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characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of wild yak (bos mutus).wild yak is a special breed in china and it is regarded as an important genetic resource for sustainably developing the animal husbandry in tibetan area and enriching region's biodiversity. the complete mitochondrial genome of wild yak (16,322 bp in length) displayed 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes and a + t-rich (61.01%), with an overall g + c content of only 38.99%. it contained a non-coding control region (d-loop), 13 protein-coding genes, two rrna genes, and 22 trna genes. most of the ...201627206536
genome-wide patterns of copy number variation in the chinese yak genome.copy number variation (cnv) represents an important source of genetic divergence that can produce drastic phenotypic differences and may therefore be subject to selection during domestication and environmental adaptation. to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of cnv in the yak genome, we used a read depth approach to detect cnv based on genome resequencing data from 14 wild and 65 domestic yaks and determined cnv regions related to domestication and adaptations to high-altitude.201627206476
the breed and sex effect on the carcass size performance and meat quality of yak in different muscles.the carcass size performances and the meat quality of gannan and sibu yak were determined using m. supraspinatus (su), m. longissimus thoracis (lt) and m.quadriceps femoris (qf). it is found that sibu yak had significantly higher carcass weight (cw) than gannan yak with difference of nearly 40 kg, as well as significantly higher eye muscle area (ema), carcass thorax depth (ctd), round perimeter (rp), etc. the carcass performances of steer yak were significantly higher than heifer yak except meat ...201627194931
comparative itraq proteomics revealed proteins associated with spermatogenic arrest of cattleyak.male infertility of cattleyak due to spermatogenic arrest greatly restricts their effective utilization in yak breeding. although much work has been done to investigate the mechanisms of spermatogenic arrest, there is no information regarding the differences of protein composition between cattleyak and yak testis. comparative investigation of testis proteomes between cattleyak and yak using itraq proteomics identified 256 differentially abundant proteins with fold change values higher than ±1.5. ...201627153760
a tremendous expansion of copy number in crossbred bulls ( × ).crossbreeding between cattle () and yak () exhibits significant hybrid advantages in milk yield and meat production. by contrast, cattle-yak f hybrid bulls are sterile. copy number variations (cnv) of multicopy gene families in male-specific regions of the mammalian y chromosome (msy) affect human and animal fertility. the present study investigated cnv of (), (), (), and () in 5 yak breed bulls ( = 63), cattle-yak f ( = 22) and f ( = 2) hybrid bulls, and chinese yellow (cy) cattle bulls ( = 10) ...201627135999
a profile of sphingolipids and related compounds tentatively identified in yak milk.this work characterized a fraction of constituents in yak milk within the realm of approximately 1,000 to 3,000 da using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (maldi) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. eleven samples of yak milk powder from the sichuan province of china were received by the department of food science, university of wisconsin-madison, and stored at room temperature until analysis. sample preparation involved delipidation and deproteinization of yak milk samples and cold etha ...201627085416
the use of stereology method to estimate the volume of feto-maternal exchange area of the bovine placentome during gestation.the functional surface areas of the feto-maternal unit of the bovine placentomes were quantified from day 100 to 260 of gestation by using stereology. this study was achieved using intact placentomes obtained from an abattoir. there was no change in volume and surface densities of binucleate cells, fetal trophoblast, fetal and maternal tissues, and maternal epithelium with gestation age, although the total volume of these components increased with gestation age from day 126 to 260. the total sur ...201627611886
effects of starvation on lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in yak.this research was conducted to investigate the physiological consequences of undernourished yak. twelve maiwa yak (110.3±5.85 kg) were randomly divided into two groups (baseline and starvation group). the yak of baseline group were slaughtered at day 0, while the other group of yak were kept in shed without feed but allowed free access to water, salt and free movement for 9 days. blood samples of the starvation group were collected on day 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 and the starved yak were slaughtered ...201626954191
cloning of oligopeptide transport carrier pept1 and comparative analysis of pept1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in response to dietary nitrogen levels in yak () and indigenous cattle () on the qinghai-tibetan plateau.the gastrointestinal lumen can directly absorb all di- and tripeptide protein degradation products, and oligopeptide absorption depends on the specific peptide transport carriers, which are located in gastrointestinal epithelial cells on the brush border membrane. yak () use n more efficiently than cattle do, which implies that yak have a specific mechanism of nonprotein utilization including a peptide absorption mechanism. however, this mechanism has not been clarified. our objective was to exp ...201627695788
an overview on the organic pollution around the qinghai-tibet plateau: the thought-provoking situation.the qinghai-tibet plateau plays an important role in the ecological safety and human health of the surroundings due to its unique geographical position and function. therefore, it is necessary to study the pollution status and potential risk in this area. this study summarizes the distribution of different organic pollutants in biota and environmental media of the qinghai-tibet plateau. moreover, it also pays attention to the potential health risks of these organic pollutants. organochlorine pes ...201627692924
differential dna methylation of the meiosis-specific gene fkbp6 in testes of yak and cattle-yak hybrids.fk506-binding protein 6 (fkbp6) is essential for meiosis during mammalian spermatogenesis. however, the molecular regulation of fkbp6 during spermatogenesis remains unclear. in the present study, we performed molecular characterization of the meiosis-specific gene fkbp6 in yak testes. yak fkbp6 encodes a polypeptide of 295 amino acid residues with an fk506-binding domain (fkbp_c) and three tetratricopeptide repeat domains. the methylation level of the fkbp6 promoter in testes was significantly h ...201627658575
identification of candidate mirnas and expression profile of yak oocytes before and after in vitro maturation by high-throughput sequencing.small rna represents several unique non-coding rna classes that have important function in a wide range of biological processes including development of germ cells and early embryonic, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis in diverse organisms. however, little is known about their expression profiles and effects in yak oocytes maturation and early development. to investigate the function of small rnas in the maturation process of yak oocyte and early development, two small rna l ...201627562759
