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performance appraisal of online medline access routes.to compare the performance and cost of 11 online medline systems with medline at elhill.20061482922
[the prospects and problems of drug-induced anesthesia].the problem of pain has a major medico-social significance and necessitates detailed investigation both from the position of etiology and pathogenesis and new therapy methods. among many methods of pain control drug-induced anesthesia is of great importance. the multiplicity of pain requires optimal use of analgetics and their combination with other agents strictly in coordination with individual needs of the patient. special anesthesia systems are to be designed for this purpose.20061360730
electrical cardioversion after amiodarone administration.the possible effect of amiodarone administration on the effectiveness and complications of electrical cardioversion of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias has not been properly assessed. to investigate the effects of amiodarone on cardioversion, we performed 130 electrical cardioversion procedures in 116 patients who were receiving long-term amiodarone therapy (group i) and 44 cardioversion procedures in 43 patients who were receiving intravenous infusions of amiodarone (group ii). all patients in ...20061595532
[lipid metabolism disorders: diagnosis and treatment. 4: drug therapy and dietary recommendations. national cholesterin-initiative]. 20061855762
[lipid metabolism disorders: diagnosis and treatment. 4: drug therapy and dietary recommendations. national cholesterin-initiative]. 20061855762
acute and chronic effects of parathion and 2,4 d on the oxygen consumption of chasmagnathus granulata (decapoda, brachyura).the effect of two pesticides widely used in argentina on the oxygen consumption of the estuarine crab chasmagnathus granulata was studied. constant pressure respirometers were employed to estimate the rate of oxygen consumption per weight unit of animals treated previously with each pesticide, both acute (96 h) and chronically (15 and 30 days). crabs exposed to parathion -an organophosphorate insecticide that causes the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase- show an increase of oxygen consumption a ...20061797200
acute and chronic effects of parathion and 2,4 d on the oxygen consumption of chasmagnathus granulata (decapoda, brachyura).the effect of two pesticides widely used in argentina on the oxygen consumption of the estuarine crab chasmagnathus granulata was studied. constant pressure respirometers were employed to estimate the rate of oxygen consumption per weight unit of animals treated previously with each pesticide, both acute (96 h) and chronically (15 and 30 days). crabs exposed to parathion -an organophosphorate insecticide that causes the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase- show an increase of oxygen consumption a ...20061797200
common infections in the elderly.symptoms of infection in the elderly may be absent, vague or atypical. infection should be suspected when an elderly patient presents with a decline in well-being or with non-specific symptoms such as falls, dizziness, confusion, anorexia or weakness. common infections include bacterial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, intra-abdominal infections, gram-negative bacteremia and infection of decubitus ulcers. antibiotic therapy is not recommended for asymptomatic bacteriuria or locally infected d ...20061595517
[treatment of cryoglobulinemia]. 20061578700
[advances in fetal medicine]. 20061563637
serum autoantibodies in patients with alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia and in nondemented control subjects.in this study we sought to evaluate the clinical significance of serum autoantibodies to dementing processes.20061636181
hepatitis update. the delta virus. 20061539959
psychological effects during reduced training volume and intensity in distance runners.improved mood state has ben linked with reduced training (rt). however, rt has been measured only as a reduction in training volume, either maintaining or not considering the intensity of training employed. to investigate the effects of a 4-week reduction in both training volume and intensity on running performance and mood state, 10 well-trained adult male runners trained for 4 weeks at baseline training distance and pace (bt), followed by 4 weeks training reduced in volume by 66%, with intensi ...20061428383
current treatment of ulcerative colitis.ulcerative colitis is a chronic relapsing disease which may become manifest either early or late in life. this article examines current drug treatment strategies and considers possible therapeutic options for the future.20061393216
health checks on patients 75 years and over in nottinghamshire after the new gp contract.to investigate annual health checks for patients of 75 years and over required by the 1990 contract for general practitioners.20061393076
urinary kallikrein excretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.to investigate the status of urinary kallikrein excretion (uke) in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (niddm), we measured uke in 31 niddm patients. they ranged in age from 40 to 70 years (mean, 54.3 +/- 7.8 years), comprising 18 males and 13 females. their creatinine clearance (ccr) was 91.6 +/- 5.5 ml/min, and the daily excretion rate of protein was 1.15 +/- 0.72 g/24 hours. twenty-five normal persons, aged from 37 to 63 years (mean, 51.7 +/- 8.2 years), comprising 14 males ...20061360304
[evaluation of the effect of proton pump inhibitors on stomal ulcer].four reports on proton pump inhibitors related to the clinical effects on stomal ulcer were reviewed. two reports were on omeprazole and the other two on lansoprazole, carried out in the pre-marketing stage. they are compared with two reports on h2-receptor antagonists (famotidine and ranitidine), which were also done in the pre-marketing stage. it appears that the proton pump inhibitors bring more rapid ulcer healing than h2-receptor antagonists without severe side effects, and there seems to b ...20061347326
antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on vibrio parahaemolyticus.the antimicrobial effects of spices and herbs from 18 plant species were examined on a foodborne pathogen, vibrio parahaemolyticus, with the use of combinations of temperatures and nutrient levels. basil, clove, garlic, horseradish, marjoram, oregano, rosemary, and thyme exhibited antibacterial activities at incubation of 30 degrees c, while with the exception of horseradish, the same spices and additional 7 species exhibited the activities at 5 degrees c. the lowest mic (minimum inhibitory conc ...200616797760
