Publications

context-dependent effects of bluegill in experimental mesocosm communities.	most knowledge of direct and indirect effects of zooplanktivorous fish has come from studies in which a treatment with a zooplanktivore is compared to a fishless control. however, effects of a zooplanktivore may be different in the presence of other fish species because the other fish have direct and indirect effects that may alter the effects of the zooplanktivore in question. to test this hypothesis, we conducted a tank mesocosm experiment of 2×2 factorial design in which the presence and abse ...	2000	28308293
evaluating mosquito control pesticides for effect on target and nontarget organisms.	recent requirements for biomonitoring of urban stormwater runoff have raised the issue of toxic contributions from mosquito control products. a comparison of seven pesticides for their toxicity to target and nontarget organisms was conducted in field and laboratory trials to determine relative impacts in and around craighead county, arkansas. twenty-four and forty-eight-hour acute toxicity tests using ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia magna, daphnia pulex, and pimephales promelas were employed with u. ...	2000	10948282
natural control of culex quinquefasciatus larvae in residential ditches by the copepod macrocyclops albidus.	natural populations of three larvivorous copepod species live in residential roadside ditches in louisiana: macrocyclops albidus, acanthocyclops vernalis, and megacyclops latipes. macrocyclops is most common and killed an average of 27 first-instar culex quinquefasciatus larvae/copepod/day in the laboratory. although severe pollution from septic tank effluent in some parts of the ditches creates havens for cx. quinquefasciatus production by excluding predatory copepods and fish (gambusia affinis ...	2000	10925792
experimental evaluation of the usefulness of microsatellite dna for detecting demographic bottlenecks.	evolutionary and conservation biologists often use molecular markers to evaluate whether populations have experienced demographic bottlenecks that resulted in a loss of genetic variation. we evaluated the utility of microsatellites for detection of recent, severe bottlenecks and compared the amounts of genetic diversity lost in bottlenecks of different sizes. in experimental mesocosms, we established replicate populations by releasing 1, 2, 4 or 8 pairs of the western mosquitofish, gambusia affi ...	2000	11050547
scalarane and homoscalarane compounds from the nudibranchs glossodoris sedna and glossodoris dalli: chemical and biological properties.	a series of homoscalarane and scalarane compounds (2-7) have been isolated from two distinct species of pacific glossodoris nudibranchs. the structure and elucidation of the relative stereochemistry of the new metabolites 2 and 3 were obtained by spectroscopic methods. compound 2 was ichthyotoxic at 0.1 ppm against gambusia affinis and showed moderate activity (ic(50) 18 microm) to inhibit mammalian phospholipase a(2).	2000	10785432
environmental regulation of annual reproductive cycle in the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis.	to clarify the environmental factors regulating the annual reproductive cycle of the female mosquitofish, gambusia affinis, a viviparous teleost, histological changes of the ovary in natural population, and laboratory experiments were examined. the results, extending over two years, suggested that ovarian recrudescence is initiated by the rise in temperature during spring and that ovarian regression is caused by the shorter daylength during late summer. the first rearing experiments using four p ...	2000	10617862
comparative efficacy of the threespine stickleback (gasterosteus aculeatus) and the mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) for mosquito control.	the effectiveness of the threespine stickleback as a mosquito control agent was compared to that of the mosquitofish in 28-m2 earthen ponds during 26-wk experiments where the 2 fish were stocked alone and together. relative to ponds without fish, the stickleback was not effective for controlling larval mosquito populations; however, sticklebacks reduced the abundance of culex pupae. mosquitofish provided significant levels of control whether stocked alone or concurrently with the stickleback. as ...	1999	10480131
a model for non-specific toxicity with aquatic organisms over relatively long periods of exposure time.	experimental data have shown that the internal lethal concentrations of halobenzenes for aquatic organisms decreased with exposure time. in this paper, a model based on the concept of life expectancy reduction was developed to describe this relationship. the model was verified with experimental data for fish (gambusia affinis) and juvenile crab (porturius pelagicus(l)). it is proposed that long term non-specific toxicity can be measured as the reduction of the life expectancy of the exposed orga ...	1999	10903121
morphological and reproductive characteristics of male mosquitofish (gambusia affinis holbrooki) inhabiting sewage-contaminated waters in new south wales, australia.	the potential effects of exposure of fish to reproductive endocrine disruptors (reds) is of major concern. this study reports on the effects of sewage effluent exposure on morphology of male mosquitofish (gambusia a. holbrooki) in a tributary of the hawksbury-nepean river system in new south wales, australia. the growth and development of the modified anal fin (the gonopodium, gp) is a secondary sexual characteristic in males, forms under the influence of testosterone, and is critical for sperm ...	1999	10047598
polymorphic microsatellite markers in the western mosquitofish, gambusia affinis.		1999	9919704
in vitro pesticide inhibition of muscle esterases of the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis.		1999	25738
a new cacospongionolide inhibitor of human secretory phospholipase a2 from the tyrrhenian sponge fasciospongia cavernosa and absolute configuration of cacospongionolides.	a new inhibitor of human secretory phospholipase a2 (pla2), cacospongionolide e (4a), has been isolated from the tyrrhenian sponge fasciospongia cavernosa. the structure was proposed on the basis of spectroscopic data and by chemical transformations. the absolute configuration of cacospongionolides 2a-4a was established using the modified mosher's method. cacospongionolide e was the most potent inhibitor toward human synovial pla2, showing higher potency than the reference compound manoalide and ...	1998	9677277
