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cytochrome p450 cyp81a12 and cyp81a21 are associated with resistance to two acetolactate synthase inhibitors in echinochloa phyllopogon.previous studies have demonstrated multiple herbicide resistance in california populations of echinochloa phyllopogon, a noxious weed in rice (oryza sativa) fields. it was suggested that the resistance to two classes of acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, bensulfuron-methyl (bsm) and penoxsulam (px), may be caused by enhanced activities of herbicide-metabolizing cytochrome p450. we investigated bsm metabolism in the resistant (r) and susceptible (s) lines of e. phyllopogon, which were o ...201424760819
osalba1, a dehydration-responsive nuclear protein of rice (oryza sativa l. ssp. indica), participates in stress adaptation.alba proteins have exhibited great functional plasticity through the course of evolution and constitute a superfamily that spans across three domains of life. earlier, we had developed the dehydration-responsive nuclear proteome of an indica rice cultivar, screening of which led to the identification of an alba protein. here we describe, for the first time, the complete sequence of the candidate gene osalba1, its genomic organization, and possible function/s in plant. phylogenetic analysis showe ...201424534105
interaction between the growth-regulating factor and knotted1-like homeobox families of transcription factors.knotted1-like homeobox (knox) genes are important regulators of meristem function, and a complex network of transcription factors ensures tight control of their expression. here, we show that members of the growth-regulating factor (grf) family act as players in this network. a yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) one-hybrid screen with the upstream sequence of the knox gene oskn2 from rice (oryza sativa) resulted in isolation of osgrf3 and osgrf10. specific binding to a region in the untranslated l ...201424532604
normal root elongation requires arginine produced by argininosuccinate lyase in rice.plant roots play an important role in the uptake of water and nutrients, structural support and environmental sensing, but the molecular mechanisms involved in root development are poorly understood in rice (oryza sativa), which is characterized by a dense fibrous root system. here we report a rice mutant (red1 for root elongation defect 1) with short roots. morphological and physiological analyses showed that the mutant had a shorter length from the quiescent center (qc) to the starting point o ...201424528386
positive regulation of rice ring e3 ligase oshir1 in arsenic and cadmium uptakes.the metalloid arsenic (as) and the heavy metal cadmium (cd) are ubiquitously found at low concentrations in the earth. high concentrations of these elements in the soil and crops are severely dangerous to human health. we attempted to retrieve the ring e3 ubiquitin ligase gene for regulating as and cd uptakes via the ubiquitin 26s proteasome system. semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was conducted for a total of 47 oryza sativa ring finger protein (osrfp) genes to ...201424664473
phosphate transporters ospht1;9 and ospht1;10 are involved in phosphate uptake in rice.we characterized the function of two rice phosphate (pi) transporters: ospht1;9 (ospt9) and ospht1;10 (ospt10). ospt9 and ospt10 were expressed in the root epidermis, root hairs and lateral roots, with their expression being specifically induced by pi starvation. in leaves, expression of the two genes was observed in both mesophyll and vasculature. high-affinity km values for pi transport of ospt9 and ospt10 were determined by yeast experiments and two-electrode voltage clamp analysis of anion t ...201424344809
classification and interaction modes of 40 rice e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes with 17 rice arm-u-box e3 ubiquitin ligases.rice, a monocot model crop, contains at least 48 putative e2 ubiquitin (ub)-conjugating enzymes. based on homology comparisons with 40 arabidopsis e2 proteins and 35 human e2s, 48 rice e2s were classified into 15 different groups. yeast two-hybrid analyses using the u-box-domain regions of armadillo (arm)-u-box e3 ub-ligases and the ub-conjugating (ubc) domains of e2s showed that, among 40 rice e2s, 11 e2s accounted for 70% of the interactions with 17 arm-u-box e3s. thus, a single e2 could inter ...201424486490
isolation and characterization of osmy1, a putative partner of osrac5 from oryza sativa l.osrac5 belongs to the rice rho of plants family, and acts as the molecular switch in the signal pathway which is pivotally involved in the rice fertility control. one of its putative partners, osmy1, was isolated by yeast two-hybrid screening from rice panicle cdna library. bioinformatics analysis shows that osmy1 contains a coiled-coil domain which generally appeared in the partners of rho gtpases. by yeast two-hybrid assay, it is confirmed that osmy1 binds both the wild type (wt) and constitut ...201424464125
identification and characterization of nf-y transcription factor families in canola (brassica napus l.).nf-y (nuclear factor-y), a heterotrimeric transcription factor, is composed of nf-ya, nf-yb, and nf-yc proteins in yeast, animal, and plant systems. in plants, each of the nf-ya/b/c subunit forms a multi-member family. nf-ys are key regulators with important roles in many physiological processes, such as drought tolerance, flowering time, and seed development. in this study, we identified, annotated, and further characterized 14 nf-ya, 14 nf-yb, and 5 nf-yc proteins in brassica napus (canola). p ...201424097262
transcriptional behavior of eul-related rice lectins toward important abiotic and biotic stresses.the rice genome encodes several genes for putative carbohydrate-binding proteins belonging to the family of euonymus related lectins (euls). this lectin family was discovered recently and evidence shows that the expression of these proteins is subject to multiple environmental stresses. in this study, quantitative reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) was conducted on rice seedlings exposed to various abiotic (150mm nacl, 100mm mannitol, and 100μm abscisic acid (aba)) and biotic (xanthomonas oryza ...201424974324
novel insights into rice innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens.rice feeds more than half of the world's population. rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen magnaporthe oryzae, and bacterial blight, caused by the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, are major constraints to rice production worldwide. genome sequencing and extensive molecular analysis has led to the identification of many new pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and avirulence and virulence effectors in both pathogens, as well as effector targets and receptors in the ...201424906128
high-resolution genetic mapping of rice bacterial blight resistance gene xa23.bacterial blight (bb) caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is the most devastating bacterial disease of rice (oryza sativa l.), a staple food crop that feeds half of the world's population. in management of this disease, the most economical and effective approach is cultivating resistant varieties. due to rapid change of pathogenicity in the pathogen, it is necessary to identify and characterize more host resistance genes for breeding new resistant varieties. we have previously identifi ...201424715026
rice ospad4 functions differently from arabidopsis atpad4 in host-pathogen interactions.the extensively studied arabidopsis phytoalexin deficient 4 (atpad4) gene plays an important role in arabidopsis disease resistance; however, the function of its sequence ortholog in rice is unknown. here, we show that rice ospad4 appears not to be the functional ortholog of atpad4 in host-pathogen interactions, and that the ospad4 encodes a plasma membrane protein but that atpad4 encodes a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein. suppression of ospad4 by rna interference (rnai) increased rice susceptib ...201424617729
