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deciphering the role of host genetics in susceptibility to severe covid-19.coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) describes a set of symptoms that develop following infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). whilst covid-19 disease is most serious in patients with significant co-morbidities, the reason for healthy individuals succumbing to fulminant infection is largely unexplained. in this review, we discuss the most recent findings in terms of clinical features and the host immune response, and suggest candidate immune pathways that may ...202032695122
the global emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in human.coronaviruses are spherical and enveloped rna viruses that infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. there are five human coronavirus species and all of their origin is linked to animal like bat and rodent. the two coronavirus species, middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus are lethal to human. in the second week of december 2019, there was an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in the people associated wit ...202032656303
chronic treatment with hydroxychloroquine and sars-cov-2 infection.hydroxychloroquine sulfate (hcq) is being scrutinized for repositioning in the treatment and prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection. this antimalarial drug is also chronically used to treat patients with autoimmune diseases. by analyzing the portuguese anonymized data on private and public based medical prescriptions we have identified all cases chronically receiving hcq for the management of diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid ...202032644224
excavating sars-coronavirus 2 genome for epitope-based subunit vaccine synthesis using immunoinformatics approach.since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in december 2019 in china, there has been an upsurge in the number of deaths and infected individuals throughout the world, thereby leading to the world health organization declaration of a pandemic. since no specific therapy is currently available for the same, the present study was aimed to explore the sars-cov-2 genome for the identification of immunogenic regions using immunoinformatics approach. a series of c ...202032643158
rampant c→u hypermutation in the genomes of sars-cov-2 and other coronaviruses: causes and consequences for their short- and long-term evolutionary trajectories.the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has motivated an intensive analysis of its molecular epidemiology following its worldwide spread. to understand the early evolutionary events following its emergence, a data set of 985 complete sars-cov-2 sequences was assembled. variants showed a mean of 5.5 to 9.5 nucleotide differences from each other, consistent with a midrange coronavirus substitution rate of 3 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year. almost one-half of seq ...202032581081
report of positive placental swabs for sars-cov-2 in an asymptomatic pregnant woman with covid-19.currently, limited data on maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with infection and pneumonia related to sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) are available. our report aims to describe a case of placental swabs positive for the molecular research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2 rna in an asymptomatic woman with positive rhino-pharyngeal swab for sars-cov-2 who underwent an urgent cesarean section in our obstetrics unit. sample collection, processing, and labo ...202032580461
sars-coronavirus-2 replication in vero e6 cells: replication kinetics, rapid adaptation and cytopathology.the sudden emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) at the end of 2019 from the chinese province of hubei and its subsequent pandemic spread highlight the importance of understanding the full molecular details of coronavirus infection and pathogenesis. here, we compared a variety of replication features of sars-cov-2 and sars-cov and analysed the cytopathology caused by the two closely related viruses in the commonly used vero e6 cell line. compared to sars-cov, ...202032568027
sars-cov-2 coinfections: could influenza and the common cold be beneficial?the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has rapidly spread around the world, causing serious illness and death and creating a heavy burden on the healthcare systems of many countries. since the virus first emerged in late november 2019, its spread has coincided with peak circulation of several seasonal respiratory viruses, yet some studies have noted limited coinfections between sars-cov-2 and other viruses. we use a mathematical model of viral coinfect ...202032557776
a pathophysiological perspective on covid-19's lethal complication: from viremia to hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like immune dysregulation.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the coronavirus responsible for our recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, is driving a lung immunopathology that strongly resembles a severe form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (hp). a review of recent severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov) and sars-cov-2 medical reports, as well as described characteristics of hp, lead us to postulate a theory for sars-cov-2 severe disease. we propose that the novel sar ...202032537960
the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease during the sars-cov-2 epidemic – practical advices: (a covid–19-pandémia orvosszakmai kérdései)patients with inflammatory bowel disease are more susceptible to severe viral infections requiring hospitalization regardless of treatment. immunosuppressives and biological treatments multiply the chances of opportunistic and lung infections, especially in combination therapy, so due to the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) epidemic, which primarily causes respiratory disease, it is advisable to use different therapeutic considerations for effective and safe pati ...202032516119
glucovigilance in covid-19.the coronavirus disease (covid-19) pandemic has influenced clinical care in unprecedented ways. there is an urgent need to share best practice in providing diabetes care services in areas affected by covid. this is a brief review for clinicians managing diabetes in low-income countries based on currently available data. the data is rapidly evolving; however, people with diabetes and its related comorbidities have increased risk for severe disease, and prolonged recovery and mortality. this revie ...202032515386
enhanced receptor binding of sars-cov-2 through networks of hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions.molecular dynamics and free energy simulations have been carried out to elucidate the structural origin of differential protein-protein interactions between the common receptor protein angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) and the receptor binding domains of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) [a. e. gorbalenya et al., nat. microbiol. 5, 536-544 (2020)] that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) [p. zhou et al., nature 579, 270-273 (2020)] and the sars coronavi ...202032503918
