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host immunity to repeated rabies virus infection in big brown bats.bats are natural reservoirs for the majority of lyssaviruses globally, and are unique among mammals in having exceptional sociality and longevity. given these facets, and the recognized status of bats as reservoirs for rabies viruses (rabvs) in the americas, individual bats may experience repeated exposure to rabv during their lifetime. nevertheless, little information exists with regard to within-host infection dynamics and the role of immunological memory that may result from abortive rabv inf ...201020519458
organization of the primary somatosensory cortex and wing representation in the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.bats are the only mammals capable of true powered flight. the bat wing exhibits specializations, allowing these animals to perform complicated flight maneuvers like landing upside-down, and hovering. the wing membrane contains various tactile receptors, including hair-associated merkel receptors that might be involved in stabilizing bat flight. here, we studied the neuronal representation of the wing membrane in the primary somatosensory cortex (s1) of the anesthetized big brown bat, eptesicus f ...201020878405
metagenomic analysis of the viromes of three north american bat species: viral diversity among different bat species that share a common habitat.effective prediction of future viral zoonoses requires an in-depth understanding of the heterologous viral population in key animal species that will likely serve as reservoir hosts or intermediates during the next viral epidemic. the importance of bats as natural hosts for several important viral zoonoses, including ebola, marburg, nipah, hendra, and rabies viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov), has been established; however, the large viral population diversity ( ...201020926577
thermoregulatory variation among populations of bats along a latitudinal gradient.most studies of hibernation physiology sample individuals from populations within a single geographic area, yet some species have large ranges meaning populations likely experience area-specific levels of energetic challenges. as well, few studies have assessed within-season variation. since physiological adjustments often are influenced by environmental factors, and the types of environments vary with geography, we expected variance in hibernation patterns among geographically separated populat ...201020213177
on population encoding and decoding of auditory information for bat echolocation.in this article, we study the neural encoding of acoustic information for fm-bats (such as eptesicus fuscus) in simulation. in echolocation research, the frequency-time sound representation as expressed by the spectrogram is often considered as input. the rationale behind this is that a similar representation is present in the cochlea, i.e. the receptor potential of the inner hair cells (ihc) along the length of the cochlea, and hence similar acoustic information is relayed to the brain. in this ...201020204397
effects of competitive prey capture on flight behavior and sonar beam pattern in paired big brown bats, eptesicus fuscus.foraging and flight behavior of echolocating bats were quantitatively analyzed in this study. paired big brown bats, eptesicus fuscus, competed for a single food item in a large laboratory flight room. their sonar beam patterns and flight paths were recorded by a microphone array and two high-speed cameras, respectively. bats often remained in nearly classical pursuit (cp) states when one bat is following another bat. a follower can detect and anticipate the movement of the leader, while the lea ...201020833928
source levels of echolocation signals vary in correlation with wingbeat cycle in landing big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus).recordings of the echolocation signals of landing big brown bats with a two-dimensional 16-microphone array revealed that the source level reduction of 7 db per halving of distance is superimposed by a variation of up to 12 db within single call groups emitted during the approach. this variation correlates with the wingbeat cycle. the timing of call emission correlates with call group size. first pulses of groups containing many calls are emitted earlier than first calls in groups with fewer cal ...201020833918
effects of filtering of harmonics from biosonar echoes on delay acuity by big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus).big brown bats emit fm biosonar sounds containing two principal harmonics (fm1 approximately 55-22 khz;fm2 approximately 105-45 khz). to examine the role of harmonics, they were selectively filtered from stimuli in electronic-echo delay discrimination experiments. positive stimuli were delayed by 3.16 ms (55 cm simulated target range); negative stimuli were by delayed by 3.96 ms (68 cm). this large 800-micros delay difference (nearly 14 cm) was easily discriminated for echoes containing equal-st ...201020707464
tissue mercury concentrations and adrenocortical responses of female big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) near a contaminated river.much of the research on mercury (hg) in wild vertebrates has focused on piscivores and other animals at high trophic levels. however, recent studies indicated that insectivorous terrestrial vertebrates may also be at risk. in the present study, we examined blood and fur hg concentrations as well as the adrenocortical responses of insectivorous big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) near the hg-contaminated south river, va and a nearby reference area. baseline glucocorticoids and adrenocortical respon ...201020596767
spatial perception and adaptive sonar behavior.bat echolocation is a dynamic behavior that allows for real-time adaptations in the timing and spectro-temporal design of sonar signals in response to a particular task and environment. to enable detailed, quantitative analyses of adaptive sonar behavior, echolocation call design was investigated in big brown bats, trained to rest on a stationary platform and track a tethered mealworm that approached from a starting distance of about 170 cm in the presence of a stationary sonar distracter. the d ...201021218910
