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization rate and to identify the risk factors for hospitalization for rsv infection among infants in korea born at <35 weeks of gestational age and who had not previously received palivizumab.201222531234
increase in use of non-invasive ventilation for infants with severe bronchiolitis is associated with decline in intubation rates over a decade.to redress the paucity of studies evaluating non-invasive respiratory support in bronchiolitis patients.201222527081
prospective evaluation of clinical scoring systems in infants with bronchiolitis admitted to the intensive care unit.the objective of this investigation was to compare different scoring systems to assess the severity of illness in infants with bronchiolitis admitted to a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit (picu). over an 18-year period (1990-2007), infants with bronchiolitis aged up to 12 months and admitted to the picu were prospectively scored using the pediatric risk of mortality iii (prism iii) score, the organ system failure (osf) score and the acute physiologic score for children (apsc) within 24 h. ...201222526870
the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children at a public pediatric referral hospital in mexico.the aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) treated at a public referral children's hospital in mexico.201222525227
residential crowding and severe respiratory syncytial virus disease among infants and young children: a systematic literature review.the objective of this literature review was to determine whether crowding in the home is associated with an increased risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease in children younger than 5 years.201222520624
managing the morbidity associated with respiratory viral infections in children with congenital heart disease.children with congenital heart disease (chd) are at risk for increased morbidity from viral lower respiratory tract infections because of anatomical cardiac lesions than can worsen an already compromised respiratory status. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains an important pathogen in contributing toward the morbidity in this population. although the acute treatment of rsv largely remains supportive, the development of monoclonal antibodies, such as palivuzumab, has reduced the rsv-related ...201222518179
viral epidemiology and severity of respiratory infections in infants in 2009: a prospective study.viral respiratory infections are common in infants and can be severe. the new pandemic influenza virus h1n1v2009 was feared to cause particularly severe outcomes.201222517337
respiratory syncytial virus in indonesian children. 201222510994
liquid chromatographic resolution of 3-amino-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones on crown ether-based chiral stationary phases.3-amino-5-phenyl (or 5-methyl)-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones, which are chiral precursors of anti-respiratory syncytial virus active agents, were resolved on three different chiral stationary phases (csps) based on (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid or (3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6. among the three csps, the csp that is based on (3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 and containing residual silanol group-protecting n-octyl groups on the silica surface was found to be mos ...201222508444
host response to mechanical ventilation for viral respiratory tract infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis causes severe respiratory tract infection in infants, frequently necessitating mechanical ventilatory support. however, life-saving, mechanical ventilation aggravates lung inflammation. we set up a model to dissect the host molecular response to mechanical ventilation in rsv infection. furthermore, the response to induced hypercapnic acidosis, reported to dampen the inflammatory response to mechanical ventilation in non-infectious models, was asses ...201222496321
hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the united states, 1993-2008.age-specific comparisons of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization rates can inform prevention efforts, including vaccine development plans. previous us studies have not estimated jointly the burden of these viruses using similar data sources and over many seasons.201222495079
respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in ghana.acute respiratory tract infections are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among young children in developing countries. information on the viral aetiology of acute respiratory infections in developing countries is very limited. the study was done to identify viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection among children less than 5 years.201222490115
[changes and the clinical significance of cd4⁺ cd25⁺ regulatory t cells and th17 cells in peripheral blood of infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis].to observe the percentages of cd4(+);cd25(+); regulatory t cells (tregs) and th17 cells and the levels of il-10, tgf-β and il-17 in peripheral blood of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. the relationship between above cells, cytokines and rsv bronchiolitis was determined.201222482417
the respiratory syncytial virus g protein conserved domain induces a persistent and protective antibody response in rodents.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of severe upper and lower respiratory disease in infants and in the elderly. there are 2 main rsv subtypes a and b. a recombinant vaccine was designed based on the central domain of the rsv-a attachment g protein which we had previously named g2na (aa130-230). here we evaluated immunogenicity, persistence of antibody (ab) response and protective efficacy induced in rodents by: (i) g2na fused to dt (diphtheria toxin) fragments in cotton rats ...201222479601