factors determining the diffusion of covid-19 and suggested strategy to prevent future accelerated viral infectivity similar to covid.this study has two goals. the first is to explain the geo-environmental determinants of the accelerated diffusion of covid-19 that is generating a high level of deaths. the second is to suggest a strategy to cope with future epidemic threats similar to covid-19 having an accelerated viral infectivity in society. using data on sample of n = 55 italian province capitals, and data of infected individuals at as of april 7th, 2020, results reveal that the accelerate and vast diffusion of covid-19 in ...202032498152
evidence for mutations in sars-cov-2 italian isolates potentially affecting virus transmission.italy is the first western country suffering heavy severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) transmission and disease impact after coronavirus disease-2019 pandemia started in china. even though the presence of mutations on spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid in italian isolates has been reported, the potential impact of these mutations on viral transmission has not been evaluated. we have compared sars-cov-2 genome sequences from italian patients with virus sequences from chi ...202032492183
first case of focal epilepsy associated with sars-coronavirus-2.a healthy patient presented to klinikum altmühlfranken weißenburg hospital, germany, with two morning attacks of painful muscle spasm in the left upper and lower limbs, without altered consciousness. full examinations, radiological imaging, electroencephalography, lumbar puncture, and autoimmune profile were either normal or not consistent with patient's complaint. subsequent epileptic episodes were observed on admission day and the following days; thus, the patient was diagnosed with focal epil ...202032484990
no evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019.to describe detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus 2 (cov-2) in seminal fluid of patients recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and to describe the expression profile of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (tmprss2) within the testicle.202032482249
protease inhibitors: candidate drugs to inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication.the number of patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has rapidly increased, although the who declared a pandemic. however, drugs that function against sars-cov-2 have not been established. sars-cov-2 has been suggested to bind angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor of the sars coronavirus. sars coronavirus and coronavirus 229e, the cause of the common cold, replicate through cell-surface and endosomal pathways using a protease, the type ii tran ...202032448818
multivariate analyses of codon usage of sars-cov-2 and other betacoronaviruses.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a global health concern as it continues to spread within china and beyond. the causative agent of this disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), belongs to the genus betacoronavirus, which also includes severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sarsr-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mersr-cov). codon usage of viral genes are believed to be subjected to different selection pressures in d ...202032431949
can unconventional immunomodulatory agents help alleviate covid-19 symptoms and severity?severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars coronavirus 2, or sars-cov-2) is the cause of the respiratory infection known as covid-19. from an immunopathological standpoint, coronaviruses such as sars-cov-2 induce increased levels of a variety of t-helper 1 (th1) and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1 (il-1), il-6, ccl2 protein, and cxcl10 protein. in the absence of proven antiviral agents or an effective vaccine, substances with immunomodulatory activity ma ...202032404512
targeting the dimerization of the main protease of coronaviruses: a potential broad-spectrum therapeutic strategy.a new coronavirus (cov) caused a pandemic named covid-19, which has become a global health care emergency in the present time. the virus is referred to as sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) and has a genome similar (∼82%) to that of the previously known sars-cov (sars coronavirus). an attractive therapeutic target for covs is the main protease (mpro) or 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3clpro), as this enzyme plays a key role in polyprotein processing and is activ ...202032402186
potential drugs targeting early innate immune evasion of sars-coronavirus 2 via 2'-o-methylation of viral rna.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) causing the covid-19 respiratory disease pandemic utilizes unique 2'-o-methyltransferase (2'-o-mtase) capping machinery to camouflage its rna from innate immune recognition. the nsp16 catalytic subunit of the 2'-o-mtase is unusual in its requirement for a stimulatory subunit (nsp10) to catalyze the ribose 2'-o-methylation of the viral rna cap. here we provide a computational basis for drug repositioning or de novo drug development ...202032397643
asymptomatic cases with sars-cov-2 infection.on 31 march 2020, chinese health authorization announced that numbers of asymptomatic cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection will be made to the public daily. this was a very important step since different counties have different capacities for the detection of sars-cov-2 infection and control strategy for the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. we summarized the characteristics of asymptomatic sars-cov-2 infections and the transmission potential of asym ...202032383171
the anti-hiv drug nelfinavir mesylate (viracept) is a potent inhibitor of cell fusion caused by the sarscov-2 spike (s) glycoprotein warranting further evaluation as an antiviral against covid-19 infections.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars cov-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic. coronaviruses enter cells via fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane and/or via fusion of the viral envelope with endosomal membranes after virion endocytosis. the spike (s) glycoprotein is a major determinant of virus infectivity. herein, we show that the transient expression of the sars cov-2 s glycoprotein in vero cells caused extensive cell f ...202032374457
diagnostic accuracy of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay for anti-sars-cov-2 igm and igg antibodies: an italian experience.a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has been spreading throughout the world. though molecular diagnostic tests are the gold standard for covid-19, serological testing is emerging as a potential surveillance tool, in addition to its complementary role in covid-19 diagnostics. indubitably quantitative serological testing provides greater advantages than qualitative tests but today there is still little known about ...202032330291