suppression of expression of the putative receptor-like kinase gene nrrb enhances resistance to bacterial leaf streak in rice.bacterial leaf streak (bls) caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) is an important disease of rice, which is responsible for the economic losses worldwide. functional investigation of differentially expressed protein genes (depgs) from rice (oryza sativa l.) upon xoc infection provides insight into the molecular mechanism of rice-xoc interactions. here, we show that one of depgs designated nrrb plays a role in rice-xoc interactions. nrrb, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase gene was pre ...201424420860
genome subtraction for the identification of potential antimicrobial targets in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pxo99a pathogenic to rice.in pathogenic bacteria, identification of essential proteins which are non-homologous to the host plants represents potential antimicrobial targets. we applied subtractive genomics approach for the identification of novel antimicrobial targets in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pxo99a, the causative agent of bacterial blight in rice. comparative analysis was performed through blast available with the ncbi. the analysis revealed that 27 essential protein sequences out of 4,988 sequences of x. oryza ...201428324466
the pleiotropic sepallata-like gene osmads34 reveals that the 'empty glumes' of rice (oryza sativa) spikelets are in fact rudimentary lemmas.the single floret of the rice (oryza sativa) spikelet is subtended by a pair of enigmatic organs usually termed 'empty glumes' or 'sterile lemmas'. as the identity of these organs remains essentially unknown, we refer to them as 'organs of unknown identity' (ouis). here we present a novel mutant of the rice sepallata-like gene osmads34 which develops, in addition to disorganized branches and sterile seeds, elongated ouis. the function and evolution of osmads34 were studied. morphological and mol ...201424372518
rice spx1 and spx2 inhibit phosphate starvation responses through interacting with phr2 in a phosphate-dependent manner.in plants, sensing the levels of external and internal nutrients is essential for reprogramming the transcriptome and adapting to the fluctuating environment. phosphate (pi) is a key plant nutrient, and a large proportion of pi starvation-responsive genes are under the control of phosphate starvation response regulator 1 (phr1) in arabidopsis (atphr1) and its homologs, such as oryza sativa (os)phr2 in rice. atphr1 and osphr2 expression is not very responsive to pi starvation, raising the questio ...201425271318
stv11 encodes a sulphotransferase and confers durable resistance to rice stripe virus.rice stripe virus (rsv) causes one of the most serious viral diseases of rice (oryza sativa l.), but the molecular basis of rsv resistance has remained elusive. here we show that the resistant allele of rice stv11 (stv11-r) encodes a sulfotransferase (ossot1) catalysing the conversion of salicylic acid (sa) into sulphonated sa (ssa), whereas the gene product encoded by the susceptible allele stv11-s loses this activity. sequence analyses suggest that the stv11-r and stv11-s alleles were prediffe ...201425203424
suppression of cell wall-related genes associated with stunting of oryza glaberrima infected with rice tungro spherical virus.rice tungro disease is a complex disease caused by the interaction between rice tungro bacilliform virus and rice tungro spherical virus (rtsv). rtsv alone does not cause recognizable symptoms in most asian rice (oryza sativa) plants, whereas some african rice (o. glaberrima) plants were found to become stunted by rtsv. stunting of rice plants by virus infections usually accompanies the suppression of various cell wall-related genes. the expression of cell wall-related genes was examined in o. g ...201424550897
interactions of rice tungro bacilliform pararetrovirus and its protein p4 with plant rna-silencing machinery.small interfering rna (sirna)-directed gene silencing plays a major role in antiviral defense. virus-derived sirnas inhibit viral replication in infected cells and potentially move to neighboring cells, immunizing them from incoming virus. viruses have evolved various ways to evade and suppress sirna production or action. here, we show that 21-, 22-, and 24-nucleotide (nt) viral sirnas together constitute up to 19% of total small rna population of oryza sativa plants infected with rice tungro ba ...201425122481
major qtls control resistance to rice hoja blanca virus and its vector tagosodes orizicolus.rice hoja blanca (white leaf) disease can cause severe yield losses in rice in the americas. the disease is caused by the rice hoja blanca virus (rhbv), which is transmitted by the planthopper vector tagosodes orizicolus. because classical breeding schemes for this disease rely on expensive, time-consuming screenings, there is a need for alternatives such as marker-aided selection. the varieties fedearroz 2000 and fedearroz 50, which are resistant to rhbv and to the feeding damage caused by t. o ...201424240781
interaction between rice stripe virus disease-specific protein and host psbp enhances virus symptoms.rice stripe virus (rsv) causes severe diseases in oryza sativa (rice) in many eastern asian countries. disease-specific protein (sp) of rsv is a non-structural protein and its accumulation level in rice plant was shown to determine the severity of rsv symptoms. here, we present evidence that expression of rsv sp alone in rice or nicotiana benthamiana did not produce visible symptoms. expression of sp in these two plants, however, enhanced rsv- or potato virus x (pvx)-induced symptoms. through ye ...201424214893
plant-parasitic nematode infections in rice: molecular and cellular insights.being one of the major staple foods in the world, and an interesting model monocot plant, rice (oryza sativa l.) has recently received attention from molecular nematologists studying the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction between this crop and plant-parasitic nematodes. in this review, we highlight recent advances in this field, with a focus on the best-studied root-knot nematodes. histological studies have revealed the cellular changes inside root-knot nematode-induced feeding si ...201424906129
priming of protein expression in the defence response of zantedeschia aethiopica to pectobacterium carotovorum.the defence response of zantedeschia aethiopica, a natural rhizomatous host of the soft rot bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum, was studied following the activation of common induced resistance pathways—systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. proteomic tools were used, together with in vitro quantification and in situ localization of selected oxidizing enzymes. in total, 527 proteins were analysed by label-free mass spectrometry (ms) and annotated against the national cen ...201424822269
functional analysis of chimeric lysin motif domain receptors mediating nod factor-induced defense signaling in arabidopsis thaliana and chitin-induced nodulation signaling in lotus japonicus.the expression of chimeric receptors in plants is a way to activate specific signaling pathways by corresponding signal molecules. defense signaling induced by chitin from pathogens and nodulation signaling of legumes induced by rhizobial nod factors (nfs) depend on receptors with extracellular lysin motif (lysm) domains. here, we constructed chimeras by replacing the ectodomain of chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (atcerk1) of arabidopsis thaliana with ectodomains of nf receptors of lotus japon ...201424506212