sources of black carbon to the himalayan-tibetan plateau glaciers.combustion-derived black carbon (bc) aerosols accelerate glacier melting in the himalayas and in tibet (the third pole (tp)), thereby limiting the sustainable freshwater supplies for billions of people. however, the sources of bc reaching the tp remain uncertain, hindering both process understanding and efficient mitigation. here we present the source-diagnostic δ(14)c/δ(13)c compositions of bc isolated from aerosol and snowpit samples in the tp. for the himalayas, we found equal contributions f ...201627552223
seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infection in yaks (bos grunniens) in northwest china.bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), a member of the pestivirus genus, is an important pathogen of cattle worldwide, causing reproductive disorders in adult cattle and mucosal disease in calves. however, limited information about bvdv infection in yaks (bos grunniens) in china is available, especially in white yaks which is a unique yak breed that only lives in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county (ttac), gansu province, northwest china. therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate t ...201627509877
bacterial microbiota compositions of naturally fermented milk are shaped by both geographic origin and sample type.naturally fermented dairy products contain a rich microbial biodiversity. this study aimed to provide an overview on the bacterial microbiota biodiversity of 85 samples, previously collected across a wide region of china, mongolia, and russia. data from these 85 samples, including 55 yogurts, 18 naturally fermented yak milks, 6 koumisses, and 6 cheeses, were retrieved and collectively analyzed. the most prevalent phyla shared across samples were firmicutes, proteobacteria, bacteroidetes, and act ...201627474988
proteome changes on water-holding capacity of yak longissimus lumborum during postmortem aging.to study differentially expressed proteins on water-holding capacity (whc) during postmortem aging of longissimus lumborum muscle, samples were classified according to drip loss into high and low drip loss groups. fifty-five proteins were differentially abundant at days 0, 1 and 7 during postmortem aging and identified by maldi tof/tof. the identified proteins can be divided into four main categories: metabolic enzymes, cell structural proteins, stress related proteins and transport proteins. my ...201627448195
sex- and age-dependent expression of pax7, myf 5, myog, and myostatin in yak skeletal muscles.the aim of this study was to investigate the myogenic factor mrna expression pattern of pax7, myf5, myog, and myostatin mrna at different ages, sexes, and muscle tissues of datong yaks. the expression patterns in semimembranosus (sm), quadriceps femoris (qf), and triceps muscle of arm (tm) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and compared using biostatistics. the results showed that the pax7 gene expression levels were higher in the hindquarters (sm and qf) than in t ...201627420962
four new species of meligethes stephens from china and additional data on other species of the genus (coleoptera: nitidulidae: meligethinae).four new species of meligethes stephens, 1830, m. (s.str.) macrofemoratus (shaanxi, ningxia), m. (s.str.) yak (nw sichuan), m. (s.str.) auropilosus (tibet) and m. (odontogethes) aurorugosus (tibet) spp. nov., are described and illustrated from china. diagnostic characters distinguishing these new species from closely related taxa are discussed. the previously unknown male of meligethes (s.str.) aureolineatus audisio, sabatelli & jelínek, 2015 from sichuan and the previously unknown female of m. ...201627395211
comparative testis proteome dataset between cattleyak and yak.cattleyak are hybrid between cattle and yak, which exhibit equivalent adaptability on the qinghai-tibetan plateau as yak and much higher capability in economic traits. however, the f1 males of cattleyak are infertile due to spermatogenic arrest and this greatly restricts the effective utilization of this hybrid. in this data article, differentially expressed proteins (deps) were identified from testis proteome of cattleyak and yak using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem ...201627366779
cloning and expression of cold-inducible rna binding protein in domestic yak (bos grunniens).cold-inducible rna binding protein (cirp) is over-expressed during cold and many other stresses, and could regulate the adaptation to hypothermia. in the present investigation, the objective was to determine the expression of cirp in adult yak heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, ovary, testis and skin by relative quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), western blot and immunohistochemistry from mrna and protein levels. the cirp open reading frame encoding was cloned fro ...201627830872
comprehensive investigation of nucleotide diverdity in yaks.to understand the maternal genetic diversity of tianzhu white yak better, we analyzed mtdna d-loop sequences of 209 tianzhu white yaks, which are from the central region of tianzhu white yak habitat. accordingly, a total of 45 haplotypes were identified in tianzhu white yaks in this study, and 18 of them were unique. the nucleotide diversity and haplotype diversity of population studied were 0.024 ± 0.003 and 0.946 ± 0.007 respectively, revealing that tianzhu white yak possess a relatively high ...201627435605
paenibacillus bovis sp. nov., isolated from raw yak (bos grunniens) milk.strain bd3526t, isolated from raw yak milk collected in tibet, china, was studied to determine its taxonomic status. the strain is gram-positive, motile, catalase positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. the dna g+c content of the strain is 47.5 mol% and its peptidoglycan contains meso-diaminopimelic acid. the predominant menaquinone is mk-7. the major cellular fatty acids of the strain are anteiso-c15:0, anteiso-c17:0 and c16:0. for 16s rrna sequence, similarities among strain bd3526t and ...201626769366
a colostrum trypsin inhibitor gene expressed in the cape fur seal mammary gland during lactation.the colostrum trypsin inhibitor (cti) gene and transcript were cloned from the cape fur seal mammary gland and cti identified by in silico analysis of the pacific walrus and polar bear genomes (order carnivora), and in marine and terrestrial mammals of the orders cetartiodactyla (yak, whales, camel) and perissodactyla (white rhinoceros). unexpectedly, weddell seal cti was predicted to be a pseudogene. cape fur seal cti was expressed in the mammary gland of a pregnant multiparous seal, but not in ...201626639991
cost-effective control strategies for animal and zoonotic diseases in pastoralist populations.animal diseases and zoonoses abound among pastoralist livestock, which is composed of cattle, sheep, goats, yak, camels, llamas, reindeer, horses and donkeys. there is endemic and, periodically, epidemic transmission of highly contagious viral and bacterial diseases in africa, asia and latin america. pastoralist livestock is often multiparasitised with endo- and ectoparasites, as well as being affected by vectorborne viral and protozoal diseases. pastoral livestock can be a reservoir of such dis ...201627917989