hyperglycemia, hydroxychloroquine, and the covid-19 pandemic.coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) infection and its severity can be explained by the concentration of glycosylated severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) viral particles in the lung epithelium, the concentration of glycosylated angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ace2) in the lung epithelium, and the degree and control of the pulmonary immune response to the sars-cov-2 spike protein at approximately day 8 to 10 after symptom onset, which may be related to both. bind ...202032293710
clinical outcomes in 55 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 who were asymptomatic at hospital admission in shenzhen, china.an epidemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection has spread unexpectedly in wuhan, hubei province, china, since december 2019. there are few reports about asymptomatic contacts of infected patients identified as positive for sars-cov-2 through screening. we studied the epidemiological and clinical outcomes in 55 asymptomatic carriers who were laboratory confirmed to be positive for sars-cov-2 through nucleic acid testing of pharyngeal swab samples. the ...202032179910
first covid-19 infections in the philippines: a case report.the novel coronavirus (covid-19) is responsible for more fatalities than the sars coronavirus, despite being in the initial stage of a global pandemic. the first suspected case in the philippines was investigated on january 22, 2020, and 633 suspected cases were reported as of march 1. we describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the first two confirmed covid-19 cases in the philippines, both admitted to the national infectious disease referral hospital in manila.202032308532
perspectives for the use of n-acetylcysteine as a candidate drug to treat covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has become an ongoing pandemic worldwide. however, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy. therefore, a remedial measure is urgently needed to combat with the devastating covid-19. the pharmacological activities of n-acetylcysteine (nac) and its potential functions in inhibiting the progression of covid19 make it a promising therapeutic agent in covid ...202033109047
engineering a model to study viral infections: bioprinting, microfluidics, and organoids to defeat coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).while the number of studies related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is constantly growing, it is essential to provide a framework of modeling viral infections. therefore, this review aims to describe the background presented by earlier used models for viral studies and an approach to design an "ideal" tissue model for sars-cov-2 infection. due to the previous successful achievements in antiviral research and tissue engineering, combining the emerging techn ...202033089000
sars-cov-2 testing for asymptomatic adult cancer patients before initiating systemic treatments: a systematic review.cancer patients may have a higher risk of severe events and unfavourable outcomes in the setting of covid-19. this review addresses the question of whether to test asymptomatic cancer patients before initiating systemic cancer treatments.202033082850
the role of dysregulated immune responses in covid-19 pathogenesis.the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) which caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov-2), is a pandemic threat to global public health. it has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations from mild to critical illness, the most serious of which is the complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). sars-cov-2 infection appears mild in infants and children, however, in adults, it can lead to serious consequences. in this review, we highlighted the diff ...202033069815
covid-19 respiratory support in the emergency department setting.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), may result in severe complications, multiorgan dysfunction, acute respiratory failure, and death. sars-cov-2 is highly contagious and places healthcare workers at significant risk, especially during aerosol-generating procedures, including airway management.202033046288
insights on sars-cov-2 molecular interactions with the renin-angiotensin system.the emergence of sars-cov-2/human/wuhan/x1/2019, a virus belonging to the species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and the recognition of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) as a pandemic have highly increased the scientific research regarding the pathogenesis of covid-19. the renin angiotensin system (ras) seems to be involved in covid-19 natural course, since studies suggest the membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) works as sars-cov-2 cellular receptor. b ...202033042994
dynamically evolving novel overlapping gene as a factor in the sars-cov-2 pandemic.understanding the emergence of novel viruses requires an accurate and comprehensive annotation of their genomes. overlapping genes (olgs) are common in viruses and have been associated with pandemics but are still widely overlooked. we identify and characterize orf3d, a novel olg in sars-cov-2 that is also present in guangxi pangolin-covs but not other closely related pangolin-covs or bat-covs. we then document evidence of orf3d translation, characterize its protein sequence, and conduct an evol ...202033001029
unraveling the possible routes of sars-cov-2 invasion into the central nervous system.to describe the possible neuroinvasion pathways of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) pandemic.202032994698
creating and applying sir modified compartmental model for calculation of covid-19 lockdown efficiency.we propose a susceptible-infected-recovered (sir) modified model for coronavirus disease - 2019 (covid-19) spread to estimate the efficacy of lockdown measures introduced during the pandemic. as input data, we used covid-19 epidemiological information collected in fifteen european countries either in private surveys or using official statistics. thirteen countries implemented lockdown measures, two countries (sweden, iceland) not. as output parameters, we studied herd immunity level and time of ...202032994671
how to maintain elective treatment of breast cancer during the covid-19 pandemic-a cancer center experience. 202032989747
covid-19: significance of antibodies.the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has recently caused pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). considering the serious medical, economic and social consequences of this pandemic and the lack of definite medication and vaccine it is necessary to describe natural immune responses to the sars-cov-2 in order to exploit them for treating the patients and monitoring the general population. moreover, detecting the most immunogenic antigens of th ...202032986664
