Publications

coxsackie b1 infection associated with ventriculitis.		2003	12938678
coxsackie virus b antibodies are increased in hla dr3-mica5.1 positive type 1 diabetes patients in the linköping region of sweden.	type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm) is an autoimmune disorder in which genetics and environmental factors play a role. among the environmental factors, viruses (especially coxsackie virus b [cbv]), and among genetic markers, human leukocyte antigen (hla) drb104-dqa10301-dqb10302 (dr4-dq8) and drb103-dqa10501-dqb10201 (dr3-dq2), and major histocompatibility complex class i chain-related gene-a (mica) alleles 5 and 5.1 have been reported to be associated with t1dm in caucasians. sweden ranks thi ...	2003	12941542
structure of swine vesicular disease virus: mapping of changes occurring during adaptation of human coxsackie b5 virus to infect swine.	the structure of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) was solved and refined at a 3.0-a resolution by x-ray crystallography to gain information about the role of sequence changes that occurred as this virus evolved from the parental human pathogen coxsackievirus b5 (cvb5). these amino acid substitutions can be clustered in five distinct regions: (i) the antigenic sites, (ii) the hydrophobic pocket of the vp1 beta-sandwich, (iii) the putative car binding site, (iv) the putative heparan sulfate bi ...	2003	12941886
t cells cause acute immunopathology and are required for long-term survival in mouse adenovirus type 1-induced encephalomyelitis.	infection of adult c57bl/6 (b6) mice with mouse adenovirus type 1 (mav-1) results in dose-dependent encephalomyelitis. utilizing immunodeficient mice, we analyzed the roles of t cells, t-cell subsets, and t-cell-related functions in mav-1-induced encephalomyelitis. t cells, major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i, and perforin contributed to acute disease signs at 8 days postinfection (p.i.). acute mav-1-induced encephalomyelitis was absent in mice lacking t cells and in mice lacking perf ...	2003	12941916
heparan sulfates and coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor: each one mediates coxsackievirus b3 pd infection.	amino acid exchanges in the virus capsid protein vp1 allow the coxsackievirus b3 variant pd (cvb3 pd) to replicate in decay accelerating factor (daf)-negative and coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (car)-negative cells. this suggests that molecules other than daf and car are involved in attachment of this cvb3 variant to cell surfaces. the observation that productive infection associated with cytopathic effect occurred in chinese hamster ovary (cho-k1) cells, whereas heparinase-treated cho-k1 ce ...	2003	12941917
an echovirus type 33 winter outbreak in new zealand.	echovirus type 33 (e33) is a relatively uncommon enterovirus. an e33 outbreak during the winter of 2000 in new zealand led to 75 virologically-confirmed cases of e33 infection (2.6 cases per 100,000 individuals). sixty-six (88%) of the 75 patients were aged <30 years, with the highest rates of infection recorded in maori and pacific ethnic groups. overall, 47 (84%) of 56 patients whose cases were analyzed had either aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. central nervous system involvement was more ...	2003	12942395
polio and other enterovirus isolation by region in ethiopia, 2000-2002.		2003	12944680
anemia, myopathy, and pansteatitis in vitamin e-deficient captive marmosets (callithrix spp.).	five young adult pet marmosets (callithrix spp.) were presented with weight loss (5/5); fecal retention (3/5); diarrhea (2/5); impaired locomotion (3/5); anemia (4/4); hypoproteinemia or hypoalbuminemia (3/4); elevations of creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase (3/4); and renal failure with hypercholesterolemia (2/4). all anemic marmosets had low serum vitamin e levels. the anemia responded to vitamin e and selenium therapy in two marmosets. one of the five m ...	2003	12949411
bcl-2 and bcl-xl overexpression inhibits cytochrome c release, activation of multiple caspases, and virus release following coxsackievirus b3 infection.	coxsackievirus b3, a cytopathic virus in the family picornaviridae, induces degenerative changes in host cell morphology. here we demonstrate cytochrome c release and caspases-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, and -9 processing. enforced bcl-2 and bcl-xl expression markedly reduced release of cytochrome c, presentation of the mitochondrial epitope 7a6, and depressed caspase activation following infection. in comparison, cell death using trail ligand caused caspase-8 processing prior to cytochrome c release and ...	2003	12951029
prevalence of viral dna in amniotic fluid of low-risk pregnancies in the second trimester.	the association between fetal viral infection and adverse pregnancy outcome is well documented. however, the prevalence of common viral pathogens in the amniotic fluid of normal pregnancies is not established. the purpose of this study was to determine this prevalence in asymptomatic patients.	2003	12962262
re-emergence of echovirus type 13 infections in 2002 in yamagata, japan.	to analyze the prevalence of echovirus type 13 (echo13) in yamagata, japan.	2003	12963387
molecular analysis of echovirus 13 isolates and aseptic meningitis, spain.	echovirus 13 (ev13), considered rare, was reported worldwide in 2000, mostly related to aseptic meningitis outbreaks. in spain, 135 ev13 isolates were identified. the genetic relationships between 64 representative strains from spain and other reported isolates from the united states, germany, italy, japan, and sweden were described by analyzing the partial sequence of the major capsid protein (vp1) gene. the strains from spain were clearly identified as ev13 (79.5% similarity with the ev13 refe ...	2003	12967490
acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackievirus a24 variant, south korea, 2002.	in summer 2002, a nationwide outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis occurred in south korea. the etiologic agent was confirmed as coxsackievirus a24 variant (ca24v) by virus isolation and sequencing of a part of the vp1 gene. phylogentic analysis, based on the protease 3c sequences, showed that the korean isolates were clustered into a lineage distinct from the ca24v isolates reported in previous outbreaks in asia.	2003	12967504