fiber degradation potential of natural co-cultures of neocallimastix frontalis and methanobrevibacter ruminantium isolated from yaks (bos grunniens) grazing on the qinghai tibetan plateau.several natural anaerobic fungus-methanogen co-cultures have been isolated from rumen and feces source of herbivores with strong fiber degrading ability. in this study, we isolated 7 neocallimastix with methanogen co-cultures from the rumen of yaks grazing on the qinghai tibetan plateau. based on morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences (its1), all the fungi were identified as neocallimastix frontalis. the co-cultures were confirmed as the one fungus - one methan ...201626979345
isolation, identification and fibrolytic characteristics of rumen fungi grown with indigenous methanogen from yaks (bos grunniens) grazing on the qinghai-tibetan plateau.to obtain co-cultures of anaerobic fungi and their indigenously associated methanogens from the rumen of yaks grazing on the qinghai-tibetan plateau and investigate their morphology features and ability to degrade lignocellulose.201626910857
molecular detection and characterization of theileria infection in cattle and yaks from tibet plateau region, china.theileriosis continues to threaten the livestock industry worldwide, but comprehensive epidemiological surveys for this disease have not been conducted in the tibet plateau region, china. in this study, we screened 154 cattle blood samples from the tibet plateau region (lhasa, lhoka, and tianzhu), china, for detection of theileria pathogens by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with species-specific primers. the results revealed that the prevalence was 6.9 % (2/29) for theileria orientalis and 27.6 ...201627000088
prevalence, associated risk factors, and phylogenetic analysis of toxocara vitulorum infection in yaks on the qinghai tibetan plateau, china.toxocara vitulorum has been rarely reported in yaks at high altitudes and remote areas of sichuan province of tibetan plateau of china. the current study was designed to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors, and phylogenetic characteristics of t. vitulorum in yak calves on the qinghai tibetan plateau. fecal samples were collected from 891 yak calves and were examined for the presence of t. vitulorum eggs by the mcmaster technique. a multivariable logistic regression model was empl ...201627853122
molecular characterization of giardia duodenalis from white yaks in china.giardia duodenalis is one of the most common enteric parasites of humans and animals, including companion animals, livestock and wildlife. to date, the information about the prevalence and molecular characterization of g. duodenalis infection in white yaks was limited. in the present study, a total of 208 white yak fecal samples were collected from tianzhu tibetan autonomous county (ttac) between september 2013 and march 2014. of the 208 white yak fecal samples, four samples (1.92%, all collecte ...201627078665
animal fascioliasis: perspectives from high altitudinal regions.the parasitic flukes of the genus fasciola (platyhelminthes: trematoda: digenea) cause fascioliasis or liver-rot disease in ruminant livestock in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. classically, two species of fasciola- f. hepatica and f. gigantica, are universally recognized as taxonomically valid species. our survey studies on ovid and bovid animals including yak and mithun from high altitudinal mountainous regions in northeast india revealed the occurrence of fasciola gigantica an ...201627890078
molecular and phylogenetic characterization of non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains in china.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) causes diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis with life-threatening complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. the aim of this study was to assess the molecular epidemiologic features of non-o157 stec strains from different resources in china and illustrate the role of animal reservoirs or animal-derived foodstuffs in human stec infections. a collection of 301 non-o157 stec isolates from domestic and wild animals (i.e., cattle, goat, pig, yak, pika, ...201627853704
evaluation of combined b cell specific n-terminal immunogenic domains of lipl21 for diagnosis of leptospirosis.leptospiral outer membrane protein lipl21 and its truncated n-terminal immunogenic region (i-lipl21) were evaluated for diagnosis of leptospirosis. the complete coding sequence of lipl21 nucleotide sequence was subjected to bcpred and vaxijen analysis for determination of b cell specific immunogenic epitopes. epitope1 acs std tgq kda ttv gdg (1.8837), epitope2 wgg ppe qrn dgk tpr dtn (0.9483), epitope3 vkg vgv yec kat gsg sdp (1.4077) and epitope4 new ecq cvi yak fpg gkd (0.4462) were predicted. ...201627259643
papillomavirus in yaks: the isolates of bovine papillomavirus type 1 have a high possibility of belonging to a novel type.although papillomaviruses (pvs) have been widely reported in vertebrates, there have been only a few pv reports in yaks (bos grunniens). in 2012, bam et al. reported bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) and bpv-2 associated with cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks, which provided genomic and pathology information for yak pvs. however, nucleotide identity and phylogenic analyses revealed that there are two isolates with a high possibility of belonging to a novel type that is not bpv-1. the argument ...201626922971
prevalence of circulating antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibetan plateau, china.bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) causes infections with many clinical signs, including rhinotracheitis, encephalitis, and genital lesions. the virus occurs worldwide in bovines, and in recent years, it has been reported in yaks (bos grunniens) inhabiting the tibetan plateau in china. however, there is little epidemiologic data describing bohv-1 infections in china's yak herds. we conducted a cross-sectional study on the qinghai-tibetan plateau (qtp) in china july 2011-july 2012 to estimate the prev ...201626555106
combining untargeted and targeted proteomic strategies for discrimination and quantification of cashmere fibers.cashmere is regarded as a specialty and luxury fiber due to its scarcity and high economic value. for fiber quality assessment, it is technically very challenging to distinguish and quantify the cashmere fiber from yak or wool fibers because of their highly similar physical appearance and substantial protein sequence homology. to address this issue, we propose a workflow combining untargeted and targeted proteomics strategies for selecting, verifying and quantifying biomarkers for cashmere texti ...201626789629
first molecular survey and identification of anaplasma spp. in white yaks (bos grunniens) in china.anaplasmosis is caused by a group of obligate intracellular bacteria in the genus anaplasma, which are transmitted by ticks and infect humans, domestic animals and wildlife. this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of anaplasma spp. in semi-wild white yaks sampled in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county, northwest china. out of 332 samples tested, 35 (10·9%) were positive for anaplasma spp. the positive rates were 6·2% (20/322) and 5·3% (17/322) for anapla ...201627003378
screening of probiotic activities of lactobacilli strains isolated from traditional tibetan qula, a raw yak milk cheese.in this study, 69 lactobacilli isolated from tibetan qula, a raw yak milk cheese, were screened for their potential use as probiotics. the isolates were tested in terms of: their ability to survive at ph 2.0, ph 3.0, and in the presence of 0.3% bile salts; tolerance of simulated gastric and intestinal juices; antimicrobial activity; sensitivity against 11 specific antibiotics; and their cell surface hydrophobicity. the results show that out of the 69 strains, 29 strains (42%) had survival rates ...201626954218