toxicity and pathogenicity testing of the insect pest control fungus metarhizium anisopliae	renewed interest in the use of metarhizium anisopliae and its toxins for insect control prompted the following safety assessment. a neutral extract (methylene chloride, ph 7.2), derived from m. anisopliae cultures, was evaluated for toxicity and mutagenicity using aquatic animal bioassays and the ames test. the average lc50 of the neutral extract obtained in static, acute 96-h tests conducted with </=24-h-old mysidopsis bahia was 2.41 mg l-1. by partially purifying destruxins from the neutral ex ...	1998	9680524
structure and function of the axillary organ of the gulf toadfish, opsanus beta (goode and bean).	the structure of the axillary organ of a batrachoidid species, the gulf toadfish (opsanus beta goode and bean 1879), has been examined and several simple experiments designed to elucidate its function performed. electron microscopy (em) studies revealed cells and structures suggesting secretory and iono regulatory roles (e.g., abundant intracytoplasmic secretory particles, rough endoplasmic reticulum, sparse golgi bodies, indented epithelial cells with microvilli, numerous endocytotic vesicles, ...	1998	11253782
effects of halobenzenes on growth rate of fish (gambusia affinis).	the growth rate reduction of mosquito fish (gambusia affinis) fry was investigated with a range of sublethal exposure levels of four halobenzenes for 42 days. these compounds were found to produce growth rate reduction in mosquito fish fry at concentrations as low as 0.30, 0.18, 0.025, and 0.010 mumol liter-1 for 1,4-dibromobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-tribomobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene, respectively. the aqueous exposure concentrations causing growth rate reduction of 50 and 10% ( ...	1998	9515084
a mechanism for anterior transposition of the anal fin and its appendicular support in the western mosquitofish, gambusia affinis affinis	the interosseal and suspensory ligaments of the axial and appendicular skeleton of the western mosquitofish, gambusia affinis affinis were investigated in whole-mounted late embryonic and adult female and male g. a. affinis stained with alcian blue and alizarin red s, cleared, and viewed using differential interference contrast. the interosseal and suspensory ligaments of late embryonic female g. a. affinis are reduced prior to sexual differentiation and continue reduced in adult females. howeve ...	1998	9873137
internal lethal concentration and internal lethal volume fraction of chlorobenzenes in mosquito fish (gambusia affinis).	the internal lethal concentration (ilc) and internal lethal volume fraction (ilvf) of a series of chlorobenzenes with mosquito fish (gambusia affinis) were measured by a semistatic test approach in closed jars. their variation with exposure times were also investigated with different aqueous chemical concentrations and different exposure periods, the measured ilc values on wet weight and lipid weight bases ranged from 3-12 mmol kg-1 and 46-208 mmol kg-1 lipid, respectively. measured ilvf values ...	1998	9717246
short-term effects of bolero on the gill apparatus of a small number of mosquitofish (gambusia affinis).		1998	9702371
parasitological data as monitors of environmental health.	when an appropriate fish host is selected, analysis of its parasites offers a useful, reliable, economical, telescoped indication or monitor of environmental health. the value of that information increases when corroborated by another non-parasitological technique. the analysis of parasites is not necessarily simple because not all hosts serve as good models and because the number of species, presence of specific species, intensity of infections, life histories of species, location of species in ...	1997	9802064
sex differences in endogenous retinoid release in the post-embryonic spinal cord of the western mosquitofish, gambusia affinis affinis.	in this study we have shown sex differences in endogenous retinoic acid synthesis and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the post-embryonic spinal cords of immature female and male g. a. affinis. the f9 reporter cell assay and the zymography bioassay showed that the endogenous retinoic acid levels correlated with the levels of the endogenous enzyme(s) responsible for retinoic acid synthesis. these data also showed that both the endogenous retinoic acid levels and the enzyme(s) were higher i ...	1997	9059611
mosquito control with gambusia affinis.		1997	9383776
diurnal fluctuations in toxicity in two fish species: gambusia affinis and notropis ludibundis.		1997	9256395
opsin sequences of the rod visual pigments in two species of poeciliid fish	the rod opsin sequences from gambusia affinis holbrooki and poecilia reticulata were cloned and sequenced. the opsin sequences were found to be 96·8% identical, reflecting the similarity of the rod visual pigment absorbances in these two poeciliid fish.	1997	9236103
internal lethal concentrations of halobenzenes with fish (gambusia affinis).	the internal lethal concentrations is a potential measure of toxicity which could be usefully applied in environmental toxicology and risk assessment. using halobenzenes, which are common environmental contaminants, and represented test compounds, experiments were conducted in aquaria with the mosquitofish (gambusia affinis). the average internal lethal concentration (ilc50) for four representative halohydrocarbons, 1,4-dibb, 1,2,3-tricb, 1,2,4-tribb, and pentacb, were consistent with those prev ...	1997	9212338
mosquito control with gambusia affinis.		1997	9152886
adrenocortical and adrenomedullary homologs in eight species of adult and developing teleosts: morphology, histology, and immunohistochemistry.	morphology, histology, and immunohistochemistry of the adrenocortical and adrenomedullary homologs (adrenal glands) of the following developing and adult teleosts were examined: salmoniformes-oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), salmo trutta fario (brown trout), coregonus lavaretus (white fish); cyprinodontiformes-gambusia affinis (mosquito fish). perciformes-dicentrarchus labrax (sea bass), sparus aurata (sea bream), diplodus sargus (white bream), oblada melanura (saddled bream). the anatomical ...	1997	9405124
use of gambusia affinis in different habitats as a mosquito control agent.		1997	10085646
activity of esterases from different tissues of freshwater fish and responses of their isoenzymes to inhibitors.	activity of nonspecific esterase from different tissues (i.e., liver, gallbladder, heart, intestine, and muscle) of five species of freshwater fish, namely, topmouth gudgeon (pseudorasbora parva), goldfish (carassius auratus), nile tilapia (tilapia nilotica), mosquitofish (gambusia affinis), and rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) was tested using alpha-naphthyl acetate as substrate. the results indicated that activity of the enzyme was mainly concentrated in the digestive system (i.e., intestine, l ...	1997	9176555