targeting the endolysosomal host-sars-cov-2 interface by clinically licensed functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (fiasma) including the antidepressant fluoxetine.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a global health emergency. as only very limited therapeutic options are clinically available, there is an urgent need for the rapid development of safe, effective, and globally available pharmaceuticals that inhibit sars-cov-2 entry and ameliorate covid-19 severity. in this study, we explored the use of small compounds acting on the homeostasis of the endolysosom ...202032975484
broadening our bandwidth: a multiple case report of expanded use of telehealth technology to perform wound consultations during the covid-19 pandemic.managing patients during the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic, and the associated severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) in particular, required the nimble responsiveness for which woc nurses are known. problem-solving skills were needed to continue the level of woc nursing services expected by patients, families, and professional colleagues, while reducing the hours we were physically present at our clinical facility. in order to respond to these demand ...202032970030
pregnancy and covid-19: pharmacologic considerations.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov2) pandemic has sparked controversy regarding the use of certain routine and investigational pharmacologic interventions during pregnancy and the postpartum period. in this review, we critically appraise guidance in regard to pharmacologic considerations unique to pregnant and lactating women with coronavirus disease (covid-19). we summarize the evidence, which supports the routine use of antenatal corticosteroids, magnesium su ...202032959455
antibody-like proteins that capture and neutralize sars-cov-2.to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and any unknown emerging pathogens in the future, the development of a rapid and effective method to generate high-affinity antibodies or antibody-like proteins is of critical importance. we here report high-speed in vitro selection of multiple high-affinity antibody-like proteins against various targets including the sars-cov-2 spike protein. the sequences of monobodies against the sars-cov-2 spike protein were succe ...202032948512
coronavirus: a shift in focus away from ifn response and towards other inflammatory targets.in the past two decades, two beta-coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov-1) and the middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), have infected approximately 8000 and 2500 across the globe, respectively (de wit et al. 2016; amanat and krammer 2020). the current viral pandemic, caused by sars-cov-2, has already affected 4.23 m in less than a year. of greater concern, the disease caused by sars-cov-2, covid-19, still has a rapidly increasi ...202032922564
chest ct accuracy in the diagnosis of sars-cov-2 infection: initial experience in a cancer center.to evaluate the accuracy of chest computed tomography (ct) in patients with suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) infection at a cancer center.202032904703
coronavirus: a shift in focus away from ifn response and towards other inflammatory targets.in the past two decades, two beta-coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov-1) and the middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), have infected approximately 8000 and 2500 across the globe, respectively (de wit et al. 2016; amanat and krammer 2020). the current viral pandemic, caused by sars-cov-2, has already affected 4.23 m in less than a year. of greater concern, the disease caused by sars-cov-2, covid-19, still has a rapidly increasi ...202032895779
the enigma of endothelium in covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has affected millions of people globally. clinically, it presents with mild flu-like symptoms in most cases but can cause respiratory failure in high risk population. with the aim of unearthing newer treatments, scientists all over the globe are striving hard to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of covid-19. several studies till date have indicated a dysregulated host immune res ...202032848893
medicinal plants as sources of active molecules against covid-19.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) or novel coronavirus (covid-19) infection has been declared world pandemic causing a worrisome number of deaths, especially among vulnerable citizens, in 209 countries around the world. although several therapeutic molecules are being tested, no effective vaccines or specific treatments have been developed. since the covid-19 outbreak, different traditional herbal medicines with promising results have been used alone or in ...202032848790
low-cost polyester-tipped three-dimensionally printed nasopharyngeal swab for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2).case identification, isolation, and contact tracing are fundamental strategies used to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). this has led to widespread testing that interrupted the supply chain for testing materials around the world. a prospective study was conducted to compare inexpensive and easily sourced 3-dimensionally (3d)-printed polylactic acid and polyester nasopharyngeal swabs to commercially manufactured swabs for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome ...202032817232
epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease (covid-19) cases at a screening clinic during the early outbreak period: a single-centre study.introduction. coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory corona virus-2 (sars-cov-2). the disease was first identified in december 2019 in wuhan, the capital of china's hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019-2020 corona virus pandemic. sars-cov-2 is closely related to the original sars-cov. it is thought to have a zoonotic origin. the virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, often via ...202032783802
sars-cov-2 detection in setting of viral swabs scarcity: are mrsa swabs and viral swabs equivalent?the global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov2) has resulted in unprecedented challenges for healthcare systems. one barrier to widespread testing has been a paucity of traditional respiratory viral swab collection kits relative to the demand. whether other sample collection kits, such as widely available mrsa nasal swabs can be used to detect sars-cov-2 is unknown.202032756602