detection of antibodies against bluetongue virus among domestic ruminants in the highlands of nepal.bluetongue (bt) is one of the most economically important transboundary animal diseases. in recent years, it has been considered a disease related to climate change. a study was undertaken in 2013 in nepal to measure the prevalence of bluetongue virus (btv) infection among domestic ruminants inhabiting the 3 agro-climatic zones with altitudes ranging from 150 to 2,400 metres above sea level. twelve clusters representing the 3 altitudes were selected. the presence of antibodies against btv was de ...201627723042
influence of succinylation on physicochemical property of yak casein micelles.succinylation is a chemical-modification method that affects the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of proteins. this study assessed the influence of succinylation on the physicochemical properties of yak casein micelles. the results revealed that surface hydrophobicity indices decreased with succinylation. additionally, denaturation temperature and denaturation enthalpy decreased with increasing succinylation level, except at 82%. the buffering properties of yak casein mi ...201626213046
the complete sequence of mitochondrial genome of polled yak (bos grunniens).generally speaking, the hornless trait is also known as polled. although the poll locus could be assigned to a 1.36-mb interval in the centromeric region of bta1 (georges et al., 1993; drögemüller et al., 2005)), and (liu et al., 2014) reported a 147-kb segment that included three protein-coding genes was the most likely location of the poll mutation in domestic yaks, the underlying genetic basis for the polled trait is still unknown. in this work, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of p ...201625347693
complete mitochondrial genome of the yakow (bos primigenius taurus × bos grunniens) in china.the chinese yakow, bos primigenius taurus × bos grunniens, is a large and commercially important hybrid in family bovidae. we first determined and annotated its complete mitochondrial genome. the mitogenome is 16,322 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna (trna) genes, 2 ribosomal rna (rrna) genes and a control region. as in other mammals, most mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand, except for nd6 and eight trna genes, which are encoded on the light st ...201625186658
complete mitochondrial genome of the a rare subspecies of genus bos, tianzhu white yak from tibetan area in china.the population of domestic yak, tianzhu white yak, from tibetan area in china is considered as a rare bos grunniens species. we first determined and annotated its complete mitochondrial genome. the mitogenome is 16,319 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna (trna) genes, 2 ribosomal rna (rrna) genes and a control region. as in other mammals, most mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand, except for nd6 and eight trna genes, which are encoded on the light ...201625162469
characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of gannan yak (bos grunniens).gannan yak is the native breed of gansu province in china. in this work, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of gannan yak was determined for the first time. the total length of the mitogenome is 16,322 bp long, with the base composition of 33.74% a, 25.84% t, 13.18% c, and 27.24% g. it contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna genes, two rrna genes and one non-coding region (d-loop region). the gene order of gannan yak mitogenome is identical to that observed in most other vertebrates. ...201624960561
the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the datong yak (bos grunniens).datong yak is a famous artificially cultivated breed in china. in the present work, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of datong yak for the first time. the total length of the mitogenome is 16,323 bp long, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna genes, two rrna genes and one non-coding region (d-loop region). the gene order of datong yak mitogenome is identical to that observed in most other vertebrates. the overall base composition is 33.71% a, 25.8.0% c, 13.21% g and 27. ...201624660922
quantitative proteomic analysis of whey proteins in the colostrum and mature milk of yak (bos grunniens).yak (bos grunniens) is an important natural resource in mountainous regions. to date, few studies have addressed the differences in the protein profiles of yak colostrum and milk. we used quantitative proteomics to compare the protein profiles of whey from yak colostrum and milk. milk samples were collected from 21 yaks after calving (1 and 28 d). whey protein profiles were generated through isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (itraq)-labelled proteomics.201524935403
secondary structure estimation and properties analysis of stretched asian and caucasian hair.in this previous work, we investigated the secondary structure changes of stretched yak hairs by deconvolution, secondary derivation, and curve fitting and determined the number of bands and their positions in order to resolve the protein spectrum of raman spectroscopy.201525073800
blunted activation of rho-kinase in yak pulmonary circulation.yaks have adapted to high altitude and they do not develop hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. although we previously identified the important role of augmented nitric oxide synthase activity in the yak pulmonary circulatory system, evidence of the direct involvement of rho-kinase as a basal vascular tone regulator is lacking. four domesticated male pure-bred yaks and four bulls that were born and raised at an altitude of 3000 m in the tien-shan mountains were studied at an altitude of 3,100 m. mean ...201525654121
proteomic characterization and comparison of mammalian milk fat globule proteomes by itraq analysis.milk fat globule membrane (mfgm) proteins are known to be involved in many biological functions; however, their components and inter-species complexity have not yet been completely elucidated. we investigated the protein composition of the mfgm-enriched fraction from holstein, jersey, yak, buffalo, goat, camel, horse, and human. extracted proteins from the mfgm-enriched fractions were identified and quantified by an itraq proteomic approach. we identified 520 protein species categorized as biolo ...201525576853
chemical composition of yak colostrum and transient milk.the objective of this study was to assess the changes in the chemical composition of yak colostrum and transient milk. samples were collected from 12 yaks on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 post-partum (pp). the gross composition, nitrogen fraction distribution, amino acid (aa) profile and fatty acid (fa) profile were analysed. all the components decreased rapidly during the first 3 days except lactose which increased. the ratio of whey protein to casein protein decreased from 46:54 to 17:83 during ...201525545664
