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peste des petits ruminants virus, mauritania. 201424447781
diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for animal health (oie) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats associated with high morbidity and mortality and caused by ppr virus. ppr is considered as one of the main constraints in augmenting the productivity of small ruminants in developing countries and particularly severely affects poor farmer's economy. the disease is clinically manifested by pyrexia, oculo-na ...201424426309
peste des petits ruminants virus: an emerging threat to goat farming in pakistan.pakistan at present is having more than 60 million head of goats, which consist of about 37 well-recognized breeds found in different regions of the country. although the goat farming on commercial level is escalating in pakistan, there are threats, which result this initiative into a loss. among these threats, peste des petits ruminants (ppr) outbreaks are causing huge economic damages. in this study, three outbreaks of ppr were confirmed at three different commercial farms in various regions o ...201424393390
two replication-defective adenoviral vaccine vectors for the induction of immune responses to pprv.peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants caused by a morbillivirus, peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). two recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 (ad5) containing the highly immunogenic fusion protein (f) and hemaglutinine protein (h) genes from pprv were constructed. hek293a cells infected with either virus (ad5-pprv-f or -h) express f and h proteins respectively. these viruses were used to vaccinate mice by intramuscular inoculat ...201424269622
formation of peste des petits ruminants spikeless virus-like particles by co-expression of m and n proteins in insect cells.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) has a non-segmented negative sense rna genome and is classified within the morbillivirus genus of the paramyxoviridae. using the bac-to-bac® baculovirus expression system, we constructed recombinant baculoviruses that were able to co-express the pprv matrix and nucleocapsid proteins in insect cells under the control of the polyhedron and p10 promoters, respectively. the results showed that although both structural proteins were expressed at a relatively lo ...201424269081
sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of peste des petits ruminants and contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia in goats and sheep in the southern zone of tanzania.a retrospective sero-prevalence analysis was conducted in 2012 in order to find out whether contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia (ccpp) and peste des petits ruminants (ppr) had already been introduced in mtwara and lindi regions of southern tanzania by 2007 and 2009. a total of 477 randomly selected sera from a bank of 3500 small ruminant samples that were collected as part of rift valley fever surveillance of 2007 in mtwara and lindi regions were used in this study. seroconversion was also evalu ...201425022914
role of wild small ruminants in the epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) causes one of the most contagious and highly infectious respiratory diseases in sheep and goats known as peste des petits ruminants (ppr). reports of outbreaks of ppr in captive and wild small ruminants have extended the known spectrum of susceptible species to include antelopes. phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein and fusion genes indicates that all pprvs isolated from wild ungulate outbreaks belong to lineage iv. while it is clear that a number of wil ...201423305511
risk assessment and cost-effectiveness of animal health certification methods for livestock export in somalia.livestock export is vital to the somali economy. to protect somali livestock exports from costly import bans used to control the international spread of disease, better certification of livestock health status is required. we performed quantitative risk assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis on different health certification protocols for somali livestock exports for six transboundary diseases. examining stock at regional markets alone without port inspection and quarantine was inexpensive b ...201424462194
peste des petits ruminants infection among cattle and wildlife in northern tanzania.we investigated peste des petits ruminants (ppr) infection in cattle and wildlife in northern tanzania. no wildlife from protected ecosystems were seropositive. however, cattle from villages where an outbreak had occurred among small ruminants showed high ppr seropositivity, indicating that spillover infection affects cattle. thus, cattle could be of value for ppr serosurveillance.201324274684
translational enhancing activity in 5' utr of peste des petits ruminants virus fusion gene.the fusion gene of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv-f), a paramyxovirus, contains an unusual long 5' untranslated region (5' utr) with a high gc content that is capable of folding into secondary structure proximally to the 5' cap. sequence analysis further suggested that the proximal end of this utr contains a nine-nucleotide sequence which could perfectly complement the 18s rrna and might affect translation through mrna-rrna interaction. based on these features, we examined the functional ...201323289829
assessment of the cytotoxic and anti-viral potential of aqueous extracts from different parts of acacia nilotica (linn) delile against peste des petits ruminants virus.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv); a negative sense single stranded rna enveloped virus that causes peste des petits ruminants (ppr), is dramatically affecting the health status of ruminants all around the world resulting in extensive economical losses in livestock sector. acacia nilotica (linn) delile; a tannin-rich medicinal plant distributed throughout subcontinent, is traditionally used as food for ruminants and possesses anti-viral potential against different rna viruses. in the curre ...201323262040
characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus, eritrea, 2002-2011. 201323259932
enzymatic reporting of peste des petits ruminants virus genes ligating two specific probes on nanoparticles.an alternative strategy for the detection of nucleic acid derived from peste des petits ruminants virus was developed omitting amplification. the assay is based on two probes complementary to the target sequences, one conjugated to magnetic microparticles the second to gold nanoparticles labeled with horseradish peroxidase. in the presence of target gene the two particles ligate via the probes and the complex can be magnetically separated. applying substrate and chromogen a color reaction result ...201323247567
prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone in the republic of niger.the study aimed to determine the prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone (niamey, tillabéry and tahoua) of the republic of niger. a serological survey was conducted and 519 serum samples were collected from 253 unvaccinated sheep and 266 unvaccinated goats. the sample included 340 female animals (168 sheep and 172 goats) and 160 kids and lambs (78 lambs and 82 kids). a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay yielded an overall seroprevalence of 45.0%. the prevalence in sh ...201324396910