quantitation of the residual dna from rice-derived recombinant human serum albumin.residual dna in recombinant protein pharmaceuticals can potentially cause safety issues in clinical applications; thus, maximum residual limit has been established by drug safety authorities. assays for residual dna in escherichia coli, yeast, and chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell expression systems have been established, but no rice residual dna assay for rice expression systems has been designed. to develop an assay for the quantification of residual dna that is produced from rice seed, we esta ...201424388867
molecular cloning, characterization and function analysis of a gdh gene from sclerotinia sclerotiorum in rice.the full-length cdna encoding a glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) which catalyzes the reaction of reductive amination of α-oxoglutarate (α-og) to glutamate (the anabolic activity) and the reverse reaction of oxidative deamination of glutamate (the catabolic activity) was isolated from sclerotinia sclerotiorum, we designated it as ssgdh. bioinformatics analysis revealed that ssgdh had a typical gdh spatial structure and extensive homology with other fungal or bacteria gdhs. to evaluate its function i ...201424557889
application of recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor (lif) produced in rice (oryza sativa l.) for maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells.embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any somatic cell type, and thus have potential to treat a number of diseases that are currently incurable. application of these cells for clinical or industrial uses would require an increase in production to yield adequate numbers of viable cells. however, the relatively high costs of cytokines and growth factors required for maintenance of stem cells in the undifferentiated state have the potential to limit tra ...201424380819
rhon1 mediates a rho-like activity for transcription termination in plastids of arabidopsis thaliana.although transcription termination is essential to generate functional rnas, its underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood in plastids of vascular plants. here, we show that the rna binding protein rhon1 participates in transcriptional termination of rbcl (encoding large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) in arabidopsis thaliana. inactivation of rhon1 leads to enhanced rbcl read-through transcription and to aberrant accd (encoding β-subunit of the acety ...201425480370
purification, characterization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of monodehydroascorbate reductase from oryza sativa l. japonica.monodehydroascorbate reductase (mdhar; ec 1.6.5.4) is a key enzyme in the reactive oxygen species (ros) detoxification system of plants. the participation of mdhar in ascorbate (asa) recycling in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle is important in the acquired tolerance of crop plants to abiotic environmental stresses. thus, mdhar represents a strategic target protein for the improvement of crop yields. although physiological studies have intensively characterized mdhar, a structure-based functional ...201425195901
a novel protein elicitor (sscut) from sclerotinia sclerotiorum induces multiple defense responses in plants.in this study, we report the cloning of the sscut gene encoding cutinase from sclerotinia sclerotiorum. we isolated a 609-bp cdna encoding a polypeptide of 202 amino acids with a molecular weight of 20.4 kda. heterologous expression of sscut in escherichia coli (his-sscut) caused the formation of lesions in tobacco that closely resembled hypersensitive response lesions. mutational analysis identified the c-terminal-half peptide and the same amino acids indispensable for both enzyme and elicitor ...201425149470
purification, molecular cloning and functional characterization of flavonoid c-glucosyltransferases from fagopyrum esculentum m. (buckwheat) cotyledon.c-glycosides are characterized by their c-c bonds in which the anomeric carbon of the sugar moieties is directly bound to the carbon atom of aglycon. c-glycosides are remarkably stable, as their c-c bonds are resistant to glycosidase or acid hydrolysis. a variety of plant species are known to accumulate c-glycosylflavonoids; however, the genes encoding for enzymes that catalyze c-glycosylation of flavonoids have been identified only from oryza sativa (rice) and zea mays (maize), and have not bee ...201425142187
a glutathione responsive rice glyoxalase ii, osglyii-2, functions in salinity adaptation by maintaining better photosynthesis efficiency and anti-oxidant pool.glyoxalase ii (gly ii), the second enzyme of glyoxalase pathway that detoxifies cytotoxic metabolite methylglyoxal (mg), belongs to the superfamily of metallo-β-lactamases. here, detailed analysis of one of the uncharacterized rice glyoxalase ii family members, osglyii-2 was conducted in terms of its metal content, enzyme kinetics and stress tolerance potential. functional complementation of yeast gly ii mutant (∆glo2) and enzyme kinetics data suggested that osglyii-2 possesses characteristic gl ...201425039836
functional characterization of xanthoxin dehydrogenase in rice.abscisic acid (aba) is a phytohormone that plays a key role in biotic and abiotic stress responses. aba metabolic genes are promising targets for molecular breeding work to improve stress tolerance in crops. the accumulation of aba does not always improve stress tolerance since stress-induced accumulation of aba in pollen inhibits the normal course of gametogenesis, affecting grain yields in cereals. this effect highlights the importance of manipulating the aba levels according to the type of ti ...201425014258
inducing the oxidative stress response in escherichia coli improves the quality of a recombinant protein: magnesium chelatase chlh.the ∼150kda chlh subunit of magnesium chelatase from oryza sativa, hordeum vulgare and chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been heterologously expressed in escherichiacoli. the active soluble protein is found as both a multimeric and a monomeric form. the multimeric chlh appears to be oxidatively damaged but monomer production is favoured in growth conditions that are known to cause an oxidative stress response in e.coli. inducing an oxidative stress response may be of general utility to improve the ...201424931499
expression and enzymatic properties of rice (oryza sativa l.) monolignol β-glucosidases.monolignol glucosides and their β-glucosidases are found in monocots, but their biological roles are unclear. phylogenetic analysis of rice (oryza sativa l.) glycoside hydrolase family gh1 β-glucosidases indicated that os4bglu14, os4bglu16, and os4bglu18 are closely related to known monolignol β-glucosidases. an optimized os4bglu16 cdna and cloned os4bglu18 cdna were used to express fusion proteins with his6 tags in pichia pastoris and escherichia coli, respectively. the secreted os4bglu16 fusio ...201425219312
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of defective pollen wall (dpw) protein from oryza sativa.the defective pollen wall (dpw) gene of oryza sativa encodes a fatty acid reductase (dpw) which plays important roles in primary fatty alcohol synthesis. dpw catalyzes the synthesis of 1-hexadecanol. the enzyme shows a higher specificity for palmitoyl-acp than for palmitoyl-coa as the substrate, and can only use nadph as the cofactor. to gain an understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the reaction catalyzed by dpw, the gene encoding dpw without the n-terminal 80 amino acids (dpwδ80) ...201424915087
