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isoniazid resistance among rifampicin-susceptible mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis patients.with the introduction of novel molecular techniques that rely on rifampicin (rif) susceptibility, resistance to isoniazid (inh) or other first-line drugs remains undetected. such patients are prescribed first-line antituberculosis therapy and are on rif monodrug therapy during the continuation phase, which may lead to therapeutic failure and emergence of multidrug resistance. we aimed to study inh resistance among rif-susceptible mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) isolates from retreatment patient ...201628043503
genotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolates from extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases in tertiary care centers in northern india.multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (mdr-tb) is a major public health problem. the diagnosis of mdr-tb is of paramount importance in establishing appropriate clinical management and infection control measures. rapid detection of mdr-tb allows the establishment of an effective treatment regimen, minimizes the risk of further resistance, and limits the spread of drug-resistant strains. the aim of this study is to determine the genotypic characterization of mdr-tb isolates from extra pulmonary tubercu ...201628043502
comparative proteomic analysis of sequential isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis sensitive and resistant beijing type from a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis.in india, tuberculosis (tb) is a foremost health problem, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) and extensively drug resistant (xdr) strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tuberculosis) has further complicated the situation. although various mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate the emergence of resistance, our knowledge remains insufficient. the formation of a very complex network and drugs of proteins are countered by their efflux/modification or target over-expression/modific ...201628043501
design and development of novel inhibitors for the treatment of latent tuberculosis."the captain of all these men of death", is the apt sobriquet for the age-old disease tuberculosis (tb). despite the availability of many drugs, cases of increasing resistance in the forms of multi-drug and extensively drug-resistant tb and persistence [characteristic of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb)] make the eradication of tb a nightmare. approval of bedaquiline by the food and drug administration focused attention on quinoline scaffolds for development of new anti-tb agents. lysine ε-amino ...201628043500
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in ethiopian settings and its association with previous antituberculosis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.efforts to control the global burden of tuberculosis (tb) epidemic have now been jeopardized by the rapid evolution of drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), which are resistant to one or more anti-tb drugs. multidrug resistant (mdr) tb in ethiopia may be more prevalent than previously appreciated; thus, up-to-date national drug resistance studies are critically needed. therefore, this meta-analysis aimed, first, to determine pooled prevalence of mdr tb among newly diagnosed and previo ...201628043498
uric acid levels in patients on antituberculosis drugs in the southwest region of cameroon.antituberculosis drugs (atds) efficiently combat mycobacterium tuberculosis either through direct molecular interactions or its metabolites. however, a variety of adverse effects have been reported, leading to frequent interruptions of treatment. in order to investigate possible metabolic disturbances resulting from antituberculosis treatment, the uric acid level of patients on atds was measured in the southwest region of cameroon.201628043496
antimycobacterial activity assessment of three ethnobotanical plants against mycobacterium tuberculosis: an in vitro study.resistances to herbal medicines are still not defined and finding natural remedies against drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) has research priority. the antimycobacterial susceptibility method for herbal extracts is unclearly defined and there is no standard method for assessment of the materials against bacteria. in the present study, time kill of three medicinal plants was determined against mtb.201628043492
morphological changes in experimental tuberculosis resulting from treatment with quercetin and polyvinylpyrrolidone.morphological study of a mice of tissue necrosis stages in experimental organ-preserving tuberculosis (tb) pharmacotherapy using quercetin and polyvinylpyrrolidone (qp).201628043489
tuberculosis in children.tuberculosis (tb) is the main cause of infection-related death in the world. children make up ∼5-15% of all tb cases. severe forms of disease such as meningitis and disseminated form are more common in children. due to current estimates of world health organization (who) in 2015, one million children suffer from tb around the world; of these, it is estimated that more than 136,000 die a year. one study estimated 67million children with latent tb which develops to active form with the rate of ∼85 ...201628043486
[igra methods in the routine operation - quantiferon®-tb gold or t-spot.tb?]for indirect diagnosis of tuberculosis, two commercial igra (interferon gamma release assay) assays are available - primal quantiferon®-tb gold test, new version quantiferon®-tb gold plus test (four tube, differentiation in activity cd4+ a cd8+) and t-spot®.tb test. both methods are based on the same principle, but their workflows are different. in this article, both assays are compared on the collection of 284 patients. inter-rate agreement measure showed 81.3% consistency and cohens kappa inde ...201628078903
factors associated with missed detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis by automated bactec mgit 960 system.despite the demonstration of excellent performance, mycobacterial growth in bactec mgit 960 can go undetected. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of "false-negative" culture sample in beijing and the potential factors associated with the detection failures by mgit 960. of the 577 sputum samples tested, 141 (24.4%) were culture-positive for mycobacteria, of which 133 (94.3%) were automatically determined by mgit 960 system and 8 (5.7%) were positive for visual growth (false n ...201628078294
a case of koch's spine treated with modified transpedicular vertebral curettage and posterior fixation: a novel technique.tuberculosis (tb) is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by acid-fast mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli. spinal involvement occurs in less than one percent of tb. spinal tb (pott's disease) accounts for 50% of skeletal tb. though it most commonly affects the thoracolumbar junction, it can occur at any level of the spine. early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory in order to avoid neurological complications and spinal deformity. we report a case of a young female with tuberculosis of d12-l ...201628083459