capripoxvirus-vectored vaccines against livestock diseases in africa.five different viral diseases of livestock, lumpy skin disease (lsd), sheep pox (spp), goat pox (gtp), rift valley fever (rvf) and peste des petits ruminants (ppr), circulate in the same regions of africa, imposing a major burden on economic activity and public health. while commercial vaccines against these viruses are available, the cost of implementing regular vaccination regimens against multiple diseases is prohibitive for most african farmers. a single, affordable multivalent vaccine that ...201323499648
development of an epitope-based competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies against tibetan peste des petits ruminants virus.to develop an effective diagnostic kit, based on a competitive elisa-based system (celisa), for detecting serum antibody against peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv).201323052035
immune responses in mice vaccinated with a suicidal dna vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin glycoprotein from the peste des petits ruminants virus.peste des petits ruminants (ppr), an acute and highly contagious disease, affects sheep, goats, and some small ruminants. the hemagglutinin (h) glycoprotein of the ppr virus (pprv) is considered important for inducing protective immune responses. in this study, a suicidal dna vaccine based on the semliki forest virus (sfv) replicon was constructed and tested for its ability to induce immunogenicity in a mouse model. for this, the h gene of pprv was cloned and inserted into psca1, an sfv replicon ...201323896018
assessment of seroconversion to a peste des petits ruminants virus live vaccine in arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx). 201324277919
the incursion, persistence and spread of peste des petits ruminants in tanzania: epidemiological patterns and predictions.peste des petits ruminants virus, which causes a severe disease in sheep and goats, has only recently been officially declared to be present in tanzania. an epidemiological study was carried out between september 2008 and october 2010 to investigate the incursion, persistence and spread of the virus in tanzania. the investigation involved serosurveillance, outbreak investigation and computation of epidemiological indices such as the effective reproductive number, persistence and the threshold le ...201324396913
recombinant adenovirus expressing f and h fusion proteins of peste des petits ruminants virus induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in goats.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute and contagious disease of some small ruminants caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). fusion (f) protein and hemagglutinin (h) protein are two glycoproteins of pprv that might induce a protective immune response. in this study, three replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses were constructed and the immunogenicity was evaluated in goats (the natural host). the recombinant adenoviruses (rads) expressing f, h, and f-h fusion protein wer ...201323707075
complete genome sequence of a peste des petits ruminants virus recovered from an alpine goat during an outbreak in morocco in 2008.here, we announce the first complete genome sequence of a field isolate of a peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) from northern africa. this isolate is derived from an alpine goat that suffered from severe clinical disease during the 2008 outbreak in morocco. the full genome sequence of this isolate clusters phylogenetically with the lineage iv isolates of pprv, sharing high levels of sequence identity with other lineage iv isolates.201323661470
prokaryotic expression of f protein from pprv and characterization of its polyclonal antibody.the goal of this study was to evaluate the specificity of a polyclonal antibody against the f protein from peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). a pet30a/f prokaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed and its recombinant protein was expressed. the result of western blot analysis showed that the fusion protein pet30a/f possessed good immunoreactivity and the purified recombinant protein was then used as the antigen to raise anti-pet30a/f polyclonal antibody in rabbits. the polycl ...201323600502
genetic analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus from pakistan.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an endemic and highly contagious disease in small ruminants of pakistan. despite the fact that an effective vaccine is available, outbreaks are regularly occurring in the country. thus so far, the diagnosis has primarily been made based on clinical outcome or serology. this study was carried out to characterize pprv from an emerging wave of outbreaks from punjab, pakistan.201323537146
isolation, identification and characterization of a peste des petits ruminants virus from an outbreak in nanakpur, india.a peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was isolated from an outbreak that occurred in sheep and goats in nanakpur village of mathura district in uttar pradesh (india). based on hemagglutination of chicken red blood cells (rbcs), cytopathic effect similar to that caused by the morbilliviruses in vero cells, and amplification and sequence analysis of the viral nucleoprotein (n) gene, the identity of the virus was confirmed as pprv and named pprv/c. hircus-tc/india/2012/nanakpur1 (in short pprv/ ...201323500799
molecular typing of pprv strains detected during an outbreak in sheep and goats in south-eastern gabon in 2011.peste des petits ruminanats (ppr) is an economically important viral disease affecting goats and sheep. four genetically distinct lineages of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) have been identified. in gabon, the virus has not so far been detected.201323497402
early events following experimental infection with peste-des-petits ruminants virus suggest immune cell targeting.peste-des-petits ruminants virus (pprv) is a viral pathogen that causes a devastating plague of small ruminants. pprv is an economically significant disease that continues to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world. the current understanding of pprv pathogenesis has been heavily assumed from the closely related rinderpest virus (rpv) and other morbillivirus infections alongside data derived from field outbreaks. there have been few studies re ...201323418464
peste des petits ruminants virus exploits cellular autophagy machinery for replication.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is an important pathogen that seriously influences the productivity of small ruminants worldwide. although pprv is known to induce apoptosis in infected cells, the interaction between pprv and permissive cells requires further elucidation. here, we provide the first evidence that pprv infection triggered autophagy in vero cells based on the appearance of abundant double- and single-membrane vesicles, the accumulation of lc3 fluorescent puncta, the enhancem ...201323318276
morbillivirus v proteins exhibit multiple mechanisms to block type 1 and type 2 interferon signalling pathways.morbilliviruses form a closely related group of pathogenic viruses which encode three non-structural proteins v, w and c in their p gene. previous studies with rinderpest virus (rpv) and measles virus (mev) have demonstrated that these non-structural proteins play a crucial role in blocking type i (ifnα/β) and type ii (ifnγ) interferon action, and various mechanisms have been proposed for these effects. we have directly compared four important morbilliviruses, rinderpest (rpv), measles virus (me ...201323431397
