Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| transcytosis of iota-toxin across polarized caco-2 cells. | iota-toxin from clostridium perfringens type e is a binary toxin consisting of two independent proteins, an enzymatic ia and binding ib component. ia catalyses adp-ribosylation of actin monomers, thus disrupting the actin cytoskeleton. in this report, we show that ia plus ib applied apically or basolaterally induce a rapid decrease in the transepithelial resistance (ter) of caco-2 cell monolayers and disorganization of actin filaments as well as the tight and adherens junctions. ib alone, on the ... | 2002 | 11929541 |
| a probabilistic analysis of clostridium perfringens growth during food service operations. | the purpose of this study was threefold: first, the study was designed to illustrate the use of data and information collected in food safety surveys in a quantitative risk assessment. in this case, the focus was on the food service industry; however, similar data from other parts of the food chain could be similarly incorporated. the second objective was to quantitatively describe and better understand the role that the food service industry plays in the safety of food. the third objective was ... | 2002 | 11934039 |
| in vitro effect of intracanal medicaments on strict anaerobes by means of the broth dilution method. | the determination of bacterial susceptibility to intracanal medicaments is a necessity. nevertheless, few studies utilize the proper methodology to carry out that evaluation with anaerobes. in this study, the steps of a broth dilution method, carried out in microplates (microdilution) and tubes (macrodilution), to test the effect of traditional intracanal medicaments on anaerobic bacteria are described. the results are presented as values of minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (mi ... | 2002 | 11938715 |
| ribotyping of clostridium perfringens from industrially produced ground meat. | clostridium (cl.) perfringens is a common cause of food poisoning outbreaks. ribosomal dna analysis (ribotyping), a method which analyses restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the chromosomal genes that encode rrna, has been shown to be useful for microbial species identification and subtyping. | 2002 | 11940151 |
| spontaneous gas gangrene in malignant lymphoma: an underreported complication? | we report a case of spontaneous gas gangrene (sgg), the most rapidly progressive form of clostridial infection, in a patient with non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl). we review the literature and examine the association between these two entities. a 43-year-old man with nhl developed fatal c. perfringens-associated sgg and massive hemolysis during induction chemotherapy. although patients with nhl usually have several risk factors of sgg, such as bowel involvement or neutropenia, only two cases have be ... | 2002 | 12111788 |
| organization of the plasmid cpe locus in clostridium perfringens type a isolates. | clostridium perfringens type a isolates causing food poisoning have a chromosomal enterotoxin gene (cpe), while c. perfringens type a isolates responsible for non-food-borne human gastrointestinal diseases carry a plasmid cpe gene. in the present study, the plasmid cpe locus of the type a non-food-borne-disease isolate f4969 was sequenced to design primers and probes for comparative pcr and southern blot studies of the cpe locus in other type a isolates. those analyses determined that the region ... | 2002 | 12117935 |
| effects of rifaximin administration on the intestinal microbiota in patients with ulcerative colitis. | the effect of rifaximin on the intestinal bacterial population was studied in a clinical trial. twelve patients with ulcerative colitis were administered rifaximin 1800 mg/day in 3 treatment periods of 10 days, each followed by 25 days of wash-out. fecal samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of each treatment period to perform microbiological examinations. titer variations of enterococci, coliforms, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacteroides spp., and clostridium perfringens as w ... | 2002 | 12120885 |
| [the necrotizing enteritis by clostridium perfringens type c in piglets: practical observations, control and epidemiology]. | necrotizing enteritis in piglets is caused by the spore-forming anaerobe clostridium perfringens type c. the pathology is believed to be due to the production of beta-toxin by the agent and the infection tends to persist in affected herds despite appropriate hygiene measures. during the period 1989 to 2001, 35 outbreaks were observed in 15 herds in a limited geographic region in northwestern switzerland in the canton of fribourg. initial outbreaks of acute disease were followed by chronic manife ... | 2002 | 12125237 |
| [the necrotizing enteritis by clostridium perfringens type c in piglets: ii. molecular epidemiology study]. | investigations were performed on shedding of c. perfringens in sows from four different pig farms. in two farms where no outbreaks of necrotizing enteritis had been observed, no strains of c. perfringens producing beta-toxin were detected in the faeces of sows. in contrast, c. perfringens strains producing beta-toxin were detected in sows on both farms suffering outbreaks of acute necrotizing enteritis. strains of c. perfringens producing beta-toxin were invariably positive for the beta 2-toxin ... | 2002 | 12125238 |
| clostridium perfringens urachitis and uroperitoneum in 2 neonatal foals. | 2002 | 12141314 | |
| genomic analysis of clostridium perfringens bacteriophage phi3626, which integrates into guaa and possibly affects sporulation. | two temperate viruses, phi3626 and phi8533, have been isolated from lysogenic clostridium perfringens strains. phage phi3626 was chosen for detailed analysis and was inspected by electron microscopy, protein profiling, and host range determination. for the first time, the nucleotide sequence of a bacteriophage infecting clostridium species was determined. the virus belongs to the siphoviridae family of the tailed phages, the order caudovirales. its genome consists of a linear double-stranded dna ... | 2002 | 12142405 |
| molecular epidemiology of clostridium perfringens related to food-borne outbreaks of disease in finland from 1984 to 1999. | from 1975 to 1999, clostridium perfringens caused 238 food-borne disease outbreaks in finland, which is 20% of all such reported outbreaks during these years. the fact that c. perfringens is commonly found in human and animal stools and that it is also widespread in the environment is a disadvantage when one is searching for the specific cause of a food-borne infection by traditional methods. in order to strengthen the evidence-based diagnostics of food poisonings suspected to be caused by c. pe ... | 2002 | 12147468 |
| a survey of agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in iowa swine including clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | this survey was undertaken to determine the relative frequency of agents that are currently associated with neonatal diarrhea in swine, including clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the subjects for this study were the first 100 live 1-7-day-old piglets submitted to the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory with a clinical signalment of diarrhea, beginning on january 1, 2000. the evaluation of each pig included bacterial culture ... | 2002 | 12152806 |