the wnt blows: on the functional role of wnt signaling in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and beyond.in recent years, it has become apparent that the wnt signaling pathway, known for its essential functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, exerts immunomodulatory functions during inflammation and infection. most functional studies indicate that wnt5a exerts pro-inflammatory functions on its cellular targets, which include various types of immune and non-immune cells. wnt5a expression has also been linked to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. activation of beta-ca ...201628082976
sub-optimal specificity of modified ziehl-neelsen staining for quick identification of tuberculous meningitis.background: microbiological confirmation of tuberculous meningitis (tbm) remains problematic. we assessed the diagnostic performance of a modified ziehl-neelsen (mzn) staining method that showed promise in earlier studies. methods: patients evaluated for tbm in shaanxi province, china, were prospectively enrolled from may, 2011 to april, 2013. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens were evaluated using the xpert mtb/rif® assay, mzn staining, and standard biochemical and microbiological tests, toget ...201628082963
regulation of immunity to tuberculosis.immunity against mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a balance between adaptive immune responses to constrain bacterial replication and the prevention of potentially damaging immune activation. regulatory t (treg) cells express the transcription factor foxp3+ and constitute an essential counterbalance of inflammatory th1 responses and are required to maintain immune homeostasis. the first reports describing the presence of foxp3-expressing cd4+ treg cells in tuberculosis (tb) emerged in 2006. di ...201628087948
innate immune responses to tuberculosis.tuberculosis remains one of the greatest threats to human health. the causative bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis, is acquired by the respiratory route. it is exquisitely adapted to humans and is a prototypic intracellular pathogen of macrophages, with alveolar macrophages being the primary conduit of infection and disease. however, m. tuberculosis bacilli interact with and are affected by several soluble and cellular components of the innate immune system which dictate the outcome of primar ...201628087945
laboratory diagnosis and susceptibility testing for mycobacterium tuberculosis.the laboratory, which utilizes some of the most sophisticated and rapidly changing technologies, plays a critical role in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. some of these tools are being employed in resource-challenged countries for the rapid detection and characterization of mycobacterium tuberculosis. foremost, the laboratory defines appropriate specimen criteria for optimal test performance. the direct detection of mycobacteria in the clinical specimen, predominantly done by acid-fast staining, m ...201628087944
the memory immune response to tuberculosis.immunological memory is a central feature of the adaptive immune system and a prerequisite for generating effective vaccines. understanding long-term memory responses to mycobacterium tuberculosis will thus provide us with valuable insights that can guide us in the search for a novel vaccine against tuberculosis (tb). for many years, triggering cd4 t cells and, in particular, those secreting interferon-γ has been the goal of most tb vaccine research, and numerous data from animals and humans sup ...201628087940
the minimal unit of infection: mycobacterium tuberculosis in the macrophage.the interaction between mycobacterium tuberculosis and its host cell is highly complex and extremely intimate. were it not for the disease, one might regard this interaction at the cellular level as an almost symbiotic one. the metabolic activity and physiology of both cells are shaped by this coexistence. we believe that where this appreciation has greatest significance is in the field of drug discovery. evolution rewards efficiency, and recent data from many groups discussed in this review ind ...201628084213
diabetes and tuberculosis.the increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (dm) patients in countries where tuberculosis (tb) is also endemic has led to the reemerging importance of dm as a risk factor for tb. dm causes a 3-fold increase in tb risk and a 2-fold increase in adverse tb treatment outcomes. given the sheer numbers of dm patients worldwide, there are now more tb patients with tb-dm comorbidity than tb-hiv coinfection. there is an urgent need to implement strategies for tb prevention and control among the millions of ...201628084206
tuberculous otomastoiditis.tuberculous otitis media and mastoiditis, or tuberculous otomastoiditis, is a rare but well-described infectious process occasionally affecting individuals in the united states but more frequently seen in countries where tuberculosis is endemic. infection may be primary and occur through mucus aspirated through the eustachian tube. alternatively, organisms may secondarily infect the nasopharynx when expectorated from the lungs and, less frequently, may be hematogenously spread. chronic otorrhea ...201628084203
genetic structure and drug susceptibility patterns of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains responsible of human pulmonary tuberculosis in the major rearing region in cameroon.background. cameroon this last decade continues to present a low contribution of m. africanum and m. bovis in human tuberculosis (tb), while m. bovis was prevalent in cattle but all these pieces of information only concerned west and center regions. methods. we carried out the first study in adamaoua, one of the most rearing regions of cameroon, on the genetic structure and drug susceptibility of the mtbc strains isolated from newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive patients aged 15 years and abov ...201628119925
anti-tuberculosis activity and structure-activity relationships of oxygenated tricyclic carbazole alkaloids and synthetic derivatives.a series of 49 oxygenated tricyclic carbazole derivatives has been tested for inhibition of the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis and a mammalian cell line (vero cells). from this series, twelve carbazoles showed a significant anti-tb activity. the four most active compounds were the naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids clauszoline-m (45), murrayaline-c (41), carbalexin-c (27), and the synthetic carbazole derivative 22 with mic90 values ranging from 1.5 to 3.7μm. the active compounds were ...201628094223
polymerase chain reaction for mycobacterium tuberculosis dna detection from ocular fluids in patients with various types of choroiditis in a referral eye center in india.the aim of this study was to detect mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) dna with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in aqueous or vitreous samples of patients suffering from choroiditis presumed to be infectious origin.201628112131
the -938c>a polymorphism in myd88 is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis: a pilot study.introduction. tuberculosis (tb) is a major disease worldwide, caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infection. the toll-like receptor (tlr) pathway plays a crucial role in the recognition of mtb. aim. the present study aimed to investigate the involvement of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (myd88) gene polymorphisms in tb. materials and methods. a total of 103 tb cases and 92 control subjects were genotyped for the myd88 -938c>a (rs4988453) and 1944c>g (rs4988457) polymo ...201628127112