emerging viral diseases of livestock in the developing world.emerging and reemerging viral diseases of livestock and human beings are in sharp rise in recent years. importantly, many of these viruses, including influenza, hendra, nipah and corona are of zoonotic importance. several viral diseases of livestock such as bluetongue, peste des petits ruminants, camel pox, equine infectious anaemia, chicken anaemia and sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever are crossing their traditional boundaries. emergence of new serotypes and variant forms of viruses as ...201324426290
characterization of ovine nectin-4, a novel peste des petits ruminants virus receptor.small ruminants infected with peste des petits ruminants virus exhibit lesions typical of epithelial infection and necrosis. however, the only established host receptor for this virus is the immune cell marker signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam). we have confirmed that the ovine nectin-4 protein, when overexpressed in epithelial cells, permits efficient replication of pprv. furthermore, this gene was predominantly expressed in epithelial tissues and encoded by multiple haplotypes in ...201323388720
a transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, spain.the canary islands contain the most important dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the european union and are the main export point of dromedaries to continental europe and latin america. we investigated the presence of antibodies against relevant disease agents in 100 canarian camel sera. selected blood samples of the same animals were also tested by pcr. sera were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv; 0%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv; 0%), camelpox virus (c ...201323992795
expression, purification and characterization of two truncated peste des petits ruminants virus matrix proteins in escherichia coli, and production of polyclonal antibodies against this protein.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), the etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants, is classified into the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. the pprv matrix (m) gene is composed of 1483 base pairs, encoding a 335 amino acids m protein with a molecular weight of approximately 38kd. we have demonstrated previously that the full-length m protein was expressed at an extremely low level or not even expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3). in this study, the m protein was s ...201323827209
virus excretion and antibody dynamics in goats inoculated with a field isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus.a field isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) from an outbreak in tibet, china, was inoculated into goats to investigate the dynamics of virus excretion and antibody production. further, animals received pprv vaccine strain nigeria 75/1. ocular, nasal and oral samples were tested for the presence of virus antigen by one-step real-time qualitative rt-pcr (qrt-pcr); competitive elisa (c-elisa) was used for the measurement of specific antibodies against pprv. virus particles could be d ...201324589103
peste des petits ruminants, the next eradicated animal disease?peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a widespread viral disease caused by a morbillivirus (paramyxoviridae). there is a single serotype of ppr virus, but four distinct genetic lineages. morbidity and mortality are high when occurring in naive sheep and goats populations. cattle and african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) are asymptomatically infected. other wild ruminants and camels may express clinical signs and mortality. ppr has recently spread in southern and northern africa, and in central and f ...201223313537
peste des petits ruminants virus detected in tissues from an asiatic lion (panthera leo persica) belongs to asian lineage iv.in this study, peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was detected in frozen pooled tissue samples from a dead asiatic lion (panthera leo persica). the samples were negative for canine distemper virus and positive for pprv nucleic acids when tested with one-step rt-pcr using the appropriate virus-specific primers. subsequent amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the partial nucleocapsid, matrix, and fusion genes confirmed the presence of pprv nucleic acid. comparative sequence and phylogene ...201222705744
a novel recombinant peste des petits ruminants-canine adenovirus vaccine elicits long-lasting neutralizing antibody response against ppr in goats.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a highly contagious infectious disease of goats, sheep and small wild ruminant species with high morbidity and mortality rates. the peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) expresses a hemagglutinin (h) glycoprotein on its outer envelope that is crucial for viral attachment to host cells and represents a key antigen for inducing the host immune response.201222623990
rna interference against animal viruses: how morbilliviruses generate extended diversity to escape small interfering rna control.viruses are serious threats to human and animal health. vaccines can prevent viral diseases, but few antiviral treatments are available to control evolving infections. among new antiviral therapies, rna interference (rnai) has been the focus of intensive research. however, along with the development of efficient rnai-based therapeutics comes the risk of emergence of resistant viruses. in this study, we challenged the in vitro propensity of a morbillivirus (peste des petits ruminants virus), a st ...201222072768
seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants in cattle and buffaloes from southern peninsular india.this study describes seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in cattle and buffaloes carried out during the period 2009-2010 using the randomly collected serum samples from different parts of southern peninsular india. the report presents the results of ppr virus (pprv)-specific antibodies in situations where either the subclinical or inapparent or non-lethal infection was there in cattle and buffaloes. a total of 2,548 serum samples [cattle = 1,158, buffaloes = 1,001, sheep = 303 and ...201222105906
emerging viral diseases in dromedary camels in the southern morocco*during the last fifteen years, new viral diseases such bluetongue (bt), west nile (wn), african horse sickness (ahs), epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) and peste des petits ruminants (ppr) have extended their geographic distribution and emerged in north africa and in europe. camel (camelus dromedarius) is considered as a potential vector in the transmission of some of these diseases while it is host-specific for camelpox (cp). a serological survey was conducted on 1392 sera to estimate changes ...201222222004
genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus, sierra leone.to the editor: peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a highly infectious disease of small ruminants, characterized by high rates of illness and death and caused by a single-stranded rna virus (peste des petits ruminants virus [pprv]). pprv can be divided into 4 genetically distinct lineages based on the nucleocapsid (n) gene (1). the lineages correlate well with geographic distribution of the virus, with lineages i and ii mainly restricted to western and central africa, lineage iii to eastern afri ...201222260878