correlation between biochemical parameters and susceptibility of freshwater fish to malathion.	acute toxicity (96-h lc50) of malathion was tested using five species of freshwater fish, namely, topmouth gudgeon (pseudorasbora parva), goldfish (carassius auratus), nile tilapia (tilapia nilotica), mosquitofish (gambusia affinis), and rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri). correlation was found between susceptibility and biochemical parameters such as activity of brain acetylcholinesterase (ache) and in vitro resistance of the enzyme to inhibition (ic50) of malaoxon (a major metabolite of malathion ...	1996	8691510
organizational-activational concept revisited: sexual differentiation in an atherinomorph teleost.	because of its numerous sexually dimorphic characters, the western mosquitofish gambusia affinis affinis is an excellent vertebrate system for addressing questions concerning sexual differentiation. in this review, the actions and limits of gonadal sex steroids, specifically testosterone, on the development of the sexually dimorphic anal fin and its axial and appendicular support are described. data from our laboratory show that the critical period in this species for the anterior transposition ...	1996	9047280
adverse assessments of gambusia affinis: an alternate view for mosquito control practitioners.	adverse opinions on the introduction of gambusia affinis for the control of larval mosquitoes are reviewed. the sources span a period of some 59 years and come from a variety of sources. the principal opposition to the introduction of g. affinis comes from ichthyologists, although some mosquito researchers have expressed concerns about the environmental impact of placing the fish in habitats to which it is not native. questions concerning the appropriateness of using the fish are presented.	1996	8827587
time course of inhibition of cholinesterase and aliesterase activities, and nonprotein sulfhydryl levels following exposure to organophosphorus insecticides in mosquitofish (gambusia affinis).	cholinesterase (che) in brain and muscle was quickly inhibited during a 48-hr in vivo exposure to chlorpyrifos (0.1 ppm), parathion (0.15 ppm), and methyl parathion (8 ppm) in mosquitofish (gambusia affinis). che remained inhibited during a 96-hr nonexposure period. brain che reached peak inhibition by 12 hr after exposure to parathion and chlorpyrifos and by 4 hr after exposure to methyl parathion. all insecticides caused greater than 70% che inhibition by 4 hr in muscle. there was no recovery ...	1996	8742317
variation in heat shock proteins within tropical and desert species of poeciliid fishes.	the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (hsp70) family of molecular chaperones, which contains both stress-inducible and normally abundant constitutive members, is highly conserved across distantly related taxa. analysis of this protein family in individuals from an outbred population of tropical topminnows, poeciliopsis gracilis, showed that while constitutive hsp70 family members showed no variation in protein isoforms, inducibly synthesized hsp70 was polymorphic. several species of poeciliopsis ...	1995	8524039
the first record of fish as paratenic hosts of falcaustra spp. (nematoda: kathlaniidae).	two types of third-stage nematode larvae (most of which were encapsulated) were collected from the abdominal cavity and liver of the freshwater fishes etheostoma fonticola, etheostoma lepidotum, cichlasoma cyanoguttatum, lepomis auritus, lepomis sp., and gambusia affinis in texas and are referred to the genus falcaustra. this is the first record of falcaustra larvae from fishes, and their presence may reflect the importance of fishes as paratenic hosts of turtle parasites in this genus.	1995	7472886
intermediate filaments in the testis of the teleost mosquito fish gambusia affinis holbrooki: a light and electron microscope immunocytochemical study and western blotting analysis.	a light and electron microscope immunocytochemical study and western blotting analysis has been performed on intermediate filaments (vimentin, desmin and cytokeratins) in the testis of the teleost fish gambusia affinis holbrooki. an immunoreaction to vimentin was observed in the epithelium of the efferent ducts, testicular canal and their surrounding peritubular cells. positive vimentin immunostaining was also observed in the cells located around seminiferous tubules (boundary cells), leydig cel ...	1995	7635766
cytoskeleton in sertoli cells of the mosquito fish (gambusia affinis holbrooki).	there is little information about the distribution of cytoskeletal components in the testes of teleost fish. the aim of this paper was to know the distribution of some major cytoskeletal proteins (tubulin, actin, vimentin, desmin, and cytokeratins) in the sertoli cells of gambusia affinis holbrooki and in their efferent duct epithelial cells which are possibly originated from the sertoli cells.	1995	7710138
cytonuclear genetics of experimental fish hybrid zones inside biosphere 2.	two species of mosquitofish (family poeciliidae) known to hybridize in nature were introduced into freshwater habitats inside biosphere 2, and their population genetics were monitored after 2 years. within four to six generations, nuclear and cytoplasmic markers characteristic of gambusia holbrooki had risen greatly in frequency, although some gambusia affinis alleles and haplotypes were retained primarily in recombinant genotypes, indicative of introgressive hybridization. the temporal cytonucl ...	1994	8197186
the distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibres in the brain of gambusia affinis and salmo trutta.	the study was carried out on the distribution of neurons and fibres which contain the corticotropin releasing factor-like (crf) immunoreactivity in the encephalon of two species of teleosts, gambusia affinis and salmo trutta. the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap) immunocytochemical technique was employed. the present study has shown differences between both species. in gambusia affinis, positive neurons were observed in the area ventralis telencephali pars lateralis (vlt), in the nucleus praeoptic ...	1994	8075480