primary ethambutol resistance among iranian pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a systematic review.ethambutol (emb) is an anti-mycobacterial agent that is most commonly used in combination with other anti-tuberculosis (tb) drugs in the treatment of tb. studies have shown that primary resistance rates of mycobacterium tuberculosis to emb vary widely, that is, from 1% to as high as 14%. in this study, we aimed to determine the exact prevalence of primary emb resistance among pulmonary tb cases.201628149517
molecular typing methods used in studies of mycobacterium tuberculosis in iran: a systematic review.molecular typing methods are important and useful tools to assess the transmission, diversity of strains and differentiation between new infections and relapses which can effectively help in controlling infections. the aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular typing methods which have been used in iran. by evaluating the results and discriminatory power of each method, we can assign appropriate weight to each technique and ultimately offer a common strategy for future epidemiological stud ...201628149495
structural basis for the in vitro known acyl-depsipeptide 2 (adep2) inhibition to clp 2 protease from mycobacterium tuberculosis.inhibition of mycobacterium tuberculosis clp 2 protease has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option for treatment. acyldepsipeptides (adeps) is known as an inhibitor for clp 2 protease. therefore, it is of interest to document its affinity, enzyme activity and adme profiles. we report the predicted binding affinity of all known clp 2 inhibitors like idr-10001 and idr-10011 against clp2 protease using moldock algorithm aided molecular docking. the predicted activity (using molinspiration serv ...201628149041
mass spectral determination of phosphopantetheinylation specificity for carrier proteins in mycobacterium tuberculosis.phosphopantetheinyl transferases (pptases) are key elements in the modular syntheses performed by multienzyme systems such as polyketide synthases. pptases transfer phosphopantetheine derivatives from coenzyme a to carrier proteins (cps), thus orchestrating substrate supply. we describe an efficient mass spectrometry-based protocol for determining cp specificity for a particular pptase in organisms possessing several candidate pptases. we show that the cps mbtl and ppsc, both involved in synthes ...201628203522
sputum collection and disposal perceptions and practices among pulmonary tuberculosis patients from northern india.even a single case of pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) can infect many others. hence, to ensure better control of the disease, it is imperative that all patients dispose their sputum safely. outcomes of this study would highlight the gaps need to be bridged in order to curtail transmission of tb.201628208887
insights from the analysis of predicted rv0679c protein peptide from mycobacterium tuberculosis with toll like receptors in host.peptides of rv0679c a membrane protein of the cell envelope (16.6 kda) of mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tb), inhibited entry of live bacilli into epithelial (a549) and macrophage (u937) cell lines in vitro, suggesting a possible role in invasion. receptors associated with rv0679c antigen entry into cell lines were not characterized. we are reporting that rv0679c peptides could bind to toll like receptors (tlrs), the principal class of pathogen recognition receptors on host cells (prr) by dockin ...201628246463
erythema nodosum and the risk of tuberculosis in a high incidence setting.objective this study estimates the erythema nodosum (en) incidence in a tuberculosis (tb) endemic setting and evaluates the likelihood of a subsequent tb diagnosis among individuals with mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (mti) with or without en. design we estimated en incidence rates (irs) in east greenland in 2010-2011 and conducted a cohort study following all individuals who tested positive for mti from 1 january 2010 until 31 december 2012. a personal identifier allowed individual follow ...201628156379
accuracy of a new rapid antigen detection test for pulmonary tuberculosis.tuberculosis (tb) is a major problem in the world. treatment and control of tb needs detection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis (mt) in the proper samples. while smear doesn't have enough sensitivity, culture and pcr are expensive, time consuming and unavailable in many centers. recent development of a rapid tb antigen detection test (prtbk) at pasteur institute of iran could give a simple way for diagnosis of tb in about two hours. in this test the antigen-antibody complex will change color wh ...201628210462
insights into pyrazinamidase and dna gyrase protein structures in resistant and susceptible clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis.mutations in pnca and gyra genes cause pyrazinamide (pza) and fluroquinolone resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). in the present study, structures of pyrazinamidase (pzase) and dna gyrase proteins were studied in resistant and susceptible clinical isolates of mtb.201628210279
design, synthesis and anti-tubercular activity of novel 1, 4-dihydropyrine-3, 5-dicarboxamide containing 4(5)-chloro-2-ethyl- 5(4)-imidazolyl moiety.current researches have showed that n3, n5-diaryl-2, 6-dimethyl -1, 4-dihydropyrine-3, 5- dicarboxamide analogues demonstrate notable anti-tubercular activity. in this study, hantzsch condensation was used to design and synthesize new analogues of dihydropyridine (dhp). different diary carboxamides were inserted at positions 3 and 5 of the dhp ring. 4(5)-chloro-2-ethyl-5(4)-imidazolyl moiety was considered at position 4 of the dhp ring. the structures of prepared ligands were characterized using ...201628243275
docking-based virtual screening of known drugs against mure of mycobacterium tuberculosis towards repurposing for tb.repurposing has gained momentum globally and become an alternative avenue for drug discovery because of its better success rate, and reduced cost, time and issues related to safety than the conventional drug discovery process. several drugs have already been successfully repurposed for other clinical conditions including drug resistant tuberculosis (dr-tb). though tb can be cured completely with the use of currently available anti-tubercular drugs, emergence of drug resistant strains of mycobact ...201628275291
pseudotumoral form of soft tissue tuberculosis of the hand: six cases.musculoskeletal involvement is not uncommon in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, but the localization in the soft tissue of the hand is very rare. diagnosis is much more difficult because of the atypical location and non-specific symptoms. we report 6 cases of pseudotumoral form of soft tissue tuberculosis of the hand treated in our department during the past 12 years. the mean age of the patients was 51 years with extremes of 44 and 63 years. a marked female predominance was observed (sex ratio = 0 ...201628292140
[clinical and morphological parallels in the validation of surgical treatment of nephrotuberculosi].to study clinical and morphological variants of kidney tuberculosis (ktb), for grounding a tactics of surgical treatment.201628248043