paisang (quercus griffithii): a keystone tree species in sustainable agroecosystem management and livelihoods in arunachal pradesh, india.in a study of the traditional livelihoods of 12 monpa and brokpa villages in arunachal pradesh, india using social-ecological and participatory rural appraisal techniques, we found that the forest tree species paisang (quercus griffithii, a species of oak) is vital to agroecosystem sustainability. paisang trees are conserved both by individuals and through community governance, because their leaves play a crucial role in sustaining 11 traditional cropping systems of the monpa peoples. an indigen ...201525343981
molecular characterization and epigenetic regulation of mei1 in cattle and cattle-yak.mei1 is required for the homologous recombination of meiosis during the mammalian spermatogenesis. however, the knowledge about bovine mei1 (bmei1) is still limited. in the present study, we cloned and characterized the bmei1, and investigated the epigenetic regulatory mechanism of bmei1 expression in vivo and in vitro. the full length coding region of bmei1 was 3819bp, which encoded a polypeptide of 1272 amino acids. real-time pcr showed that the mrna expression level of bmei1 in the testis of ...201526165450
effect of dna extraction methods on the apparent structure of yak rumen microbial communities as revealed by 16s rdna sequencing.to more efficiently identify the microbial community of the yak rumen, the standardization of dna extraction is key to ensure fidelity while studying environmental microbial communities. in this study, we systematically compared the efficiency of several extraction methods based on dna yield, purity, and 16s rdna sequencing to determine the optimal dna extraction methods whose dna products reflect complete bacterial communities. the results indicate that method 6 (hexadecyltrimethylammomium brom ...201526094313
genome-wide characterization of perfect microsatellites in yak (bos grunniens).microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (ssrs) constitute a significant portion of genomes and play an important role in gene function and genome organization. the availability of a complete genome sequence for yak (bos grunniens) has made it possible to carry out genome-wide analysis of microsatellites in this species. we analyzed the abundance and density of perfect ssrs in the yak genome. we found a total of 723,172 ssrs with 1-6 bp nucleotide motifs, indicating that about 0.47 % of the ya ...201526071092
insulinlike growth factor i improves yak (bos grunniens) spermatozoa motility and the oocyte cleavage rate by modulating the expression of bax and bcl-2.the aim of our present study was to examine the effects of insulinlike growth factor 1 (igf-1) on yak sperm motility during in vitro capacitation and the relationship between the effects of igf-1 on yak sperm motility and apoptosis was evaluated. frozen-thawed yak spermatozoa were incubated at 38 °c for 1 hour in tyrode's bicarbonate-buffered medium for sperm culture (sp-talp) with different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 ng/ml) of igf-1. in every treatment, the sperm motility was measured ...201526065339
association of heat shock protein 90 with the developmental competence of immature oocytes following cryotop and solid surface vitrification in yaks (bos grunniens).the correlation between the 90 kda heat-shock protein (hsp90) and the developmental competence of yak (bos grunniens) oocytes following the process of vitrification has not been studied clearly. in the present study, we compare the efficacies of cryotop (ct) and solid surface vitrification (ssv) methods for the cryopreservation of immature yak oocytes. yak cumulus oocyte complexes were randomly allocated into three groups: (1) controls, (2) ct vitrification, and (3) ssv vitrification. oocytes we ...201526049112
[role of laboratory methods in epidemic control of brucellosis outbreaks in moscow zoo nursery].evaluation of the role of contemporary methods in epidemic control of brucellosis outbreaks among employees of auxiliary facilities in moscow zoo nursery.201526016341
brief note :variability in the cathelicidin 6 (cathl-6) gene in tianzhu white yak from tibetan area in china.cathelicidins are a major family of antimicrobial peptides (amps), an important component of innate immune system, playing a critical role in host defense and disease resistance in virtually all living species. polymorphism and functional studies on cathelicidin of tianzhu white yak contribute to understanding the specific innate immune mechanism in animals living at high altitudes in comparison to cattle and domesticated white yak. thirty-six individuals of tianzhu white yak, originating from t ...201525966077
yak response to high-altitude hypoxic stress by altering mrna expression and dna methylation of hypoxia-inducible factors.hypoxia-inducible factors (hifs) are oxygen-dependent transcriptional activators, which play crucial roles in tumor angiogenesis and mammalian development, and regulate the transcription of genes involved in oxygen homeostasis in response to hypoxia. however, information on hif-1α and hif-2α in yak (bos grunniens) is scarce. the complete coding region of yak hif-2α was cloned, its mrna expression in several tissues were determined, and the expression levels were compared with those of closely re ...201525927169
comparative study on the genetic diversity of ghr gene in tibetan cattle and holstein cows.due to the phenotype-based artificial selection in domestic cattle, the underlying functional genes may be indirectly selected and show decreasing diversity in theory. the growth hormone receptor (ghr) gene has been widely proposed to significantly associate with critical economic traits in cattle. in the present study, we comparatively studied the genetic diversity of ghr in tibetan cattle (a traditional unselected breed, n = 93) and chinese holstein cow (the intensively selected breed, n = 94) ...201525927168
evaluation of composition and individual variability of rumen microbiota in yaks by 16s rrna high-throughput sequencing technology.the yak (bos grunniens) is a unique species of ruminant animals that is important to agriculture of the tibetan plateau, and has a complex intestinal microbial community. the objective of the present study was to characterize the composition and individual variability of microbiota in the rumen of yaks using 16s rrna gene high-throughput sequencing technique. rumen samples used in the present study were obtained from grazing adult male yaks (n = 6) in a commercial farm in ganzi autonomous prefec ...201525911445
association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of fatty acid synthase gene and meat quality traits in datong yak (bos grunniens).fatty acid synthase (fasn) is a key enzyme in fatty acid anabolism that plays an important role in the fat deposit of eukaryotic cells. therefore, in this study, we detected 2 novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the fasn gene in 313 adult individuals of datong yak using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism and dna sequencing techniques. snp g.5477c>t is located in intron 3 of fasn, and 3 genotypes, hh, hg, and gg, were detected in this mutation site. snp ...201525867409
genetic diversity and classification of tibetan yak populations based on the mtdna coiii gene.to determine the level of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among tibetan yak populations, the mitochondrial dna cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (coiii) genes of 378 yak individuals from 16 populations were analyzed in this study. the results showed that the length of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 gene sequences was 781 bp, with nucleotide frequencies of 29.2, 29.4, 26.1, and 15.2% for t, c, a, and g, respectively. a total of 26 haplotypes were identified, with 69 polymorphic site ...201525867320