| two novel oligosaccharides formed by 1f-fructosyltransferase purified from roots of asparagus (asparagus officinalis l.). | two novel oligosaccharides, tetra-and penta-saccharides were synthesized by fructosyl transfer from 1-kestose to 4g-beta-d-galactopyranosylsucrose with a purified 1f-fructosyltransferase of asparagus roots and identified as 1f-beta-d-fructofuranosyl-4g-beta-d-galactopyranosylsucrose, o-beta-d-fructofuranosyl-(2-->1)-beta-d-fructofuranosyl-o-[beta-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-alpha-d-glucopyranoside and 1f(1-beta-d-fructofuranosyl)2-4g-beta-d-galactopyranosylsucrose, [o-beta-d-fructofuranosyl-(2-- ... | 2002 | 12162573 |
| in vitro fermentation properties of selected fructooligosaccharide-containing vegetables and in vivo colonic microbial populations are affected by the diets of healthy human infants. | salsify (tragopogon porrifolius) and gobo (arctium lappa) are root vegetables that contain high concentrations of naturally occurring fructooligosaccharides (fos), nondigestible oligosaccharides that have prebiotic effects on the intestinal microflora. the objective of this study was to compare colonic microbial populations and the fermentation characteristics of gobo and salsify in breast-fed vs. formula-fed infants. fecal inoculum from breast-fed and formula-fed infants consuming either no sol ... | 2002 | 12163660 |
| clostridium botulinum c2 toxin: binding studies with fluorescence-activated cytometry. | clostridium botulinum c2 enterotoxin consists of two unlinked proteins designated as c2ii, which recognizes a cell-surface glycoprotein and translocates an adp-ribosyltransferase, c2i, into the cytosol of a targeted cell. fluorescence-activated cytometry was used to study the cellular interactions of alexa488-labeled c2i (c2i-a488) and proteolytically activated c2ii (c2iia-a488). the binding of c2iia-a488 (4 degrees c/10 min) to chinese hamster ovary (cho) and african green monkey kidney (vero) ... | 2002 | 12165316 |
| the distribution and frequency of clostridium perfringens toxinotypes in healthy sheep in benin, west africa. | 2002 | 12166330 | |
| regrowth and survival of indicator microorganisms on the surfaces of household containers used for the storage of drinking water in rural communities of south africa. | the present study covered two rural communities of south africa: ncera and ntselamanzi villages. raw water from ncera river is used by the community of ncera village for drinking, while the community of ntselamanzi receives their drinking water from alice purification system. treated water is supplied to the community by a public standpipe system. in rural communities of south africa, many households use polyethylene (pe) and galvanized steel (gs) containers for the storage of their drinking wat ... | 2002 | 12171400 |
| the role of clostridial toxins in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. | clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is, without a doubt, the most fulminant necrotizing infection that affects humans. in victims of traumatic injury, the infection can become well established in as little as 6-8 h, and the destruction of adjacent healthy muscle can progress several inches per hour despite appropriate antibiotic coverage. shock and organ failure are present in 50% of patients and, among these, 40% die. despite modern medical advances and intensive-care regimens, radical amputat ... | 2002 | 12173116 |
| characterization of a bacteriocin produced by a newly isolated bacillus sp. strain 8 a. | the aim of this research was to investigate the production of bacteriocins by bacillus spp. isolated from native soils of south of brazil. | 2002 | 12174052 |
| clostridium perfringens iota toxin: characterization of the cell-associated iota b complex. | clostridium perfringens type e iota toxin consists of two unlinked proteins designated as iota a (ia; molecular mass approximately 47 kda), an adp-ribosyltransferase and iota b (ib; molecular mass approximately 81 kda) which binds to the cell surface and facilitates ia entry into the cytosol. by western-blot analysis, ib incubated with vero cells at 37 degrees c generated a cell-associated, sds-insoluble oligomer of ib (molecular mass>220 kda) within 15 s, which was still evident 110 min after w ... | 2002 | 12175336 |
| clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin forms a heptameric pore within the detergent-insoluble microdomains of madin-darby canine kidney cells and rat synaptosomes. | clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin, which is responsible for enterotoxaemia in ungulates, forms a heptamer in rat synaptosomal and madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cell membranes, leading to membrane permealization. thus, the toxin may target the detergent-resistant membrane domains (drms) of these membranes, in analogy to aerolysin, a heptameric pore-forming toxin that associates with drms. to test this idea, we examined the distribution of radiolabeled epsilon-toxin in drm and detergent-sol ... | 2002 | 12177068 |
| french laboratory proficiency testing program for food microbiology. | the proficiency testing program in food microbiology (réseau d'analyses et d'echanges en microbiologie des aliments; raema), created in 1988, currently includes 440 participating laboratories. the program establishes proficiency in detection of salmonella and listeria monocytogenes, as well as quantitation of aerobic microorganisms, enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, coagulase-positive staphylococcus, and listeria monocytogenes. twice a year, 5 test samples ... | 2002 | 12180693 |
| [clostridium perfringens in raw and cooked meats and its relation with the environment in costa rica]. | the presence of clostridium perfringens in eight slaughter houses from costa rica was analyzed using the most probable number (mpn) technique, in order to assess the risk of acquiring a food borne intoxication due to consumption of contaminated meat. c. perfringens was detected in 29 (88%) out of 33 soil samples collected from the slaughter house surroundings (average 6.7 x 10(2) mpn/g), as well as in 70 (93%) out of 75 intestinal contents of slaughtered animals (average 3 x 10(4) mpn/g), in 42 ... | 2002 | 12184149 |
| confused by results of study on use of fecal panel for dogs. | 2002 | 12184695 | |
| hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of orbital gas gangrene. | clostridial gas gangrene (myonecrosis) is a rapidly progressive, life-threatening infection. the occurrence of clostridial gas gangrene in the orbit is uncommon. we present a case of gas gangrene in the orbit of a child, with clostridium perfringens isolated from the wound. our patient was successfully treated with extensive surgical débridement, anti-microbial therapy, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. hyperbaric oxygen is established as an adjuvant therapy of clostridial gas gangrene and has been ... | 2002 | 12185353 |