sars-cov-2 screening test for japanese returnees from wuhan, china, january 2020.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was found to be the causative microorganism of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which started to spread in wuhan, china. this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of questionnaire, symptoms-based screening, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening of returnees from covid-19-endemic areas on a chartered flight, to examine the proportion of infected persons and the proportion of asymptomatic persons among infected per ...202032754627
understanding genomic diversity, pan-genome, and evolution of sars-cov-2.coronovirus disease 2019 (covid-19) infection, which originated from wuhan, china, has seized the whole world in its grasp and created a huge pandemic situation before humanity. since december 2019, genomes of numerous isolates have been sequenced and analyzed for testing confirmation, epidemiology, and evolutionary studies. in the first half of this article, we provide a detailed review of the history and origin of covid-19, followed by the taxonomy, nomenclature and genome organization of its ...202032742815
systematic review of changes and recovery in physical function and fitness after severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus infection: implications for covid-19 rehabilitation.this review sought to (1) compare physical function and fitness outcomes in people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov) with healthy controls, (2) quantify the recovery of physical function and fitness following sars-cov infection, and (3) determine the effects of exercise following sars-cov infection.202032737507
sars-cov-2 and guillain-barré syndrome: molecular mimicry with human heat shock proteins as potential pathogenic mechanism.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 infection has been associated with guillain-barré syndrome. we investigated here the potential mechanism underlying the virus-induced damage of the peripheral nervous systems by searching the viral amino acid sequence for peptides common to human autoantigens associated with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. our results show molecular mimicry between the virus and human heat shock proteins 90 and 60, which are associated with guillain-barré ...202032729001
multimodality imaging in evaluation of cardiovascular complications in patients with covid-19: jacc scientific expert panel.standard evaluation and management of the patient with suspected or proven cardiovascular complications of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome related-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), is challenging. routine history, physical examination, laboratory testing, electrocardiography, and plain x-ray imaging may often suffice for such patients, but given overlap between covid-19 and typical cardiovascular diagnoses such as heart failure and acute myo ...202032710927
antibody responses to sars-cov-2 in healthy individuals returning to shenzhen.to verify reliability of antibody detection and investigate population immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in the local chinese population. a cross-sectional study was conducted in shenzhen to detect anti-coronavirus antibodies including, immunoglobulin g (igg), immunoglobulin m (igm), and immunoglobulin a (iga). in the covid-19 group, nine patients were enrolled after diagnosis. in the control group, 1589 individuals without clinical symptoms (cough, ...202032710647
the mechanistic rationale of drugs, primary endpoints, geographical distribution of clinical trials against severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2: a systematic review.there are numerous ongoing studies assessing treatment options for preventing, treating, and managing complications of coronavirus disease-2019 disease. the objective of this study was to do a systematic review and critical appraisal of the ongoing clinical trials with an aim to provide insight into the various interventions tested, clinical rationale, geographical distribution of the trials as well as the endpoints assessed in the studies. clinicaltrials.gov, world health organization internati ...202032706390
human sars-cov-2 has evolved to reduce cg dinucleotide in its open reading frames.the outbreak of covid-19 has brought great threat to human health. its causative agent is a severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus which has been officially named sars-cov-2. here we report the discovery of extremely low cg abundance in its open reading frames. we found that cg reduction in sars-cov-2 is achieved mainly through mutating c/g into a/t, and cg is the best target for mutation. meanwhile, 5'-untranslated region of sars-cov-2 has high cg content and is capable of formin ...202032704018
hydroxychloroquine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 202032702948
a critical review of the pathophysiology of thrombotic complications and clinical practice recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with covid-19.those who are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 are theoretically at increased risk of venous thromboembolism during self-isolation if they have reduced mobility or are dehydrated. should patients develop coronavirus disease (covid-19) pneumonia requiring hospital admission for treatment of hypoxia, the risk for thromboembolic complications increases greatly. these thromboembolic events are the result of at least two distinct mechanisms - microvascular thrombo ...202032678949
rapid sars-cov-2 whole-genome sequencing and analysis for informed public health decision-making in the netherlands.in late december 2019, a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were reported linked to a market in wuhan, china1. the causative agent was identified as the species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and was named sars-cov-2 (ref. 2). by 16 april the virus had spread to 185 different countries, infected over 2,000,000 people and resulted in over 130,000 deaths3. in the netherlands, the first case of sars-cov-2 was notified on 27 february. the outbreak started with s ...202032678356
impact of covid-19 pandemic on treatment patterns in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.the coronavirus pandemic has provoked discussions among healthcare providers how to manage cancer patients when faced with the threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection. immune checkpoint inhibitor (ici) containing regimens are standard of care in the majority of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccrcc) patients. it remains unclear whether therapies should be modified in response to the covid-19 pandemic.202032669298
systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness of treatment options against sars-cov-2 infection.treatment options for severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) are limited with no clarity on efficacy and safety profiles. we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on patients ≥18 years reporting data on therapeutic interventions in sars-cov-2. primary outcome was all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes were rates of mechanical ventilation, viral clearance, adverse events, discharge, and progression to severe disease. pooled rates and odds rat ...202032667699