new cluster of plasmid-located class 1 integrons in vibrio cholerae o1 and a dfra15 cassette-containing integron in vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in angola.the resistance profile and its correlation with mobile genetic elements were investigated in 11 vibrio cholerae o1 and 2 vibrio parahaemolyticus clinical isolates, as well as in 1 v. cholerae o1 and 1 v. cholerae non-o1 environmental isolate, isolated between 1991 and 1996 in different provinces of angola. all clinical isolates of v. cholerae o1 were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. they also contained a large conjugative plasmid (p3iang ...200616801431
antibacterial activity of citrus fruit juices against vibrio species.lemon, lime and sudachi juices were tested for antibacterial activity against seven strains of vibrio species. all juices were effective in inhibiting the growth of the vibrio strains. citric acid, the major organic acid in these juices, was found to be responsible for inhibiting the growth of vibrio parahaemolyticus. sauce prepared from sudachi juice showed a strong bactericidal activity against vibrio parahaemolyticus, whereas the sauce adjusted to higher ph values had no bacterial activity. d ...200616802698
genetic richness of vibriophages isolated in a coastal environment.the purpose of this study was to characterize vibrio parahaemolyticus viruses (vpvs) isolated from different environments within and adjacent to the strait of georgia, and to examine the relative influences of distance and environment on host-range and genetic richness. nearly all seawater enrichment cultures (29/31) generated isolates, implying that vpvs were widespread in the virioplankton, yet at low abundances (< 1 l(-1)). viruses were not detected in sediments (n = 99). fourteen of the 16 v ...200616817925
detection of free-living and plankton-bound vibrios in coastal waters of the adriatic sea (italy) and study of their pathogenicity-associated properties.culturable vibrios were isolated from water and plankton fractions collected during an 18-month sampling study performed along the north-central coast of the adriatic sea (italy). unculturable vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus were detected in plankton fractions by polymerase chain reaction amplification of dna sequences for cytotoxin-haemolysin and thermolabile haemolysin respectively. the presence of v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. cholerae virulence genes and the expression ...200616817938
soft-agar-coated filter method for early detection of viable and thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh)- or tdh-related hemolysin-producing vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood.a novel method for detecting viable and thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh)-producing or tdh-related hemolysin (trh)-producing vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood was developed. the method involved (i) enrichment culture, selective for viable, motile cells penetrating a soft-agar-coated filter paper, and (ii) a multiplex pcr assay targeting both the tdh gene (tdh) and trh gene (trh) following dnase pretreatment on the test culture to eradicate any incidental dnas that might have been released fro ...200616820446
inhibition of vibrio parahaemolyticus by a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (blis) produced by vibrio mediterranei 1.the aim of this research was to identify and partially purify new bacteriocin-like substances from strains of halophilic 'non-cholera' vibrios isolated from food sources.200616834611
pyrolysis mass spectrometry for distinguishing potential hoax materials from bioterror agents.pyrolysis mass spectrometry (pyms) was investigated as a rapid tool to distinguish potential bioterror hoax materials from samples containing pathogenic bacteria. a pyrolysis time-of-flight (tof) mass spectrometer equipped with an alternative ionization technique, metastable atom bombardment (mab), was used to produce sample spectra. these spectra were analyzed by principal component and discriminant analysis for pattern recognition. materials investigated were two strains of vibrio parahaemolyt ...200616841357
vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish and clinical samples during two large epidemics of diarrhoea in southern chile.large epidemics of diarrhoea associated with seafood consumption and vibrio parahaemolyticus occurred during the austral summers of 2004 and 2005 in the environs of puerto montt, chile (41 degrees 29's 72 degrees 24'w). there are no reports of v. parahaemolyticus infections before 2004 in this region, their absence being explained by the low ocean temperatures which seldom reach 16 degrees c. we analysed v. parahaemolyticus obtained from shellfish and clinical samples during epidemics. isolates ...200616584479
occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. cholerae, and v. vulnificus in norwegian blue mussels (mytilus edulis).vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. cholerae, and v. vulnificus were isolated from 10.3%, 1.0%, and 0.1% of 885 blue mussel samples, respectively. four of the samples contained trh(+) v. parahaemolyticus, while no tdh-positive isolates were detected. the v. cholerae isolates were non-o:1/non-o:139 serotypes and were ctxa negative.200616598019
biochemical fingerprinting of vibrio parahaemolyticus by the pheneplate system: comparison between pandemic and non-pandemic serotypes.during recent years a pandemic clone of vibrio parahaemolyticus has emerged. isolates of this clone are distributed among several serotypes, but are genotypically related. in the present study, a phenotyping method (biochemical fingerprinting) was used to characterize pandemic and non-pandemic isolates belonging to v. parahaemolyticus. it was found that the pandemic isolates showed a high level of phenotypic homogeneity and a majority of the pandemic isolates belonged to the same biochemical phe ...200616650334
four genomic islands that mark post-1995 pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an aquatic, halophilic, gram-negative bacterium, first discovered in 1950 in japan during a food-poisoning outbreak. infections resulting from consumption of v. parahaemolyticus have increased globally in the last 10 years leading to the bacterium's classification as a newly emerging pathogen. in 1996 the first appearance of a pandemic v. parahaemolyticus clone occurred, a new o3:k6 serotype strain that has now been identified worldwide as a major cause of seafood-born ...200616672049