enterovirus 71 outbreaks, taiwan: occurrence and recognition.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) caused a large outbreak in taiwan in 1998 with 78 deaths, and smaller outbreaks recurred in 2000 and 2001. the outbreak was recognized because of a large number of hand, foot, and mouth disease cases and the rapid deaths of children with the disease. virologic and pathologic studies indicated that ev71 was the most important agent related to severe and fatal cases and that a neurogenic inflammatory response was involved in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary collapse result ...	2003	12643822
three echovirus serotypes responsible for outbreak of aseptic meningitis in rhône-alpes region, france.	during the year 2000 in the rhône-alpes region of france, 559 cases of aseptic meningitis due to enterovirus infection were recorded (approximate incidence, 10 cases per 100,000 population compared with a mean of 0.3 cases during endemic years in this region; p<0.001). cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from all 559 patients and processed for enterovirus rna detection using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay only. in addition to the cerebrospinal fluid samples, 40 st ...	2003	12649719
[porcine malignant catarrhal fever: diagnostic findings and first detection of the pathogenic agent in diseased swine in switzerland].	for the first time ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) was identified in swiss pigs as the causative agent of porcine malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). diseased animals from two farms were observed to show weakness, anorexia, fever up to 41 degrees c, and neurological symptoms, i.e. ataxia, convulsions and hyperesthesia, erosion on the snout and in the oral and nasal mucosa, as well as multiple skin lesions. histopathological findings included severe non-purulent inflammation with mononuclear cell infil ...	2003	12649951
sequencing of 'untypable' enteroviruses reveals two new types, ev-77 and ev-78, within human enterovirus type b and substitutions in the bc loop of the vp1 protein for known types.	the n-terminal part of vp1 was sequenced for 43 enterovirus isolates that could not initially be neutralized with lbm pools or in-house antisera. most isolates were found to belong to human enterovirus type a (hev-a) and hev-b (18 isolates of each). all hev-a isolates could be typed by sequencing, with cv (coxsackievirus)-a16 and ev (enterovirus)-71 being dominant (nine and seven isolates, respectively). these types thus seem to have diverged more from their prototypes than the other types. amon ...	2003	12655083
viral infections in neonates with seizures.	the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of viral infections in the central nervous system (cns) of neonates with seizures of unknown origin. serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples of 50 neonates were studied for antibodies to 13 different microbes by enzyme immunoassay, and csf samples were investigated for four specific nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction. for viral cultures throat, stool and csf samples were obtained. cns viral infection was suggested in 13 of the 50 n ...	2003	12661148
a prolonged outbreak of polioencephalomyelitis due to infection with a group i porcine enterovirus.	a commercial swineherd in indiana experienced high death loss of nursery pigs with neurologic disorders for a prolonged period. polioencephalomyelitis was the consistent histopathological lesion in affected animals. a porcine enterovirus (pev) classified to group i was isolated from spinal cords and brains collected from the affected animals. the isolate (isuvdl 200103183) was determined to belong to either serogroup 5 or 6 at the national veterinary services laboratories, ames, ia. no other sig ...	2003	12661734
evaluation of three copan viral transport systems for the recovery of cultivatable, clinical virus isolates.	three copan viral transport media (vtm) were compared to the bbl viral culturette and micro test m4 systems for their ability to maintain the viability of clinical strains of enterovirus, herpes simplex virus, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus. vtm were inoculated, incubated up to 72 h at both 4 degrees c and 22 degrees c, and processed for cell culture. the concentration of infectious virus in vtm was determined by standard endpoint dilution assay. all vtm maintained viable enterovirus and ade ...	2003	12663160
molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses causing uveitis and multisystem hemorrhagic disease of infants.	we studied molecular epidemiology of highly virulent echovirus 11 and 19 strains that were isolated during five outbreaks of enterovirus uveitis (eu) in siberia in 1980-1989, and three outbreaks of multisystem hemorrhagic disease of infants (mhd) in 1988-1991. three genome regions, 5'ntr, vp1-2a junction, and a fragment of 3d polymerase, were analyzed. phylogenetic grouping in the vp1-2a region correlated with serotyping results. all studied ev11 and ev19 strains, including the prototype ev11 an ...	2003	12667813
comparison of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyether sulfone membranes in filtering viral suspensions.	low-protein-binding membranes with a pore size of 0.22 microm are used to filter aqueous solutions containing viruses. virus adsorption to the membranes is avoided if they are made of polyvinylidene fluoride (pvdf) or if they are made of cellulose esters saturated with beef extract. recently, a new kind of membrane filter made of polyether sulfone (pes) has become available commercially. the manufacturers claim that such membranes allow the filtration of greater volumes of sample than those made ...	2003	12668275
comparison of automated and manual nucleic acid extraction methods for detection of enterovirus rna.	automated nucleic acid extraction is an attractive alternative to labor-intensive manual methods. we compared two automated methods, the biorobot m48 instrument (qiagen, inc.) and magna pure (roche applied sciences) methods, to two manual methods, the qiaamp viral rna mini kit (qiagen) and trizol (invitrogen), for the extraction of enterovirus rna. analytical sensitivity was assessed by dilution analysis of poliovirus type 2 sabin in cerebrospinal fluid. the sensitivity of pcr was equivalent aft ...	2003	12904351
detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults.	the purpose of this study was to analyze cardiac tissue and blood for viral genomes using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to define the common viral etiologies of myocarditis by age group.	2003	12906974