a novel approach to generating morbillivirus vaccines: negatively marking the rinderpest vaccine.the eradication of rinderpest virus (rpv) from the globe was possible through the availability of a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine and a suitable companion diagnostic test. however, the inability to serologically 'differentiate between naturally infected and vaccinated animals' (diva) meant that both the time taken to complete the eradication programme and the economic burden on countries involved was significantly greater than if a vaccine and companion diagnostic test that fulfille ...201222265946
examination of epithelial tissue cytokine response to natural peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) infection in sheep and goats by immunohistochemistry.in this study, we aimed to evaluate expression of il-4, il-10, tnf-α, ifn-γ and inos in lingual, buccal mucosa and lung epithelial tissue using immunoperoxidase technique and to compare with the tissues of control animals. the tissues used in the study were collected from 17 pprv-affected and 5 healthy sheep and goats. in pprv positive animals, the lungs, lingual and buccal mucosa had significantly higher inos, ifn-γ and tnf-α expressions compared to control group animals. there was no significa ...201222127598
Seroprevalence and sero-conversion after vaccination against Peste des Petits Ruminants in sheep and goats from Awash Fentale District, Afar, Ethiopia.A cross-sectional epidemiological study followed by vaccination and postvaccinal serum antibody assessment against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in small ruminant population of Awash Fentale District, Afar, Ethiopia, was conducted from September 2006 to June 2007 with the aim of investigating seroprevalence and post-vaccination sero-conversion rate. A total of 1239 sera collected from sheep and goats which were not vaccinated, were screened by using nucleoprotein-based competitive enzyme-link ...201222088269
sample type is vital for diagnosing infection with peste des petits ruminants virus by reverse transcription pcr.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) diagnosis from suspected samples from sheep and goats was carried out. buffy coat, tissues, and oculo-nasal swabs were analyzed using nucleoprotein (np3/np4) and fusion protein (f1/f2) gene primers, respectively. analysis of the sample types and primer set revealed that buffy coat are the best type of samples for ppr diagnosis and the use of two set of primers will increase the number of positives.201223000590
prevalence of peste des petits ruminants among sheep and goats in india.this study measured the clinical prevalence of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) among sheep and goats in india between 2003 and 2009 by analyzing clinical samples from suspected cases of ppr that were submitted to the rinderpest and allied disease laboratory, division of virology, ivri, mukteswar for ppr diagnosis. ppr outbreaks were confirmed by detecting ppr virus (pprv)-specific antigen in the clinical samples. clinical samples (blood, nasal swabs, spleen, lymph node, kidney, liver, intestine ...201223000584
complete genome sequence of a peste des petits ruminants virus recovered from wild bharal in tibet, china.for the first time, here we announce the complete genome sequence of a field isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) derived from macerated rectal tissue of a free living bharal (pseudois nayaur) that displayed clinical disease consistent with severe infection with pprv. further, we compare the full genome of this isolate, termed pprv tibet/bharal/2008, with previously available pprv genomes, including those of virus isolates from domestic small ruminants local to the area where the r ...201222966182
a reliable and reproducible experimental challenge model for peste des petits ruminants virus.experimental challenge protocols that consistently reproduce clinical signs of peste des petits ruminants in alpine goats infected with a tissue culture-passaged peste des petits ruminants virus are described. the protocols can be used to carry out quality-controlled vaccine efficacy and pathogenesis studies under experimental conditions.201222915602
[foot-and-mouth disease and its differential diagnoses].foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which leads to the formation of vesicles, erosions und ulcerations in the mouth and hairless parts of the skin, in particular on the feet. due to its dramatic economic consequences, fmd is considered to be one of the most important diseases of animals. there is a permanent risk of introduction of the virus into europe due to travel and illegal importation of agricultural products. cloven-hoofed animals (c ...201222911230
cytokines expression profile and kinetics of peste des petits ruminants virus antigen and antibody in infected and vaccinated goats.the present study deals with the co-ordination of cytokine (il-4 and ifn-γ) expression and kinetics of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus antigen and antibody in pprv infected and vaccinated goats. the infected animals exhibited mixed cytokine (both t(h)1 and t(h)2) responses in the initial phase of the disease. the infected and dead goats had increased ifn-γ response before their death; while il-4 remained at the base level. the cytokine expression in recovered animals was almost similar to ...201222899436
study on passive immunity: time of vaccination in kids born to goats vaccinated against peste des petits ruminants.in this study, the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with asian lineage iv ppr vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against pprv was assessed to determine the appropriate period for vaccination in kids. serum samples collected from kids born to vaccinated, unvaccinated and infected goats at different time intervals were tested by ppr competitive elisa and serum neutralization test (snt). maternal antibodies in kids were ...201222899430
rescue of recombinant peste des petits ruminants virus: creation of a gfp-expressing virus and application in rapid virus neutralization test.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) causes high mortality in goats and sheep and the disease has shown a greatly increased geographic distribution over the last 15 years. it is responsible for serious socioeconomic problems in some of the poorest developing countries. the ability to create recombinant pprv would provide a useful tool for investigating the biology of the virus and the pathology of disease, as well as for developing new vaccines and diagnostic methods. here we report the first ...201222658079
experimental infection of alpine goats with a moroccan strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv).peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) recently caused a serious outbreak of disease in moroccan sheep and goats. alpine goats were highly susceptible to pprv with mortality rates approaching 100%, as opposed to local breeds of sheep which were less susceptible to the disease. the relative susceptibility of alpine goats was investigated through an experimental infection study with the moroccan strain of pprv. severe clinical signs were observed in the alpine goats with virus being excreted thro ...201222633480