development and evaluation of a rapid, simple, and sensitive immunochromatographic assay to detect thermostable direct hemolysin produced by vibrio parahaemolyticus in enrichment cultures of stool specimens.thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) is considered to be a major virulence factor in vibrio parahaemolyticus, and most cases of v. parahaemolyticus diarrhea in humans are caused by tdh gene-positive strains. in the present study, we developed an immunochromatographic assay to detect tdh (tdh-ica) and evaluated the utility of tdh-ica for the diagnosis of v. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. tdh-ica allowed the detection of 0.2 ng/ml of tdh within 10 min. fecal homogenates were spiked with various numbers ...200616672412
molecular characterization of thermostable direct haemolysin-related haemolysin (trh)-positive vibrio parahaemolyticus from oysters in mangalore, india.pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus strains producing either or both of a thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh) and a tdh-related haemolysin (trh) encoded by tdh and trh genes, respectively, are isolated at a low rate from the environment. however, recently we observed that a considerable percentage of apw (alkaline peptone water) enrichment broths of oysters collected off mangalore india, were trh(+), rather than tdh(+) by pcr. in order to further investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity ...200616689720
antimicrobial activities of cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde from the chinese medicinal herb cinnamomum cassia blume.both cinnamomum verum j.s. presl. and cinnamomum cassia blume are collectively called cortex cinnamonmi for their medicinal cinnamon bark. cinnamomum verum is more popular elsewhere in the world, whereas c. cassia is a well known traditional chinese medicine. an analysis of hydro-distilled chinese cinnamon oil and pure cinnamaldehyde by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that cinnamaldehyde is the major component comprising 85% in the essential oil and the purity of cinnamaldehyde in ...200616710900
vibrio parahaemolyticus growth under low-iron conditions and survival under high-magnesium conditions.since 1996, vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype o3:k6 and closely related strains have been associated with an increased incidence of v. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis worldwide, suggesting the emergence of strains with enhanced abilities to cause disease. one hypothesis for the recent emergence of v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6 and related strains is an enhanced capacity for environmental survival relative to other strains, which might result in increased human exposure to these organisms. therefore, ...200616715802
levels of vibrio parahaemolyticus and thermostable direct hemolysin gene-positive organisms in retail seafood determined by the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr) method.the incidence and levels of vibrio parahaemolyticus and thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh)-positive organisms in retail seafood were determined. the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr) method using a pcr procedure targeting the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh) and tdh was used to determine the levels of v. parahaemolyticus and tdh-positive organisms, respectively. in seafood for raw consumption, v. parahaemolyticus was found in four (13.3%) of 30 fish ...200616729663
serum igm levels against select marine bacteria in the atlantic sharpnose shark (rhizoprionodon terraenovae) from three estuaries.the atlantic sharpnose shark (rhizoprionodon terraenovae) is abundant and easily captured throughout the southeastern united states. therefore this species serves as an ideal model for generating basic immunological reagents to establish baseline information regarding the immunophysiology of sharks in the wild, and for attempting to correlate shark immune responses to potential pathogens with the quality of the habitat in which they reside. sharpnose shark serum igm was purified over a protein-a ...200616750427
identification of a dna methyltransferase gene carried on a pathogenicity island-like element (vpai) in vibrio parahaemolyticus and its prevalence among clinical and environmental isolates.in this study we identified a putative virulence-associated dna methyltransferase (mtase) gene carried on a novel 22.79-kb pathogenicity island-like element (vpai) in v. parahaemolyticus. the v. parahaemolyticus mtase gene was shown by pcr to be prevalent (>98%) in pandemic thermostable direct hemolysin gene-positive isolates, which suggests that vpai may confer unique virulence traits to pandemic strains of v. parahaemolyticus.200616751568
[foodborne diseases occurred in 2003--report of the national foodborne diseases surveillance system, china].to study the foodborne disease outbreaks in the areas covered by national foodborne disease surveillance system.200616758972
antimicrobial activity of marine bacteria associated with sponges from the waters off the coast of south east india.seventy-five marine bacterial strains associated with four species of sponges (echinodictyum sp., spongia sp., sigmadocia fibulatus and mycale mannarensis) were isolated from the tuticorin coast, gulf of mannar region. the agar-overlay method was used to screen for antibiotic production by these strains against four bacteria, viz., bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio harveyi and one fungal pathogen, viz., candida albicans. twenty-one per cent of the bacterial ...200616765842
role of the rpos gene in the survival of vibrio parahaemolyticus in artificial seawater and fish homogenate.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen isolated from coastal waters of the united states and from a variety of seafood, including fish. seawater represents a nutrient-limiting environment for v. parahaemolyticus. during its persistence in seawater, v. parahaemolyticus is exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, including hyperosmolarity, fluctuations in temperature, and cold stress. the alternate sigma factor of rna polymerase, designated as (rpos), encoded by the gene rpos has b ...200616786870
salmonella spp., vibrio spp., clostridium perfringens, and plesiomonas shigelloides in marine and freshwater invertebrates from coastal california ecosystems.the coastal ecosystems of california are highly utilized by humans and animals, but the ecology of fecal bacteria at the land-sea interface is not well understood. this study evaluated the distribution of potentially pathogenic bacteria in invertebrates from linked marine, estuarine, and freshwater ecosystems in central california. a variety of filter-feeding clams, mussels, worms, and crab tissues were selectively cultured for salmonella spp., campylobacter spp., escherichia coli-o157, clostrid ...200616897302
vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with consumption of raw shellfish--three states, 2006.during may 20-july 31, 2006, new york city, new york state, oregon, and washington health departments reported a total of 177 cases of vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, of which 122 have been associated with 17 clusters. a cluster has been defined as a group of two or more ill persons who were linked to the same shellfish source (e.g., shared a meal at the same restaurant or obtained shellfish from the same seafood market). certain clusters were associated with restaurants, certain clusters wit ...200616902397
structure of the class iv adenylyl cyclase reveals a novel fold.the crystal structure of the class iv adenylyl cyclase (ac) from yersinia pestis (yp) is reported at 1.9 a resolution. the class iv ac fold is distinct from the previously described folds for class ii and class iii acs. the dimeric ac-iv folds into an antiparallel eight-stranded barrel whose connectivity has been seen in only three previous structures: yeast rna triphosphatase and two proteins of unknown function from pyrococcus furiosus and vibrio parahaemolyticus. eight highly conserved ionic ...200616905149
identification of vibrio harveyi using pcr amplification of the toxr gene.the aim of this study was to develop an effective method for the identification of vibrio harveyi based on using the toxr gene as a taxonomic marker.200616910927
[isolation of thermostable direct hemolysin producing vibrio parahaemolyticus from food using screening by pcr in food-borne outbreaks].the producibility of thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) is the most important pathogenic factor in vibrio parahaemolyticus. tdh (+) v. parahaemolyticus is usually isolated from patients having v. parahaemolyticus food-borne disease. tdh (+) v. parahaemolyticus is, however, very difficult to isolate from food and environmental samples. in the 5 years from 2000 to 2004 in tokyo, v. parahaemolyticus was isolated from food samples related to 67 of 227 v parahaemolyticus food-borne outbreaks. in the ...200616922481
detection of pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 serovar in gulf of mexico water and shellfish using real-time pcr with taqman fluorescent probes.we describe a real-time multiplexed pcr method using taqman probes for the detection of total and pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 serovar in oysters and gulf of mexico water (gulf water). the specificity of these primers and probes was tested for amplification of a 450 bp thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) and a 369 bp orf8 amplicon representing all v. parahaemolyticus and post-1996 clinical isolates of pandemic serovar o3:k6, respectively. the sensitivity of detection was 10 pg purified dna or ...200616923074
bactericidal effects of wine on vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters.the bactericidal effects of wines on vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters were studied to evaluate potential inactivation of v. parahaemolyticus in contaminated oysters by wine consumption. shucked whole oyster and oyster meat homogenate were inoculated with v. parahaemolyticus and mixed with red or white wine. survivals of v. parahaemolyticus in inoculated oysters were determined at 7 and 25 degrees c. populations of v. parahaemolyticus in inoculated whole oysters (5.52 log most probable number [ ...200616924905
effects of electrolyzed oxidizing water treatment on reducing vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in raw oysters.contamination of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in oysters is a food safety concern. this study investigated effects of electrolyzed oxidizing (eo) water treatment on reducing v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in laboratory-contaminated oysters. eo water exhibited strong antibacterial activity against v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in pure cultures. populations of v. parahaemolyticus (8.74 x 10(7) cfu/ml) and v. vulnificus (8.69 x 10(7) cfu/ml) decreased quickly in eo w ...200616924906
[study on the antibacterial mechanisms of copper-bearing montmorillonite].vibrio parahaemolyticus atcc 27519 was chosen as indicator of aquacultural pathogenic bacteria to determine the antibacterial activity and mechanism of copper-bearing montmorillonite (cu-mmt) in vitro. the results indicated that montmorillonite (mmt) had no antibacterial activity. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and bactericidal concentration (mbc) of cu-mmt on vibrio parahaemolyticus were 75 and 300 mg/l, respectively. the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alanine amino ...200616933615
pore formation of thermostable direct hemolysin secreted from vibrio parahaemolyticus in lipid bilayers.vibrio parahaemolyticus secretes thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), a major virulence factor. earlier studies report that tdh is a pore-forming toxin. however, the characteristics of pores formed by tdh in the lipid bilayer, which is permeable to small ions, remain to be elucidated. ion channel-like activities were observed in lipid bilayers containing tdh. three types of conductance were identified. all the channels displayed relatively low ion selectivity, and similar ion permeability. the c ...200616940013
response of vibrio parahaemolyticus to ethanol shock.in this study, the growth and survival of vibrio parahaemolyticus in the presence of 0.0-8.0% ethanol was first examined. v. parahaemolyticus was then exposed to a sub-lethal dose of 5.0% ethanol for 30 and 60 min (ethanol shock). morphological changes and alterations in cell leakage, thermal tolerance at 47 degrees c, and susceptibility to 8% ethanol and low temperature (4 and -18 degrees c) of v. parahaemolyticus caused by ethanol shock were investigated. in addition, recoveries of the ethanol ...200616943038
visible-light-induced bactericidal activity of a nitrogen-doped titanium photocatalyst against human pathogens.the antibacterial activity of photocatalytic titanium dioxide (tio(2)) substrates is induced primarily by uv light irradiation. recently, nitrogen- and carbon-doped tio(2) substrates were shown to exhibit photocatalytic activities under visible-light illumination. their antibacterial activity, however, remains to be quantified. in this study, we demonstrated that nitrogen-doped tio(2) substrates have superior visible-light-induced bactericidal activity against escherichia coli compared to pure t ...200616957236