structure of the pyrimidine-rich internal loop in the poliovirus 3'-utr: the importance of maintaining pseudo-2-fold symmetry in rna helices containing two adjacent non-canonical base-pairs.	formation of non-canonical base-pairs in rna often plays a very important functional role. in addition they frequently serve as factors in stabilizing the secondary structure elements that provide the frame of large compact rna structures. here we describe the structure of an internal loop containing a 5'cu3'/5'uu3' non-canonical tandem base-pair motif, which is conserved within the 3'-utr of poliovirus-like enteroviruses. structural details reveal striking regularities of the local helix geomet ...	2003	12909008
myocarditis: an expected health hazard associated with water resources contaminated with coxsackie viruses type b.	enteroviruses, especially coxsackie b viruses (cbvs), are responsible for approximately 50% of cases of viral myocarditis. in the present study, serum samples (160) were collected from acute myocarditis patients at different age groups and 104 samples of the same age groups as a control. cholesterol, ldh, cpk, and got were measured for all serum samples (264). also, to study the source of virus transmission, 72 water and 72 wastewater samples were collected from water and wastewater treatment pl ...	2003	12909557
human rhabdomyosarcoma cells for rapid detection of enteroviruses by shell-vial assay.	the ability of the rd (rhabdomyosarcoma) and mrc-5 cell-lines to detect enteroviruses in 33 clinical samples (cerebrospinal fluid, stools and throat swabs) was evaluated. the samples had previously tested enterovirus-positive by traditional tube-culture and had been frozen after their initial processing. by traditional tube-culture, 100 and 85 % of samples were positive for enterovirus in rd and mrc-5 cells, respectively. by rapid shell-vial assay, 94 and 45.5 % were positive after 48 h incubati ...	2003	12909656
[cholestatic hepatitis. 27-year-old tool engineer].		2003	12910857
influence of groundwater characteristics on the survival of enteric viruses.	this study was undertaken to further understand the processes affecting the persistence of enteric viruses in groundwater.	2003	12911702
keratoconjunctivitis caused by echovirus type 13 in japanese children.		2003	12913782
severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following recent coxsackie b virus infection.	viral infections have been associated with a wide spectrum of muscle disorders, ranging from acute nonspecific myalgia to myositis. however, severe rhabdomyolysis, with or without accompanying acute renal failure (arf), has been described only rarely. we report the fourth case in the literature of recent coxsackie b virus infection complicated by severe rhabdomyolysis and arf, necessitating temporary haemodialysis in a previously healthy young man. although most coxsackie b virus infections are ...	2003	12916546
pathogenesis of coxsackievirus a9 in mice: role of the viral arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif.	coxsackievirus a9 (cav9) contains an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) motif which participates in cell entry. mutants with alterations in the rgd-containing region were utilized to explore the importance of the tripeptide in the pathogenesis of cav9 in mice. using in situ hybridization, the parental cav9 strain was observed to infect skeletal muscle (intercostal, platysma, lingual and thigh muscles) of newborn mice, whereas the rgd-less mutants were detectable only in platysma and lingual mu ...	2003	12917458
outbreaks of aseptic meningitis associated with echoviruses 9 and 30 and preliminary surveillance reports on enterovirus activity--united states, 2003.	aseptic or viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis and is associated with an estimated 26,000--42,000 hospitalizations each year in the united states. enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. echovirus 9 (e9) and echovirus 30 (e30) have been associated frequently with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis. during march 2003, several state public health departments noted increased reports of aseptic meningitis and, as of august 7, seven states (arizona, california, ...	2003	12917581
environmental surveillance of poliovirus in italy: pilot study.	a pilot study on environmental surveillance of poliovirus included one hundred ninety-six samples (drinking water, surface water, seawater and sewage), collected between 1996 and 1998 in different regions of italy. samples were screened for the presence of poliovirus and other enteric viruses. twelve polioviruses, 35 non polio enteroviruses (npe) and 51 enteric non entero (ne) viruses were isolated. all poliovirus isolates, namely four type 1, four type 2 and four type 3, were characterised as s ...	2003	12838824
enterovirus isolation from children with acute respiratory infections and presumptive identification by a modified microplate method.	to evaluate a modified microplate method, utilizing hef, hep-2, vero, mdck and newly introduced rd-18s and gmk cell lines, for virus isolation.	2003	12839716
identification of enteroviruses by using monoclonal antibodies against a putative common epitope.	a common epitope region of enteroviruses was identified by sequence-independent single-primer amplification (sispa), followed by immunoscreening of 11 cdna libraries from two korean enterovirus isolates (echoviruses 7 and 30) and a coxsackievirus b3 (atcc-vr 30). the putative common epitope region was localized in the n terminus of vp1 when the displayed recombinant proteins from the phages were chased by the convalescent-phase sera. the genomic region encoding the common epitope region was ampl ...	2003	12843038
evaluation of real-time pcr versus pcr with liquid-phase hybridization for detection of enterovirus rna in cerebrospinal fluid.	a lightcycler and two taqman real-time pcr assays were evaluated against an older pcr with liquid-phase hybridization method for the detection of enterovirus rna in 74 patient samples. the two-step lightcycler and the two-step taqman formats correlated well with each other (r(2) = 0.90) and were equally sensitive compared to the liquid-phase hybridization method, whereas the one-step recombinant tth dna polymerase format was rather insensitive, detecting enterovirus rna in only about one-half of ...	2003	12843053