cloning a glutathione peroxidase gene from nelumbo nucifera and enhanced salt tolerance by overexpressing in rice.a full-length cdna clone encoding an 866 bp-length glutathione peroxidase protein (nngpx) was isolated from lotus (nelumbo nucifera l.). the deduced amino acid sequence of the nngpx gene had significant homology with atgpx6. a 3d structural model of the nngpx was constructed by homology modeling. the cloned nngpx gene was expressed in escherichia coli, and a fusion protein of about 40 kda was detected after isopropyl thiogalactoside induction. under different concentrations of na2seo3 treatments ...201424715609
a unique ni2+ -dependent and methylglyoxal-inducible rice glyoxalase i possesses a single active site and functions in abiotic stress response.the glyoxalase system constitutes the major pathway for the detoxification of metabolically produced cytotoxin methylglyoxal (mg) into a non-toxic metabolite d-lactate. glyoxalase i (gly i) is an evolutionarily conserved metalloenzyme requiring divalent metal ions for its activity: zn(2+) in the case of eukaryotes or ni(2+) for enzymes of prokaryotic origin. plant gly i proteins are part of a multimember family; however, not much is known about their physiological function, structure and metal d ...201424661284
global analysis of lysine acetylation suggests the involvement of protein acetylation in diverse biological processes in rice (oryza sativa).lysine acetylation is a reversible, dynamic protein modification regulated by lysine acetyltransferases and deacetylases. recent advances in high-throughput proteomics have greatly contributed to the success of global analysis of lysine acetylation. a large number of proteins of diverse biological functions have been shown to be acetylated in several reports in human cells, e.coli, and dicot plants. however, the extent of lysine acetylation in non-histone proteins remains largely unknown in mono ...201424586658
proteome compression via protein domain compositions.in this paper, we study domain compositions of proteins via compression of whole proteins in an organism for the sake of obtaining the entropy that the individual contains. we suppose that a protein is a multiset of domains. since gene duplication and fusion have occurred through evolutionary processes, the same domains and the same compositions of domains appear in multiple proteins, which enables us to compress a proteome by using references to proteins for duplicated and fused proteins. such ...201424486717
dengue virus e glycoprotein production in transgenic rice callus.dengue is a disease caused by dengue virus and represents the most important arthropod-borne viral disease in humans. dengue virus enters host cells via binding of envelope glycoprotein (e) to a receptor. in this study, plant expression vectors containing native and synthetic glycoprotein e genes (se) modified based on plant-optimized codon usage and fused with an er retention signal were constructed under control of the rice amylase 3d promoter expression system. plant expression vectors were i ...201425069989
increased expression of fe-chelatase leads to increased metabolic flux into heme and confers protection against photodynamically induced oxidative stress.fe-chelatase (fech, ec 4.99.1.1) inserts fe(2+) into protoporphyrin ix (proto ix) to form heme, which influences the flux through the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway as well as fundamental cellular processes. in transgenic rice (oryza sativa), the ectopic expression of bradyrhizobium japonicum fech protein in cytosol results in a substantial increase of fech activity compared to wild-type (wt) rice and an increasing level of heme. interestingly, the transgenic rice plants showed resistance to ...201425037078
diversity in guanosine 3',5'-bisdiphosphate (ppgpp) sensitivity among guanylate kinases of bacteria and plants.the guanosine 3',5'-bisdiphosphate (ppgpp) signaling system is shared by bacteria and plant chloroplasts, but its role in plants has remained unclear. here we show that guanylate kinase (gk), a key enzyme in guanine nucleotide biosynthesis that catalyzes the conversion of gmp to gdp, is a target of regulation by ppgpp in chloroplasts of rice, pea, and arabidopsis. plants have two distinct types of gk that are localized to organelles (gkpm) or to the cytosol (gkc), with both enzymes being essenti ...201424722991
function of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases in rice.although xyloglucans are ubiquitous in land plants, they are less abundant in poales species than in eudicotyledons. poales cell walls contain higher levels of β-1,3/1,4 mixed-linked glucans and arabinoxylans than xyloglucans. despite the relatively low level of xyloglucans in poales, the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (xth) gene family in rice (oryza sativa) is comparable in size to that of the eudicotyledon arabidopsis thaliana. this raises the question of whether xyloglucan is a su ...201424363334
enhanced resistance to blast fungus in rice (oryza sativa l.) by expressing the ribosome-inactivating protein α-momorcharin.rice blast caused by magnaporthe grisea is one of the three major diseases that seriously affect the rice production. alpha-momorcharin (α-mc), a ribosome-inactivating protein (rip) isolated from momordica charantia seeds, has antifungal effects in vitro. in this study, the α-mc gene was constitutively expressed under the control of the 2×35s promoter in transgenic rice (oryza sativa l.) using an agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method. the nine transgenic plants were obtained and confirmed by ...201424467890
identification and characterization of granule bound starch synthase i (gbssi) gene of tartary buckwheat (fagopyrum tataricum gaertn.).tartary buckwheat (fagopyrum tataricum gaertn.) is increasingly considered as an important functional food material because of its rich nutraceutical compounds. reserve starch is the major component of tartary buckwheat seed. however, the gene sequences and the molecular mechanism of tartary buckwheat starch synthesis are unknown so far. in this study, the complete genomic sequence and full-size cdna coding tartary buckwheat granule-bound starch synthase i (ftgbssi), which is responsible for amy ...201424211386
genome wide profiling of azospirillum lipoferum 4b gene expression during interaction with rice roots.azospirillum-plant cooperation has been mainly studied from an agronomic point of view leading to a wide description of mechanisms implicated in plant growth-promoting effects. however, little is known about genetic determinants implicated in bacterial adaptation to the host plant during the transition from free-living to root-associated lifestyles. this study aims at characterizing global gene expression of azospirillum lipoferum 4b following a 7-day-old interaction with two cultivars of oryza ...201424283406
isolation and evaluation of native cellulose degrading microorganisms for efficient bioconversion of weed biomass and rice straw.cellulose decomposing microorganisms (cdms) are important for efficient bioconversion of plant biomasses. to this end, we isolated seven fungal isolates (aspergillus wentii, fusarium solani, mucor sp., penicillum sp., trichoderma harzaianum, trichoderma sp.1 and trichoderma sp.2) and three bacterial isolates (bacterial isolate i, ii and iii) from partially decomposed farm yard manure, rice straw and vermicompost, and evaluated them for decomposition of rice straw (oryza sativa), ipomoea camea an ...201425004759
genetic analysis and qtl detection for resistance to white tip disease in rice.the inheritance of resistance to white tip disease (wtdr) in rice (oryza sativa l.) was analyzed with an artificial inoculation test in a segregating population derived from the cross between tetep, a highly resistant variety that was identified in a previous study, and a susceptible cultivar. three resistance-associated traits, including the number of aphelenchoides besseyi (a. besseyi) individuals in 100 grains (na), the loss rate of panicle weight (lrpw) and the loss rate of the total grains ...201425162680