characterization of heparin and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) spike glycoprotein binding interactions.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has resulted in a pandemic and continues to spread around the globe at an unprecedented rate. to date, no effective therapeutic is available to fight its associated disease, covid-19. our discovery of a novel insertion of glycosaminoglycan (gag)-binding motif at s1/s2 proteolytic cleavage site (681-686 (prrars)) and two other gag-binding-like motifs within sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein (sgp) led us to hypothesize that host cell ...202032653452
sars-cov-2 infection of primary human lung epithelium for covid-19 modeling and drug discovery.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is the latest respiratory pandemic resulting from zoonotic transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). severe symptoms include viral pneumonia secondary to infection and inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, in some cases causing death. we developed primary human lung epithelial infection models to understand responses of proximal and distal lung epithelium to sars-cov-2 infection. differentiated air-liquid inte ...202032637946
analysis of sars-cov-2 rna-dependent rna polymerase as a potential therapeutic drug target using a computational approach.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) outbreak originating in wuhan, china, has raised global health concerns and the pandemic has now been reported on all inhabited continents. hitherto, no antiviral drug is available to combat this viral outbreak.202032635935
vimentin as a multifaceted player and potential therapeutic target in viral infections.vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that plays key roles in integration of cytoskeletal functions, and therefore in basic cellular processes such as cell division and migration. consequently, vimentin has complex implications in pathophysiology. vimentin is required for a proper immune response, but it can also act as an autoantigen in autoimmune diseases or as a damage signal. although vimentin is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein, it can also appear at extracellular locations, eithe ...202032630064
shotgun proteomics analysis of sars-cov-2-infected cells and how it can optimize whole viral particle antigen production for vaccines.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has resulted in a pandemic and is continuing to spread rapidly around the globe. no effective vaccine is currently available to prevent covid-19, and intense efforts are being invested worldwide into vaccine development. in this context, all technology platforms must overcome several challenges resulting from the use of an incompletely characterized new virus. these include finding the right conditions for virus amplification f ...202032619390
critical role of type iii interferon in controlling sars-cov-2 infection in human intestinal epithelial cells.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is an unprecedented worldwide health problem that requires concerted and global approaches to stop the coronavirus 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. although sars-cov-2 primarily targets lung epithelium cells, there is growing evidence that the intestinal epithelium is also infected. here, using both colon-derived cell lines and primary non-transformed colon organoids, we engage in the first comprehensive analysis of the sars-cov-2 lif ...202032610043
effective inhibition of sars-cov-2 entry by heparin and enoxaparin derivatives.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused a pandemic of historic proportions and continues to spread globally, with enormous consequences to human health. currently there is no vaccine, effective therapeutic or prophylactic. like other betacoronaviruses, attachment and entry of sars-cov-2 is mediated by the spike glycoprotein (sgp). in addition to its well-documented interaction with its receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hace2), sgp has been f ...202032577638
sars-cov-2: diagnostic and design conundrums in the context of male factor infertility.the question of whether sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 [sars-cov-2], leading to the covid-19 infection) can be harboured in the testes and/or semen is currently unanswered. it is essential to understand the limitations of both antibody and real-time pcr tests in interpreting sars-cov-2 data in relation to analyses of semen and testicular tissue without appropriate controls. this article critically analyses the evidence so far on this, and the possible implica ...202032565229
convergent antibody responses to sars-cov-2 in convalescent individuals.during the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has led to the infection of millions of people and has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. the entry of the virus into cells depends on the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike (s) protein of sars-cov-2. although there is currently no vaccine, it is likely that antibodies will be essential for protection. however, little is known about the human antibody respons ...202032555388
triage of critical care resources in covid-19: a stronger role for justice.some ethicists assert that there is a consensus that maximising medical outcomes takes precedence as a principle of resource allocation in emergency triage of absolutely scarce resources. but the nature of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 pandemic and the history of debate about balancing equity and efficiency in resource allocation do not support this assertion. i distinguish a number of concerns with justice and balancing considerations that should play a rol ...202032546657
development of an automatic integrated gene detection system for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov2).in december 2019, wuhan, china suffered a serious outbreak of a novel coronavirus infectious disease (covid) caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov 2). to quickly identify the pathogen, we designed and screened primer sets, and established a sensitive and specific qrt-pcr assay for sars-cov 2; the lower limit of detection (lod) was 14.8 (95% ci: 9.8-21) copies per reaction. we combined this qrt-pcr assay with an automatic integration system for nucleic ac ...202032543298
a compendium answering 150 questions on covid-19 and sars-cov-2.in december 2019, china reported the first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). this disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has developed into a pandemic. to date, it has resulted in ~9 million confirmed cases and caused almost 500 000 related deaths worldwide. unequivocally, the covid-19 pandemic is the gravest health and socioeconomic crisis of our time. in this context, numerous questions have emerged in demand of basic scient ...202032535955