the hla-dr phenotype modulates the humoral immune response to enterovirus antigens.	enterovirus infections are among the environmental risk factors potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. the aim of this study was to evaluate virus-host interaction by analysing the enterovirus antibody levels in subjects carrying different hla-dr alleles associated with either increased or decreased risk of type 1 diabetes.	2003	12845430
[synthesis and antiviral activity of hydrazides and substituted benzalhydrazides of betulinic acid and its derivatives].	new nitrogen-containing derivatives of betulinic and betulonic acids, hydrazides and n'-benzalhydrazides, were synthesized. their antiviral activities toward of influenza a virus, herpes simplex type i virus, enterovirus echo6, and hiv-1 were studied in vitro. betulinic acid 3-oxime was found to have the highest activity against the influenza virus. betulonic acid, betulinic acid 4-chlorobenzalhydrazide, betulonic acid 3-oxime benzalhydrazide, and betulinic acid hydrazide inhibited the replicati ...	2003	12845810
echovirus 11 sepsis in a neonate: report of one case.	neonates infected with nonpolio enteroviruses are at high risk for developing significant illness, including sepsis-like illness, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis and/or hepatitis. echoviruses and group b coxsackieviruses account for the majority of neonatal enterovirus infections. we reported a case of echovirus 11 infection in newborn associated with maternal infection. to our knowledge, this is the first reported fatal case of neonatal echovirus infection in taiwan. eventually, the baby expir ...	2003	12845853
pediatric viral myocarditis.		2003	12847456
hepatic failure in a newborn with maternal peripartum exposure to echovirus 6 and enterovirus 71.		2003	12851816
clinical characteristics of an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore.	we experienced a hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreak in late year 2000 in singapore. between 14 september 2000 and 14 november 2000, a total of 3526 cases of hfmd were notified. there were 652 patients clinically suspected to have hfmd, who were seen at the children's emergency department of kk women's and children's hospital of singapore.	2003	12854382
exogenous interleukin-12 protects against lethal infection with coxsackievirus b4.	infections with the group b coxsackieviruses either can be asymptomatic or can lead to debilitating chronic diseases. to elucidate the mechanism by which these viruses cause chronic disease, we developed a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis by using a virulent variant of coxsackievirus b4, cvb4-v. infection with cvb4-v results in an early, severe pancreatitis, which can lead to mortality or progress to chronic pancreatitis. chronic pancreatitis, in this model, is due to immunopathological mecha ...	2003	12857896
circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in egypt from 1983 to 1993.	from 1988 to 1993, 30 cases of poliomyelitis associated with poliovirus type 2 were found in seven governorates of egypt. because many of the cases were geographically and temporally clustered and because the case isolates differed antigenically from the vaccine strain, it was initially assumed that the cases signaled the continued circulation of wild type 2 poliovirus. however, comparison of sequences encoding the major capsid protein, vp1 (903 nucleotides), revealed that the isolates were rela ...	2003	12857906
exotic and emerging viral encephalitides.	the exotic and emerging viral encephalitides are caused by animal or human viruses and characterised by sudden unexpected outbreaks of neurological disease, usually in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but sometimes spreading to temperate areas. although a wide range of viruses come within this label, as this review highlights, there are common research questions as to the origin and spread of the viruses, the contribution of viral and host factors to the clinical presentations and outcome, and ...	2003	12858080
[indications of pathogenic viruses in water of lake baikal and its tributaries].	the waters of 25 large rivers falling into the baikal lake, their mouth water areas and open baikal lake areas to a depth of 500 m were for the first time in the practice of researches on the baikal lake were investigated for markers of hepatitis a virus and rotaviruses. the investigations showed an insignificant contamination of surface waters with pathogenic viruses. the antigens of all studied viruses and high values of bacteria from the escherichia coli group were recorded in the areas expos ...	2003	12861681
coxsackievirus b3-induced apoptosis and caspase-3.	cell death can be classified into two categories: apoptosis and necrosis. apoptotic pathway can be either caspase-dependent or caspase-independent. caspase-independent cytopathic effect (cpe) has been described. in order to evaluate the pattern of hela cell death induced by coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) and whether apoptosis involves caspase activation, we co-cultivated hela cells with cvb3 and detected the cytopathic changes, the alteration of mrna and protein expression of caspase-3 gene plus caspa ...	2003	12862321
a neonate with sepsis.		2003	12862355
analysis of the cloverleaf element in a human rhinovirus type 14/poliovirus chimera: correlation of subdomain d structure, ternary protein complex formation and virus replication.	rna genomes of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses contain a 5'-terminal structure, the cloverleaf (cl), which serves as signal in rna synthesis. substitution of the poliovirus [pv1(m)] cl with that of human rhinovirus type 2 (hrv2) was shown previously to produce a viable chimeric pv, whereas substitution with the hrv14 cl produced a null phenotype. fittingly, the hrv14 cl failed to form a complex with pv-specific proteins 3cd(pro)-3ab or 3cd(pro)-pcbp2, considered essential for rna synthesis. it wa ...	2003	12867653
coxsackievirus b3 induces apoptosis in the early phase of murine myocarditis: a comparative analysis of cardiovirulent and noncardiovirulent strains.	to investigate the relationship between enteroviral infection and myocardial tissue apoptosis during the development of viral myocarditis in a murine model.	2003	12867750
hand, foot and mouth disease in an immunocompromised adult treated with aciclovir.	a 27-year-old man, immunosuppressed from recent chemotherapy for metastatic ewing's sarcoma, presented with a 1-week history of a painful, pruritic, papulovesicular eruption on the hands and feet. a diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease was made based on histology, detection of enterovirus ribonucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction on a swab from a vesicle, and a four-fold increase in enterovirus antibody levels. at no stage however, were there lesions in the mouth. another unusual featur ...	2003	12869047