| [enterotoxic strains of clostridium perfringens and sporulation]. | clostridium perfringens strains of a type capable of enterotoxin (cpe) synthesis may be a potential source of food-poisoning. suitability of methods for cpe detection on the protein level is limited by difficulties in inducing sporulation in vitro. a number of unknown facts concerning coregulation the sporulation processes and cpe synthesis are recognised. the goal of the work was to determine the level of correlation between cpe synthesis and spores formation. enterotoxin and cpe gen were detec ... | 2002 | 12185684 |
| differential conformational environment of tryptophan in epsilon native prototoxin and active toxin from clostridium perfringens type d. | the tryptophan content of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon protoxin and toxin was found to be one residue per molecule of protein. n-bromosuccinimide in the presence of urea cleaves the tryptophan with total loss of lethality in both toxin and prototoxin. fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (cd) and 10% ethylene glycol solvent perturbation studies showed that the tryptophan in epsilon toxin and that in prototoxin have different conformational environments. the tryptophan is more ... | 2002 | 12186772 |
| pcr detection and prevalence of enterotoxin (cpe) gene in clostridium perfringens isolated from diarrhea patients. | clostridium perfringens isolated from patients with diarrhea (n=233) were analysed by a duplex pcr assay, in order to determine the prevalence of enterotoxin (cpe) gene and various factors involved in patients with cpe-positive isolates. this duplex pcr uses two sets of primers which amplify in the same reaction two different gene fragments: the phospholipase c (plc, alpha-toxin) and the enterotoxin (cpe) genes in c. perfringens. pcr analysis of 477 colonies of fecal spore isolates, from 159 pat ... | 2002 | 12188395 |
| changes in gene expression during the early to mid-luteal (receptive phase) transition in human endometrium detected by high-density microarray screening. | high density cdna microarray screening was used to determine changes in gene expression occurring during the transition between the early luteal (prereceptive) and mid-luteal (receptive) phases in human endometrium. of approximately 12,000 genes profiled, 693 (5.8%) displayed >2-fold differences in relative levels of expression between these stages. of these, 370 genes (3.1%) displayed decreases ranging from 2- to >100-fold while 323 genes (2.7%) displayed increases ranging from 2- to >45-fold. ... | 2002 | 12200466 |
| identification, molecular cloning and expression of an alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase gene from clostridium perfringens. | the clostridium perfringens gene encoding the previously characterized alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase (alphanag) was identified by protein microsequencing and database searching. the alphanag protein, designated aaga, was found to be encoded by a hypothetical gene of unknown function in the recently completed genome sequence of c. perfringens strain 13. the deduced translation product of 629 amino acid residues possessed a region of limited homology to several hypothetical open reading frames, ... | 2002 | 12204375 |
| toxin types of clostridium perfringens isolated from free-ranging, semi-domesticated reindeer in norway. | samples of faeces were taken from 166 healthy domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from three flocks in different reindeer husbandry districts in northern norway and examined bacteriologically for the presence of clostridium perfringens. the organism was isolated from 98 (59 per cent) of the reindeer. the isolates were classified into c perfringens toxin types by pcr analysis specific for the genes encoding the four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and tau) and were subclassified ... | 2002 | 12211393 |
| [a case of invasive clostridium perfringens infection complicated intravascular hemolysis]. | we experience a case of a 83-year-old male who was admitted complaining of chills, cramp, high fever and respiratory distress. his blood revealed marked hemolysis. gram positive rods was observed in the hemoliesed blood taken on admission. about 2 hours after admission, he suddenly fell into a critical condition. he died about 6 hours after admission in spite of resuscitation. clostridium perfringens was detected from the blood and liver obtained by autopsy. we suspected that he died of acute in ... | 2002 | 12212323 |
| hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000). | to determine signalment, history, and clinical, necropsy, and microbiologic findings in dairy cows with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. | 2002 | 12216909 |
| clostridium perfringens iota toxin. mapping of the ia domain involved in docking with ib and cellular internalization. | clostridium perfringens iota toxin consists of two unlinked proteins. the binding component (ib) is required to internalize into cells an enzymatic component (ia) that adp-ribosylates g-actin. to characterize the ia domain that interacts with ib, fusion proteins were constructed between the c. botulinum c3 enzyme, which adp-ribosylates rho, and various truncated versions of ia. these chimeric molecules retained the wild type adp-ribosyltransferase activity specific for rho and were recognized by ... | 2002 | 12221101 |
| preliminary evidence for human fecal contamination in corals of the florida keys, usa. | corals and reef environments are under increased stress from anthropogenic activities, particularly those in the vicinity of heavily populated areas such as the florida keys. the potential adverse impacts of wastewater can affect both the environment and human health; however, because of the high decay rate of bacterial indicators in coral reef waters it has been difficult to document the presence of microbial contaminants and to assign risks in these environments. here we show initial evidence ... | 2002 | 12222890 |
| clostridium welchii infection following amniocentesis: a case report and review of the literature. | we report a case of severe clostridium welchii infection following amniocentesis with septicaemia, haemolysis, dic, pulmonary oedema and renal failure. full recovery occurred following aggressive conservative management using antibiotics, endometrial curettage and intensive monitoring. the patient retained her uterus and had a successful pregnancy two years later although caesarean section for uterine rupture was required. conservative management with conservation of the uterus and ovaries may b ... | 2002 | 12224071 |
| the effect of different cooking procedures on microbiological and chemical quality characteristics of tekirdağ meatballs. | in this research, the effects of different cooking processes (grilling, oven, and microwave cooking) on microbial flora and chemical composition of the raw and cooked meatballs as consumed in tekirdağ were investigated. microbial flora of the raw meatballs was as follows: total bacteria, 6.02 x 10(6) cfu/g; psychrophilic bacteria, 1.3 x 10(5) cfu/g; yeast and mould, 2.4 x 10(5) cfu/g; coliforms, 1.1 x 10(5) cfu/g; escherichia coli, 1.0 x 10(2) cfu/g; total staphylococcae, 3.3 x 10(2) cfu/g; stap ... | 2002 | 12224424 |