post-mortem oxidative stability of three yak (bos grunniens) muscles as influenced by animal age.the influence of animal age and muscle source on the oxidative stability of yak steaks was examined. longissimus thoracis (lt) muscles from yaks of different age groups (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 years), and three muscle sources of lt, psoas major (pm), and biceps femoris (bf) from yaks of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 years, were evaluated for metmyoglobin content, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant capacity. oxidative stability was influenced (p<0.05) by muscle source and animal age. lt steaks ...201525839885
detection of αs2-casein variants in chinese yak (bos grunniens) by pcr-sscp. 201525810399
organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in air, grass and yak butter from namco in the central tibetan plateau.limited studies on bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (pops) along terrestrial food chains were conducted. the food chain air-grass-yak (butter) in the pasture region of namco in the central tibetan plateau (tp) was chosen for study. the air, grass and butter pops in the tp were at the lower end of the concentrations generally found around the globe. hcb was the main pollutant in air and butter. besides hcb, β-hch and p,p'-dde were the other major compounds in butter. along the foo ...201525768883
snps detected in the yak mc4r gene and their association with growth traits.mc4r (melanocortin 4 receptor) is expressed in the appetite-regulating areas of the brain and takes part in leptin signaling pathways. sequencing of the coding region of the mc4r gene for 354 yaks identified the following five single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps): snp1 (273c>t), snp2 (321 g>t), snp3 (864 c>a), snp4 (1069g>c) and snp5 (1206 g>c). snp1, snp2 and snp3 were synonymous mutations, whereas snp4 and snp5 were missense mutations resulting in amino acid substitutions (v286l and r331s). ...201525757688
anthelmintic efficacy, plasma and milk kinetics of eprinomectin following topical and subcutaneous administration to yaks (bos grumniens).eprinomectin is recommended for use as an anti-parasitic agent in livestock, including cattle. yaks are a member of the cattle family living in the high altitude mountains of china and adjacent countries; however, there have been no clinical trials of the anthelmintic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin in yaks. the purpose of this study was to investigate the endectocidal efficacy and pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin following topical (at 0.5 mg/kg) and subcutaneous (at 0.2 mg/kg) adm ...201525725422
influence of succinylation on the conformation of yak casein micelles.succinylation modifies the physicochemical characteristics and improves the functional properties of proteins. this study assessed the effects of succinylation on the conformation of yak casein micelles with seven degree of modification. the results revealed that succinylation contributed to the dissociation of casein micelles. with the increase of succinylated degree, soluble nitrogen and minerals content increased, while casein micelle size and polydispersity index of micelles decreased. succi ...201525722161
sodium butyrate improves the cloned yak embryo viability and corrects gene expression patterns.interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt), a powerful tool in basic scientific research, has been used widely to increase and preserve the population of endangered species. yak (bos grunniens) is one of these species. development to term of interspecies cloned yak embryos has not been achieved, possibly due to abnormal epigenetic reprogramming. previous studies have demonstrated that treatment of intraspecies cloned embryos with (nabu) significantly improves nuclear-cytoplasmic reprogra ...201523759515
bluetongue in europe and the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of disease.the article reviews a current bluetongue (bt) epidemiological situation in europe, bt restricted zones and the role of wild ungulates as a reservoir for bluetongue virus (btv) and its transmission. bt has been eradicated from central and northern europe, however it is still circulating in some regions of southern and south-eastern europe. according to the recent information of the directoriate general for health and consumer affairs (dg sanco) disease caused by btv1 was spreading at the beginnin ...201526172200
seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in domestic yaks (bos grunniens) in tibetan regions of china based on circulating antibodies.the bluetongue (bt) is an infectious, non-contagious disease of ruminants with a substantial impact on income and welfare of animals. to date, scarce information about this disease in domestic yaks is available in tibetan area of china. seroprevalence of circulating antibodies to bluetongue virus (btv) in yaks from three regions of tibet and hongyuan area of sichuan province in china was investigated by a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. a total of 736 blood samples ...201526017752
serologic evidence for babesia bigemina infection in wild yak (bos mutus) in qinghai province, china.piroplasmosis, caused by tick-borne protozoan parasites of the genera theileria and babesia, is one of the most economically important infections of domestic ruminants in china. we evaluated the prevalence of antibodies to babesia bigemina in wild yaks (bos mutus) from qinghai province, china. of 91 samples, 24% had detectable b. bigemina antibodies, and significant differences in prevalence were observed between those older than 5 yr and those younger than 5 yr. we collected 1,679 ticks belongi ...201526267460
first report of babesia bigemina infection in white yaks in china.white yaks, a unique yak breed and the pearl of the plateau, only live in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county (ttac), gansu province, northwest china, contributing significantly to local economy. however, there was no information on the prevalence of babesia bigemina in white yaks. in this study, a total of 974 serum samples collected from white yaks in ttac were examined for specific antibodies against b. bigemina using a commercially available elisa kit. the overall seroprevalence of b. bigemina ...201525700713
effects of grazing and precipitation on herbage biomass, herbage nutritive value, and yak performance in an alpine meadow on the qinghai-tibetan plateau.the qinghai-tibetan plateau is a very large land unit and an important terrestrial ecosystem within the eurasian continent. because of the harsh climate associated with the high altitude, alpine meadows on the plateau are susceptible to degradation from overgrazing. for this region, and for other alpine meadow pastures internationally, there is a need to define the sustainable stocking rate, to develop sound policy pertaining to future land use. here we report biomass and liveweight gain per ani ...201526039322
epigenetic regulation of bovine spermatogenic cell-specific gene boule.non-primate mammals have two deleted azoospermia (daz) family genes, dazl and boule; genes in this family encode rna-binding proteins essential for male fertility in diverse animals. testicular dazl transcription is regulated by epigenetic factors such as dna methylation. however, nothing is known about the epigenetic regulation of boule. here, we explored the role of dna methylation in the regulation of the bovine boule (bboule) gene. we found that a long cpg island (cgi) in the bboule promoter ...201526030766