quorum sensing-disrupting brominated furanones protect the gnotobiotic brine shrimp artemia franciscana from pathogenic vibrio harveyi, vibrio campbellii, and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.autoinducer 2 (ai-2) quorum sensing was shown before to regulate the virulence of vibrio harveyi towards the brine shrimp artemia franciscana. in this study, several different pathogenic v. harveyi, vibrio campbellii, and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates were shown to produce ai-2. furthermore, disruption of ai-2 quorum sensing by a natural and a synthetic brominated furanone protected gnotobiotic artemia from the pathogenic isolates in in vivo challenge tests.200616957276
rapid estimation of microbial numbers in water using bulk fluorescence.enumeration of microbial cells without culturing is an essential technique for microbial ecology and water quality evaluation. here we show that bulk fluorescence using the sybr gold dna stain can be used to rapidly quantify microbial cells per millilitre in fresh, marine and estuarine waters. the bulk fluorescence method is comparable to estimating cell concentrations in cultures using optical density; however, this enhanced method enables the user to estimate microbial numbers at lower concent ...200616958758
development of monoclonal antibodies for simple identification of vibrio alginolyticus.the present study was aimed to produce monoclonal antibodies (mabs) for simple and specific identification of vibrio alginolyticus infection in shrimp.200616965376
response of spinach and komatsuna to biogas effluent made from source-separated kitchen garbage.recycling of kitchen garbage is an urgent task for reducing public spending and environmental burdens by incineration and/or landfill. there is an interesting regional effort in ogawa, saitama prefecture, japan, in which source-separated kitchen garbage is anaerobically fermented with a biogas plant and the resultant effluent is used as a quick-release organic fertilizer by surrounding farmers. however, scientific assessments of fertilizer values and risks in the use of the effluent were lacking ...200616973635
bacterial lateral flagella: an inducible flagella system.flagella are complex surface organelles that allow bacteria to move towards favourable environments and that contribute to the virulence of pathogenic bacteria through adhesion and biofilm formation on host surfaces. there are a few bacteria that possess functional dual flagella systems, such as vibrio parahaemolyticus, some mesophilic aeromonas spp., rhodospirillum centenum and azospirillum brasilense. these bacteria are able to express both a constitutive polar flagellum required for swimming ...200616978346
vp1686, a vibrio type iii secretion protein, induces toll-like receptor-independent apoptosis in macrophage through nf-kappab inhibition.vibrio parahaemolyticus, causative agent of human gastrointestinal diseases, possesses several virulent machineries including thermostable direct hemolysin and type iii secretion systems (ttss1 and -2). in this report, we establish that ttss1-dependent secretion and translocation of a v. parahaemolyticus effector protein vp1686 into the cytosol induces dna fragmentation in macrophages. we performed yeast two-hybrid screening to identify the molecules involved in vp1686-mediated cell death pathwa ...200616984916
two type iv pili of vibrio parahaemolyticus play different roles in biofilm formation.vibrio parahaemolyticus rimd2210633 has two sets of type iv-a pilus genes. one set is similar to that found in other gram-negative bacteria, such as pseudomonas aeruginosa, vibrio cholerae (chitin-regulated pilus; chirp), and vibrio vulnificus. the other is homologous to the genes for the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) pilus. in this study, we analyzed the effects of the deletions in the pilin genes for each type iv pilus (the chirp and the msha pilus) on biofilm formation. although the ...200617020553
sanitation of seawater effluent from seaweed processing plants using a photo-catalytic tio2 oxidation.a fine porcelain open-cell photo-catalytic filter with titanium dioxide (tio(2)) was evaluated for sterilization and sanitation of bio-polluted industrial water. in simulated seawater industrial effluent samples, the populations of escherichia coli and vibrio parahaemolyticus quickly decreased and reached non-detectable level within 10min. in seawater effluents from a seaweed processing plant, the bacterial populations in two samples quickly decreased by more than 10(3). in another two samples t ...200616325650
isolation and molecular characterization of toxigenic vibrio parahaemolyticus from the kii channel, japan.studies were conducted on the ecology of potentially pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in three coastal areas of kii channel, tokushima, japan. seawater and seaweed samples were collected seasonally between june 2003 and may 2004. total and toxigenic strains of v. parahaemolyticus were isolated using most probable number culture and colony blot hybridization. toxigenic strains were serotyped and further characterized by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) and ribotyping. six thousand strain ...200616338587
antibacterial activity of plant extracts from azuki beans (vigna angularis) in vitro.this study was undertaken to examine the antimicrobial property of azuki beans (vigna angularis). the water extracts of green, black and red colored azuki beans showed antibacterial effects against staphylococcus aureus, aeromonas hydrophila and vibrio parahaemolyticus. in contrast, the extract of white azuki beans showed no inhibition towards any of the microorganisms examined. the extracts of colored azuki beans contained larger amounts of polyphenols including proanthocyanidins than the extra ...200616444673
a reinvestigation of the secondary structure of functionally active vsglt, the vibrio sodium/galactose cotransporter.the bacterial na(+)/galactose cotransporter vsglt of vibrio parahaemolyticus is a member of the sodium:solute symporter family (sss). previous studies using electron microscopy have shown that vsglt is a monomeric protein. computational and experimental topological analyses have consistently indicated that this protein possesses 14 transmembrane alpha-helices. our previous study using attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (atr-ftir) to quantitate secondary structur ...200616445289
antiviral activities of purified compounds from youngia japonica (l.) dc (asteraceae, compositae).the ethanol extract of a biannual medicinal herb, youngia japonica (commonly known as oriental hawk's beard) was reported previously to have potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cultured in hep-2 cells. three anti-microbial agents, namely 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and luteolin-7-o-glucoside were subsequently purified and chemically characterized from the ethanol extract of youngia japonica. the two dicaffeoylquinic acids exhibited promin ...200616469463