| optimizing sporulation of clostridium perfringens. | many sporulation media have been developed for clostridium perfringens, but none stimulates sporulation for all strains. the aim of our experiments was to develop a sporulation method using duncan and strong (ds) medium, which supports sporulation of a wide variety of strains. different inoculation levels were tested, and the effects of sporulation-promoting substances and acid shock were evaluated. furthermore, ds medium was compared with other sporulation media. highest spore numbers in ds med ... | 2002 | 12233858 |
| activity of endodontic antibacterial agents against selected anaerobic bacteria. | the antimicrobial activity of substances used as antibacterial agents (solutions of 10% calcium hydroxide, camphorated paramonochlorophenol - pmcc, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and 10% castor oil plant detergent) on anaerobic bacteria (fusobacterium nucleatum atcc 25586, prevotella nigrescens atcc 33563, clostridium perfringens atcc 13124 and bacteroidesfragilis atcc 25285), using a broth dilution technique, was evaluated in vitro. for determination of minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericide ... | 2002 | 12238802 |
| analysis of heat shock protein 60 encoding genes of mycoplasmas and investigations concerning their role in immunity and infection. | only little is known about the heat shock proteins (hsp) and hsp-encoding genes of mycoplasmas. the aim of this study was to identify and sequence the hsp60 gene of mycoplasma agalactiae, mycoplasma arthritidis, mycoplasma bovis, and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and to investigate the immune response to hsp60. fragments of the hsp60 genes of m. agalactiae, m. arthritidis, m. bovis and m. hyopneumoniae representing almost the entire coding region were amplified by pcr. two fragments of a hsp60 gene ... | 2002 | 12243891 |
| genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs. | the objectives of this study were to examine the potential roles of clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in diarrhea in dogs by comparison of isolation, determination of toxin status via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr). these techniques were used to evaluate fecal specimens in 132 healthy and diarrheic dogs. these dogs were prospectively evaluated by grouping them into the following 3 categories: ... | 2002 | 12322702 |
| an intraorbital injury from an occult wooden foreign body. | 2002 | 12353904 | |
| purulent pericarditis as a sequela to clostridial myositis in a horse. | 2002 | 12358008 | |
| the influence of grinding and pelleting of feed on the microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. | 1. the influence of feed grinding (coarsely or finely ground feed) and feed form (mash or pellets) on the intestinal environment was investigated in a growth experiment with broiler chickens taking the intestinal microflora, intestinal viscosity, and the activities of pancreatic digestive enzymes into consideration. 2. as compared to mash the feeding of pellets was associated with a significantly higher body weight due to increased feed intake and improved feed utilisation. 3. pellet-fed birds h ... | 2002 | 12365514 |
| the fxrxhrs motif: a conserved region essential for dna binding of the virr response regulator from clostridium perfringens. | the virsr two-component signal transduction pathway regulates virulence and toxin production in clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of gas gangrene. the response regulator, virr, binds to repeat sequences located upstream of the promoter and is directly responsible for the transcriptional activation of pfoa, the structural gene for the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, perfringolysin o. comparative sequence analysis of the 236 amino acid residue virr protein revealed a two-domain structu ... | 2002 | 12367524 |
| structural insights into the membrane-anchoring mechanism of a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin. | perfringolysin o (pfo), a cytolytic toxin secreted by pathogenic clostridium perfringens, forms large pores in cholesterol-containing membranes. domain 4 (d4) of the protein interacts first with the membrane and is responsible for cholesterol recognition. by using several independent fluorescence techniques, we have determined the topography of d4 in the membrane-inserted oligomeric form of the toxin. only the short hydrophobic loops at the tip of the d4 beta-sandwich are exposed to the bilayer ... | 2002 | 12368903 |
| isolation and identification of clostridium perfringens in the venom and fangs of loxosceles intermedia (brown spider): enhancement of the dermonecrotic lesion in loxoscelism. | loxoscelism or the envenoming by the brown spiders (loxosceles genus spiders), may produce extensive dermonecrosis and hemorrhage at the bite site and, eventually, systemic reactions that may be lethal. isolation and identification of many different bacteria, among them clostridium perfringens, of great medical importance due to its involvement in dermonecrotizing and systemic conditions, was carried out from the venomous apparatus (fangs and venom) of spiders obtained directly from nature, thro ... | 2002 | 11738234 |
| interaction of clostridium perfringens iota-toxin with lipid bilayer membranes. demonstration of channel formation by the activated binding component ib and channel block by the enzyme component ia. | the interaction between model lipid membranes and the binding component (ib) of the adp-ribosylating iota-toxin of clostridium perfringens was studied in detail. ib had to be activated by trypsin to result in channel formation in artificial lipid bilayers. the channels formed readily by ib had a small single-channel conductance of about 85 picosiemens in 1 m kcl. channel function was blocked in single-channel and multichannel experiments by the enzymatic component ia in a ph-dependent manner. th ... | 2002 | 11741922 |
| immunoelectron microscopic localization of cholesterol using biotinylated and non-cytolytic perfringolysin o. | we used a proteolytically modified and biotinylated derivative of the cholesterol-binding theta-toxin (perfringolysin o) to localize cholesterol-rich membranes in cryosections of cultured human lymphoblastoid cells (rn) by electron microscopy. we developed a fixation and immunolabeling procedure to improve the preservation of membranes and minimize the extraction and dislocalization of cholesterol on thin sections. we also labeled the surface of living cells and applied high-pressure freezing an ... | 2002 | 11748293 |
| diagnosis and management of clostridium perfringens sepsis and uterine gas gangrene. | the progression of clostridium perfringens endomyometritis to gas gangrene is a rare, but greatly feared complication in the obstetrical patient. while endometritis following cesarean delivery is a common complication, recognition of c. perfringens as the pathogen as well as its progression to gas formation in the myometrium is essential to the survival of the patient. we present a patient that we recently cared for, and review the bacteriology, clinical diagnosis, and management. | 2002 | 11773832 |
| clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces rabbit neutrophil adhesion. | clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin, which is one of the main agents involved in the development of gas gangrene, stimulates o(2)(-)production in neutrophils. exposure of rabbit neutrophils to the alpha-toxin induced firm adhesion of the cells to fibrinogen and fibronectin. incubation of rabbit neutrophils and neutrophil lysates with alpha-toxin led to the production of diacylglycerol (dg) and l-alpha-phosphatidic acid (pa), respectively. the toxin-induced dg and pa formation preceded the toxin- ... | 2002 | 11782516 |
| complete genome sequence of clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater. | clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterium that causes life-threatening gas gangrene and mild enterotoxaemia in humans, although it colonizes as normal intestinal flora of humans and animals. the organism is known to produce a variety of toxins and enzymes that are responsible for the severe myonecrotic lesions. here we report the complete 3,031,430-bp sequence of c. perfringens strain 13 that comprises 2,660 protein coding regions and 10 rrna genes, showing pro ... | 2002 | 11792842 |
| fatal enteritis necroticans (pigbel) in a diabetic adult. | enteritis necroticans is a segmental necrotizing infection of the jejunum and ileum caused by clostridium perfringens, type c. the disease occurs sporadically in parts of asia, africa, and the south pacific, where it primarily affects children with severe protein malnutrition. the disease is extremely rare in developed countries, where it has been seen primarily in diabetics. two cases have previously been reported in the united states, one in a child with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. a 66 ... | 2002 | 11796843 |
| effects of intravenous injection of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in calves. | in cattle, a neurological lesion similar to that produced in sheep and goats by clostridium perfringens type d enterotoxaemia has been reported. however, no causal relationship has been established between this disease and the lesion in cattle. the effects of single and multiple intravenous injections of epsilon toxin in three calves aged 6 months were studied. a further calf was inoculated intravenously with saline solution and used as a control. epsilon toxin invariably produced neurological s ... | 2002 | 11814324 |
| adhesive property of bifidobacterium lactis lkm512 and predominant bacteria of intestinal microflora to human intestinal mucin. | the adhesive property to the intestinal mucin of bifidobacterium lactis lkm512, b. longum, b. breve, b. bifidum, b. adolescentis, b. infantis, bacteroides vulgatus, bacteroides distasonis, eubacterium aerofaciens, clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, and lactobacillus acidophilus were examined. adhesive rate of lkm512 to the mucin was significantly (p < 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001) stronger than the other strains from 2 to 100 time. though the adhesive property of many strains was almost same to ... | 2002 | 11821930 |
| [wound botulism after drug injection]. | clinical presentation: a 32-year old male drug user presented with diplopia, ataxia and general weakness. the patient had abscesses on arms and legs at injection sites, bilateral ptosis, a bifacial weakness, nasal speech, severely reduced ability to raise his arms and a positive trendelelenburg sign with normal motor neuron reflexes and normal sensation. clinical and laboratory tests: the haematological values indicated a hypochromic, microcytic anaemia (12,1 mg/dl), a slight leuko (10,8 g/l) - ... | 2002 | 11821991 |
| ecvam's contributions to the implementation of the three rs in the production and quality control of biologicals. | a summary is presented of the activities initiated, and the progress achieved, between april 1993 and december 2001 in implementing the three rs in one of the main priority areas of the european centre for the validation of alternative methods (ecvam) - the production and quality control of biologicals. these have included organising eight key workshops, and financial contributions to, and sponsorship of, relevant international workshops, symposia and conferences. noteworthy activities include f ... | 2002 | 11827574 |
| population-based study of fecal shedding of clostridium perfringens in broodmares and foals. | to determine the percentage of broodmares and foals that shed clostridium perfringens in their feces and classify the genotypes of those isolates. | 2002 | 11829266 |
| removal of bacterial and viral faecal indicator organisms in a waste stabilization pond system in choconta, cundinamarca (colombia). | a major objective for domestic wastewater treatment using waste stabilization pond systems is the removal of pathogenic microorganisms. traditional evaluation parameters for faecal contamination are the total and faecal coliforms. however, epidemiological studies, environmental resistance and the behaviour in the treatment systems, show that viruses are an important disease agent and even more resistant to disinfection than bacteria. therefore, it is important to introduce viruses as a faecal in ... | 2002 | 11833732 |
| characterization of a novel endo-beta-galactosidase specific for releasing the disaccharide glcnac alpha 1-->4gal from glycoconjugates. | in contrast to the beta-linked glcnac, the alpha-linked glcnac has not been commonly found in glycoconjugates. we have recently revealed the presence of an unusual endo-beta-galactosidase (endo-beta-gal(gnga)) in clostridium perfringens capable of releasing glcnacalpha1-->4gal from glycans expressed in the gastric mucous cell-type mucin [ashida, h., anderson, k., nakayama, j., maskos, k., chou, c.-w., cole, r. b., li, s.-c., and li, y.-t. (2001) j. biol. chem. 276, 28226-28232]. to characterize ... | 2002 | 11841232 |
| sepsis due to clostridium perfringens after pregnancy termination with feticide by cordocentesis: a case report. | we report a case of sepsis due to clostridium perfringens after termination of pregnancy at 22 weeks with feticide by cordocentesis. three weeks earlier, the 41-year-old patient had undergone an amniocentesis and a full trisomy 13 karyotype had been discovered. feticide was performed by injection of thiopental and potassium chloride after percutaneous umbilical foetal blood sampling through the same needle. the patient delivered vaginally with signs of chorioamnionitis and septicaemia. she recov ... | 2002 | 11844919 |
| survival and growth of enterotoxin-positive and enterotoxin-negative clostridium perfringens in laboratory media. | the survival and growth characteristics of enterotoxin-positive and enterotoxin-negative clostridium perfringens were compared. spores of c. perfringens were heated and incubated in laboratory media to simulate the cooking and inadequate storage of cooked food. in our experiment, enterotoxin-positive and enterotoxin-negative spores were heated and incubated individually and it was found that spores of enterotoxin-positive strains were more heat-resistant than spores of the enterotoxin-negative s ... | 2002 | 11845822 |