natural infection with peste des petits ruminants virus: a pre and post vaccinal assessment following an outbreak scenario.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) infection was confirmed in a herd of goats (n = 55) at an organised farm in islamabad, pakistan. pprv infection was confirmed using both antigen- and antibody-based detection methods, haemagglutination (ha) tests and molecular methods. animals that survived natural infection developed a typical serological response and virus antigen was detected in fecal matter. following determination of serological response to infection animals were grouped and either va ...201222504337
[feasibility study on global peste des petits ruminants eradication based on rinderpest eradication].eradication can be defined as permanent elimination of the occurrence of a given infectious disease. a joint fao/oie announcement of global rinderpest eradication was declared in 2011. the announcement from two international organizations indicates that the rinderpest virus, like the smallpox virus, will remain only in authorized laboratories. after rinderpest eradication, the relevant researchers shifted their focus on next target-peste des petits ruminants, since they mostly share similarities ...201222416357
prevalence of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants virus before and during outbreaks of the disease in awash fentale district, afar, ethiopia.the present study was conducted to assess the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in sheep and goats in awash fentale district, afar, ethiopia. small ruminants in the district had poor herd immunity at the first visit and succumb to the disease then after. the seroprevalence during the time of an outbreak was much higher compared with the initial levels: 7.3% and 42.6% in sheep and goats, respectively. the higher seroprevalence figure in goats was suggestive of their relative susc ...201222359089
a rapid and sensitive one step-sybr green based semi quantitative real time rt-pcr for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in the clinical samples.a sensitive and rapid single step real time (rt) rt-pcr was standardized using one-step brilliant sybr green kit® for detection and semi-quantitation of peste des petitis ruminants virus (pprv) using the virus rna and matrix (m) protein gene-specific primers and compared with established conventional rt-pcr and taqman rt-pcr. the assay amplifies a 124 bp fragment of the pprv m gene with t(m) of 78.28 to 78.50. the assay was linear within a range of 50 ng to 0.5 fg total virus rna with a detectio ...201222270801
effect of immunosuppression on pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus infection in goats.in this study an attempt to address the effects of immunosuppression on pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus infection was undertaken. cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone were used to immunosuppress the animals. the drug treated animals exhibited severe leukopaenia and lymphopaenia; one of the indicators of immunosuppression. experimental peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) infection was then given to both drug-induced immunosuppressed and non-immunosuppressed goats and obse ...201222248720
epidemiological investigation into the introduction and factors for spread of peste des petits ruminants, southern tanzania.a study was carried out to confirm and identify sources and elucidate factors associated with the introduction of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in southern tanzania. this study was conducted in tandahimba and newala districts of mtwara region following suspected outbreak of ppr in the area. qualitative data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews of key informants who included goat and sheep owners with suspected cases of ppr and animal health service provi ...201223327377
establishment of an in vitro transcription system for peste des petits ruminant virus.peste-des-petits ruminants virus (pprv) is a non segmented negative strand rna virus of the genus morbillivirus within paramyxoviridae family. negative strand rna viruses are known to carry nucleocapsid (n) protein, phospho (p) protein and rna polymerase (l protein) packaged within the virion which possess all activities required for transcription, post-transcriptional modification of mrna and replication. in order to understand the mechanism of transcription and replication of the virus, an in ...201223216711
evaluation of efficacy of stabilizers on the thermostability of live attenuated thermo-adapted peste des petits ruminants vaccines.in this study, thermo-adapted (ta) ppr vaccines were assessed for their stability at 25, 37, 40, 42 and 45°c in lyophilized form using two extrinsic stabilizers {lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose (ls) and stabilizer e} and in reconstituted form with the diluents (1 mol/l mgso(4) or 0.85% nacl). the lyophilized vaccines showed an expiry period of 24-26 days at 25°c, 7-8 days at 37°c and 3-4 days at 40°c. ls stabilizer was superior at 42°c with a shelf-life of 44 h, whereas in stabilizer e, a 40 h s ...201121979572
dual infection of fetal and neonatal small ruminants with border disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv): neuronal tropism of pprv as a novel finding.dual infection of 26 fetal and neonatal small ruminants with border disease virus (bdv) and peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is reported. the animals included five aborted lamb fetuses, 19 neonatal lambs and two neonatal kids from flocks in regions of the black sea and the aegean region. bdv and pprv antigens were detected immunohistochemically in the brain, oral mucosa, intestine and lung of infected animals. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to demonstrate pprv an ...201121899857
Molecular characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus from the Karamoja region of Uganda (2007-2008).Antibodies against peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) were first detected in goats in East Africa in 1995 without any clinical disease. It was not until during the years 2006 and 2007 that the disease outbreaks were first reported in Kenya and Uganda, respectively. This study was carried out to detect and characterize PPRV from a suspected outbreak in sheep and goats in the Karamoja region in 2007-2008. Oculo-nasal and blood samples were tested using F-gene-based primers, and their genetic ...201121979248
Fatalities in Wild Goats in Kurdistan Associated with Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus.Between August 2010 and February 2011, over 750 deaths were recorded among wild goats (Capra aegagrus, the endangered progenitor of the domestic goat) in Kurdistan. Based on the clinical signs and post-mortem findings, the involvement of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) was suspected. This was confirmed by laboratory analysis, and the virus was found to be closely related to a Turkish strain isolated in 2000. During the outbreak in wild goats, no disease in domestic animals was reported. ...201122074184
tissue distribution and expression of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule receptor to peste des petits ruminant virus in goats detected by real-time pcr.in the present study, we investigated the tissue distribution and expression of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) in 40 tissues and organs of goats by real-time rt-pcr, in order to determine the role of these receptors in tissue tropism. slam mrna was detected in all the samples investigated. the expression of slam mrna was detected at high levels in spleen, mesenteric lymph node, hilar lymph node, mandibular lymph node, superficial cervical lymph node, nasal mucosa, duodenum, hear ...201121863328