hepatocarcinogenesis in western mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate.	to assess the potential of western mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) for the detection of environmental carcinogens, laboratory-reared specimens were exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate 10 mg per 1 for 2 h and then examined periodically for the onset of neoplastic lesions. approximately 33 per cent of the exposed fish developed liver neoplasms within 25 weeks of exposure and 52 per cent within 40 weeks. the lesions were mostly hepatocellular carcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas. no neoplastic les ...	1994	8040379
development of the anal fin appendicular support in the western mosquitofish, gambusia affinis affinis (baird and girard, 1854): a reinvestigation and reinterpretation.	development of the sexually dimorphic anal fin appendicular support of an internal fertilizing bony fish gambusia affinis affinis was investigated by staining whole-mounted embryos, immature, and adult female and male g. a. affinis with alizarin red s and alcian blue. the tissue was examined histologically to assess development of the amphicelous centrum and to verify specificity of the stains. our data confirm earlier claims about the development of the male and female characteristics in this s ...	1994	7879590
detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in tissues of three small fish species.	an immunohistochemical assay for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) identifies cells in all active phases of the cell cycle. in this study, pcna methodology, which was developed primarily for mammalian tissues, was adapted to three small fish species, medaka (oryzias latipes), guppy (poecilia reticulata), and western mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) that are used in carcinogenesis bioassays and environmental sentinel studies. our study showed that pcna can be identified in routinely proces ...	1994	7703303
control of mosquito breeding through gambusia affinis in rice fields.	studies on mosquito breeding and its control through gambusia affinis in nursery and paddy fields after transplantation of seedlings were carried out during june to october 1991 in about 10 ha rice field area. six anopheline species, viz. an. culicifacies, an. annularis, an. subpictus, an. nigerrimus, an. barbirostris and an. aconitus, and four culicine species, viz. cx. tritaeniorhynchus, cx. bitaeniorhynchus, cx. quinquefasciatus, and aedes sp. could be identified. these were found breeding in ...	1993	8405595
biocontrol efficacy of gerris (a) spinolae, laccotrephes griseus and gambusia affinis on larval mosquitoes.	predation experiments using gerris (a) spinolae, laccotrephes griseus and gambusia affinis were conducted against iv stage culicine larvae with varying prey densities. ranking of individual predatory efficiency showed the sequence: large gambusia > medium gambusia > small gambusia > female laccotrephes > male laccotrephes > gerris. predation under coexistence reveals the significance of predatory efficiency of different predator combinations with reference to prey density and exposure period.	1993	8034107
use of an indigenous fish species, fundulus zebrinus, in a mosquito abatement program: a field comparison with the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis.	studies were conducted relating mosquito production in small ponds to presence or absence of larvivorous fishes. data collected showed that native killifish and introduced mosquitofish controlled mosquito larvae at the same level and support the use of indigenous fish species in mosquito abatement programs.	1992	1357089
distribution of neuropeptide y-like immunoreactivity in the brain of salmo salar and gambusia affinis.	through the immunohistochemical pap technique, the distribution of immune positive neurons and fibres for an antibody anti-npy in the encephalon of salmon fixed in bouin have been located and studied. npy-positive neurons are found forming three important nuclei: in the ventrolateral telencephalon; in the tegmentum mesencephali; and in the locus coeruleus. neurons in the optic tectum, in the thalamic region and a few in the preoptic recess have also been located. the fibres were found throughout ...	1992	1504458
ichthyotoxic diterpenoids from the cantabrian nudibranch chromodoris luteorosea.	five spongian diterpenoids 2, 3, 6-8, previously found in sponges and nudibranchs from very distinct geographical areas, have been isolated from the cantabrian nudibranch chromodoris luteorosea. the terpenoids are mainly localized along the border of the mantle of the mollusk. all the diterpenoids are toxic to gambusia affinis.	1992	1593284
the history of malaria control in the southwest pacific region, with particular reference to papua new guinea and the solomon islands.	a number of phases in the history of malaria control in the southwest pacific region can be recognized. during the first phase (1898-1923) it was known that anopheline mosquitoes carried malaria, but as yet the identity of the local vectors had not been established. the incrimination of the vectors in 1923 gave a sound basis for control, which remained largely urban in location except for the distribution of the larvivorous fish gambusia affinis. the exigencies of the pacific war and the presenc ...	1992	1566607
enhancing the efficacy of gambusia affinis to control mosquito breeding in ponds.		1992	1459302
some observations on the fine structure of the sensory cells in the neuromasts (ordinary lateral line) of the teleost gambusia affinis.	the structural and ultrastructural features of the sensory cells in the neuromasts of g. affinis were studied. these pear-shaped cels present a tuft of sensory hairs rising from the apex and a highly dense cytoplasm with multivesicular bodies, dyctiosomes, granular and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. large round granular dense bodies of an unknown nature can be observed inside and outside the nucleus. a great number of vesicles are present at the base of the cells, some o ...	1992	1447513
gambusia affinis: dispersal due to floods and its failure to colonize new water bodies in shahjahanpur district (u.p.).	in villages of district shahjahanpur, 122 decentralized gambusia multiplication ponds were established to cover the need of the entire district. profuse breeding of gambusia was observed in these ponds. the fishes are being successfully used in mosquito control all over the district. in july 1990 there was a widespread flood due to which 70 gambusia multiplication ponds were affected and the fish was washed away in large numbers, leaving only a scanty population in the flood-affected ponds. we u ...	1992	1459304