covid 19 diagnostic multiplicity and its role in community surveillance and control.diagnosis of persons exposed to/infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is central to controlling the global pandemic of covid-19. currently, several diagnostic modalities are available for covid-19, each with its own pros and cons. although there is a global consensus to increase the testing capacity, it is also essential to prudently utilize these tests to control the pandemic. in this paper, we have reviewed the current array of diagnostics for sars- ...202032532934
ace2 and covid-19 and the resulting ards.this article reviews the correlation between ace2 and covid-19 and the resulting acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). ace2 is a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system (ras). the classical ace-angiotensin ⅱ (ang ii)-angiotensin type 1 receptor (at1r) axis and the ace2-ang(1-7)-mas counter-regulatory axis play an essential role in ras system. ace2 antagonises the activation of the classical ras ace-ang ii-at1r axis and protects against lung injury. similar to severe acute respira ...202032522846
sars-cov-2 spike protein binds heparan sulfate in a length- and sequence-dependent manner.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is causing an unprecedented global pandemic demanding the urgent development of therapeutic strategies. microarray binding experiments using an extensive heparan sulfate (hs) oligosaccharide library showed the spike of sars-cov-2 can bind hs in a length- and sequence-dependent manner. hexa- and octasaccharides composed of idoa2s-glcns6s repeating units were identified as optimal ligands. surface plasma resonance (spr) showed th ...202032511404
covid-19: the potential role of copper and n-acetylcysteine (nac) in a combination of candidate antiviral treatments against sars-cov-2.on march 11, 2020, the world health organization (who) declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease (covid-19) a pandemic. since then, thousands of people have suffered and died, making the need for a treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) more crucial than ever.202032503814
serodiagnostics for severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 : a narrative review.accurate serologic tests to detect host antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) will be critical for the public health response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. many use cases are envisaged, including complementing molecular methods for diagnosis of active disease and estimating immunity for individuals. at the population level, carefully designed seroepidemiologic studies will aid in the characterization of transmission dynamics and refinement ...202032496919
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: friend or foe?when the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) wreaked an unprecedented havoc of an escalating number of deaths and hospitalization in the united states, clinicians were faced with a myriad of unanswered questions, one of the them being the implication of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with covid-19. animal data and human studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (arbs) increase the expression of ace2. ace2 is an ...202032496364
inflammasomes and pyroptosis as therapeutic targets for covid-19.the inflammatory response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 infection has a direct impact on the clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 patients. of the many innate immune pathways that are engaged by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2, we highlight the importance of the inflammasome pathway. we discuss available pharmaceutical agents that target a critical component of inflammasome activation, signaling leading to cellular pyroptosis, and the ...202032493814
stability of rna sequences derived from the coronavirus genome in human cells.most viruses inhibit the innate immune system and/or the rna degradation processes of host cells to construct an advantageous intracellular environment for their survival. characteristic rna sequences within rna virus genomes or rnas transcribed from dna virus genomes contribute toward this inhibition. in this study, we developed a method called "fate-seq" to comprehensively identify the rna sequences derived from rna and dna viruses, contributing rna stability in the cells. we examined the stab ...202032446559
early trends for sars-cov-2 infection in central and north texas and impact on other circulating respiratory viruses.rapid diagnosis and isolation are key to containing the quick spread of a pandemic agent like severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which has spread globally since its initial outbreak in wuhan province in china. sars-cov-2 is novel and the effect on typically prevalent seasonal viruses is just becoming apparent. we present our initial data on the prevalence of respiratory viruses in the month of march 2020. this is a retrospective cohort study post launching of s ...202032410236
in silico identification of vaccine targets for 2019-ncov.background: the newly identified coronavirus known as 2019-ncov has posed a serious global health threat. according to the latest report (18-february-2020), it has infected more than 72,000 people globally and led to deaths of more than 1,016 people in china. methods: the 2019 novel coronavirus proteome was aligned to a curated database of viral immunogenic peptides. the immunogenicity of detected peptides and their binding potential to hla alleles was predicted by immunogenicity predictive mode ...202032269766
clinical characteristics of 28 patients with diabetes and covid-19 in wuhan, china.objective: previous studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) were based on information from the general population. we aimed to further clarify the clinical characteristics of diabetes with covid-19. methods: twenty-eight patients with diabetes and covid-19 were enrolled from january 29, 2020, to february 10, 2020, with a final follow-up on february 22, 2020. epidemiologic, demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome data were analyzed. results: the average age of the 28 pati ...202032357072
[epidemiology and control of covid-19].the coronavirus disease pandemic 2019 (covid-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), started in december 2019 in china. sars-cov-2 is easily transmitted by droplet infection. after an incubation period of 1-14 days, covid-19 shows a mild course in 80 % of observed cases and a severe course in 20 %, with a lethality rate of 0.3-5.8 %. elderly people and people with underlying diseases have a higher risk of severe courses with mandatory ventilation. ...202032344440
pharmacological perspective: glycyrrhizin may be an efficacious therapeutic agent for covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by the previously unknown pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is now a global pandemic. there are no vaccines or specific treatments against this new virus; therefore, there is an urgent need to advance novel therapeutic interventions for covid-19. glycyrrhizin is a triterpene saponin with various biological functions and pharmacological effects. this brief article discusses the therapeutic potential of glycyrr ...202032335281