| monomer-monomer interactions drive the prepore to pore conversion of a beta-barrel-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin. | perfringolysin o (pfo), a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, forms large oligomeric pore complexes comprised of up to 50 pfo molecules. in the present studies a mutant of pfo (pfo(y181a)) has been identified that traps pfo in a multimeric prepore complex that cannot insert its transmembrane beta-hairpins and therefore cannot form a pore. remarkably, pfo(y181a) can be induced to insert its transmembrane beta-hairpins if functional pfo is incorporated into the pfo(y181a) oligomeric prepore complex. ... | 2002 | 11799121 |
| clostridial virr/virs regulon involves a regulatory rna molecule for expression of toxins. | we analysed the region encoding vr-rna (virr-regulated rna), which has been reported to be positively regulated by the two-component virr/virs system in clostridium perfringens. the vr-rna promoter identified by primer extension analysis was preceded by a probable virr-binding site (ccagttnnncac), which resembled a repeated sequence motif present in the promoter region of the theta-toxin (pfoa) gene. a vr-rna-null mutant, constructed by a homologous recombination, exhibited a reduced amount of t ... | 2002 | 11849553 |
| detection of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens with a duplex pcr. | two sets of primers designed to detect clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (plc) and enterotoxin (cpe) genes in a single pcr reaction were applied to a collection of 64 predominantly food poisoning-related c. perfringens isolates. in-vitro enterotoxin synthesis was tested serologically after inducing sporulation. of the 64 isolates, 26 were clearly enterotoxigenic; 16 were classified as potentially enterotoxigenic only as serological testing did not confirm enterotoxin production. duplex pcr ... | 2002 | 11863268 |
| clostridial myonecrosis cluster among injection drug users: a molecular epidemiology investigation. | a molecular epidemiologic investigation was performed on a cluster of severe necrotizing clostridium infections in 5 injection drug users admitted to an urban community hospital. interviews with survivors suggested a point source of infection. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of smai restriction digests was performed to determine the molecular relatedness of clinically obtained isolates and isolates obtained from heroin samples and the home environment. a common clonal strain was found in clostr ... | 2002 | 11871919 |
| influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment. | the potential regrowth of fecal indicator bacteria released into coastal environments in recreational water bodies has been of concern, especially in tropical and subtropical areas where the number of these bacteria can be artificially elevated beyond that from fecal impacts alone. the task of determining the factors that influence indicator bacterial regrowth was addressed though a series of field sampling and laboratory experiments using in situ densities of escherichia coli, enterococci, and ... | 2002 | 11872464 |
| new approaches and old problems in the shadow of bioterrorism. | 2002 | 11864812 | |
| oral administration of arabinogalactan affects immune status and fecal microbial populations in dogs. | seven ileally cannulated dogs were randomly assigned to a control or arabinogalactan (ag) treatments in a 7 x 7 latin square design to evaluate effects of oral ag administration on nutritional and immunological characteristics. arabinogalactan treatments included a high (1.65 g/d) and low (0.55 g/d) dose of ag100, ag1000 or ag3000 provided via gelatin capsules. arabinogalactan forms differed in purification procedures. each period consisted of a 6-d adaptation followed by a 4-d collection. blood ... | 2002 | 11880574 |
| expression of a small rna, bs203 rna, from the yoci-yocj intergenic region of bacillus subtilis genome. | we isolated and characterized a novel small rna from bacillus subtilis. we termed this molecule bs203 rna from the length of its mature form (203 nt) and located the corresponding gene at the yoci-yocj intergenic region on the b. subtilis genome. northern blotting revealed that it is transcribed in vegetative growing cells and that the amount of bs203 rna decreased in the middle of the vegetative phase. a computer-aided prediction of the bs203 rna secondary structure revealed three characteristi ... | 2002 | 11886746 |
| characterization of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from polish patients with suspected antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | the aim of our research was to investigate the role of enterotoxin- producing anaerobic bacteria other than clostridium difficile in the etiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. this article presents data related to c. perfringens. | 2002 | 11887023 |
| perfringolysin o expression in clostridium perfringens is independent of the upstream pfor gene. | the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis involves the extracellular toxins alpha-toxin and perfringolysin o. previous studies (t. shimizu, a. okabe, j. minami, and h. hayashi, infect. immun. 59:137-142, 1991) carried out with escherichia coli suggested that the perfringolysin o structural gene, pfoa, was positively regulated by the product of the upstream pfor gene. in an attempt to confirm this hypothesis in c. perfringens, a pfor-pfoa deletio ... | 2002 | 11889112 |
| intravascular hemolysis from a clostridium perfringens liver abscess. | 2002 | 11893140 | |
| binding component of clostridium perfringens iota-toxin induces endocytosis in vero cells. | clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is a binary toxin consisting of two individual proteins, the binding component (ib) and the enzyme component (ia). wild-type ib bound to vero cells at 4 and 37 degrees c and formed oligomers at 37 degrees c but not at 4 degrees c. the ib-induced k(+) release from the cells was dependent on the oligomer formation of ib in the cells, but the oligomer formation did not induce rounding activity or cytotoxicity. after incubation of the cells with recombinant ib (rib ... | 2002 | 11895954 |
| evidence for antibiotic induced clostridium perfringens diarrhoea. | 2002 | 11896084 | |
| meningitis and shunt infection caused by anaerobic bacteria in children. | this review describes the microbiology and management of meningitis and shunt infections caused by anaerobic bacteria in children. the predominant anaerobes recovered in meningitis are bacteriodes spp., bacteriodes fragilis, fusobacterium spp., and clostridium spp. peptostreptococcus, veillonella, actinomyces, propionibacterium acnes, and eubacterium are less commonly isolated. the predisposing conditions for meningitis are acute or chronic middle-ear infection, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and pulmo ... | 2002 | 11897473 |