clinical application of interferon-γ release assays for the prevention of tuberculosis in countries with low incidence.despite global efforts to control tuberculosis (tb) the estimated number of people who developed tb worldwide increased to an all-time record of more than 10 million in 2015. the goal of the world health organization (who) to reduce the global incidence of tb to less than 100 cases per million by 2035, cannot be reached unless tb prevention is markedly improved. there is a need for an improved vaccine that better protects individuals who are exposed to mycobacterium tuberculosis from infection a ...201628217762
rpf proteins are the factors of reactivation of the dormant forms of actinobacteria.as the response to unfavorable growth conditions, nonsporulating mycobacteria transform into the dormant state with the concomitant formation of the specialized dormant forms characterized by low metabolic activity and resistance to antibiotics. such dormant cells can be reactivated under the influence of several factors including proteins of rpf (resuscitation promoting factor) family, which possess peptidoglycan hydrolase activity and were considered to belong to the group of the autocrine gro ...201628260493
an in silico model of the effects of vitamin d3 on mycobacterium infected macrophage.mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global health concern, causing over one million deaths a year. alveolar macrophages, as the primary host cell of this intracellular bacterium, play an important role in the course of disease. vitamin d3 is known to have a potent effect on macrophage behavior during infection, modulating the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immune effector molecules. in a vitamin d3 deficient host, the immune systems response to infection is greatly impaired. ...201628268597
utility of phenotypic and genotypic testing in the study of mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs.to determine the utility of molecular techniques in the diagnosis of resistance and the extent of resistance to first-line drugs in our region.201628277228
genomic characterization of mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 7 and a proposed name: 'aethiops vetus'.lineage 7 of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex has recently been identified among strains originating from ethiopia. using different dna typing techniques, this study provides additional information on the genetic heterogeneity of five lineage 7 strains collected in the amhara region of ethiopia. it also confirms the phylogenetic positioning of these strains between the ancient lineage 1 and tbd1-deleted, modern lineages 2, 3 and 4 of mycobacterium tuberculosis. four newly identified large ...201628348856
declaring a tuberculosis outbreak over with genomic epidemiology.we report an updated method for inferring the time at which an infectious disease was transmitted between persons from a time-labelled pathogen genome phylogeny. we applied the method to 48 mycobacterium tuberculosis genomes as part of a real-time public health outbreak investigation, demonstrating that although active tuberculosis (tb) cases were diagnosed through 2013, no transmission events took place beyond mid-2012. subsequent cases were the result of progression from latent tb infection to ...201628348853
[pulmonary infection with mycobacterium malmoense. difficulties in diagnosis and treatment].pulmonary infection due to mycobacterium malmoense can be difficult to diagnose. these difficulties can be responsible for a delay in the implementation of optimal treatment. moreover, the treatment is not standardized.201627639948
identification of potential leads against 4-hydroxytetrahydrodipicolinate synthase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase (dhdps) is an important enzyme needed for the biosynthesis of lysine and many more key metabolites in mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). inhibition of dhdps is supposed to a promising therapeutic target due to its specific role in sporulation, cross-linking of the peptidiglycan polymers and biosynthesis of amino acids. in this work, a known inhibitor-based similarity search was carried out against a natural products database (super natural ii) towards ide ...201628293071
house of cellulose - a new hideout for drug tolerant mycobacterium tuberculosis.mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) causes tuberculosis (tb). the treatment of tb requires administration of multiple drugs for long durations because of the unusual drug tolerance of mtb. the phenotypic drug tolerance of genetically drug-susceptible mtb in humans can be explained by its ability to form biofilms. recent studies from different laboratories suggest that mtb forms biofilms that harbour drug-tolerant bacteria. these findings have created a new area of research in the field of mycobacte ...201628357368
post-translational acetylation of mbta modulates mycobacterial siderophore biosynthesis.iron is an essential element for life, but its soluble form is scarce in the environment and is rarer in the human body. mtb (mycobacterium tuberculosis) produces two aryl-capped siderophores, mycobactin (mbt) and carboxymycobactin (cmbt), to chelate intracellular iron. the adenylating enzyme mbta catalyzes the first step of mycobactin biosynthesis in two half-reactions: activation of the salicylic acid as an acyl-adenylate and ligation onto the acyl carrier protein (acp) domain of mbtb to form ...201627566542
a new tool for tuberculosis vaccine screening: ex vivo mycobacterial growth inhibition assay indicates bcg-mediated protection in a murine model of tuberculosis.in the absence of a validated animal model and/or an immune correlate which predict vaccine-mediated protection, large-scale clinical trials are currently the only option to prove efficacy of new tuberculosis candidate vaccines. tools to facilitate testing of new tuberculosis (tb) vaccines are therefore urgently needed.201627519524
development of an in vitro assay for detection of drug-induced resuscitation-promoting-factor-dependent mycobacteria.tuberculosis is a major infectious disease that requires prolonged chemotherapy with a combination of four drugs. here we present data suggesting that treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and mycobacterium smegmatis, a model organism widely used for the screening of antituberculosis agents, with first-line drugs resulted in the generation of substantial populations that could be recovered only by the addition of a culture supernatant from growing mycobact ...201627503641
the pe_pgrs proteins of mycobacterium tuberculosis are ca(2+) binding mediators of host-pathogen interaction.the phenomenal success of mycobacterium tuberculosis (m.tb) as a pathogen is primarily based on its ability to modulate host immune responses. the genome of m.tb encodes multiple immunomodulatory proteins, including several members of the multigenic pe_ppe family of which the pe_pgrs proteins are a subset. curiously, 56 of the 61 pe_pgrs proteins contain multiple copies of the glycine-rich sequence motif ggxgxd/nxux, a nonapeptide sequence predicted to bind ca(2+), but the functional significanc ...201627483162
interaction of erp protein of mycobacterium tuberculosis with rv2212 enhances intracellular survival of mycobacterium smegmatis.the mycobacterium tuberculosis exported repetitive protein (rverp) is a crucial virulence-associated factor as determined by its role in the survival and multiplication of mycobacteria in cultured macrophages and in vivo although attempts have been made to understand the function of erp protein, its exact role in mycobacterium pathogenesis is still elusive. one way to determine this is by searching for novel interactions of rverp. using a yeast two-hybrid assay, an adenylyl cyclase (ac), rv2212, ...201627481930