prevalence study and genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in four bovine species in china.to determine the nationwide status of persistent bvdv infection in different bovine species in china and compare different test methods, a total of 1379 serum samples from clinical healthy dairy cattle, beef cattle, yaks (bos grunniens), and water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) were collected in eight provinces of china from 2010 to 2013. the samples were analyzed using commercial antibody (ab) and antigen (ag) detection kits, and rt-pcr based on the 5'-utr and npro gene sequencing. results showed th ...201525849315
identification and characterization of chlamydia abortus isolates from yaks in qinghai, china.recently, the yak population has exhibited reproductive disorders, which are considered to be associated with chlamydia abortus (c. abortus) in qinghai, china. in this study, a total of 9 aborted fetuses (each from a different herd) and 126 vaginal swab samples from the 9 herds were collected and analyzed. c. abortus dna was detected from all of the 9 aborted fetuses and 30 of the 126 vaginal swab samples (23.81%) from yak cows in the selected herds. four c. abortus strains were isolated from em ...201526060818
seroprevalence and risk factors of chlamydia abortus infection in free-ranging white yaks in china.chlamydia is gram-negative obligate bacteria which causes a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. to date, there are a few reports about the seroprevalence of chlamydia and the risk factors associated with chlamydia infection in yaks in the world. in this study, 974 blood samples were collected from white yaks (bos grunniens) in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county, gansu province, northwest china from june 2013 to april 2014.201525601354
enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in yaks (bos grunniens) and their public health potential.enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most frequently diagnosed microsporidian species in humans, is also identified in a wide range of animals. to date, few data are available on e. bieneusi in yaks (bos grunniens). in this study, we examined the occurrence and genotype identity of e. bieneusi in yaks in four counties in qinghai province of china. of 327 fecal specimens examined by nested pcr analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, 23 (7.0%) were e. bieneusi-positive. dna sequence analysi ...201525040451
a novel astrovirus species in the gut of yaks with diarrhoea in the qinghai–tibetan plateau, 2013.the yak (bos grunniens) is an iconic symbol in the high-altitude region of the qinghai–tibetan plateau. diarrhoea is a common disease in yaks, resulting in major economic losses. to investigate the diversity of viral species, we reported the metagenomics-derived virome in a pooled faecal sample of 20 diarrhoeic yaks. the nine viruses found in the pooled diarrhoeic samples, in order of abundance of nucleic acid sequence, were influenza a virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), rotavirus, ungu ...201526419604
prevalence of sulfonamide and florfenicol resistance genes in escherichia coli isolated from yaks (bos grunniens) and herdsmen in the tibetan pasture.to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and prevalence of resistance genes in escherichia coli isolated from yaks (bos grunniens) and herdsmen in nine plateau pastures in tibet, we isolated 184 nonidentical strains of e. coli from yaks and herdsmen. antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 15 antimicrobials was conducted and the prevalence of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, and sul3) and florfenicol resistance genes (flor, cfr, cmla, fexa, pexa, and estdl136) was determin ...201525973625
therapeutic effects of lactobacillus casei qian treatment in activated carbon-induced constipated mice.in the present study, the therapeutic effects of lactobacillus casei qian (lc-qian), the key microorganism in tibetan yak yoghurt, on activated carbon-induced constipation were determined in vivo. icr mice were treated with lc-qian for nine days by oral administration. the body weight, defecation status, gastrointestinal transit and defecation time of mice were assessed, and the serum levels of motilin (mtl), gastrin (gas), endothelin (et), somatostatin (ss), acetylcholinesterase (ache), substan ...201525955533
seroprevalence, risk factors and genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in free-range white yaks (bos grunniens) in china.the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence, risk factors and genotypes of toxoplasma gondii in white yaks (bos grunniens) in china. a total of 974 serum samples were collected from white yaks in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county (ttac), gansu province, northwest china for detecting t. gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test (mat), and 414 tissues belonging to 138 white yaks were collected for detecting t. gondii dna by amplification of b1 gene with a semi-nested ...201526038187
malignant catarrhal fever: an emerging disease in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer).within the tribe bovini in the subfamily bovinae, the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), american bison (bison bison), european bison (bubalus bonasus) and yak (bos grunniens) are recognized as species highly susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). in contrast, the lack of reports describing clinical mcf in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) whether free ranging or captive has led to a perception that african buffaloes are resistant to mcf. during the last decade, several cases of mcf i ...201523957274
isolation and cdna characteristics of mhc-dra genes from gayal (bos frontalis) and gaytle (bos frontalis × bos taurus).the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (mhc) plays important roles in pathogen recognition and disease resistance. in the present study, the coding sequence and the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mhc class ii dr alpha chain (the dra gene) from rare gayal and gaytle were cloned and analyzed to dissect structural and functional variations. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for the dra genes in gayal (bofr-dra) and gaytle (bofr × bola-dra) were almost identical to those for cattle ...201526019617
effect of thawing methods on frozen semen quality of yak (poephagus grunniens l.) bulls.to evaluate different thawing temperatures and duration on the post-thaw semen quality of indian yaks bulls.201527047161
[identification of ecological corridors for tibetan antelope and assessment of their human disturbances in the alpine desert of qinghai-tibet plateau].the alpine desert of qinghai-tibet plateau (qtp) provides the largest habitats for those endangered ungulates (e.g., tibetan antelope, tibetan kiang and wild yak) on the earth. however, human disturbance especially infrastructure constructions (e.g., railway & highway) has increasingly fragmented the habitats of those endangered ungulates by disturbing and interrupting their ecological corridors for their seasonal migration. aiming at identifying the potential ecological corridors for tibetan an ...201526685615
recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 6 enhances oocyte reprogramming potential and subsequent development of the cloned yak embryos.this study investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic protein 6 (bmp6) supplementation in the medium during in vitro maturation (ivm) on the developmental potential of oocytes and in the subsequent development of cloned yak embryos. cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) were aspirated from the antral follicles of yak ovaries and cultured with different concentrations of recombinant human bmp6 in oocyte maturation medium. following maturation, the metaphase ii (mii) oocytes were used for somatic ce ...201526655079
y-str inra189 polymorphisms in chinese yak breeds.to further explore y-str inra189 polymorphisms in the yak, and to determine the genetic differences among yak breeds, genotyping analysis of inra189 in 102 male yak individuals from three yak breeds in qinghai province of china was performed. genotyping revealed the presence of four alleles, with sizes of 149, 155, 157, and 159 bp, respectively. of these, the 157-bp allele, which was found with the highest frequency in the three yak breeds, was the dominant allele. interestingly, the 149-bp alle ...201526782536
developmental competence of mature yak vitrified-warmed oocytes is enhanced by igf-i via modulation of cirp during in vitro maturation.the objective of this study was to investigate whether developmental competence of mature vitrified-warmed yak (bos grunniens) oocytes can be enhanced by supplemented insulin-like growth factor i (igf-1) during in vitro maturation (ivm), and its relationship with the expression of cold-inducible rna-binding protein (cirp). in experiment 1, immature yak oocytes were divided into four groups, and ivm supplemented with 0, 50, 100 and 200 ng/ml igf-1 was evaluated; the mrna and protein expression le ...201526519204
effects of forage:concentrate ratio on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in housing-feeding yaks.the objective of this study was to determine the effect of forage: concentrate ratio (f:c) on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of housing-feeding yaks. thirty-two maiwa male yaks (initial body weight = 207.99±3.31 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (8 yaks per treatment). experimental diets were: a, b, c, d which contained 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60 f:c ratios, respectively. dry matter intake and average daily gain in yaks fed the c and d diets ...201526580441
effects of orvus es paste on the motility and viability of yak (bos grunniens) epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa after freezing and thawing.the addition of the detergent orvus es paste (oep) to semen freezing extenders has been observed to improve the post-thaw survival and longevity of spermatozoa from various species but has never been evaluated for yak spermatozoa.201526576001
pparα signal pathway gene expression is associated with fatty acid content in yak and cattle longissimus dorsi muscle.intramuscular fatty acid (fa) is related to meat qualities such as juiciness, tenderness, palatability, and shear force. pparα plays an important role in lipid metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle. this study investigated fa composition in yaks and cattle, in order to ascertain whether a correlation between pparα signal pathway genes as candidate genes and meat fa composition in yaks and cattle exists. statistical analyses revealed that levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (mufa) and poly ...201526600505
[the seongho () school's study of the ancient learning () and its influence on the debate about materia medica in the late joseon dynasty].this study will determine the ways in which the ancient learning (gu xue, ) scholarship of the seongho school, and its interest in the materia medica (ben cao xue, ) were related during the late joseon period. the seongho school centered its studies mainly on classical chinese texts of the han (206 bc－ad 220) and pre-han (?－221 bc) (xian-qin lianghan, ) periods rather than those of the tang and song dynasties (618-1279). gu xue scholarship emerged during the ming dynasty era (1368 －1644) as an a ...201526394994
[effect of altitude chronic hypoxia on liver enzymes and its correlation with ace/ace2 in yak and migrated cattle].to investigate the difference of liver enzyme levels and its correlation with serum ace/ace2 among yak and cattle on qinghai-tibetan plateau, and to further explore the biochemical mechanism of their liver of altitude adaptation.201526387195
duplication polymorphisms in exon 4 of κ-casein gene in yak breeds/populations.the objective of this study was to compare 12 bp-duplication polymorphisms in exon 4 of the κ-casein gene among 3 breeds/populations of yak (bos grunniens). genomic dna was extracted from yak blood or muscle samples (n = 211) and a partial sequence of exon 4 of κ-casein gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay of the products (169 bp) revealed 2 variants. these variants differed in a 12-bp duplication of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to ...201526345961
convergent evolution of socs4 between yak and tibetan antelope in response to high-altitude stress.convergence often occurs when organisms with different ancestors adopt similar adaptations to environmental stresses. convergent (sometimes called parallel) evolution at the genetic level is now known to be more common than previously suspected. studying convergent evolution at the molecular level makes it possible to gain a better understanding of the common mechanisms deployed by different species. yak (bos grunniens) and tibetan antelope (pantholops hodgsonii), which are endemic to the qingha ...201526275942
impacts of climate change on distributions and diversity of ungulates on the tibetan plateau.climate change has significant impacts on species' distributions and diversity patterns. understanding range shifts and changes in richness gradients under climate change is crucial for conservation. the tibetan plateau, home to wild yak, chiru, and kiang, contains a biome with many endemic ungulates. it is highly sensitive to climate change and a region that merits particular attention with regard to the impacts of global climate change on its biomes. maximum entropy approaches were used to est ...201526255355
review of the 2012 epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in domestic ruminants in the united states.an unusually large number of cases of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) were observed in united states cattle and white-tailed deer in the summer and fall of 2012. usda aphis veterinary services area offices were asked to report on foreign animal disease investigations and state diagnostic laboratory submissions which resulted in a diagnosis of ehd based on positive pcr results. ehd was reported in the following species: cattle (129 herds), captive white-tailed deer (65 herds), bison (8 herds) ...201526244773
comparative proteomic analysis of yak follicular fluid during estrus.the breeding of yaks is highly seasonal, there are many crucial proteins involved in the reproduction control program, especially in follicular development. in order to isolate differential proteins between mature and immature follicular fluid (ff) of yak, the ff from yak follicles with different sizes were sampled respectively, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) of the proteins was carried out. after silver staining, the image master 2d platinum software was used for protein analysi ...201526954118
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