prospective multicenter study of viral etiology and hospital length of stay in children with severe bronchiolitis.to determine whether hospital length of stay(los) for acute bronchiolitis is influenced by the infecting pathogen.201222473882
repair of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery in an infant with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.in anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (alcapa), infants 6 to 12 weeks will often present with symptoms consistent with reflux or bronchiolitis. in those infants diagnosed with both alcapa and concomitant active respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis, others have reported delaying revascularization therapy until resolution of the rsv bronchiolitis. here, we report the case of a three-month-old infant, diagnosed with alcapa and active rsv bronchiolitis, who underwent ...201223804788
antiviral ifn-γ responses of monocytes at birth predict respiratory tract illness in the first year of life.viral respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of acute illness during infancy and are closely linked to chronic inflammatory airway diseases later in life. however, the determinants of susceptibility to acute respiratory tract infections still need to be defined.201222460071
[clinical characteristics of bronchiolitis obliterans in pediatric patients].to analyze the clinical characteristics, image findings, laboratory examination, the therapeutic methods and clinical outcomes of bronchiolitis obliterans (bo) in pediatric patients.201222455631
identifying targets in the hunt for effective respiratory syncytial virus interventions.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of human infections worldwide. there is currently no effective vaccine or antiviral therapy available for widespread clinical use; prophylaxis with anti-rsv antibodies is used in only a small percentage of potential recipients. new targets for effective rsv interventions are needed. previous anti-rsv intervention strategies have focused on targeting aspects of the virus, an approach that can lead to the emergence of resistant rsv strains. increa ...201222455493
determinants of asthma after severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.the development of asthma after respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis has been demonstrated in case-control studies, although the determinants of post-rsv asthma remain undefined.201222444510
the outcome after severe bronchiolitis is related to gender and virus.the association between bronchiolitis in the first year of life and subsequent asthma, atopy, airway obstruction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (bhr) is unsettled. genetic predispositions, pre-morbid lung function, environmental interactions and altered immunological responses are risk factors that have been studied. the aim of this study was to assess lung function, bhr and the occurrence of asthma and atopy 11 yr after hospitalization for bronchiolitis in the first year of life, particular ...201222435682
cost-effectiveness analysis of palivizumab among pre-term infant populations covered by medicaid in the united states.medicaid infants are at high risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease. the study objective was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab in a medicaid population.201222435648
exogenous, tap-independent lysosomal presentation of a respiratory syncytial virus ctl epitope.respiratory syncytial virus causes lower respiratory tract infections in infancy and old age, affecting also immunocompromised patients. the viral fusion protein is an important vaccine candidate eliciting antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. cd8(+) cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) are known to have a role in both lung pathology and viral clearance. in balb/c mice, the fusion protein epitope f249-258 is presented to ctls by the murine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecule ...201222929180
an adaptive randomized trial of an intermittent dosing schedule of aerosolized ribavirin in patients with cancer and respiratory syncytial virus infection.a continuous dosing schedule of aerosolized ribavirin has been used for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) upper respiratory tract infection and lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) but is associated with high cost and inconvenient administration. we conducted an adaptive randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of an intermittent dosing schedule of ribavirin versus that of a continuous dosing schedule of ribavirin in preventing rsv lrtis in 50 hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipie ...201222927454
viral and atypical bacterial etiology of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years old living in a rural tropical area of madagascar.in madagascar, very little is known about the etiology and prevalence of acute respiratory infections (aris) in a rural tropical area. recent data are needed to determine the viral and atypical bacterial etiologies in children with defined clinical manifestations of aris.201222912897
specific dietary oligosaccharides increase th1 responses in a mouse respiratory syncytial virus infection model.breast feeding reduces the risk of developing severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in infants. in addition to maternal antibodies, other immune-modulating factors in human milk contribute to this protection. specific dietary prebiotic oligosaccharides, similar to oligosaccharides present in human milk, were evaluated in a c57bl/6 mouse rsv infection model. during primary rsv infection, increased numbers of rsv-specific cd4(+) t cells producing gamma interferon (ifn-γ) were found i ...201222896622
respiratory syncytial virus modifies micrornas regulating host genes that affect virus replication.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes substantial morbidity and life-threatening lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children and the elderly. understanding the host response to rsv infection is critical for developing disease-intervention approaches. the role of micrornas (mirnas) in post-transcriptional regulation of host genes responding to rsv infection is not well understood. in this study, it was shown that rsv infection of a human alveolar epithelial cell line (a549) indu ...201222894925