evidence of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) infection in sindh ibex (capra aegagrus blythi) in pakistan as confirmed by detection of antigen and antibody.an outbreak resulting in mortality in sindh ibex (capra aegagrus blythi) was investigated. there was a history of about 36 deaths (both young and adult) during the period of 1 month. disease appeared in a generalized form, affecting the respiratory and digestive systems. major lesions were respiratory distress, pustules on and in the mouth, ocular-nasal discharges, and severe diarrhea. the most significant lesion was the oculonasal discharges and diarrhea. deaths were mainly due to blindness, an ...201121221782
sero-epidemiological study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in india between 2003 and 2009.this study describes the serosurveillance of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in sheep and goats that was carried out between 2003 and 2009 using serum samples from animals suspected of ppr that were submitted to the rinderpest and allied disease laboratory (division of virology of the indian veterinary research institute [ivri]). a total of 2,197 serum samples from sheep and 2,687 from goats were screened for ppr virus (pprv) antibody using a monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked ...201122435199
control strategies for peste des petits ruminants in small ruminants of india.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a contagious viral disease of small ruminants. it is endemic in several african, middle eastern and asian countries, including india. india has recently taken comprehensive steps to deal with ppr through the development and production of potent vaccines and monoclonal-antibody-based diagnostic kits, while also gathering baseline information on the disease situation and human resources. as a result, ppr can now be controlled by focused vaccinations in high-risk ...201122435198
first evidence of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus circulation in algeria (sahrawi territories): outbreak investigation and virus lineage identification.following reports of increased mortality in the small ruminant population of the sahrawi territories, western algeria, between january and may 2010, local veterinary authorities suspected an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (ppr). an investigation was implemented in may 2010 and followed up in october 2010 in the sahrawi refugee camps, tindouf province, with the objective of confirming the circulation of the peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). laboratory results confirmed the presence ...201121917126
are we prepared for emerging and re-emerging diseases? experience and lessons from epidemics that occurred in tanzania during the last five decades.this paper reviews preparedness for containing and controlling emerging and re-emerging diseases drawing lessons from disease events that occurred in animal and human populations in the last five decades (1961-2011). a comprehensive analysis based on retrieval and analysis of grey and published literature as well as reported cases was carried out to document type and trend of occurrence of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in different parts of tanzania. overall, the majority of disea ...201126591993
first serological investigation of peste-des-petits-ruminants and rift valley fever in tunisia.this study, carried out between september 2006 and january 2007, is the first cross-sectional serological investigation of peste-des-petits-ruminants (ppr) and rift valley fever (rvf) in tunisia. the objective was to assess the potential need to develop a dual, recombinant ppr-rvf vaccine and how such a vaccine might be utilised in tunisia. an overall ppr seroprevalence of 7.45% was determined, a finding supported by the high specificity (99.4%) and sensitivity (94.5%) of the elisa used. on asse ...201120167519
detection and genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus in free-living bharals (pseudois nayaur) in tibet, china.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an important viral disease of sheep and goats. the wildlife hosts of ppr, which may play an important role in the epidemiology of this disease, are not well characterized. the research was undertaken to study the infection of ppr virus (pprv) in free-living bharals (pseudois nayaur) in tibet, china. in 2007, pprv infection was confirmed in two bharals in rutog county of tibet based on clinical signs and detection of pprv rna in tissue samples. in 2008, pprv in ...201120591454
occurrence of dual infection of peste-des-petits-ruminants and goatpox in indigenous goats of central india.peste-des-petits-ruminants (ppr), bluetongue (bt) and goatpox (gp) have been well recognized as causes of significant economic losses in the small ruminant population of asia and africa. we describe here the occurrence of these three in an outbreak noticed in non-descript goats from a subtropical region of central india. an investigation was carried out to confirm the aetiology of the heavy mortality in goats (74.6%, 112/150), with testing of samples from 12 surviving animals exhibiting mixed cl ...201121235732
the use of pathological and histopathological techniques in the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants in india.the authors report on an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) among sheep and goats in the province of gujarat, india. clinical signs observed during outbreaks were typical of ppr. predominant signs were severe diarrhoea, dyspnoea, mucopurulent discharge from the eyes and nose, erosive rhinitis, necrotic ulcers in the mouth, on the dental pad, tongue, upper and lower lips, fever and depression. common post-mortem findings included congestion, red hepatisation, raised patches of emphysema ...201121240850
development of an indirect elisa with artificially synthesized n protein of ppr virus.the full-length gene encoding the nucleocapsid (n) protein of the virus (pprv) responsible for an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants in tibet in 2007 was synthesized in two stages using overlapping pcr without the need for viral genomic cdna as template. the full-length n gene was successfully expressed in escherichia coli, and the purified gene product bound to monoclonal antibody raised against pprv n protein. furthermore, it was able to replace recombinant b-n antigen as the coating antig ...201121242661
simultaneous detection of rift valley fever, bluetongue, rinderpest, and peste des petits ruminants viruses by a single-tube multiplex reverse transcriptase-pcr assay using a dual-priming oligonucleotide system.the aim of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific one-step multiplex reverse transcriptase pcr assay for the simultaneous and differential detection of rift valley fever virus (rvfv), bluetongue virus (btv), rinderpest virus (rpv), and peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). these viruses cause mucosal lesions in cattle, sheep, and goats, and they are difficult to differentiate from one another based solely on their clinical presentation in suspected disease cases. in this st ...201121307219
potential of adenovirus and baculovirus vectors for the delivery of shrna against morbilliviruses.morbilliviruses are important pathogens of humans, ruminants, carnivores and marine mammals. although good vaccines inducing long-term immunity are available, recurrent outbreaks of measles, canine distemper and peste des petits ruminants (ppr) are observed. in control strategies, antivirals thus could be useful to confine virus spread and application of interfering rnas is a promising approach, provided they can be delivered efficiently into the host cells. we have constructed recombinant adeno ...201121356246