fishes of district sundargarh, orissa, with special reference to their potential in mosquito control.	an extensive fish fauna survey was carried out in sundargarh, a malaria-endemic district in orissa, during 1988 to 1990 to identify and evaluate the indigenous larvivorous fishes for mosquito control. in all, 57 species belonging to 19 families under 6 orders were found in the local water bodies. on laboratory evaluation against anopheline and culicine larvae, six potential larvivorous fishes, viz. aplocheilus panchax, oryzias melastigma, oreochromis mossambicus, gambusia affinis, danio (b.) rer ...	1992	1363317
biological control of culicidae with the copepod mesocyclops aspericornis and larvivorous fish (poeciliidae) in a village of french polynesia.	the copepod mesocyclops aspericornis daday and the larvivorous fishes gambusia affinis (b. & g.) and poecilia reticulata r. & b., were released into mosquito breeding sites in tuherahera village, tikehau atoll, french polynesia, to control larvae of aedes aegypti (l.), ae.polynesiensis marks, culex annulirostris skuse and cx quinquefasciatus say. treatments were completed within a week, in january 1990. fish quickly eliminated mosquito larvae from the open breeding sites (ponds, wells). the impa ...	1992	1600235
ciguatoxins are potent ichthyotoxins.	the ciguatoxins are lipid soluble polyether compounds which have structural and biochemical features in common with the brevetoxins. pure ciguatoxin-1, ciguatoxin-2 or brevetoxin-2 added to water containing gambusia affinis induced similar signs, including pronounced opercular movement and uncoordinated swimming preceding death. the estimated ld50s (48 hr) to g. affinis for ciguatoxin-1, ciguatoxin-2 and brevetoxin-2 were 0.5, 2.1 and 10 nmoles/litre, respectively, indicating that the ciguatoxin ...	1992	1557790
the life cycle of echinochasmus bagulai (trematoda: echinostomatidae).	the life history of echinochasmus bagulai, an echinostomatid trematode in birds, is reported and stages in the life cycle are described. natural infections with cercariae, which are of the gymnocephalous type, were found in the thiarid snail thiara tuberculata. metacercarial cysts were found in the gills of aplocheilus panchax, oryzias melastigma, gambusia affinis and channa punctata. adults were obtained in the small intestine of ardeola grayi. in laboratory experiements development of cercaria ...	1991	1869362
evaluation of mosquito fish gambusia affinis in the control of mosquito breeding in rice fields.	the mosquito control potential of gambusia affinis, a mosquito fish, was evaluated in rice fields in the shahjahanpur district of uttar pradesh. this fish, at a stocking rate of 5 fishes/sq m, significantly reduced the larval and pupal densities in experimental fields as compared to control fields during the entire observation period of 42 days. control of mosquito breeding in rice fields through this fish seems to be promising.	1991	1822455
acute toxicity of certain organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid and microbial insecticides to the mosquito fish gambusia affinis (baird and girard).	acute toxicity of certain organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid and microbial insecticides to the mosquito fish gambusia affinis were determined to collect baseline data for selecting the resistant strains of the fish. the synthetic pyrethroid, lambdacyhalothrin was most toxic to the fish (lc50 = 0.0022 ppm), followed by deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate. organochlorine insecticides, ddt and gamma-hch, were less toxic than the pyrethroids, and these were followed by org ...	1991	1822454
salinity tolerance of gambusia affinis--a larvivorous fish.		1991	1791069
culture of gambusia affinis with food fishes.	culture of gambusia affinis along with carps in fish culture practice in village ponds in shahjahanpur distt., u.p., has revealed very little difference in fish productivity (1539 kg/ha in ponds with gambusia, 1572 kg/ha in ponds without gambusia). the growth and survival of gambusia were found to be good in most of the composite fish culture ponds. culture of gambusia along with edible fish in village ponds is, therefore, recommended to get the dual benefit of fish production and control of mos ...	1991	1824354
[implications of biological pest and parasite control for environment].	biological control of parasites, vectors and pests must consider safety to non-target organisms and to the environment. the who safety procedure was discussed in respect to such agents as bacillus thuringiensis, romanomermis culicivorax, gambusia affinis and others. monitoring of the environment in which biological control treatments are performed is necessary to secure safety requirements as well as the efficiency of biological control programmes.	1991	1844787
acute toxicity of mosquitocidal compounds to young mosquitofish, gambusia affinis.	toxicity of florida mosquito larvicides and adulticides to 3-5 day old gambusia affinis was determined in the laboratory. after 24-h exposure, the larvicides, temephos, fenoxycarb and petroleum distillates had lc50 values of 5.60, 1.05 and 593.4 ppm, respectively. after 24 h the adulticides resmethrin, fenthion, naled and malathion had lc50 values of 0.007, 2.94, 3.50 and 12.68 ppm, respectively. the only compound toxic to young mosquitofish at maximum field application rates was resmethrin. how ...	1991	1716659
seasonal occurrence of lernaea cyprinacea on fishes in belews lake, north carolina.	prevalence, abundance, and mean intensity of lernaea cyprinacea were monitored on 3 species of fishes from june 1984 through august 1986 in belews lake, north carolina. copepods were observed parasitizing fishes only during summer, when water temperatures exceeded 25 c. infection levels in mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) and red shiners (notropis lutrensis) were very low, but they were much higher in fathead minnows (pimephales promelas). infection levels do not appear to be related to the size ...	1991	2010869
effects of diet on amylase expression in the mosquitofish.	diets high in various carbohydrates were fed to mosquitofish,gambusia affinis holbrooki, to determine the effects on amylase expression. both amylase activity and amount of amylase protein were used as measures of amylase expression. fish were fed for 21 days in one experiment, seven days in a second experiment and 24 h in a third. the first experiment compared responses of fish fed on a high-starch diet relative to a control diet. the second and third experiments compared responses on four diet ...	1991	24214607