a standardized production pipeline for high profile targets from mycobacterium tuberculosis.tuberculosis is still a major threat to global health. new tools and strategies to produce disease-related proteins are quintessential for the development of novel vaccines and diagnostic markers.201627400835
complete genome sequences of 61 mycobacteriophages.mycobacteriophages-viruses of mycobacteria-provide insights into viral diversity and evolution as well as numerous tools for genetic dissection of mycobacterium tuberculosis here we report the complete genome sequences of 61 mycobacteriophages newly isolated from environmental samples using mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2)155 that expand our understanding of phage diversity.201627389257
structural characterization of peptidyl-trna hydrolase from mycobacterium smegmatis by nmr spectroscopy.accumulation of toxic peptidyl-trnas in the bacterial cytoplasm is averted by the action of peptidyl-trna hydrolase (pth), which cleaves peptidyl-trna into free trna and peptide. nmr studies are needed for a protein homolog with a complete crystal structure, for comparison with the nmr structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis pth.201627378575
σ(e) -dependent activation of rbpa controls transcription of the fura-katg operon in response to oxidative stress in mycobacteria.mycobacterium tuberculosis adopts various strategies to cope with oxidative stress during infection. transcriptional regulators, including σ factors, make important contributions to this stress response, but how these proteins cooperate with each other is largely unknown. in this study, the role of rbpa and its cooperation with σ factors in response to oxidative stress are investigated. knock down expression of rbpa in mycobacterium smegmatis attenuated bacterial survival in the presence of h2 o ...201627353316
evidences for anti-mycobacterium activities of lipids and surfactants.tuberculosis is the most widespread and deadly airborne disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. the two-pronged lethal effect on the bacteria using lipids/surfactants and anti-tubercular drugs may render the miniaturization of dose owing to synergistic and tandem effect of both. the current research has been focused on screening and evaluating various lipids/surfactants possessing inherent anti-mycobacterium activity that can ferry the anti-tubercular drugs. in vitro anti-mycobacterium act ...201626712622
expression of mycobacterium tuberculosis nlpc/p60 family protein rv0024 induce biofilm formation and resistance against cell wall acting anti-tuberculosis drugs in mycobacterium smegmatis.bacterial species are capable of living as biofilm and/or planktonic forms. role of biofilms in the pathogenesis of several human pathogens is well established. however, in case of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infection the role of biofilms and the genetic requirements for biofilm formation remains largely unknown. we herein report that ectopic expression of mtb rv0024, encoding a putative peptidoglycan amidase, in non-pathogenic mycobacterium smegmatis(msm) strain (msmrv0024) confer at leas ...201626706821
rv3369 induces cytokine interleukin-1β production and enhances mycobacterium smegmatis intracellular survival.the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, is largely because of the pathogen's successful entry and survival within macrophages. we predicted that rv3369, a gene encoding a conserved protein, might play a role in the interactions with host cells. to test this, rv3369 gene was heterologously expressed in a nonpathogenic fast-growing mycobacterium smegmatis strain. the recombinant strain survives better than the control within macrophages, accompanied by more host cel ...201626588672
hybrid triazoles: design and synthesis as potential dual inhibitor of growth and efflux inhibition in tuberculosis.efflux inhibition is proven bacterial machinery responsible for removal of bacterial wastage including antibiotics. recently, efflux inhibitors (ei) have been tested with encouraging results as an adjuvant therapy for treatment of tuberculosis (tb). although, ei have emerged as innovative approach of treatment for multi drug resistant (mdr) & extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (xdr-tb), toxicity profile limits their wider use. to address this issue, we have attempted synthesizing hybrid mol ...201626562541
the effect of mycobacterium tuberculosis crispr-associated cas2 (rv2816c) on stress response genes expression, morphology and macrophage survival of mycobacterium smegmatis.clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) are present in the genome of 40% bacteria and 90% archaea. crispr and accompanying cas proteins constitute an adaptive immune system against disruptive mobile genetic elements. two crisprs and 9 genes encoding crispr-associated proteins have been found in the genome of mycobacterium tuberculosis. the crispr-associated cas2 is an endoribonuclease required for the acquisition of new spacers. in this study, cas2 encoded by rv2816c w ...201626498723
hypothetical protein rv3423.1 of mycobacterium tuberculosis is a histone acetyltransferase.we isolated an 8 kda mycobacterial hypothetical protein, rv3423.1, from the chromatin of human macrophages infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv. bioinformatics predictions followed by in vitro biochemical assays with purified recombinant protein showed that rv3423.1 is a novel histone acetyltransferase that acetylates histone h3 at the k9/k14 positions. transient transfection of macrophages containing gfp-tagged histone h1 with rfp-tagged rv3423.1 revealed that the protein co-localizes ...201626476134
mycobacterium tuberculosis rv1152 is a novel gntr family transcriptional regulator involved in intrinsic vancomycin resistance and is a potential vancomycin adjuvant target.novel factors involved in mycobacteria antibiotics resistance are crucial for better targets to combat the ever-increasing drug resistant strains. mycobacterium tuberculosis rv1152, a novel gntr family transcriptional regulator and a promising vancomycin adjuvant target, was firstly characterized in our study. overexpression of rv1152 in mycobacterium smegmatis decreased bacterial susceptibility to vancomycin. moreover, a deficiency in msmeg_5174, an rv1152 homolog made m. smegmatis more sensiti ...201627349953
design, synthesis, and in vitro antituberculosis activity of 2(5h)-furanone derivatives.a series of 2(5h)-furanone-based compounds were synthesized from commercially available mucohalic acids. from the first-generation compounds, three showed inhibitory activity (10 µg/ml) of at least 35% against mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2) 155 growth (bioscreen c system). in screening the active first-generation compounds for growth inhibition against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv, the most active compound was identified with a minimum inhibitory concentration (mic99 ) of 8.07 µg/ml (15.8 µm) ...201627346745