occurrence of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in retail prepackaged portions of marine fish in spain.to survey the presence of indigenous and nonindigenous foodborne bacterial pathogens in displayed prepacked portions of fresh marine fish.200616478492
application of real-time pcr for quantitative detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafood in eastern china.vibrio parahaemolyticus is recognized as a leading human food-borne pathogen. a taqman pcr assay based on the gyrase b gene (gyrb) sequence of v. parahaemolyticus was developed for quantitative detection of v. parahaemolyticus in seafood. the study involving 27 v. parahaemolyticus and 10 strains of other species indicated that the real-time pcr test was highly specific. the sensitivity of the assay was approximately a single cfu per pcr in pure culture and six to eight cfu per pcr in spiked raw ...200616487299
variation in the 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer regions in vibrio parahaemolyticus strains are due to indels nearby their trnaglu.vibrio parahaemolyticus contains 11 rrna operons each including one of six 16s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer classes differing in size and nucleotide sequence. some of the spacer classes may differ between isolates. we observed that the differences in the spacers between isolates are generally in two spacer classes present in single copies in the genome, one class containing trna(ala) and trna(glu) and the other trna(glu) exclusively. moreover, these differences are due to indels located nearb ...200616487317
immunostimulation of white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) following dietary administration of ergosan.ergosan an algal product containing 1% alginic acid, developed for use in aquaculture and reported to have immunomodulatory activity, was administered orally to intermoult adult white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) for 15 days. examination of haemolymph proteins using sds-page did not reveal any obvious differences between control and ergosan treated shrimp. similarly, total haemocyte counts were found to be roughly equivalent for both the control and experimental samples. however, differential a ...200616490202
[indicative vibrio parahaemolyticus strains for the detection and primary indentification of parahemolytic phages]. 200616512482
cyclo(phe-pro) modulates the expression of ompu in vibrio spp.vibrio vulnificus was found to produce a chemical that induced the expression of vibrio fischeri lux genes. electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry and 1h nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that the compound was cyclo(l-phe-l-pro) (cfp). the compound was produced at a maximal level when cell cultures reached the onset of stationary phase. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the total proteins of v. vulnificus indicated that expression of ompu was enhanced by exog ...200616513751
detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish by use of multiplexed real-time pcr with taqman fluorescent probes.we developed a multiplexed real-time pcr assay using four sets of gene-specific oligonucleotide primers and four taqman probes labeled with four different fluorophores in a single reaction for detection of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus, including the pandemic o3:k6 serotype in oysters. v. parahaemolyticus has been associated with outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and therefore is a concern to the seafood industry and co ...200616517652
sensitivities of foodborne pathogens to pressure changes.eight foodborne pathogens were suspended in ultrahigh-temperature whole milk and treated at pressure levels of 0.1 to 690 mpa at 21.5 degrees c for 10 min. there was no clear trend in pressure resistance between gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. the order of the single strains tested, from most to least pressure sensitive, was vibrio parahaemolyticus < yersinia enterocolitica < listeria monocytogenes < salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium < s. enterica serovar enteritidis < escherich ...200616416910
genomic comparisons among gamma-proteobacteria.predicted highly expressed (phx) genes are compared for 16 gamma-proteobacteria and their similarities and differences are interpreted with respect to known or predicted physiological characteristics of the organisms. predicted highly expressed genes often reflect the organism's predominant lifestyle, habitat, nutrition sources and metabolic propensities. this technique allows to predict principal metabolic activities of the microorganisms operating in their natural habitats. among our findings ...200616423015
analysis of the lateral flagellar gene system of aeromonas hydrophila ah-3.mesophilic aeromonas strains express a polar flagellum in all culture conditions, and certain strains produce lateral flagella on semisolid media or on surfaces. although aeromonas lateral flagella have been described as a colonization factor, little is known about their organization and expression. here we characterized the complete lateral flagellar gene cluster of aeromonas hydrophila ah-3 containing 38 genes, 9 of which (lafa-u) have been reported previously. among the flgll and lafa structu ...200616428388
identification of proteins secreted via vibrio parahaemolyticus type iii secretion system 1.vibrio parahaemolyticus, a gram-negative marine bacterium, is an important pathogen causing food-borne gastroenteritis or septicemia. recent genome sequencing of the rimd2210633 strain (a kanagawa phenomenon-positive clinical isolate of serotype o3:k6) revealed that the strain has two sets of gene clusters that encode the type iii secretion system (ttss) apparatus. the first cluster, ttss1, is located on the large chromosome, and the second, ttss2, is on the small chromosome. previously, we repo ...200616428750
differences in the api 20e biochemical patterns of clinical and environmental vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.genetic differences in clinical and environmental strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus have been widely used as criteria in identifying pathogenic isolates. however, few studies have been carried out to assess the differences in biochemical characteristics of v. parahaemolyticus isolates from human and environmental sources. we compared the biochemical profiles obtained by the characterization of v. parahaemolyticus isolates from human infections and the marine environment using the api 20e system ...200616436064