frequency, viral loads, and serotype identification of enterovirus infections in scottish blood donors.	enteroviruses are non-enveloped, frequently pathogenic rna viruses infecting humans. infection is potentially transmissible through blood or blood component transfusion from donor in the viremic phase before seroconversion for antibody. to investigate the threat to blood safety from enteroviruses, a large-scale survey of frequency and levels of viremia in blood donors was conducted. study designs and methods: blood donations from scotland over a period of 22 calendar months were screened for ent ...	2003	12869111
myocarditis related to campylobacter jejuni infection: a case report.	myocarditis can develop as a complication of various infections and is most commonly linked to enterovirus infections. myocarditis is rarely associated with bacterial infections; salmonellosis and shigellosis have been the most frequently reported bacterial cause. we report a case of myocarditis related to campylobacter jejuni enteritis.	2003	12869210
proteasome inhibition reduces coxsackievirus b3 replication in murine cardiomyocytes.	coxsackievirus is the most prevalent virus associated with the pathogenesis of myocarditis and its sequela dilated cardiomyopathy. we have previously shown that coxsackievirus infection facilitates the ubiquitin/proteasome processing of the cell-cycle protein cyclin d1 and the tumor suppressor p53, which raises the possibility that the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway may be used by virus to promote viral replication. in this study, we examined the interplay between coxsackievirus replication and th ...	2003	12875959
[rhinovirus and acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children. retrospective study 1998-2000].	rhinoviruses are the most common aetiological agents of colds, but the frequency and the severity of other locations of the infection are not well known. this study describes the clinical aspects and the severity of rhinovirus infections in hospitalised children.	2003	12878334
bovine lactoferrin inhibits adenovirus infection by interacting with viral structural polypeptides.	we recently demonstrated that lactoferrin, an antimicrobial glycoprotein, can inhibit adenovirus infection by competing for common glycosaminoglycan receptors. this study further characterizes the antiadenovirus activity of the protein, thus demonstrating that lactoferrin neutralizes infection by binding to adenovirus particles and that its targets are viral iii and iiia structural polypeptides.	2003	12878543
viral meningitis and encephalitis: traditional and emerging viral agents.	in the united states, the annual number of central nervous system (cns) infections that occur as a result of viral agents far exceeds that of infections caused by bacteria, yeast, molds, and protozoa combined. the recent incursion of west nile virus (wnv) into north america has led to a dramatic change in the incidence and epidemiology of summer-associated viral cns disease. as a result of increased testing for wnv, lesser known viral causes of cns infection have been identified. even the epidem ...	2003	12881794
five years' experience of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in daily diagnosis of enterovirus and rhinovirus infections.	to determine the efficiency of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays currently used in diagnosing enterovirus and rhinovirus infections, we compared results obtained with rt-pcr methods, which detect both enteroviruses and rhinoviruses simultaneously, with results obtained by conventional virus isolation. both tests were performed on 591 specimens: 38 samples (6%) had positive results by both rt-pcr and isolation, 90 samples (15%) had positive results by rt-pcr only, an ...	2003	12884172
complete genomic sequencing shows that polioviruses and members of human enterovirus species c are closely related in the noncapsid coding region.	the 65 human enterovirus serotypes are currently classified into five species: poliovirus (3 serotypes), human enterovirus a (hev-a) (12 serotypes), hev-b (37 serotypes), hev-c (11 serotypes), and hev-d (2 serotypes). coxsackie a virus (cav) serotypes 1, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 24 constitute hev-c. we have determined the complete genome sequences for the remaining nine hev-c serotypes and compared them with the complete sequences of cav21, cav24, and the polioviruses. the viruses ...	2003	12885914
immune control of coxsackievirus-induced cardiopathology.	retrovirally induced acquired immunodeficiency in humans and mice induces immune dysregulation as well as increased oxidative stress as the disease progresses. both immunodeficiency and oxidative stress make the host susceptible to the development of heat disease either by physiological changes or by the direct influence of cardiovirulance. antioxidant supplementation has been shown to influence the onset as well as the degree of cardiopathology due to primary infections or co-infections. an alt ...	2003	12887100
formation of enterovirus-like particle aggregates by recombinant baculoviruses co-expressing p1 and 3cd in insect cells.	the assembly of enterovirus requires the cleavage of p1 polyprotein by protease 3cd into individual structural proteins. two recombinant baculoviruses were constructed to encode p1 and 3cd of enterovirus 71 (ev71), respectively. the expressed 3cd successfully cleaved p1 in vitro and in vivo. also, the co-infection in insect cells resulted in crystalline virus-like particle structures morphologically resembling the authentic ev71 aggregates, which are reported for the first time.	2003	12889824
antigenic sites of coxsackie a9 virus inducing neutralizing monoclonal antibodies protective in mice.	a panel of murine igg monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was produced against coxsackievirus a9 (cav9). fifty-nine mabs reactive in elisa with purified cav9 were identified. eighteen of them could efficiently inhibit infection by cav9 but not coxsackieviruses b. neutralization-resistant cav9 variants to four different mabs were isolated and tested for resistance to neutralization by other mabs of the panel. three groups of reactivity including 10, 7, and 1 mabs were thus identified. sequencing of neut ...	2003	12890622