efficacy of oryza sativa husk and quercus phillyraeoides extracts for the in vitro and in vivo control of fungal rot disease of white yam (dioscorea rotundata poir).tuber rot disease is a major constraint to white yam (dioscorea rotundata) production, accounting for 50-60% of annual yield losses in nigeria. the main method of control using synthetic fungicides is being discouraged due to human and environmental health hazards. the potential of oryza sativa husk (osh) and quercus phillyraeoides (qp) extracts for the in vitro and in vivo control of six virulent rot-causing fungal pathogens, lasiodiplodia theobromae, aspergillus niger, rhizoctonia solani, peni ...201425674452
nondestructive determination of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis rice seeds (oryza sativa l.) using multispectral imaging and chemometric methods.crop-to-crop transgene flow may affect the seed purity of non-transgenic rice varieties, resulting in unwanted biosafety consequences. the feasibility of a rapid and nondestructive determination of transgenic rice seeds from its non-transgenic counterparts was examined by using multispectral imaging system combined with chemometric data analysis. principal component analysis (pca), partial least squares discriminant analysis (plsda), least squares-support vector machines (ls-svm), and pca-back p ...201424491704
proteomics study of silver nanoparticles toxicity on bacillus thuringiensis.emerging technologies in functional genomics and proteomics provide a way of achieving high-throughput analyses, understanding effects on protein populations and sub-populations and follow up environmental stresses. to accomplish these, the action of homemade spherical silver nanoparticles colloidal suspension (agnps) against bacillus thuringiensis (isolate from oryza sativa l. rhizosphere) was investigated by a proteomic approach (2-de and nanolc/ft-icr ms identification). thirty four responsiv ...201424290895
inducible expression of a fusion gene encoding two proteinase inhibitors leads to insect and pathogen resistance in transgenic rice.plant proteinase inhibitors (pis) are considered as candidates for increased insect resistance in transgenic plants. insect adaptation to pi ingestion might, however, compromise the benefits received by transgenic expression of pis. in this study, the maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi), an inhibitor of insect serine proteinases, and the potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (pci) were fused into a single open reading frame and introduced into rice plants. the two pis were linked using either the proce ...201424237606
auxin perception is required for arbuscule development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.most land plant species live in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. these fungi differentiate essential functional structures called arbuscules in root cortical cells from which mineral nutrients are released to the plant. we investigated the role of microrna393 (mir393), an mirna that targets several auxin receptors, in arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization. expression of the precursors of the mir393 was down-regulated during mycorrhization in three different plant species: solanum ...201425096975
comprehensive characterization and rna-seq profiling of the hd-zip transcription factor family in soybean (glycine max) during dehydration and salt stress.the homeodomain leucine zipper (hd-zip) transcription factor family is one of the largest plant specific superfamilies, and includes genes with roles in modulation of plant growth and response to environmental stresses. many hd-zip genes are characterized in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), and members of the family are being investigated for abiotic stress responses in rice (oryza sativa), maize (zea mays), poplar (populus trichocarpa) and cucumber (cucmis sativus). findings in these species ...201425362847
a rice gene for microbial symbiosis, oryza sativa ccamk, reduces ch4 flux in a paddy field with low nitrogen input.plants have mutualistic symbiotic relationships with rhizobia and fungi by the common symbiosis pathway, of which ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (encoded by ccamk) is a central component. although oryza sativa ccamk (osccamk) is required for fungal accommodation in rice roots, little is known about the role of osccamk in rice symbiosis with bacteria. here, we report the effect of a tos17-induced osccamk mutant (ne1115) on ch4 flux in low-nitrogen (ln) and standard-nitrogen (sn) paddy ...201424441161
a two-locus interaction causes interspecific hybrid weakness in rice.reproductive barriers perform a vital role during speciation. hybrid weakness, the poorer development of hybrids compared with their parents, hinders gene exchange between different species at the postzygotic stage. here we show that two incompatible dominant loci (hwi1 and hwi2) involving three genes are likely to determine the high temperature-dependent expression of hybrid weakness in interspecific hybrids of rice. hwi1 comprises two leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (lrr-rlk) genes, 2 ...201424556665
a h+-atpase that energizes nutrient uptake during mycorrhizal symbioses in rice and medicago truncatula.most plant species form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi, which facilitate the uptake of mineral nutrients such as phosphate from the soil. several transporters, particularly proton-coupled phosphate transporters, have been identified on both the plant and fungal membranes and contribute to delivering phosphate from fungi to plants. the mechanism of nutrient exchange has been studied in plants during mycorrhizal colonization, but the source of the electrochemical proton gradient ...201424781115
predicting the function of 4-coumarate:coa ligase (lj4cl1) in lonicera japonica.4-coumarate:coa ligases (4cls) are a group of essential enzymes involved in the pathway of phenylpropanoid-derived compound metabolisms; however it is still difficult to identify orthologs and paralogs of these important enzymes just based on sequence similarity of the conserved domains. using sequence data of 20 plant species from the public databases and sequences from lonicera japonica, we define 1252 adenosine monophosphate (amp)-dependent synthetase/ligase sequences and classify them into t ...201424518682
determination of supplier-to-supplier and lot-to-lot variability in glycation of recombinant human serum albumin expressed in oryza sativa.the use of different expression systems to produce the same recombinant human protein can result in expression-dependent chemical modifications (cms) leading to variability of structure, stability and immunogenicity. of particular interest are recombinant human proteins expressed in plant-based systems, which have shown particularly high cm variability. in studies presented here, recombinant human serum albumins (rhsa) produced in oryza sativa (asian rice) (osrhsa) from a number of suppliers hav ...201425299339
an improved 2b-rad approach (i2b-rad) offering genotyping tested by a rice (oryza sativa l.) f2 population.2b-rad (type iib endonucleases restriction-site associated dna) approach was invented by wang in 2012 and proven as a simple and flexible method for genome-wide genotyping. however, there is still plenty of room for improvement for the existent 2b-rad approach. firstly, it doesn't include the samples pooling in library preparation as other reduced representation libraries. secondly, the information of 2b-rad tags, such as tags numbers and distributions, in most of species are unknown. the purpos ...201425373334