| identification of the clostridium perfringens genes involved in the adaptive response to oxidative stress. | clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous gram-positive pathogen that is present in the air, soil, animals, and humans. although c. perfringens is strictly anaerobic, vegetative and stationary cells can survive in a growth-arrested stage in the presence of oxygen and/or low concentrations of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. indeed, it possesses an adaptive response to oxidative stress, which can be activated in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. to identify the genes involved in this oxidativ ... | 2002 | 11948145 |
| co-processing of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and primary sludge--stabilization and disinfection. | batch mesophilic digesters were fed a mixture of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (of-msw) and primary sludge (ps), and operated under non-mixing condition at a 30-day influent mass retention time. the reactors were started in a slurry mode and brought to the target level of 26-30% total solids in about 3 months from start. two feed characteristics, the level of ps solids in the feed, and the particle size of the of-msw, were the variables used to determine their effect on methane p ... | 2002 | 11950075 |
| microbiological quality and safety of ready-to-eat cooked foods from a centralized school kitchen in argentina. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and sensory quality as well as the safety of ready-to-eat (rte) cooked foods prepared in and distributed from a centralized kitchen to schools in argentina. a total of 101 cooked food samples delivered as hot rte cooked foods (group a) and as rte cooked foods at room temperature (group b) and 140 surface swab environment samples were collected from february to november 1999. petrifilm plates were used for aerobic (pac), coliform (pcc) ... | 2002 | 11952212 |
| autonomous expression of the slo gene of the bicistronic nga-slo operon of streptococcus pyogenes. | a recent model for cytolysin-mediated translocation in streptococcus pyogenes proposes that nad-glycohydrolase is translocated through streptolysin o-generated pores into a host cell (j. madden, n. ruiz, and m. caparon, cell 104:143-152, 2001). this model also assumes that the nad-glycohydrolase (nga) and streptolysin o (slo) genes that code for these products are organized in an operon-like structure expressed from a single promoter only (nga). we expand this model by showing that slo possesses ... | 2002 | 11953421 |
| identification of essential residues in the erm(b) rrna methyltransferase of clostridium perfringens. | macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b resistance is widespread, with the determinants encoding resistance to antibiotics such as erythromycin being detected in many bacterial pathogens. resistance is most commonly mediated by the production of an erm protein, a 23s rrna methyltransferase. we have undertaken a mutational analysis of the erm(b) protein from clostridium perfringens with the objective of developing a greater understanding of the mechanism of action of this protein. a recombinant pla ... | 2002 | 11959553 |
| the luxs gene is involved in cell-cell signalling for toxin production in clostridium perfringens. | a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen, clostridium perfringens, causes clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene in humans by producing numerous extracellular toxins and enzymes that act in concert to degrade host tissues. c. perfringens possesses a homologue of the luxs gene that is reported to be responsible for the production of autoinducer 2 (ai-2), which participates in quorum sensing in bacteria. the luxs mutant was constructed using c. perfringens strain 13, and the role of the luxs gene in to ... | 2002 | 11967077 |
| necrotizing fasciitis with clostridium perfringens after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. | necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressive infection of the fascia and subcutaneous tissues accompanied by a high mortality rate approaching 80% to 100%. factors that predispose patients to this life-threatening complication include obesity, malnutrition, malignancy, chronic alcoholism, drug abuse, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and immunosuppressive therapy. the pathomechanisms for the development of this rare disease still remain unclear. we report a case of necrotizing fa ... | 2002 | 11972228 |
| fatal clostridial sepsis after spontaneous abortion. | although obstetric mortality due to complications of clostridium perfringens infection is rare at present, we report a case of fatal clostridial sepsis secondary to a septic spontaneous abortion. | 2002 | 11975951 |
| microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. | hygienic and microbiological examinations of watercourses are usually not carried out during heavy rainfall and runoff events. after rainfall or snowmelt, there are often massive increases in turbidity in flooding creeks in mountain ranges, which are frequently interpreted as an indication of microbial contamination. the aim of this study was to quantify the microbial loads of watercourses during such runoff events and to compare these loads with loads occurring during regular conditions. in a 1 ... | 2002 | 11976088 |
| proteome and transcriptome analysis of the virulence genes regulated by the virr/virs system in clostridium perfringens. | the proteins under the control of the two-component system virr/virs in clostridium perfringens were analyzed by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the culture supernatant from the wild type and the virr mutant. based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry, seven positively regulated proteins and eight negatively regulated proteins were identified. transcriptome analysis confirmed that 7 of the 15 proteins were regulated by the virr/virs system ... | 2002 | 11976286 |
| [aerobilia: a rare consequence of anaerobic acute cholecystitis: a case report]. | acute acalculous cholecystitis is rare in non critically ill or postoperative patients. we report a case of acute acalculous cholecystitis with secondary bile infection with clostridium perfringens. ultrasound and tomodensitometry revealed diffuse aerobilia. the germ in this case report is atypical and contrasts with the very discrete clinical findings. aerobilia, secondary to the development of bacteria in the biliary tract falsely suggested a bilio-digestive fistula. treatment included a simpl ... | 2002 | 11981474 |
| clostridium perfringens and foodborne infections. | clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning is one of the more common in the industrialised world. this bacterium is also responsible for the rare but severe food borne necrotic enteritis. c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been shown to be the virulence factor responsible for causing the symptoms of c. perfringens type a food poisoning. cpe is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 3.5 kda that binds to receptors on the target epithelial cells. through a unique four-step memb ... | 2002 | 11981970 |