mycobacteriophage putative gtpase-activating protein can potentiate antibiotics.the soaring incidences of infection by antimicrobial resistant (ar) pathogens and shortage of effective antibiotics with new mechanisms of action have renewed interest in phage therapy. this scenario is exemplified by resistant tuberculosis (tb), caused by resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis. mycobacteriophage swu1 a321_gp67 encodes a putative gtpase-activating protein. mycobacterium smegmatis with gp67 overexpression showed changed colony formation and biofilm morphology and supports the effic ...201627345061
a cytoplasmic peptidoglycan amidase homologue controls mycobacterial cell wall synthesis.regulation of cell wall assembly is essential for bacterial survival and contributes to pathogenesis and antibiotic tolerance in mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). however, little is known about how the cell wall is regulated in stress. we found that cwlm, a protein homologous to peptidoglycan amidases, coordinates peptidoglycan synthesis with nutrient availability. surprisingly, cwlm is sequestered from peptidoglycan (pg) by localization in the cytoplasm, and its enzymatic function is not essent ...201627304077
functional divergence of hbha from mycobacterium tuberculosis and its evolutionary relationship with tada from rhodococcus opacus.rhodococcus opacus pd630 and rhodococcus jostii rha1 are oleaginous bacteria able to synthesize and accumulate triacylglycerols (tag) in lipid bodies (lb). highly relevant to the structure of lb is a protein homologous to heparin-binding hemagglutinin (hbha) (called tada in rhodococci), which is a virulence factor found in mycobacterium tuberculosis. hbha is an adhesin involved in binding to non-phagocytic cells and extrapulmonary dissemination. we observed a conserved synteny of three genes enc ...201627287527
antimycobacterial activity of medicinal plants used by the mayo people of sonora, mexico.tuberculosis (tb) is an infectious disease mainly caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), which generates 9 million new cases worldwide each year. the mayo ethnicity of southern sonora, mexico is more than 2000 years old, and the mayos possess extensive knowledge of traditional medicine.201627262564
pulse proteolysis and precipitation for target identification.in recent years, phenotypic screening has assumed a leading role in drug discovery efforts. however, development of new drugs from bioactive compounds obtained in screening campaigns requires identification of the cellular targets responsible for their biological activities. a new energetics-based method for target identification is presented: pulse proteolysis and precipitation for target identification (peptid). in this method, proteins incubated with or without a ligand and submitted to a bri ...201627255303
role of metal-dependent regulation of esx-3 secretion in intracellular survival of mycobacterium tuberculosis.more people die every year from mycobacterium tuberculosis infection than from infection by any other bacterial pathogen. type vii secretion systems (t7ss) are used by both environmental and pathogenic mycobacteria to secrete proteins across their complex cell envelope. in the nonpathogen mycobacterium smegmatis, the esx-1 t7ss plays a role in conjugation, and the esx-3 t7ss is involved in metal homeostasis. in m. tuberculosis, these secretion systems have taken on roles in virulence, and they a ...201627245412
anti-mycobacterial activity of thymine derivatives bearing boron clusters.a series of novel thymine derivatives bearing lipophilic, electron-neutral 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane, 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane or hydrophilic 7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate anions were synthesized. synthesis was performed via copper(i)-catalysed huisgen-meldal-sharpless 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of n(1)-propargylthymine or n(1),n(3)-bispropargylthymine to 1-(3-azidopropyl)-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane. the obtained compounds were tested in vitro against mycobacterium tuberculosis th ...201627236064
mycobacterium cytidylate kinase appears to be an undruggable target.new and improved drugs against tuberculosis are urgently needed as multi-drug-resistant forms of the disease become more prevalent. mycobacterium tuberculosis cytidylate kinase is an attractive target for screening due to its essentiality and different substrate specificity to the human orthologue. however, we selected the mycobacterium smegmatis cytidylate kinase for screening because of the availability of high-resolution x-ray crystallographic data defining its structure and the high likeliho ...201627146385
pe_pgrs30 of mycobacterium tuberculosis mediates suppression of proinflammatory immune response in macrophages through its pgrs and pe domains.the success of mycobacterium tuberculosis as a pathogen relies on its ability to survive inside macrophages and evade host immune mechanisms. m. tuberculosis employs multiple strategies to confer resistance against immune system including inhibition of phago-lysosomal fusion, modulation of cytokine responses and granuloma formation. pe_pgrs proteins, uniquely present in pathogenic mycobacteria, are cell surface molecules that are suggested to interact with host cells. pe_pgrs proteins have also ...201627129781
small-molecule inhibitors targeting topoisomerase i as novel antituberculosis agents.bacterial topoisomerase functions are required for regulation of dna supercoiling and overcoming the dna topological barriers that are encountered during many vital cellular processes. dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv of the type iia bacterial topoisomerase family are important clinical targets for antibacterial therapy. topoisomerase i, belonging to the type ia topoisomerase family, has recently been validated as a potential antitubercular target. the topoisomerase i activity has been shown to b ...201627114277
proteogenomic analysis of mycobacterium smegmatis using high resolution mass spectrometry.biochemical evidence is vital for accurate genome annotation. the integration of experimental data collected at the proteome level using high resolution mass spectrometry allows for improvements in genome annotation by providing evidence for novel gene models, while validating or modifying others. here, we report the results of a proteogenomic analysis of a reference strain of mycobacterium smegmatis (mc(2)155), a fast growing model organism for the pathogenic mycobacterium tuberculosis-the caus ...201627092112
a biocatalytic approach to capuramycin analogues by exploiting a substrate permissive n-transacylase capw.using the atp-independent transacylase capw required for the biosynthesis of capuramycin-type antibiotics, we developed a biocatalytic approach for the synthesis of 43 analogues via a one-step aminolysis reaction from a methyl ester precursor as an acyl donor and various nonnative amines as acyl acceptors. further examination of the donor substrate scope for capw revealed that this enzyme can also catalyze a direct transamidation reaction using the major capuramycin congener as a semisynthetic p ...201627050157
design, syntheses, and anti-tb activity of 1,3-benzothiazinone azide and click chemistry products inspired by btz043.electron deficient nitroaromatic compounds such as btz043 and its closest congener, pbtz169, and related agents are a promising new class of anti-tb compounds. herein we report the design and syntheses of 1,3-benzothiazinone azide (btz-n3) and related click chemistry products based on the molecular mode of activation of btz043. our computational docking studies indicate that btz-n3 binds in the essentially same pocket as that of btz043. detailed biochemical studies with cell envelope enzyme frac ...201626985313