functional soil microbiome: belowground solutions to an aboveground problem.there is considerable evidence in the literature that beneficial rhizospheric microbes can alter plant morphology, enhance plant growth, and increase mineral content. of late, there is a surge to understand the impact of the microbiome on plant health. recent research shows the utilization of novel sequencing techniques to identify the microbiome in model systems such as arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (zea mays). however, it is not known how the community of microbes identified may ...201425059708
metaproteomic identification of diazotrophic methanotrophs and their localization in root tissues of field-grown rice plants.in a previous study by our group, ch4 oxidation and n2 fixation were simultaneously activated in the roots of wild-type rice plants in a paddy field with no n input; both processes are likely controlled by a rice gene for microbial symbiosis. the present study examined which microorganisms in rice roots were responsible for ch4 oxidation and n2 fixation under the field conditions. metaproteomic analysis of root-associated bacteria from field-grown rice (oryza sativa nipponbare) revealed that nit ...201424928870
making sense of hormone-mediated defense networking: from rice to arabidopsis.phytohormones are not only essential for plant growth and development but also play central roles in triggering the plant immune signaling network. historically, research aimed at elucidating the defense-associated role of hormones has tended to focus on the use of experimentally tractable dicot plants such as arabidopsis thaliana. emerging from these studies is a picture whereby complex crosstalk and induced hormonal changes mold plant health and disease, with outcomes largely dependent on the ...201425426127
meloidogyne incognita - rice (oryza sativa) interaction: a new model system to study plant-root-knot nematode interactions in monocotyledons.plant-parasitic nematodes developed strategies to invade and colonize their host plants, including expression of immune suppressors to overcome host defenses. meloidogyne graminicola and m. incognita are root-knot nematode (rkn) species reported to damage rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivated in upland and irrigated systems. despite m. incognita wide host range, study of the molecular plant - rkn interaction has been so far limited to a few dicotyledonous model plants. the aim of this study was to i ...201426224554
differentially-expressed genes in rice infected by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae relative to a flagellin-deficient mutant reveal potential functions of flagellin in host-pathogen interactions.plants have evolved a sensitive defense response system that detects and recognizes various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) (e.g. flagellin) and induces immune responses to protect against invasion. transcriptional responses in rice to pamps produced by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen, have not yet been defined.201425187853
plant root transcriptome profiling reveals a strain-dependent response during azospirillum-rice cooperation.cooperation involving plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria results in improvements of plant growth and health. while pathogenic and symbiotic interactions are known to induce transcriptional changes for genes related to plant defense and development, little is known about the impact of phytostimulating rhizobacteria on plant gene expression. this study aims at identifying genes significantly regulated in rice roots upon azospirillum inoculation, considering possible favored interaction between a ...201425414716
natural rice rhizospheric microbes suppress rice blast infections.the natural interactions between plant roots and their rhizospheric microbiome are vital to plant fitness, modulating both growth promotion and disease suppression. in rice (oryza sativa), a globally important food crop, as much as 30% of yields are lost due to blast disease caused by fungal pathogen magnaporthe oryzae. capitalizing on the abilities of naturally occurring rice soil bacteria to reduce m. oryzae infections could provide a sustainable solution to reduce the amount of crops lost to ...201424884531
characterization and mapping of a spotted leaf mutant in rice (oryza sativa).spotted leaf mutant belongs to a class of mutants that can produce necrotic lesions spontaneously in plants without any attack by pathogens. these mutants have no beneficial effect on plant productivity but provide a unique opportunity to study programmed cell death in plant defense responses. a novel rice spotted leaf mutant (spl30) was isolated through low-energy heavy ion irradiation. lesion expression was sensitive to light and humidity. the spl30 mutant caused a decrease in chlorophyll and ...201425071406
the rice tal effector-dependent resistance protein xa10 triggers cell death and calcium depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum.the recognition between disease resistance (r) genes in plants and their cognate avirulence (avr) genes in pathogens can produce a hypersensitive response of localized programmed cell death. however, our knowledge of the early signaling events of the r gene-mediated hypersensitive response in plants remains limited. here, we report the cloning and characterization of xa10, a transcription activator-like (tal) effector-dependent r gene for resistance to bacterial blight in rice (oryza sativa). xa ...201424488961
pgpr regulate caspase-like activity, programmed cell death, and antioxidant enzyme activity in paddy under salinity.the response of two root associated bacteria pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and bacillus pumilus were studied in the (salt-sensitive) rice gj17 cultivar to salinity under controlled environmental growth conditions for protection of plant from adverse effect of salinity. salinity affects the growth of salt-sensitive cultivar, but inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) reduces the harmful effect of salinity. the present study states that pgpr helps to reduce lipid peroxidation a ...201424757324
a stress-responsive nac1-regulated protein phosphatase gene rice protein phosphatase18 modulates drought and oxidative stress tolerance through abscisic acid-independent reactive oxygen species scavenging in rice.plants respond to abiotic stresses through a complexity of signaling pathways, and the dephosphorylation mediated by protein phosphatase (pp) is an important event in this process. we identified a rice (oryza sativa) pp2c gene, ospp18, as a stress-responsive nac1 (snac1)-regulated downstream gene. the ospp18 mutant was more sensitive than wild-type plants to drought stress at both the seedling and panicle development stages. rice plants with ospp18 suppressed through artificial microrna were als ...201425318938
characterization of four bifunctional plant iam/pam-amidohydrolases capable of contributing to auxin biosynthesis.amidases [ec 3.5.1.4] capable of converting indole-3-acetamide (iam) into the major plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) are assumed to be involved in auxin de novo biosynthesis. with the emerging amount of genomics data, it was possible to identify over forty proteins with substantial homology to the already characterized amidases from arabidopsis and tobacco. the observed high conservation of amidase-like proteins throughout the plant kingdom may suggest an important role of theses ...201427135507
genome-wide analysis of the nadk gene family in plants.nad(h) kinase (nadk) is the key enzyme that catalyzes de novo synthesis of nadp(h) from nad(h) for nadp(h)-based metabolic pathways. in plants, nadks form functional subfamilies. studies of these families in arabidopsis thaliana indicate that they have undergone considerable evolutionary selection; however, the detailed evolutionary history and functions of the various nadks in plants are not clearly understood.201424968225