monkey cv1 cell line expressing the sheep-goat slam protein: a highly sensitive cell line for the isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from pathological specimens.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an important economically transboundary disease of sheep and goats caused by a virus which belongs to the genus morbillivirus. this genus, in the family paramyxoviridae, also includes the measles virus (mv), canine distemper virus (cdv), rinderpest virus (rpv), and marine mammal viruses. one of the main features of these viruses is the severe transient lymphopaenia and immunosuppression they induce in their respective hosts, thereby favouring secondary bacteri ...201121371505
improvement and development of rapid chromatographic strip-tests for the diagnosis of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses.this paper describes the improvement of a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of rinderpest virus (rpv) at pen-side and the development of a similar test for the detection of another morbillivirus, peste de petits ruminants virus (pprv). using the svanova biotech format, prototype chromatographic strip test devices were developed for rpv and pprv detection. for the rp device, the incorporation of a monoclonal antibody (mab), which recognises additional rpv strains of rpv lineage 2, enhanced ...201121419802
[sequence analysis of the phosphoprotein gene of peste des petits ruminants virus of chinese origin].the nucleotide sequences of p gene from a field strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) ("china/tib/gej/07-30") was firstly determined. the p gene is 1,655 nucleotides long with two overlapping open reading frames (orfs). the first orf is 1530 nucleotides long and would produce p protein of 509 amino acid residues. the second orf is 534 nucleotides long and would produce c protein of 177 amino acid residues. the first orf produces a second mrna transcript of 897 nucleotides long with a ...201121462503
strategies for improved stability of peste des petits ruminants vaccine.the main focus of this work was the improvement of the stability of the current pprv vaccine. first, new formulations based on the tris buffer were tested, with and without the addition of sucrose and trehalose and compared with the formulation normally used to stabilize the vaccine, the weybridge medium. the results show a virus half-life of 21h at 37°c and 1 month at 4°c for the tris/trehalose liquid formulation and, in the lyophilized form, the formulation was able to maintain the viral titer ...201121570436
the spread of pathogens through trade in small ruminants and their products.while the international trade in small ruminants and small ruminant products is small relative to the trade in bovine, swine and poultry products, it is still economically important. in addition to wool, it includes some unique products (such as goat and sheep milk cheeses, cashmere fibre and karakul pelts) and the sheep/goat meat trade plays a large part in sustaining livelihoods in several regions of the world. the trade in small ruminants and their products also merits consideration because s ...201121809765
sero-epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in pakistan.a sero survey was conducted during 2005-2006 to estimate the sero prevalence of ppr in the small ruminant population of pakistan. a total of 2798 samples were collected including goats (1979) and sheep (819) from villages in 27 randomly selected districts. these were tested by celisa for pprv and true prevalence estimates were calculated by rogan and gladen estimator. overall, 1273 (45.5%) were found positive; 980 (49.5%) of 1979 samples from goats and 293 (35.8%) of 819 serum samples from sheep ...201121788090
detection and phylogenetic analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus isolated from outbreaks in punjab, pakistan.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an important viral disease of small ruminants and is endemic in pakistan. in the following study, samples from two outbreaks of ppr in goats have been subjected to laboratory investigations. the peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) genome was detected using both conventional and real-time pcr. genetic characterization of the local pprv field isolates was conducted by sequencing 322 bp of the fusion (f) gene and 255 bp of the nucleoprotein (n) gene. the phyl ...201121777402
asian lineage of peste des petits ruminants virus, africa.interest in peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) has been stimulated by recent changes in its host and geographic distribution. for this study, biological specimens were collected from camels, sheep, and goats clinically suspected of having pprv infection in sudan during 2000-2009 and from sheep soon after the first reported outbreaks in morocco in 2008. reverse transcription pcr analysis confirmed the wide distribution of pprv throughout sudan and spread of the virus in morocco. molecular ty ...201121762576
coagulation profile, haematological and biochemical changes in kids naturally infected with peste des petits ruminants.the aim of this study was to examine the coagulation profile in peste des petits ruminant (ppr) in kids. five kids from a group of 150 animals (72 goats and 78 kids) were brought to the veterinary medical teaching hospital from a farm in burdur province (turkey) with nasal and ocular discharges and diarrhea. fifteen goats and 41 kids had died due to diarrhea and three kids were presented to the department of pathology for diagnosis. blood samples were taken from 12 ill animals (infected group) f ...201121732067
differentiating pestes des petits ruminants and rinderpest viruses by a novel monoclonal antibody.peste des petits ruminant (ppr) is an acute, febrile, viral disease of small ruminants with great economic importance. ppr and rinderpest (rp) viruses are antigenically related and need to be differentiated serologically. the use of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) in elisa for specific diagnostics and separation of ppr and rpv is important. for this purpose, six balb/c mice were immunized with inactivated antigen from the nijeria strain. fusion cloning was performed 3 months later by directly using ...201121707365
peste des petits ruminants: a suitable candidate for eradication?this year will see the final announcement, accompanied by much justifiable celebration, of the eradication from the wild of rinderpest, the 'cattle plague' that has been with us for so many centuries. the only known rinderpest virus (rpv) remaining is in a relatively small number of laboratories around the world, and in the stockpiles of vaccine held on a precautionary basis. as we mark this achievement, only the second virus ever eradicated through human intervention, it seems a good time to lo ...201121724765
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic study of peste des petits ruminants viruses from North central States of Nigeria.Peste des petits ruminants is an endemic disease of sheep and goats in Nigeria and vaccination has been the method of control but sporadic outbreaks have been reported. This study was carried out to characterize PPR viruses from outbreaks in 2007 and 2009 from Kaduna and Plateau States.201121726444