| reduction of enteric microbes in flushed swine wastewater treated by a biological aerated filter and uv irradiation. | an aerobic biofilter system was studied to assess its effectiveness for reducing enteric microbial indicators in flushed swine wastewater under different seasonal conditions. a laboratory-scale, low-pressure uv collimated beam apparatus was used to investigate the effectiveness of uv irradiation for inactivating enteric bacteria, coliphages, and bacterial spores in treated and untreated swine wastewater having unfiltered absorbances of 5 to 11 cm(-1) and total suspended solids concentrations of ... | 2002 | 11995872 |
| analysis of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls(b)) resistance determinant in strains of clostridium difficile. | the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mlsb) resistance determinants have been detected among clostridia in both c. perfringens and c. difficile strains. previous studies have shown that mlsb-resistant c. difficile strains can be differentiated by specific hybridizing bands using an erm(b) probe. a recent study has demonstrated that c. difficile 630, a strain highly resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin (mic > or = 256 ml/l), showing a hybridizing band at 9.7 kb, contains two copies of a ... | 2002 | 12002649 |
| evaluation of n-acetylchitooligosaccharides as the main carbon sources for the growth of intestinal bacteria. | n-acetylchitooligosaccharides ((glcnac)(n)) with different degrees of polymerization (n=1-6) were prepared as the main carbon sources in media for evaluating the growth of nine intestinal bacteria. a chitohydrolysate was prepared by hydrolyzing shrimp-shell chitin using hcl. after purification, the purity of each (glcnac)(1-6) was >86%. the growth of intestinal bacteria was carried out in a basal medium (bm) containing 0.2% (w/v) of each sugar or glucose as the main carbon source and was evaluat ... | 2002 | 12007653 |
| identification of a novel locus that regulates expression of toxin genes in clostridium perfringens. | a novel gene that regulates the alpha-toxin (plc), kappa-toxin (cola), and theta;-toxin (pfoa) genes was identified using toxin-negative mutant strains of clostridium perfringens. the cloned 3.2-kb fragment contained the virx gene encoding a 51-amino acid polypeptide of unknown function that seemed to be responsible for the activation of toxin genes. the virx knock out mutant of wild-type strain 13 showed a reduced expression of the plc, cola, and pfoa genes, which was complemented by the transf ... | 2002 | 12007663 |
| the first strain of clostridium perfringens isolated from an avian source has an alpha-toxin with divergent structural and kinetic properties. | clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is a 370-residue, zinc-dependent, phospholipase c that is the key virulence determinant in gas gangrene. it is also implicated in the pathogenesis of sudden death syndrome in young animals and necrotic enteritis in chickens. previously characterized alpha-toxins from different strains of c. perfringens are almost identical in sequence and biochemical properties. we describe the cloning, nucleotide sequencing, expression, characterization, and crystal structure ... | 2002 | 12009886 |
| brachyspira (serpulina) pilosicoli of human origin interfere with the growth of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin producer. | brachyspira (serpulina) pilosicoli of human origin interfere with the growth of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin producer reducing the clostridial growth area and colonies number when bacteria were cultivated together in sheep blood agar plates. the growth inhibition of c. perfringens was only observed when b. (s.) pilosicoli grew 72-96 hours sooner than c. perfringens and after the inoculum of this latter the plates were anaerobically incubated for additional 48 hours. the phenomenon was obs ... | 2002 | 12019719 |
| clostridium perfringens toxin types from wild-caught atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.), determined by pcr and elisa. | ninety-five fecal samples from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.), caught along the northern norwegian coast, were examined bacteriologically for occurrence of c. perfringens. isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for genes encoding the four lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota) for classification into toxin types and for genes encoding enterotoxin and the novel beta2 toxin for further subclassification. in addition, a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) ... | 2002 | 12030710 |
| a novel heptasialosyl c-series ganglioside in embryonic chicken brain: its structure and stage-specific expression. | a ganglioside of unknown structure (ganglioside x) was purified from chicken brain at embryonic day 12 (e12) and characterized for its structure. ganglioside x was reactive with a monoclonal antibody a2b5 and migrated below gh1c on thin-layer chromatography (tlc). extensive treatment of ganglioside x with clostridium perfringens sialidase produced a single ganglioside product. this ganglioside was identified as gm1 based upon its chromatographic mobility and reactivity to cholera toxin b subunit ... | 2002 | 12031286 |
| correlation between levels of apoptosis, levels of infection and haemagglutinin receptor binding interaction of various subtypes of influenza virus: does the viral neuraminidase have a role in these associations. | previously, we have shown that an h3n2 influenza virus (clone 7a) induced more apoptosis in mdck cells than an h1n1 (a/fiji) influenza virus and that the virion neuraminidase (na) played a role in the induction of apoptosis. in this study we have examined a further 6 n2 (h3/h2) and 3 n1 (hsw/h1) viruses and confirmed that the n2 viruses induce more apoptosis in mdck cells than the n1 viruses. furthermore, the level of apoptosis, the level of cell infection and the na activity of the virus prepar ... | 2002 | 12034479 |
| a novel type of conserved dna-binding domain in the transcriptional regulators of the algr/agra/lytr family. | sequence analysis of bacterial genomes revealed a novel dna-binding domain. this domain is found in several response regulators of the two-component signal transduction system, such as pseudomonas aeruginosa algr, involved in the regulation of alginate biosynthesis and in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis; clostridium perfringens virr, a regulator of virulence factors, and in several regulators of bacteriocin biosynthesis, previously unified in the agra/come family. most of the transcriptional ... | 2002 | 12034833 |
| breath hydrogen concentrations of cats given commercial canned and extruded diets indicate gastrointestinal microbial activity vary with diet type. | breath hydrogen (h(2)) concentration, an indicator of intestinal microbial abundance, was determined in cats given purified and commercial canned and dry-type diets. before measurements, the cats were fed diets for more than 2 wk and habituated to a daily feeding interval of 4 hr. breath h(2) concentrations were determined before a meal (approximately 25% daily mer) and then every 20 min for 8 hr or hourly for 10 hr. a clear rise above baseline breath h(2) concentrations, 1-2 ppm, was not observ ... | 2002 | 12042520 |