type 1 diabetes islet associated antibodies in subjects infected by echovirus 16.	to determine whether the emergent infection by echovirus 16 that occurred in cuba during the year 2000 was related to the presence of type 1 diabetes associated autoantibodies.	2003	12898016
pathogenesis of enterovirus 71 brainstem encephalitis in pediatric patients: roles of cytokines and cellular immune activation in patients with pulmonary edema.	taiwan experienced several epidemics of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections, which were associated with brainstem encephalitis (be) and pulmonary edema (pe). to elucidate the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of be caused by ev71 and its fatal complication, pe, we analyzed the laboratory findings, cytokine, and immunophenotypes of 73 ev71-infected patients with be. patients were stratified by disease: pe (n=14), autonomic nervous system (ans) dysregulation (n=25), and isolated be (n=34) ...	2003	12898444
recombinant vaccine-derived poliovirus in madagascar.		2003	12899139
[infection of coxsackievirus group b type 3 regulates the expression profile of chemokines in myocardial tissue/cells].	to investigate the role of coxsackievirus group b type 3 (cvb3) infection on the expression profile of chemokines (chks) in myocardial tissue/cells.	2003	12899801
rhinovirus-induced wheezing in infancy--the first sign of childhood asthma?	although known as common causes of upper respiratory infections, rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, and corona-viruses are poorly studied as inducers of wheezing in infants, and their possible role in the development of childhood asthma has not been investigated.	2003	12532098
a fatal case of coxsackievirus b4 meningoencephalitis.	coxsackieviruses and echoviruses are common causes of aseptic meningitis, but they rarely cause life-threatening illness. we report a fatal case of coxsackievirus b4 meningoencephalitis in a woman who developed extrapyramidal symptoms suggestive of encephalitis lethargica. the exact causative agent of encephalitis lethargica has rarely been found, but most cases of the syndrome are assumed to be of viral origin.	2003	12533096
epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, singapore.	singapore experienced a large epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in 2000. after reviewing hfmd notifications from doctors and child-care centers, we found that the incidence of hfmd rose in september and declined at the end of october. during this period, 3,790 cases were reported. we performed enteroviral cultures on 311 and 157 specimens from 175 hfmd patients and 107 non-hfmd patients, respectively; human enterovirus 71 (hev71) was the most frequently isolated virus from both gro ...	2003	12533285
coxsackievirus b3-associated myocardial pathology and viral load reduced by recombinant soluble human decay-accelerating factor in mice.	coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) infection can result in myocarditis, which in turn may lead to a protracted immune response and subsequent dilated cardiomyopathy. human decay-accelerating factor (daf), a binding receptor for cvb3, was synthesized as a soluble igg1-fc fusion protein (daf-fc). in vitro, daf-fc was able to inhibit complement activity and block infection by cvb3, although blockade of infection varied widely among strains of cvb3. to determine the effects of daf-fc in vivo, 40 adolescent a/ ...	2003	12533688
bacterial otitis media: current vaccine development strategies.	otitis media is the most common reason for children less than 5 years of age to visit a medical practitioner. whilst the disease rarely results in death, there is significant associated morbidity. the most common complication is loss of hearing at a critical stage of the development of speech, language and cognitive abilities in children. the cause and pathogenesis of otitis media is multifactorial. among the contributing factors, the single most important are viral and bacterial infections. inf ...	2003	12534945
proinflammatory cytokine reactions in enterovirus 71 infections of the central nervous system.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection can lead to devastating clinical outcomes. an appreciation of the scientific relationship between cytokine response and patient mortality may help limit the risks posed by this deadly illness. we present the results of a study that compared the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum levels of interleukin-6 (il-6) and interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) in 24 patients with ev71 infection. cases in this study involved diverse manifestations or complications, including encepha ...	2003	12539066
structure and function analysis of the poliovirus cis-acting replication element (cre).	the poliovirus cis-acting replication element (cre) templates the uridylylation of vpg, the protein primer for genome replication. the cre is a highly conserved structural rna element in the enteroviruses and located within the polyprotein-coding region of the genome. we have determined the native structure of the cre, defined the regions of the structure critical for activity, and investigated the influence of genomic location on function. our results demonstrate that a 14-nucleotide unpaired t ...	2003	12554882
human repercussions of foot and mouth disease and other similar viral diseases.	foot and mouth disease is a frequent viral zoonosis in livestock that may occasionally also affect humans. transmission to man usually occurs as a result of the consumption of unprocessed milk. the clinical manifestations include fever, headache, weakness, muscle pain, and the development of vesicles and ulcers throughout the oral mucosa. vesicular stomatitis is another zoonosis similar to foot and mouth disease that can likewise affect humans with similar clinical manifestations, in which the p ...	2003	12556720
genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in yokohama city between 1982 and 2000.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is known as one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouse disease (hfmd) and is also associated with neurological manifestations such as aseptic meningitis, polio-like paralysis and encephalitis. recently, large hfmd outbreaks, involving severe neurological complications, have been experienced in malaysia, taiwan and some other countries in the western-pacific region. to investigate the genetic diversity of ev71 isolates in a single community in japan, nucleotid ...	2003	12556991