echoes of 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic in the covid pandemic.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov2) pandemic that has engulfed the globe has had incredible effects on health care systems and economic activity. social distancing and school closures have played a central role in public health efforts to counter the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid)-19 pandemic. the most recent global pandemic prior to covid-19 was the 2009 pandemic, hemagglutinin type 1 and neuraminidase type 1 (h1n1) influenza. the course of events in 2009 o ...202032331805
d3targets-2019-ncov: a webserver for predicting drug targets and for multi-target and multi-site based virtual screening against covid-19.a highly effective medicine is urgently required to cure coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). for the purpose, we developed a molecular docking based webserver, namely d3targets-2019-ncov, with two functions, one is for predicting drug targets for drugs or active compounds observed from clinic or in vitro/in vivo studies, the other is for identifying lead compounds against potential drug targets via docking. this server has its unique features, (1) the potential target proteins and their differe ...202032318328
a "one-health" approach for diagnosis and molecular characterization of sars-cov-2 in italy.the current pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus (cov) called sars-cov-2 (species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, subgenus sarbecovirus, genus betacoronavirus, family coronaviridae). in italy, up to the 2nd of april 2020, overall 139,422 confirmed cases and 17,669 deaths have been notified, while 26,491 people have recovered. besides the overloading of hospitals, another issue to face was the capacity to perform thousands of tests per day. in this perspective, to supp ...202032313828
diagnostic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2: a narrative review.diagnostic testing to identify persons infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection is central to control the global pandemic of covid-19 that began in late 2019. in a few countries, the use of diagnostic testing on a massive scale has been a cornerstone of successful containment strategies. in contrast, the united states, hampered by limited testing capacity, has prioritized testing for specific groups of persons. real-time reverse transcriptase p ...202032282894
a cross-sectional comparison of epidemiological and clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease (covid-19) in wuhan and outside wuhan, china.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has spread outside the initial epicenter of wuhan. we compared cases in guangzhou and wuhan to illustrate potential changes in pathogenicity and epidemiological characteristics as the epidemic has progressed.202032278758
an evidence-based framework for priority clinical research questions for covid-19.on 31 december, 2019, the world health organization china country office was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology. since then, there have been over 75 000 cases globally of the 2019 novel coronavirus (covid-19), 2000 deaths, and over 14 000 cases recovered. outbreaks of novel agents represent opportunities for clinical research to inform real-time public health action. in 2018, we conducted a systematic review to identify priority research questions for severe acute respiratory sy ...202032257173
controversial treatments: an updated understanding of the coronavirus disease 2019.an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. in the absence of specific treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to learn from the experience and lessons in china. to reduce the case-fatality rate among coronavirus disease 2019 patients, we should not ignore the complications, such as rnaaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. to help understand ...202032219882
the species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-ncov and naming it sars-cov-2. 202032123347
pattern of early human-to-human transmission of wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), december 2019 to january 2020.since december 2019, china has been experiencing a large outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) which can cause respiratory disease and severe pneumonia. we estimated the basic reproduction number r0 of 2019-ncov to be around 2.2 (90% high density interval: 1.4-3.8), indicating the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. transmission characteristics appear to be of similar magnitude to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov) and pandemic influenza, indi ...202032019669
gold nanoparticle-adjuvanted s protein induces a strong antigen-specific igg response against severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus infection, but fails to induce protective antibodies and limit eosinophilic infiltration in lungs.the spike (s) protein of coronavirus, which binds to cellular receptors and mediates membrane fusion for cell entry, is a candidate vaccine target for blocking coronavirus infection. however, some animal studies have suggested that inadequate immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) induces a lung eosinophilic immunopathology upon infection. the present study evaluated two kinds of vaccine adjuvants for use with recombinant s protein: gold nanoparticles (aunp ...202031692019
acute respiratory distress in aged, sars-cov-2 infected african green monkeys but not rhesus macaques.sars-cov-2 induces a wide range of disease severity ranging from asymptomatic infection, to a life-threating illness, particularly in the elderly and persons with comorbid conditions. among those persons with serious covid-19 disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) is a common and often fatal presentation. animal models of sars-cov-2 infection that manifest severe disease are needed to investigate the pathogenesis of covid-19 induced ards and evaluate therapeutic strategies. here we ...202033171111
intranasal exposure of african green monkeys to sars-cov-2 results in acute phase pneumonia with shedding and lung injury still present in the early convalescence phase.we recently reported the development of the first african green monkey (agm) model for covid-19 based on a combined liquid intranasal (i.n.) and intratracheal (i.t.) exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). here, we followed up on this work by assessing an i.n. particle only route of exposure using the lma mucosal atomization device (mad). six agms were infected with sars-cov-2; three animals were euthanized near the peak stage of virus replication (day 5) and th ...202032818211
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