the ripa and ripb peptidoglycan endopeptidases are individually nonessential to mycobacterium smegmatis.mycobacteria possess a series of rip peptidoglycan endopeptidases that have been characterized in various levels of detail. the ripa and ripb proteins have been extensively studied and are dl-endopeptidases, and ripa has been considered essential to mycobacterium smegmatis and mycobacterium tuberculosis we show here that the ripa and ripb genes are individually dispensable in m. smegmatis and that at least one of the genes must be expressed for viability. we characterized strains carrying in-fra ...201626977111
exploring the structure of glutamate racemase from mycobacterium tuberculosis as a template for anti-mycobacterial drug discovery.glutamate racemase (muri) is responsible for providing d-glutamate for peptidoglycan biosynthesis in bacteria and has been a favoured target in pharmaceutical drug design efforts. it has recently been proven to be essential in mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism of tuberculosis, a disease for which new medications are urgently needed. in the present study, we have determined the protein crystal structures of muri from both m. tuberculosis and mycobacterium smegmatis in complex wit ...201626964898
crystal structure and biochemical characterization of a mycobacterium smegmatis aaa-type nucleoside triphosphatase phosphohydrolase (msm0858).aaa proteins (atpases associated with various cellular activities) use the energy of atp hydrolysis to drive conformational changes in diverse macromolecular targets. here, we report the biochemical characterization and 2.5-å crystal structure of a mycobacterium smegmatis aaa protein msm0858, the ortholog of mycobacterium tuberculosis rv0435c. msm0858 is a magnesium-dependent atpase and is active with all nucleoside triphosphates (ntps) and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dntps) as substrates. th ...201626953339
cellular and humoral immunogenicity of recombinant mycobacterium smegmatis expressing ag85b epitopes in mice.the search for new vaccines more efficacious than bacille calmette-guérin for tuberculosis prevention is of paramount importance for the control of the disease. the expression of mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in mycobacterium smegmatis is one of the current strategies for the development of new-generation vaccines against tuberculosis. the objective of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity in mice of m. smegmatis expressing epitopes from ag85b antigen.201626927984
viability, morphology, and proteome of mycobacterium smegmatis msmeg_0319 knockout strain.mycobacterium tuberculosis rv0228, a membrane protein, is predicted as a drug target through computational methods. msmeg_0319 (ms0319) in mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2) 155 is the ortholog of rv0228. to study the effect of ms0319 protein on m. smegmatis, an ms0319 gene knockout strain (δms0319) was generated via a homologous recombination technique in this study. the results showed that the lack of ms0319 protein in mc(2) 155 cells led to the loss of viability at nonpermissive temperature. scann ...201626833451
mycobacterium lysine ε-aminotransferase is a novel alarmone metabolism related persister gene via dysregulating the intracellular amino acid level.bacterial persisters, usually slow-growing, non-replicating cells highly tolerant to antibiotics, play a crucial role contributing to the recalcitrance of chronic infections and treatment failure. understanding the molecular mechanism of persister cells formation and maintenance would obviously inspire the discovery of new antibiotics. the significant upregulation of mycobacterium tuberculosis rv3290c, a highly conserved mycobacterial lysine ε-aminotransferase (lat) during hypoxia persistent mod ...201626806099
characterization of differential pore-forming activities of esat-6 proteins from mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium smegmatis.mycobacterium tuberculosis esat-6 (mtbesat-6) plays essential roles in pathogenesis. mtbesat-6 exhibits a unique pore-forming activity (pfa) that is not found in its ortholog from non-pathogenic mycobacterium smegmatis (msesat-6). here, we characterized the differential pfas and found that exchange of i25-h26/t25-a26 between two proteins reciprocally affected their pfas. mtbesat-6(ih/ta) had ~ 40% reduction, while msesat-6(ta/ih) fully acquired its activity similar to mtbesat-6. mutations of a17 ...201626801203
mycobacterium tuberculosis esxo (rv2346c) promotes bacillary survival by inducing oxidative stress mediated genomic instability in macrophages.mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) survives inside the macrophages by modulating the host immune responses in its favor. the 6-kda early secretory antigenic target (esat-6; esxa) of mtb is known as a potent virulence and t-cell antigenic determinant. at least 23 such esat-6 family proteins are encoded in the genome of mtb; however, the function of many of them is still unknown. we herein report that ectopic expression of mtb rv2346c (esxo), a member of esat-6 family proteins, in non-pathogenic myc ...201626786654
identification of novel loci associated with mycobacterial isoniazid resistance.despite the known association of several genes to clinical isoniazid (inh) resistance, its molecular basis remains unknown in ~16% of clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tb). while screening a set of mycobacterium smegmatis (m. smegmatis) transposon mutants with altered colony morphology for differential susceptibility to inh, we found six resistant mutants and mapped their transposon insertion sites. the disrupted genes in six inh resistant mutants were homologs of m. tb ctae, r ...201626786650
synthesis and evaluation of functionalized benzoboroxoles as potential anti-tuberculosis agents.several derivatives of aminobenzoboroxole have been prepared starting from 2-boronobenzaldehyde. all of these derivatives have been evaluated for their anti-mycobacterial activity on mycobacterium smegmatis and cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell line mcf7. based on these studies, all the tested molecules have been found to be generally non-toxic and benzoboroxoles with unsubstituted (primary) amines have been found to exhibit good anti-mycobacterial activity. some of the key compounds have been ...201627642196
mycobacterium tuberculosis ppe32 promotes cytokines production and host cell apoptosis through caspase cascade accompanying with enhanced er stress response.tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infection, remains a grave global public health burden which claims the lives around two to three million annually. pe and ppe proteins, featured by the pro-glu (pe) or pro-pro-glu (ppe) motifs at the conserved n-terminal domain, are abundant in the mtb genome. ppe32 can increase intracellular survival of mycobacteria through abnormally increase in cytokines production. ppe32 might subvert the macrophage immune response and thwart its bact ...201627634911