expansion of specific alphabeta+ t-cell subsets in the myocardium of patients with myocarditis and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy associated with coxsackievirus b infection.	idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (idc) is one of the major causes of death in humans and has been linked to coxsackievirus b (cvb) infection. the aim of this study was to analyze phenotypes of heart-infiltrating immune cells in patients suffering from myocarditis and idc associated with cvb infections. we found that the myocardium of these patients was infiltrated by cd4(+) and cd8(+) t lymphocytes as well as macrophages. evidence of cvb3/4 infections was also found. in the majority of patients ...	2003	12559622
incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in wisconsin.	recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. the objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. ...	2003	12571044
recombinant adenovirus-mediated cytotoxic gene therapy of lymphoproliferative disorders: is car important for the vector to ride?	the literature has seen an incredible booming of publications related to the use of recombinant adenoviruses as therapeutic tools for lymphoproliferative disorders over the last decade. several approaches of adenovirus-mediated gene expression have been used to transfect cell lines that are derived from lymphoid tumors and would have otherwise been refractory to other transfection methods. the identification of high-affinity receptor for human adenoviruses serotype 2 and 5, the coxsackie-adenovi ...	2003	12571638
molecular epidemiology and type-specific detection of echovirus 11 isolates from the americas, europe, africa, australia, southern asia and the middle east.	echovirus 11 (e11) is among the most commonly isolated human enteroviruses. to examine the range of genetic variation within the e11 serotype, we determined the complete vp1 sequences for 53 geographically dispersed e11 strains isolated in 16 countries from 1953 to 2001. e11 sequences were monophyletic with respect to all other enterovirus serotypes. the sequences clustered into four monophyletic genogroups, a-d; members of each genogroup differed from one another by <20%. isolates in different ...	2003	12573503
thermal composting of faecal matter as treatment and possible disinfection method--laboratory-scale and pilot-scale studies.	when using toilets where the urine and faeces are collected separately for reuse as nutrients in agriculture, the collected matter should be disinfected. one way to do this is by thermal composting. composting of different material mixes was investigated in a laboratory-scale experiment. this showed that the best mixture for dry thermal composting was a mix of faeces, food waste and amendment. the urine was collected separately by use of urine-diverting toilets. a new method was developed to mat ...	2003	12573563
diagnosis of enterovirus infection by genus-specific pcr and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.	pcr for the diagnosis of enterovirus infections is resource intensive but is increasingly used due to wide availability. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) that detect heterotypical antibodies against enterovirus immunoglobulin m (igm), iga, and igg were compared with reverse transcription-pcr by using primers specific to the 5' untranslated regions of 60 enterovirus species. the elisas were less sensitive than the pcr, and only the elisa for igm was highly specific. when retrospective ...	2003	12574297
successful treatment of enterovirus-induced myocarditis with interferon-alpha.	no randomized, placebo-controlled studies have investigated interferon-alpha therapy in enterovirus-proven myocarditis. this report describes 2 patients with enterovirus-induced myocarditis (1 with associated churg-strauss syndrome) who at follow-up endomyocardial biopsy showed clinical and hemodynamic improvement and viral clearance (using polymerase chain reaction) after interferon-alpha therapy.	2003	12581773
molecular characterization of an enterovirus 71 causing neurological disease in germany.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is mainly known as a cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) but sometimes associated with neurological disease, even as fatal brainstem encephalitis. in europe, ev71 infections are extremely rare, in contrast to the worldwide situation. this is the first report of molecular characterization of an ev71 strain isolated in europe that had caused neurological disease. the german strain is closest related to sublineage b2 strains isolated in the united states, which where m ...	2003	12587076
the suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (socs1) is a novel therapeutic target for enterovirus-induced cardiac injury.	enteroviral infections of the heart are among the most commonly identified causes of acute myocarditis in children and adults and have been implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy. although there is considerable information regarding the cellular immune response in myocarditis, little is known about innate signaling mechanisms within the infected cardiac myocyte that contribute to the host defense against viral infection. here we show the essential role of janus kinase (jak) signaling in cardiac my ...	2003	12588885
expression of toll-like receptor 4 is associated with enteroviral replication in human myocarditis.	previous studies have demonstrated that inflammatory cytokine expression associated with enteroviral (ev) infection may play an important role in human myocarditis. however, the mechanism of the host immune response against viral pathogens has not been fully understood. the aim of the present study was to determine whether toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and ev rna are present in human myocarditis. endomyocardial biopsy samples were obtained from 44 patients with myocarditis and five controls. level ...	2003	12589705
molecular analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in viral diseases of the central nervous system.	the use of nucleic acid (na) amplification techniques has transformed the diagnosis of viral infections of the central nervous system (cns). because of their enhanced sensitivity, these methods enable detection of even low amounts of viral genomes in cerebrospinal fluid. following more than 10 years of experience, the polymerase chain reaction or other na-based amplification techniques are nowadays performed in most diagnostic laboratories and have become the test of choice for the diagnosis of ...	2003	12589831