isolation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from wild aquatic birds in japan.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus were isolated from faecal samples of wild aquatic birds in winter. although v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus were present in low numbers in seawater in the area where the faecal samples of the birds were collected, the pathogens were isolated from the faeces of the birds. this study demonstrates that wild aquatic birds are a vehicle for v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus to survive in winter.200616371182
cloning, functional expression and primary characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus k+/h+ antiporter genes in escherichia coli.the regulation of internal na(+) and k(+) concentrations is important for bacterial cells, which, in the absence of na(+) extrusion systems, cannot grow in the presence of high external na(+). likewise, bacteria require k(+) uptake systems when the external k(+) concentration becomes too low to support growth. at present, we have little knowledge of k(+) toxicity and bacterial outward-directed k(+) transport systems. we report here that high external concentrations of k(+) at alkaline ph are tox ...200616390457
inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in phosphate-buffered saline and in inoculated whole oysters by high-pressure processing.inactivation studies for vibrio parahaemolyticus tx-2103 (serotype o3:k6) and vibrio vulnificus mo-624 (clinical isolate) were conducted in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) and in inoculated oysters under high-pressure processing conditions. v. parahaemolyticus was more resistant than v. vulnificus in pbs at all pressures and times. a 6-log reduction of v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in pbs at 241 mpa required 11 and 5 min, respectively, which included a 3-min pressure come-up time. a 4.5- ...200616541691
three new regulators of swarming in vibrio parahaemolyticus.movement on surfaces, or swarming motility, is effectively mediated by the lateral flagellar (laf) system in vibrio parahaemolyticus. expression of laf is induced by conditions inhibiting rotation of the polar flagellum, which is used for swimming in liquid. however, not all v. parahaemolyticus isolates swarm proficiently. the organism undergoes phase variation between opaque (op) and translucent (tr) cell types. the op cell produces copious capsular polysaccharide and swarms poorly, whereas the ...200616547050
white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) recombinant lysozyme has antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria: vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahemolyticus and vibrio cholerae.c-type lysozyme has been described as an antibacterial component of the shrimp innate defence system. we determined quantitatively the antibacterial activity of white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) recombinant lysozyme against three gram negative bacteria: vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahemolyticus and vibrio cholerae, using a turbidimetric assay with live bacteria and differential bacterial viable count after interaction with the protein. in conclusion, the antibacterial activity of recombinan ...200616098764
vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and microorganisms of fecal origin in mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) sold in the puglia region (italy).mytilus galloprovincialis is one of the most commonly consumed of all bivalve molluscs. the consumption of raw bivalve molluscs has caused outbreaks of food poisoning due to vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. this paper reports the results of a survey on the presence of v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus fecal coliform bacteria, escherichia coli and salmonella spp. in 600 m. galloprovincialis samples collected from retail outlets in the puglia region. v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulni ...200616226820
vibrionaceae as a possible source of qnr-like quinolone resistance determinants.to gain insight into the functionality of qnr-like genes of several bacterial species of vibrionaceae that may encode quinolone resistance determinants.200516227349
[faster detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus in foods by fq-pcr technique].to establish a rapid and accurate qualitative and quantitative method to detect vibrio parahaemolyticus in food.200516229276
characterization of new o3:k6 strains and phylogenetically related strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in taiwan and other countries.we analysed the genetic divergence in the pandemic new o3:k6 and phylogenetically related (new o3:k6-like) strains and compare these two groups in terms of virulence and other biological traits.200515715859
identification of essential amino acid residues of the norm na+/multidrug antiporter in vibrio parahaemolyticus.norm is a member of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (mate) family and functions as a na+/multidrug antiporter in vibrio parahaemolyticus, although the underlying mechanism of the na+/multidrug antiport is unknown. acidic amino acid residues asp32, glu251, and asp367 in the transmembrane region of norm are conserved in one of the clusters of the mate family. in this study, we investigated the role(s) of acidic amino acid residues asp32, glu251, and asp367 in the transmembrane region of ...200515716425
the promoter region rather than its downstream inverted repeat sequence is responsible for low-level transcription of the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene of vibrio parahaemolyticus.we determined the transcriptional start site of the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin gene (trh) of vibrio parahaemolyticus by using a pcr-based method and identified the promoter. mutagenic analysis indicated that the promoter-bearing region rather than its downstream inverted repeat sequence was responsible for the low-revel of trh transcription.200515716457
comparison of kinetic models to describe high pressure and gamma irradiation used to inactivate vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus prepared in buffer solution and in whole oysters.comparisons of different models in inactivation kinetics were conducted on data obtained from high-pressure and gamma-irradiation processing. vibrio vulnificus (mo-624) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (o3:k6 tx-2103) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (ph 7.4, 10(7) cfu/ml) were exposed to pressures from 207 to 379 mpa for 1 to 20 min. inoculated whole oysters (106 cfu/g) were exposed to pressure from 276 to 379 mpa for 1 to 15 min. pure cultures and inoculated oysters (10(6) cfu/g) also were ir ...200515726971