ultrastructural study of the cellular types in the pineal organ of gambusia affinis (teleost).	the pineal organ of gambusia affinis was studied via light and electron microscopy. the cell types studied included photoreceptor cells, supporting cells, and a third cell type. the photoreceptor cells, which appear to form clusters, are divided into four regions: outer segment, inner segment, cell soma, and synaptic pedicle. synaptic ribbons are commonly observed in the synaptic pedicle. the supporting cells separate the photoreceptor cells from the thick basal lamina that surrounds the entire ...	1990	2371966
mosquito control in wastewater: a controlled and quantitative comparison of pupfish (cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae), mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) and guppies (poecilia reticulata) in sago pondweed marshes.	we compared the abilities of pupfish, mosquitofish and guppies to control mosquitoes in wastewater marshes. all species of fish reduced mosquito emergence. when fish population densities were similar, fish reduced emergence to similar levels. as experiments progressed, guppies developed greater population densities and provided better mosquito control than mosquitofish, which developed greater densities and better control than pupfish. fish also reduced numbers of zooplankton, and guppies increa ...	1990	1973447
tissue-specific distribution of amylase in the mosquitofish (gambusia affinis holbrooki).	tissue-specific expression of alpha-amylase (e.c.3.2.1; α 1,4-glucan-4-glucano-hydrolase) was studied in the mosquitofish (gambusia affinis holbrooki). gut activity patterns, immunohistochemical distribution in the hepatopancreas and tissue-specific activities and amount of amylase protein were characterized. in the gut, activity was observed all along the gut and no variation in this pattern was observed in individuals from two natural populations. in the hepatopancreas, amylase is found in pan ...	1990	24221951
[preliminary study on the biological control of dengue vectors by fish in liouchyou prefecture, pingtung county, taiwan].	an investigation made in may 1989 with questionnaires to 2,480 families in liouchyou prefecture, pingtung county, showed that there were about 6,533 water containers in the whole village, of which 49.83% were used to store water for drinking, and the remaining 50.17% were used for washing clothes and watering plants. 32.42% of the residents volunteered to rear fish in the family water containers to control the mosquito population. during the period from april to october 1989, there was a total a ...	1990	2402027
a laboratory study of the toxicity of the butanol extract of endod (phytolacca dodecandra) on two species of freshwater fish and two species of aquatic snails.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the butanol extract of endod (phytolacca dodecandra) on 4 species of aquatic animals. groups of 10 mosquito fish (gambusia affinis) and 8 bluegill (lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to the butanol extract of endod in 300 ml of water at concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2 or 2.0 ppm. groups of 10 tropical snails (biomphalaria glabrata) and 10 pond snails (physa spp) were also exposed to the crude extract in 5 ...	1990	2353429
[a review of larvivorous fish].	recently, because of concern about the effects of insecticide on the environment, increased attention is being given to the use of biological agents for controlling the vectors of human disease. biological control may encompass the use of predators, pathogens, parasites, pheromones, insect growth regulators, and other factors. of these agents only fish and bacteria have so far been used operationally in mosquito control. since 1988 fish have been employed for controlling aedes larvae in water co ...	1990	1976137
prey selection by mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) in california rice fields: effect of vegetation and prey species.	mosquitofish are widely used for biological control of mosquito larvae in rice fields, but the presence of different types of vegetation or alternative arthropod prey affects the performance of the fish. feeding experiments were conducted in 4 rice field vegetation zones. overall, predation was maximal in young and mature rice, moderate in the submerged naiad vegetation, and minimal in areas of open water. a preference for fourth instar culex tarsalis mosquito larvae over daphnia pulex and the a ...	1990	2324716
spatial distributions of anopheles freeborni, gambusia affinis and lepomis cyanellus in experimental rice plots.		1989	2746211
comparative study of the anatomy and laminar organization in the olfactory bulb of three orders of freshwater teleosts.	the anatomy and lamination of the olfactory bulb in cyprinus carpio, tinca tinca, barbus bocagei (fam. cyprinidae, or. cypriniformes); salmo gairdneri (fam. salmonidae, or. salmoniformes); and gambusia affinis (fam. poeciliidae, or. cyprinodontiformes), all of them freshwater teleosts, are studied. these species show significative differences on the location, size, morphology, and lamination of their olfactory bulbs. the presence of a new stratum in the olfactory bulb of salmo gairdneri and a co ...	1989	2759410
experimental test of the influence of aquatic macrophyte cover on the survival of anopheles larvae.	emergent or submergent macrophytes can enhance the survival of anopheles larvae by providing favorable microhabitat and refuge from predation. the relationships among the amount of aquatic macrophyte cover, the density of gambusia affinis, and survivorship of anopheles freeborni larvae were tested experimentally. larval survivorship was positively related to amount of plant cover and negatively related to gambusia density. larval survivorship was lowest in treatments with low plant cover and hig ...	1989	2614408
size-dependence of mercury (ii) accumulation kinetics in the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis (baird and girard).	size-dependence of mercury (ii) accumulation from water by the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis was assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. uptake rates were higher for smaller fish than for larger fish. mean (+/- s.d.) uptake rate for mosquitofish exposed to 0.24 micrograms/l of hg was 0.32 +/- 0.15 micrograms/g dry wt/day. uptake rate constants were similar for the hg (ii) and elemental hg as reported elsewhere. both inorganic species (hg(ii) and elemental hg) were accumulated faster th ...	1989	2619322
laboratory induction of intersexuality in the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis, using paper mill effluent.		1989	2804401