an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants in migratory flocks of sheep and goats in egypt in 2006.an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) was recorded in kalubia province, egypt in 2006, affecting a large population of migratory goats and sheep over a huge geographical area. epidemiological, clinical and laboratory investigations were performed. diseased animals showed pyrexia, erosive stomatitis, enteritis and bronchopneumonia. clinical manifestations were more severe in goats. the overall morbidity, cumulative mortality and case fatality rates were 26.1%, 10.5% and 40.2%, respectiv ...201021309463
quantitative one-step real-time rt-pcr for the fast detection of the four genotypes of pprv.a one-step real-time taqman rt-pcr assay (rrt-pcr) for peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was developed to detect the four lineages of pprv by targeting the nucleoprotein (n) gene of the virus. this new assay was compared to a conventional rt-pcr on reference strains and field materials. quantitation was performed against a standard based on a synthetic transcript of the nppr gene for which a minimum of 32 copies per reaction were detected with a corresponding c(t) value of 39. depending on ...201020116402
a goat poxvirus-vectored peste-des-petits-ruminants vaccine induces long-lasting neutralization antibody to high levels in goats and sheep.recombinant capripoxvirus (cpv) is a promising candidate differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (diva) vaccine against peste-des-petits-ruminants (ppr). in order for recombinant cpv to be successfully used in the field, there should exist dependable indicators for quality control of vaccine products, surveillance and vaccination evaluation. viral neutralization antibody (vna) is correlated to protection against ppr and is a technically feasible indicator for this purpose. the immunogen ...201020471441
experimental infection of peste des petit ruminant virus and mannheimia haemolytica a2 in goats: immunolocalisation of mannheimia haemolytica antigens.nigerian strain of peste des petit ruminant (ppr) virus and mannheimia haemolytica (mh) biotype a serotype 2, was used successfully to reproduce a concurrent disease in west african dwarf goats. the development of the various pathological features were studied at regular intervals following infection. the acute inflammatory reaction which had developed by day 3 after initial infection was characterised by flooding of the alveoli by neutrophils, oedema, hemorrhage and syncytial cells together wit ...201020617380
vaccines against peste des petits ruminants virus.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease affecting goats, sheep and wild ruminants. the disease is currently circulating in asian and african countries, creating problems in small ruminant farming. current control of the disease mainly includes isolation and disinfection of the contaminated environment, and administration of a live-attenuated vaccine, which provides a strong immunity. maintenance of cold chain for vaccine efficacy has prove ...201020624051
sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the structural genes of virulent isolates and vaccine strains of peste des petits ruminants virus from india.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute, highly contagious, notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats. in this study, sequence and phylogenetic analyses of structural protein genes, namely the nucleocapsid (n), the matrix (m), the fusion (f) and the haemagglutinin (h) coding sequences of virulent and vaccine strains of ppr virus (pprv), were undertaken to determine the genetic variations between field isolates and vaccine strains. the open reading ...201020642492
seroprevalance of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in goitered gazelle (gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) in turkey.gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa (goitered gazelle) is a native species of anatolia. because of the risk of extinction, captured gazelles have been taken under protection in a restricted area at the ceylanpinar state farm, southeast anatolia, turkey. peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) infection had been detected previously in domestic ruminant species in this region, like in many other parts of turkey. in this study, serum samples from 82 goitered gazelle were tested using competitive enzy ...201020688672
an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in camels in the sudan.in mid-august 2004, an outbreak of a previously unknown fatal disease of camels was reported to kassala state veterinary authorities. several areas in the state were visited during august-october 2004 to collect epidemiological data and specimens for diagnosis. clinically the disease was characterized by sudden death of apparently healthy animals and yellowish and later bloody diarrhea and abortion. the disease outbreaks coincided with the seasonal movement of animals towards autumn green pastur ...201020707980
application of semi-quantitative m gene-based hydrolysis probe (taqman) real-time rt-pcr assay for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in the clinical samples for investigation into clinical prevalence of disease.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a contagious, notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of small ruminants. in this study, a hydrolysis probe-based real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt rt-pcr) assay for the detection and semi-quantification of ppr virus (pprv) nucleic acid was developed using the virus rna and matrix (m) gene-specific primers with hex-labelled fluorescent probe and applied for the detection of pprv in clinical samples to ident ...201020723163
rapid detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is the causative agent of peste des petits ruminants (ppr), an economically important viral disease of small ruminants. in this report, a one-step, single-tube, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for the detection of pprv. a set of six lamp primers were designed based on the matrix gene sequence of pprv to amplify the target rna by incubation at 63°c for 60min with bst dna polymerase and reverse trans ...201020813134
[sequence analysis of the matrix protein and fusion protein genes of a field peste des petits ruminants virus strain from tibet, china].the nucleotide sequences of m and f genes from a field strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) ("china/tib/gej/07-30") was firstly determined. the m gene was 1 483 nucleotides in length with a single open reading frame (orf), encoding a protein of 335 amino acids. the f gene was 2411 nucleotides in length, encoding a protein of 546 amino acids. the resulting nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with the homologous regions of other pprv isolates. the nu ...201020836385
[construction and sequencing of full-length cdna of peste des petits ruminants virus].to develop a reverse genetics system of peste des petits ruminants virus(pprv), five pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed on the basis of the full-length genomic sequence of pprv nigeria 75/ 1 strain. using rt-pcr technique, five over-lapping cdna fragments, designated as jf1, jf2, jf3, jf4 and jf5, respectively, were amplified, followed by cloning into pcdna3.1(+)vector. an asci restriction enzyme site and a t7 promoter sequence were introduced immediately upstream of 5'-end, while a ...201020836386
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