the rsv fusion receptor: not what everyone expected it to be.this article reviews current knowledge about respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) binding and entry into cells. the recent discovery of nucleolin as a fusion receptor for rsv opens new avenues for developing interventions, while raising questions concerning rsv pathobiology and tropism. we also discuss characteristics of a good rsv drug target.201222884716
respiratory syncytial virus morbidity and outpatient palivizumab dosing in south carolina, 2004-2009.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been identified as an important cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants. in patients at high risk, prevention is attempted through immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab. in 2008, as a result of revisions to the american academy of pediatrics' guidelines, south carolina medicaid reduced the number of approved palivizumab doses from six to five. this study attempted to determine whether the reduction of approved doses would affect hospitalization and ...201222864095
effects of short-term exposure to air pollution on hospital admissions of young children for acute lower respiratory infections in ho chi minh city, vietnam.there is emerging evidence, largely from studies in europe and north america, that economic deprivation increases the magnitude of morbidity and mortality related to air pollution. two major reasons why this may be true are that the poor experience higher levels of exposure to air pollution, and they are more vulnerable to its effects--in other words, due to poorer nutrition, less access to medical care, and other factors, they experience more health impact per unit of exposure. the relations am ...201222849236
montelukast inhibits leukotriene stimulation of human dendritic cells in vitro.leukotrienes are potent inflammatory mediators which modulate immune responses and induce bronchoconstriction in susceptible individuals. montelukast (mk) is a leukotriene receptor (cyslt1) antagonist that has been shown to prevent exacerbation of asthma. considering the plethora of potential cellular targets for mk, specific mechanisms for its therapeutic action are still not fully understood. in vitro, we determined whether human dendritic cell function could be affected by leukotriene c(4) (l ...201222846852
pharyngeal microflora disruption by antibiotics promotes airway hyperresponsiveness after respiratory syncytial virus infection.regulatory t cells (treg cells), which are essential for regulation of immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, are promoted by pharyngeal commensal pneumococcus. the effects of pharyngeal microflora disruption by antibiotics on airway responsiveness and relative immune responses after rsv infection have not been clarified.201222844430
what is the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis?: findings from a multi-center, prospective study.acute bronchiolitis (ab) is caused primarily by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). recent laboratory tools have implicated a variety of other pathogens; however, their clinical relevance has not been clearly defined. the purpose of this study was to determine whether the etiological agents of ab affect its course. a multicenter prospective study was performed in previously healthy children <24 months of age who presented with <4 days duration of ab. subjects were divided into the following group ...201222825246
ethical considerations and rationale of the maki trial: a multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial into the preventive effect of palivizumab on recurrent wheezing associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with a gestational age of 33-35 weeks.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is the most frequent cause of bronchiolitis during infancy. long-term airway morbidity with recurrent post bronchiolitis wheezing (pbw) episodes, which are probably associated with respiratory infections, occurs in 30 to 70% of infants that were hospitalised with rsv lrti.201222820319
effectiveness of the 2010-2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: a case-case comparison, case-control study.we estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (ive) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in patients 18 years old or older during the 2010-2011 influenza season.201222819720
preexposure to cpg protects against the delayed effects of neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection.severe respiratory viral infection in early life is associated with recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. neonatal immune responses tend to be skewed toward t helper 2 (th2) responses, which may contribute to the development of a pathogenic recall response to respiratory infection. since neonatal th2 skewing can be modified by stimulation with toll-like receptor (tlr) ligands, we investigated the effect of exposure to cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (tlr9 ligands) prior to neonatal respirato ...201222811525
population pharmacokinetics of palivizumab, a humanized anti-respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, in adults and children.although it has been on the market for over a decade, confusion remains regarding the pharmacokinetics (pk) and optimal dosing of palivizumab, a humanized igg1κ monoclonal antibody indicated for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in pediatric patients at high risk of rsv disease. the objectives of this analysis were to characterize the population pk of palivizumab in adults and children using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling, quan ...201222802243
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