role of the brain t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate receptor in vertebrate resistance to endrin, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane and cypermethrin.	certain populations of mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) are highly resistant to endrin (42-fold), but are not cross-resistant to cypermethrin. these populations show relatively low levels of resistance (2-fold) to 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (ddt) and t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (tbps). studies comparing specific [35s]tbps binding to brain membrane preparations from resistant and susceptible fish indicate a reduced binding capacity for tbps in membranes from resistant fish. ...	1989	2540310
effects of various factors on the efficiency of minnow traps to sample mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) and green sunfish (lepomis cyanellus) populations.	the effects of various factors on the efficiency of the gee minnow trap to sample populations of mosquitofish, gambusia affinis, in both rice field enclosures and a laboratory tank were assessed. immature green sunfish, lepomis cyanellus, were assessed in the laboratory tank only. trap efficiency (percent catch) was greater for larger mosquitofish [greater than or equal to 35 mm total length (tl)] than for smaller mosquitofish. immature green sunfish (25-40 mm tl) were caught at higher rates tha ...	1989	2708987
membrane formations in the pineal cells of the teleost gambusia affinis.	highly organized membrane formations in the cytoplasm of photoreceptor and supporting cells of the pineal organ of gambusia affinis are described. these membranous structures show different characteristics depending on the cell type where they are located. some of the morphological characteristics of these membranous formations are similar to those of myeloid bodies, but their presence in the photoreceptor cells raises some doubt about their being myeloid bodies. the three-dimensional interpreta ...	1989	2600758
toxicity of selected insecticides (thiodan, security, spartan, and sevin) to mosquitofish, gambusia affinis.		1988	3133001
vertebrate cyclodiene insecticide resistance: role of gamma-aminobutyric acid and diazepam binding sites.	certain populations of the mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) are highly resistant to cyclodiene and cyclodiene-type insecticides that competitively interact with the picrotoxinin binding site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor-ionophore complex in the central nervous system. resistance involves a reduction in affinity of the picrotoxinin binding site. the present study reports that gaba receptor binding is increased in resistant brain membranes compared to membranes from susceptible fi ...	1988	2853620
the amylase gene-enzyme system of fishes. i. developmental expression of amylase in the mosquitofish.	the objective of this study is to examine the effects of developmental stage on amylase expression in the mosquitofish (gambusia affinis holbrooki, poeciliidae). expression was characterized in terms of amylase activity and amount of amylase protein in five developmental stages: early, mid, and late embryos, 5-day-old juveniles, and adults. two measures of activity were used: a starch-iodine assay, which measures the change in substrate, and the dinitrosalicyclic acid (dnsa) assay, which measure ...	1988	2450960
an evaluation of gambusia affinis and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as mosquito control agents in california wild rice fields.	the mosquito control potential of the mosquitofish and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) were evaluated in experimental wild rice fields in lake county, california. fields were assigned one of six treatment: control, 1.1 kg/ha g. affinis, 3.4 kg/ha g. affinis, bti only (6 kg/ha vectobac granules), 1.1 kg/ha g. affinis plus bti and 3.4 kg/ha g. affinis plus bti. gambusia affinis, at both release rates, significantly reduced the mosquito population at densities exceeding 100 fish/minno ...	1988	2906358
an evaluation of the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis, and the inland silverside, menidia beryllina, as mosquito control agents in california wild rice fields.	the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis, and the inland silverside, menidia beryllina, were evaluated in experimental, one-tenth hectare wild rice plots in lake county, california, for their impact on densities of culex tarsalis, anopheles freeborni and anopheles franciscanus. gambusia affinis were tested at 0.6 and 1.7 kg/ha and the silversides at ca. 0.9 kg/ha. the silversides did not survive well in the rice field system and none of the silverside guts examined contained mosquito larvae. the mosqu ...	1987	2904970
the suprapopulation dynamics of bothriocephalus acheilognathi in a north carolina reservoir: abundance, dispersion, and prevalence.	a 2 1/2-year study (september 1980-march 1983) of abundance, dispersion, and prevalence of the pseudophyllidean cestode, bothriocephalus acheilognathi, in 3 species of fish (gambusia affinis, notropis lutrensis, and pimephales promelas) was conducted in 3 ecologically distinct areas of a north carolina cooling pond. mean infrapopulation density and prevalence differed by site, season, and species and size of hosts. degree of aggregation and abundance and prevalence of gravid worms differed by sp ...	1987	3656009
defensive strategies of soft corals (coelenterata: octocorallia) of the great barrier reef : iii. the relationship between ichthyotoxicity and morphology.	the relationship between ichthyotoxicity and predation-related defensive functional morphology was examined in alcyonacean soft corals of the central and northern regions of the great barrier reef (gbr), australia. approximately 170 specimens were assessed encompassing a number of genera within three families: 1) the alcyoniidae (lobophytum, sarcophytum, sinularia, cladiella, parerythropodium, and alcyonium); 2) neptheidae (lemnalia, paralemnalia, capnella, lithophyton, nephthea, dendronephthya, ...	1987	28310420
pathology of pentastomid infections (sebekia mississippiensis) in fish.	differential pathogenesis was observed in two species of fish naturally infected with the pentastome sebekia mississippiensis. mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) showed a mild inflammatory response to developing nymphs, whereas swordtails (xiphophorus helleri) had an extensive granulomatous inflammatory reaction with accompanying hemorrhage, myositis, and myodegeneration. this suggested that certain species of tropical fish reared in the southeastern united states may be at risk to potentially harm ...	1987	3682099