plasma membrane localization is essential for oryza sativa pto-interacting protein 1a-mediated negative regulation of immune signaling in rice.oryza sativa pto-interacting protein 1a (ospti1a), an ortholog of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) slpti1, functions as a negative regulator of innate immunity in rice (oryza sativa). in ospti1a mutants, the activation of immune responses, including hypersensitive response-like cell death, is caused by loss of the ospti1a protein; however, it is as yet unclear how ospti1a suppresses immune responses. here, we report that ospti1a localizes to detergent-resistant membrane fractions of the plasma memb ...201424958714
genome-wide evolutionary characterization and expression analyses of wrky family genes in brachypodium distachyon.members of plant wrky gene family are ancient transcription factors that function in plant growth and development and respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. in our present study, we have investigated wrky family genes in brachypodium distachyon, a new model plant of family poaceae. we identified a total of 86 wrky genes from b. distachyon and explored their chromosomal distribution and evolution, domain alignment, promoter cis-elements, and expression profiles. combining the analysis of phyloge ...201424453041
transcriptome analysis of early responsive genes in rice during magnaporthe oryzae infection.rice blast disease caused by magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most serious diseases of cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.) in most rice-growing regions of the world. in order to investigate early response genes in rice, we utilized the transcriptome analysis approach using a 300 k tilling microarray to rice leaves infected with compatible and incompatible m. oryzae strains. prior to the microarray experiment, total rna was validated by measuring the differential expression of rice defense-related ...201425506299
proteomic analysis of rice nonhost resistance to puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici using two-dimensional electrophoresis.rice (oryza sativa l.) is the only widely cultivated gramineous crops that cannot be infected by rust fungi. to decipher the molecular basis of rice nonhost resistance (nhr) to puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust, proteomic analysis was performed using the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) technique. the expressed proteins from rice leaves 24 and 48 h post inoculation with pst and from mock-inoculated leaves were identified. quantitative analysis ...201425429427
osserk1 regulates rice development but not immunity to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae or magnaporthe oryzae.somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (serk) proteins play pivotal roles in regulation of plant development and immunity. the rice genome contains two serk genes, osserk1 and osserk2. we previously demonstrated that osserk2 is required for rice xa21-mediated resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) and for normal development. here we report the molecular characterization of osserk1. overexpression of osserk1 results in a semi-dwarf phenotype whereas silencing of osserk1 results in a red ...201425266270
functional inactivation of udp-n-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (uap1) induces early leaf senescence and defence responses in rice.plant leaf senescence and defence responses are important biological processes, but the molecular mechanisms involved are not well understood. this study identified a new rice mutant, spotted leaf 29 (spl29). the spl29 gene was identified by map-based cloning, and spl29 was confirmed as udp-n-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (uap1) by enzymatic analysis. the mutant spl29 lacks uap activity. the biological phenotypes for which uap is responsible have not previously been reported in plants. t ...201425399020
cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel gene family in rice, identification, characterization and experimental analysis of expression response to plant hormones, biotic and abiotic stresses.cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (cngcs) are ca2+-permeable cation transport channels, which are present in both animal and plant systems. they have been implicated in the uptake of both essential and toxic cations, ca2+ signaling, pathogen defense, and thermotolerance in plants. to date there has not been a genome-wide overview of the cngc gene family in any economically important crop, including rice (oryza sativa l.). there is an urgent need for a thorough genome-wide analysis and experimenta ...201425280591
the iqd gene family in soybean: structure, phylogeny, evolution and expression.members of the plant-specific iq67-domain (iqd) protein family are involved in plant development and the basal defense response. although systematic characterization of this family has been carried out in arabidopsis, tomato (solanum lycopersicum), brachypodium distachyon and rice (oryza sativa), systematic analysis and expression profiling of this gene family in soybean (glycine max) have not previously been reported. in this study, we identified and structurally characterized iqd genes in the ...201425343341
triterpenoid glycosides from medicago sativa as antifungal agents against pyricularia oryzae.the antifungal properties of saponin mixtures from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) tops and roots, the corresponding mixtures of prosapogenins from tops, and purified saponins and sapogenins against the causal agent of rice blast pyricularia oryzae isolates are presented. in vitro experiments highlighted a range of activities, depending upon the assayed metabolite. the antifungal effects of the most promising prosapogenin mixture from alfalfa tops were confirmed by means of in planta tests using th ...201425361378
gene interactions and genetics of blast resistance and yield attributes in rice (oryza sativa l.).blast disease caused by the pathogen pyricularia oryzae is a serious threat to rice production. six generations viz., p1, p2, f1, f2, b1 and b2 of a cross between blast susceptible high-yielding rice cultivar adt 43 and resistant near isogenic line (nil) ct13432-3r, carrying four blast resistance genes pi1, pi2, pi33 and pi54 in combination were used to study the nature and magnitude of gene action for disease resistance and yield attributes. the epistatic interaction model was found adequate to ...201425189236
genetic variation in resistance to blast disease (pyricularia oryzae cavara) in japanese rice (oryza sativa l.), as determined using a differential system.a total of 324 japanese rice accessions, including landrace, improved, and weedy types were used to 1) investigate genetic variations in blast resistance to standard differential isolates, and 2) across the genome using polymorphism data on 64 ssr markers. from the polymorphism data, the accessions were classified into two clusters,. accessions from irrigated lowland areas were included mainly in cluster i, and upland and indica types were mainly in cluster ii. the accessions were classified int ...201424987305
n-glycosylation of effector proteins by an α-1,3-mannosyltransferase is required for the rice blast fungus to evade host innate immunity.plant pathogenic fungi deploy secreted effectors to suppress plant immunity responses. these effectors operate either in the apoplast or within host cells, so they are putatively glycosylated, but the posttranslational regulation of their activities has not been explored. in this study, the asparagine-linked glycosylation3 (alg3)-mediated n-glycosylation of the effector, secreted lysm protein1 (slp1), was found to be essential for its activity in the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae. alg3 en ...201424642938