immunosuppressive therapy for active lymphocytic myocarditis: virological and immunologic profile of responders versus nonresponders.	the beneficial effect of immunosuppressive treatment on myocarditis is still controversial, possibly because the immunologic and virological profile of potential candidates is largely unknown.	2003	12591756
adenovirus type 21-associated acute flaccid paralysis during an outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in sarawak, malaysia.	we report the virological and clinical features of 8 children who presented with adenovirus-associated acute flaccid paralysis (afp) during an epidemic of enterovirus type 71 (ev71)-associated hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) in sarawak, malaysia, in 1997. neutralization tests and phylogenetic analysis revealed adenovirus type 21 (ad21), although dna restriction digests suggested that this virus was different from the prototype ad21. four children had upper-limb monoparesis, 2 had lower-limb m ...	2003	12594634
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv).	three different crystal forms of the swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), isolate spa/2/'93, were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique using ammonium sulfate and sodium/potassium phosphate as precipitants. monoclinic crystals, space group c2, with unit-cell parameters a = 473.7, b = 385.3, c = 472.8 a, beta = 100.4 degrees, contain one virus particle in the crystal asymmetric unit and diffract to 3.0 a resolution. a second type of crystals had a cubic morphology and diffracte ...	2003	12595720
coxsackievirus immunization delays onset of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.	enteroviruses may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes through different mechanisms including triggering of autoimmunity. the effect of immunization with coxsackievirus b4-e2 on diabetes incidence was studied in the non-obese diabetic mice, an animal model for human autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. the immunization delayed the onset of diabetes in the mice, and the effect was mediated at least partially by virus immunization-activated splenocytes as demonstrated by a ...	2003	12601759
molecular and biological analysis of echovirus 9 strain isolated from a diabetic child.	the full-length infectious cdna clone was constructed and sequenced from the strain dm of echovirus 9, which was recently isolated from a 6-week-old child at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. parallel with the isolate dm, the full-length infectious cdna clone of the prototype strain echovirus 9 barty (barty-inf), was constructed and sequenced. genetic relationships of the sequenced echo 9 viruses to the other members of the human enterovirus type b species were studied by phylogenetic analy ...	2003	12601761
trace element changes in the pancreas during viral infection in mice.	the trigger for some cases of juvenile diabetes has been suggested to be an interaction between a virus and various trace elements. infection with human coxsackievirus b3 (cb3) in the murine model results in viral replication and inflammation in the pancreas.	2003	12604919
t-cell receptor v beta 8.1 peptide reduces coxsackievirus-induced cardiopathology during murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	infection of people with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as well as lp-bm5 infection in mice results in progressive deterioration of the immune system in the majority of untreated hosts. peptide immunotherapy has been shown to be effective in the stimulation or immunoregulation of t-helper 1 (t(h)1) and t-helper 2 (t(h) 2) response subsets. in murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), t(h)1 deficiency enables the host to be susceptible to coxsackievirus infection, inducing cardiopatho ...	2003	12605029
[epidemiology].		2003	12607998
[clinical findings in viral conjunctivitis].		2003	12608000
detection of rhinovirus and enterovirus in upper respiratory tract samples using a multiplex nested pcr.	human enteroviruses and rhinoviruses are respiratory pathogens whose role in acute respiratory infection is underestimated due to the use of diagnostic procedures with poor sensitivity. to determine the prevalence of these two pathogens in the upper respiratory tract infections, a multiplex procedure was developed that both detect and differentiate rhinoviruses and enteroviruses. this sensitive procedure allowed the detection of both pathogens from archival material (nasal swabs) collected durin ...	2003	12609690
[acute motor axonal neuropathy, enterovirus and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: can there be a link?].	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is a neurodegenerative disorder of both upper and lower motor neurons. acute motor axonal neuropathy (aman) affects only the lower motor neuron and occurs, in the majority of cases, after an infection. to date, the etiology of als remains unknown but seems multifactorial. a 60 year-old man with a past medical history of aman developed als 9 years later. at that time, genomic sequences of enterovirus (echovirus 6 and 7) were detected in cerebrospinal fluid by r ...	2003	12618659
survival of bacterial indicator species and bacteriophages after thermal treatment of sludge and sewage.	the inactivation of naturally occurring bacterial indicators and bacteriophages by thermal treatment of a dewatered sludge and raw sewage was studied. the sludge was heated at 80 degrees c, and the sewage was heated at 60 degrees c. in both cases phages were significantly more resistant to thermal inactivation than bacterial indicators, with the exception of spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia. somatic coliphages and phages infecting bacteroides fragilis were significantly more resistant than ...	2003	12620828
evaluation of potential indicators of viral contamination in shellfish and their applicability to diverse geographical areas.	the distribution of the concentration of potential indicators of fecal viral pollution in shellfish was analyzed under diverse conditions over 18 months in diverse geographical areas. these microorganisms have been evaluated in relation to contamination by human viral pathogens detected in parallel in the analyzed shellfish samples. thus, significant shellfish-growing areas from diverse countries in the north and south of europe (greece, spain, sweden, and the united kingdom) were defined and st ...	2003	12620843