carboxylate surrogates enhance the antimycobacterial activity of udp-galactopyranose mutase probes.uridine diphosphate galactopyranose mutase (ugm also known as glf) is a biosynthetic enzyme required for construction of the galactan, an essential mycobacterial cell envelope polysaccharide. our group previously identified two distinct classes of ugm inhibitors; each possesses a carboxylate moiety that is crucial for potency yet likely detrimental for cell permeability. to enhance the antimycobacterial potency, we sought to replace the carboxylate with a functional group mimic-an n-acylsulfonam ...201627626294
an experimental model for the rapid screening of compounds with potential use against mycobacteria.infections caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria are major challenges for global public health. particularly worrisome are infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, which are increasingly difficult to treat because of the loss of efficacy of the current antibacterial agents, a problem that continues to escalate worldwide. there has been a limited interest and investment on the development of new antibacterial agents in the past decades. this has led to the current ...201627845849
mycobacterium tuberculosis rv0431 expressed in mycobacterium smegmatis, a potentially mannosylated protein, mediated the immune evasion of raw 264.7 macrophages.tuberculosis remains a global major problem. the immune responses of host against mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tuberculosis) are complicated. m. tuberculosis lives mainly within host cells, usually macrophages which constitute the first line of host defense. mycobacterial proteins, especially cell wall-associated proteins, interact with macrophages of host to regulate the functions and cytokine production. recent studies indicate that glycoproteins are involved in this process. here, we invest ...201627765619
identifying and tackling emergent vulnerability in drug-resistant mycobacteria.the global mechanisms and associated molecular alterations that occur in drug-resistant mycobacteria are poorly understood. to address this, we obtain genomics data and then construct a genome-scale response network in isoniazid-resistant mycobacterium smegmatis and apply a network-mining algorithm. through this, we decipher global alterations in an unbiased manner and identify emergent vulnerabilities in resistant bacilli, of which redox response was prominent. using phenotypic profiling, we fi ...201627759382
influence of iron deprivation on virulence traits of mycobacteria.novel strategies to combat the ever increasing burden of drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) causing tuberculosis (tb) remains a global concern. the ability of mtb to sense and adapt to restricted iron conditions in the hostile environment is essential for their survival and confers the basis of their success as dreadful pathogen. the striking and clinically relevant virulence trait of mtb is its ability to form biofilms and adhere to the host cells. the present study elucidated ...201627755980
differentiating between live and dead mycobacterium smegmatis using autofluorescence.while there have been research efforts to find faster and more efficient diagnostic techniques for tuberculosis (tb), it is equally important to monitor a patient's response to treatment over time, especially with the increasing prevalence of multi-drug resistant (mdr) and extensively-drug resistant (xdr) tb. between sputum smear microscopy, culture, and genexpert, only culture can verify viability of mycobacteria. however, it may take up to six weeks to grow mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), du ...201627742463
identification of a desaturase involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis in mycobacterium smegmatis.mycolic acids are unique long chain fatty acids found in the cell walls of mycobacteria including the tubercle bacillus, mycobacterium tuberculosis. the introduction of double bonds in mycolic acids remains poorly understood, however, genes encoding two potential aerobic desaturases have been proposed to be involved in this process. here we show that one of these genes, desa1, is essential for growth of the saprophytic mycobacterium smegmatis. depletion of desa1 in a m. smegmatis conditional mut ...201627741286
antimycobacterial mechanism of vanillin involves disruption of cell-surface integrity, virulence attributes, and iron homeostasis.tuberculosis (tb) remains a global threat, claiming one-third of the population annually. the ever increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant tb (mdr-tb) is the major impediment to effective anti-tb therapy. under such circumstances, deciphering the antimycobacterial potential of natural compounds has gained considerable prominence. this study evaluated the antimycobacterial activity of vanillin (van), a natural food-flavoring agent and preservative, along with its potential mechanisms of actio ...201627931688
crystal structure of the toxin msmeg_6760, the structural homolog of mycobacterium tuberculosis rv2035, a novel type ii toxin involved in the hypoxic response.the structure of msmeg_6760, a protein of unknown function, has been determined. biochemical and bioinformatics analyses determined that msmeg_6760 interacts with a protein encoded in the same operon, msmeg_6762, and predicted that the operon is a toxin-antitoxin (ta) system. structural comparison of msmeg_6760 with proteins of known function suggests that msmeg_6760 binds a hydrophobic ligand in a buried cavity lined by large hydrophobic residues. access to this cavity could be controlled by a ...201627917833
reconstitution of a mycobacterium tuberculosis proteostasis network highlights essential cofactor interactions with chaperone dnak.during host infection, mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) encounters several types of stress that impair protein integrity, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and chemotherapy. the resulting protein aggregates can be resolved or degraded by molecular machinery conserved from bacteria to eukaryotes. eukaryotic hsp104/hsp70 and their bacterial homologs clpb/dnak are atp-powered chaperones that restore toxic protein aggregates to a native folded state. dnak is essential in mycobacterium s ...201627872278
mycobacterium smegmatis proteoliposome induce protection in a murine progressive pulmonary tuberculosis model.tuberculosis (tb) remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity. the tb vaccine, bcg, is not fully protective against the adult form of the disease and is unable to prevent its transmission although it is still useful against severe childhood tb. hence, the search for new vaccines is of great interest. in a previous study, we have shown that proteoliposomes obtained from mycobacterium smegmatis (plms) induced cross reactive humoral and cellular response against mycobacterium tuberculosis ...201627865396
the tuberculocidal activity of polyaniline and functionalised polyanilines.tuberculosis is considered a leading cause of death worldwide. more than 95% of cases and deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. in resource-limited countries, hospitals often lack adequate facilities to manage and isolate patients with infectious tuberculosis (tb), relying instead on personal protective equipment, such as facemasks, to reduce nosocomial transmission of the disease. facemasks impregnated with an antimicrobial agent may be a cost-effective way of adding an extra level ...201628028468
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