relation of length and sex to selenium concentrations in mosquitofish.	analysis of mosquitofish, gambusia affinis, has proven useful for monitoring contaminant levels in aquatic biota; however, the small size of this species often requires the compositing of several fish to provide sufficient biomass for selenium analysis. such composites have usually been obtained without considering the length and sex of the individual fish. the present study found significant differences in mean lengths and sex ratios of mosquitofish sampled with small-mesh dip nets from five si ...	1987	15092705
fat cycling in the mosquitofish (gambusia affinis): fat storage as a reproductive adaptation.	we argue, based on reviewed literature covering reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish, that fat storage may represent a life history adaptation because it enables an organism to shift in time when resources are allocated to reproduction. we applied these arguments to fat and population cycles in three populations of the mosquito fish, gambusia affinis. for males, there appeared to be a constant size at maturation during the reproductive season. mature males became scarce late in the summer. at t ...	1987	28311522
efficacy of fish larvivore, gambusia affinis for the control of mosquito breeding in wells in semi-urban areas near delhi.		1986	2879863
monogenic inheritance of cyclodiene insecticide resistance in mosquitofish, gambusia affinis.	certain populations of the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis, developed high levels of resistance to endrin and other cyclodiene insecticides as a result of inadvertent exposure to agricultural sprays. genetic crossing studies show that endrin resistance is inherited as a single, autosomal, intermediate gene.	1986	3755403
intraventricular blood vessels of the hypothalamus of salmo gairdneri and gambusia affinis.	the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic intraventricular blood vessels is studied in two fish: salmo gairdneri, a primitive teleost and gambusia affinis, a modern teleost. morphological differences found between vessels belonging to the lateral and medial recesses in salmo are described as well as contrasted with those of gambusia. the endothelial cells are joined by elaborate tight junctions in both teleosts and also by desmosomes in gambusia. these vessels are continuous capillaries with pericy ...	1986	3954061
experimental mass-rearing of the mosquitofish, gambusia affinis.	a solar heated, closed-system, intensive culture facility for mass-rearing of gambusia affinis is described. the results of fry production experiments and short-term growth rate experiments are presented and interpreted to indicate that operational fish production at or below the goal of $16.50/kg will not be easily reached.	1985	3880247
relative susceptibility of common vector mosquito larvae and larvivorous fish, gambusia affinis and poecilia reticulata to three new insecticides.		1985	2872250
short-term interactions between ddt and endrin accumulation and elimination in mosquitofish (gambusia affinis).		1985	3839122
the impact of the exotic fish gambusia affinis (baird and girard) on some natural predators of immature mosquitoes.	the effects of gambusia affinis on some suspected predators of mosquitoes were studied for a period of 12 months. a list of such predators was given. the most abundant invertebrate predators were odonata, followed by hemiptera and ephemeroptera and the least common were coleoptera. the population density of mosquito predators, with exception of notonectidae and the fish oreochromis niloticus, was markedly reduced in the presence of g. affinis. application of aerial pesticides reduced the populat ...	1985	4032526
mosquitofish gambusia affinis holbrooki as a malaria vector control agent in gezira irrigation canals of the sudan.		1985	3880271
the environmental impacts of four insecticides on non-target organisms in the gezira irrigation scheme canals of sudan.	the toxic effects of the insecticides endosulfan, decamethrin, dimethoate and dursban on the aquatic fauna of some of the gezira irrigation canals were studied. the animal groups selected were fishes, arthropods and snails. endosulfan was found to be highly toxic, particularly to gambusia affinis, under field and laboratory conditions. all animals proved to be less sensitive to decamethrin in the field probably because this insecticide reacted with the organic matter and hence its toxicity was r ...	1985	2411946
density estimation and population growth of mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) in rice fields.	mark-release-recapture estimation of population density was performed with mosquitofish in a rice field habitat. regression analysis showed a relationship between absolute density and mean number of fish per trap. trap counts were converted to density estimates with data from several fields and growth curves were calculated to describe seasonal growth of mosquitofish populations at three different initial stocking rates. the calculated curves showed a good correspondence to field populations of ...	1985	2906659
binding of insecticides to serum proteins in mosquitofish (gambusia affinis).	incubation of various organochlorine insecticides with mosquitofish serum leads to their association with, primarily, the vitellogenin/lipoprotein and albumin fractions. a significant variation in the quantity of each insecticide bound in the particular fractions was observed. binding appeared to increase with compounds of increasing polarity, suggestive of protein binding. preincubation of serum with endrin or aldrin significantly reduced the quantity of [3h]ddt subsequently bound while the rev ...	1985	2861033
trifluralin and oryzalin herbicides toxicities to juvenile crawfish (procambarus clarkii) and mosquitofish (gambusia affinis).		1983	6688742
localization and pattern of the mitotic activity in the central nervous system of developing oviparous and viviparous teleosts.	the subject of this work is an analysis of the mitotic activity in the developing spinal cord and rhombencephalon of the oviparous teleost jordanella floridae and the viviparous teleost gambusia affinis (cyprinodontoidei). in gambusia there is considerable and long lasting mitotic activity that decreases gradually and is still present 20 days after birth. in jordanella the mitotic activity is concentrated in the early stages of development, it then decreases drastically and practically disappear ...	1983	6688906