reverse-genetic approach to verify physiological roles of rice phytoalexins: characterization of a knockdown mutant of oscps4 phytoalexin biosynthetic gene in rice.a variety of labdane-related diterpenoids, including phytocassanes, oryzalexins and momilactones, were identified as phytoalexins in rice (oryza sativa l.). momilactone b was also isolated as an allelochemical exuded from rice roots. the biosynthetic genes of these phytoalexins have been identified, including six labdane-related diterpene cyclase genes such as oscps2, oscps4, osksl4, osksl7, osksl8 and osksl10. here we identified an oscps4 knockdown mutant, cps4-tos, by screening tos17 mutant li ...201423621683
interaction of gypsum and the rhizome of anemarrhena asphodeloides plays an important role in anti-allergic effects of byakkokakeishito in mice.gypsum is a crude mineral drug used in the formulas of japanese kampo medicine and traditional chinese medicine. the present study aimed to evaluate the anti-allergic effect of byakkokakeishito extract (bkt), which consists of gypsum (natural hydrous calcium sulfate), anemarrhena rhizome (rhizome of anemarrhena asphodeloides), cinnamon bark (bark of trunk of cinnamomum cassia), oriza seed (seed of oryza sativa), and glycyrrhiza (root and stolon of glycyrrhiza uralensis), and to clarify the role ...201424554438
abscisic acid metabolizing rhizobacteria decrease aba concentrations in planta and alter plant growth.although endogenous phytohormones such as abscisic acid (aba) regulate root growth, and many rhizobacteria can modulate root phytohormone status, hitherto there have been no reports of rhizobacteria mediating root aba concentrations and growth by metabolising aba. using a selective aba-supplemented medium, two bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice (oryza sativa) seedlings grown in sod-podzolic soil and assigned to rhodococcus sp. p1y and novosphingobium sp. p6w using parti ...201424270514
feeding behavior and crop damage caused by capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in an agricultural landscape.this study aimed to assess the yield loss caused by capybaras in rural areas of dourados-ms, their feeding periods, crop preferences and the landscape characteristics of farms that may affect the occurrence of capybara's herds. semi-structured interviews in 24 different farms were done during a period between april 2010 and august 2011. field observations were held at different times of the day, and also during the night in order to record peaks of the feeding behavior in six farms. direct count ...201425627586
improved plant growth and zn accumulation in grains of rice (oryza sativa l.) by inoculation of endophytic microbes isolated from a zn hyperaccumulator, sedum alfredii h.this study is to investigate the possibility of zinc (zn) biofortification in the grains of rice (oryza sativa l.) by inoculation of endophytic strains isolated from a zn hyperaccumulator, sedum alfredii hance. five endophytic strains, burkholderia sp. sazr4, burkholderia sp. samr10, sphingomonas sp. samr12, variovorax sp. sanr1, and enterobacter sp. sacs20, isolated from s. alfredii, were inoculated in the roots of japonica rice nipponbare under hydroponic condition. fluorescence images showed ...201424447030
sphaerisporangium rufum sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete from roots of oryza sativa l.an endophytic actinomycete, strain r10-82(t), isolated from surface-sterilized roots of rice (oryza sativa l.) was studied using a polyphasic approach. strain r10-82(t) produced branching substrate mycelia and developed spherical spore vesicles on aerial hyphae containing non-motile spores. the major cellular fatty acids were iso-c16 : 0, iso-c14 : 0 and 10-methyl c17 : 0. the predominant menaquinones were mk-9, mk-9(h2), mk-9(h4) and mk-9(h6). rhamnose, ribose, madurose, mannose and glucose wer ...201424363300
analysis of quantitative trait loci affecting chlorophyll content of rice leaves in a double haploid population and two backcross populations.chlorophyll content, one of the most important physiological parameters related to plant photosynthesis, is usually used to predict yield potential. to map the quantitative trait loci (qtls) underlying the chlorophyll content of rice leaves, a double haploid (dh) population was developed from an indica/japonica (zhenshan 97/wuyujing 2) crossing and two backcross populations were established subsequently by backcrossing dh lines with each of their parents. the contents of chlorophyll a and chloro ...201424361205
allokutzneria oryzae sp. nov., isolated from rhizospheric soil of oryza sativa l.the taxonomic status of a rhizospheric soil actinomycete, designated r8-39(t), was established using a polyphasic approach. the organism had phenotypic and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus allokutzneria. phylogenetic analysis based on an almost complete 16s rrna gene sequence showed that the strain formed a monophyletic clade with the type strains of members of the genus allokutzneria. strain r8-39(t) displayed the highest levels of 16s rrna gene sequ ...201425052392
physiological and growth response of rice plants (oryza sativa l.) to trichoderma spp. inoculants.trichoderma spp., a known beneficial fungus is reported to have several mechanisms to enhance plant growth. in this study, the effectiveness of seven isolates of trichoderma spp. to promote growth and increase physiological performance in rice was evaluated experimentally using completely randomized design under greenhouse condition. this study indicated that all the trichoderma spp. isolates tested were able to increase several rice physiological processes which include net photosynthetic rate, ...201424949276
isolation and identification of an allelopathic phenylethylamine in rice.allelopathy is the process whereby an organic chemical (allelochemical) released from one plant influences the growth and development of other plants. allelochemicals produced by specific rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivars have potential to manage barnyard grass (echinochloa crus-galli l.), a major yield-limiting weed species in rice production systems in asia and north america. in this study, isolation and identification of an allelopathic compound, n-trans-cinnamoyltyramine (ntct), in a vietname ...201425212867
the effect of salinity on chlorophyll, proline and mineral nutrients in common weeds of coastal rice fields in malaysia.six weed species (leptochola chinensis, echinochloa crus-galli, echinochloa colona, jussiaea linifolia, oryza sativa (weedy rice) and cyperus iria) were tested for their salt tolerant traits in terms of chlorophyll, proline and mineral nutrients accumulation against different salinity levels (0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 ds m(-1)). chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, proline and mineral nutrients accumulation were determined. salt stress showed prominent effect on all the parameters i ...201425204059
utilization of extrusion technology for the development of millet based complementary foods.millet based complementary foods were developed using sorghum (sorghum vulgare), rice (oryza sativa), besan (cicer arietinum; bengal gram dhal flour), legume mix (green gram and roasted bengal gram; phaseolus aureus roxb and cicer arietinum) and soybean (glycine max merr) with a lab scale twin screw extruder. the extrudates were subjected to acceptability studies initially and at the end of the storage period i.e. 3 months at laboratory level by panel of judges using a 5-point hedonic scale. phy ...201425328236
tc1-like transposable elements in plant genomes.the tc1/mariner superfamily of transposable elements (tes) is widespread in animal genomes. mariner-like elements, which bear a ddd triad catalytic motif, have been identified in a wide range of flowering plant species. however, as the founding member of the superfamily, tc1-like elements that bear a dd34e triad catalytic motif are only known to unikonts (animals, fungi, and entamoeba).201424926322
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