a novel, conserved cluster of genes promotes symbiotic colonization and sigma-dependent biofilm formation by vibrio fischeri.vibrio fischeri is the exclusive symbiont residing in the light organ of the squid euprymna scolopes. to understand the genetic requirements for this association, we searched a library of v. fischeri transposon insertion mutants for those that failed to colonize e. scolopes. we identified four mutants that exhibited severe defects in initiating colonization. sequence analysis revealed that the strains contained insertions in four different members of a cluster of 21 genes oriented in the same di ...200516102015
pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6, europe. 200516110585
vpah, a gene encoding a novel histone-like nucleoid structure-like protein that was possibly horizontally acquired, regulates the biogenesis of lateral flagella in trh-positive vibrio parahaemolyticus th3996.a histone-like nucleoid structure (h-ns) is a major component of the bacterial nucleoid and plays a crucial role in the global gene regulation of enteric bacteria. here, we cloned and characterized the gene for the h-ns-like protein vpah in vibrio parahaemolyticus. vpah encodes a protein of 134 amino acids that shows approximately 55%, 54%, and 41% identities with vich in vibrio cholerae, h-ns in v. parahaemolyticus, and h-ns in escherichia coli, respectively. the vpah gene was found in only trh ...200516113292
physiological roles of three na+/h+ antiporters in the halophilic bacterium vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus mutants lacking three na+/h+ antiporters (nhaa, nhab, nhad) were constructed. the deltanhaa strains showed significantly higher sensitivity to licl regarding their growth compared to the parental strain. the deltanhaa and deltanhab strains exhibited higher sensitivities to licl. the mutant xacabd lacking all of the three antiporters could not grow in the presence of 500 mm licl at ph 7.0, or 50 mm at ph 8.5. the xacabd mutant was also sensitive to 1.0 m nacl at ph 8.5. th ...200516113500
an estuarine neritid gastropod, clithon corona, a potential reservoir of thermostable direct hemolysin-producing vibrio parahaemolyticus.an estuarine neritid gastropod, clithon corona, maintained in uv-irradiated recirculating artificial seawater with a salinity of 15 per mil (%o) was found to retain thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh)-producing vibrio parahaemolyticus in the gut at significantly higher levels than tdh-non-producing one for at least 14 days. another estuarine neritid gastropod, c. sowerbianus, was not able to support the preferential survival of tdh-producing organisms. this evidence suggests that, if tdh-produci ...200516141674
a persistent, productive, and seasonally dynamic vibriophage population within pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas).in an effort to understand the relationship between vibrio and vibriophage populations, abundances of vibrio spp. and viruses infecting vibrio parahaemolyticus (vpvs) were monitored for a year in pacific oysters and water collected from ladysmith harbor, british columbia, canada. bacterial abundances were highly seasonal, whereas high titers of vpvs (0.5 x 10(4) to 11 x 10(4) viruses cm(-3)) occurred year round in oysters, even when v. parahaemolyticus was undetectable (< 3 cells cm(-3)). viruse ...200516151121
a novel bacteriocin-like substance (blis) from a pathogenic strain of vibrio harveyi.inter-strain and inter-species inhibition mediated by a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (blis) from a pathogenic vibrio harveyi strain vib 571 was demonstrated against four isolates of the same species, and one culture each of a vibrio sp., vibrio fischeri, vibrio gazogenes and vibrio parahaemolyticus. the crude blis, which was obtained by ammonium-sulphate precipitation of the cell-free supernatant of a 72 h broth culture of strain vib 571, was inactivated by lipase, proteinase k, pepsin, ...200516151215
evaluation of toxicity of capsaicin and zosteric acid and their potential application as antifoulants.the toxicity of two natural product antifoulants, capsaicin and zosteric acid, was evaluated using the microtox assay and a static toxicity test. the ec50 values obtained from the microtox assay for capsaicin and zosteric acid were 11.75 +/- 1.02 and 442 +/- 100 mg/l, respectively. the static toxicity test, conducted with freshwater organisms, yielded capsaicin ec50 values of 5.5 +/- 0.5 and 23 +/- 2.0 mg/l for p. putida and lake erie bacteria, respectively. zosteric acid ec50 values were 167 +/ ...200516161071
outbreak of vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with alaskan oysters.vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in the united states, typically is associated with the consumption of raw oysters gathered from warm-water estuaries. we describe a recognized outbreak of v. parahaemolyticus infection associated with the consumption of seafood from alaska.200516207848
detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus in cockle (anadara granosa) by pcr.this study aimed to determine the occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in cockles (anadara granosa) at a harvesting area and to detect the presence of virulent strains carrying the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin genes (trh) using pcr. of 100 samples, 62 were positive for the presence of v. parahaemolyticus with an mpn (most probable number) value greater than 3.0 (>1100 mpn per g). the pcr analysis revealed 2 samples to be positive for the tdh gene and 11 to be po ...200516216442
[type iii secretion systems and bacterial pathogenicity]. 200515651414
genetic determinants of biofilm development of opaque and translucent vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates display variation in colony morphology, alternating between opaque (op) and translucent (tr) cell types. phase variation is the consequence of genetic alterations in the locus encoding the quorum sensing output regulator opar. here, we show that both cell types form stable, but distinguishable biofilms that differ with respect to attachment and detachment profiles to polystyrene, pellicle formation and stability at the air/medium interface, and submerged biofilm ...200515686562
a collagenase-targeted multiplex pcr assay for identification of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio cholerae, and vibrio parahaemolyticus.a multiplex pcr assay using three collagenase-targeted primer pairs for the species-specific detection of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio cholerae, and vibrio parahaemolyticus was developed. the results highlight the species specificity of the three primer sets designed. because of the increasing importance of vibrio spp. in human foodborne diseases, molecular approaches for routine microbial screening and monitoring of clinical, environmental, and food samples also have become more important. the ...200515690817
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