purkinje cell compartmentation of the cerebellum of microchiropteran bats.transverse boundaries divide the mammalian cerebellar cortex into transverse zones, and within each zone the cortex is further subdivided into a symmetrical array of parasagittal stripes. this topography is highly conserved across the mammalia. bats have a remarkable cerebellum with presumed adaptations to flight and to echolocation, but nothing is known of its compartmentation. we have therefore used two purkinje cell compartmentation antigens, zebrin ii/aldolase c and phospholipase cbeta4, to ...200919731335
involvement of gaba-mediated inhibition in shaping the frequency selectivity of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.in central auditory signal processing, neural inhibition plays an important role in sharpening the selectivity of auditory neurons. the present study examines the involvement of gaba-mediated inhibition in shaping the frequency selectivity of neurons in the bat inferior colliculus (ic) using forward masking paradigm and bicuculline application. at each study session, we recorded two ic neurons with a pair of electrodes and reciprocally studied whether a sound that served as a probe to elicit res ...200919764352
tiger moth jams bat sonar.in response to sonar-guided attacking bats, some tiger moths make ultrasonic clicks of their own. the lepidopteran sounds have previously been shown to alert bats to some moths' toxic chemistry and also to startle bats unaccustomed to sonic prey. the moth sounds could also interfere with, or "jam," bat sonar, but evidence for such jamming has been inconclusive. using ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions, we show that the palatable tiger moth bertholdi ...200919608920
naïve bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning.naïve red (lasiurus borealis müller) and big brown (eptesicus fuscus beauvois) bats quickly learn to avoid noxious sound-producing tiger moths. after this experience with a model tiger moth, bats generalize the meaning of these prey-generated sounds to a second tiger moth species producing a different call. here we describe the three-dimensional kinematic and bioacoustic details of this behaviour, first, as naïve bats learn to deal with an unpalatable model tiger moth and subsequently, as they a ...200919561203
adaptive echolocation behavior in bats for the analysis of auditory scenes.echolocating bats emit sonar pulses and listen to returning echoes to probe their surroundings. bats adapt their echolocation call design to cope with dynamic changes in the acoustic environment, including habitat change or the presence of nearby conspecifics/heterospecifics. seven pairs of big brown bats, eptesicus fuscus, were tested in this study to examine how they adjusted their echolocation calls when flying and competing with a conspecific for food. results showed that differences in five ...200919376960
functional role of gabaergic and glycinergic inhibition in the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus of the big brown bat.the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (inll) is a major input to the inferior colliculus (ic), the auditory midbrain center where multiple pathways converge to create neurons selective for specific temporal features of sound. however, little is known about how inll processes auditory information or how it contributes to integrative processes at the ic. inll receives excitatory projections from the cochlear nucleus and inhibitory projections from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid bo ...200919369365
interpulse interval modulation by echolocating big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) in different densities of obstacle clutter.big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) use biosonar to find insect prey in open areas, but they also find prey near vegetation and even fly through vegetation when in transit from roosts to feeding sites. to evaluate their reactions to dense, distributed clutter, bats were tested in an obstacle array consisting of rows of vertically hanging chains. chains were removed from the array to create a curved corridor of three clutter densities (high, medium, low). bats flew along this path to receive a food ...200919322570
acoustic scanning of natural scenes by echolocation in the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.echolocation allows bats to orient and localize prey in complete darkness. the sonar beam of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus, is directional but broad enough to provide audible echo information from within a 60-90 deg. cone. this suggests that the big brown bat could interrogate a natural scene without fixating each important object separately. we tested this idea by measuring the directional aim and duration of the bat's sonar beam as it performed in a dual task, obstacle avoidance and inse ...200919282498
spatial unmasking in the echolocating big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.masking affects the ability of echolocating bats to detect a target in the presence of clutter targets. it can be reduced by spatially separating the targets. spatial unmasking was measured in a two-alternative-forced-choice detection experiment with four big brown bats detecting a wire at 1 m distance. depth dependent spatial unmasking was investigated by the bats detecting a wire with a diameter of 1.2 mm in front of a masker with a threshold distance of 11 cm behind the wire. for angle depend ...200919263055
behavioral responses of big brown bats to dives by praying mantises.insectivorous echolocating bats face a formidable array of defenses employed by their airborne prey. one such insect defense is the ultrasound-triggered dive, which is a sudden, rapid drop in altitude, sometimes all the way to the ground. although many previous studies have investigated the dynamics of such dives and their effect on insect survival rate, there has been little work on how bats may adapt to such an insect defense employed in the middle of pursuit. in this study we investigated how ...200919218521
role of broadcast harmonics in echo delay perception by big brown bats.big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) emit frequency-modulated (fm) echolocation sounds containing two principal down-sweeping harmonics (fm(1) approximately 55-25 khz, fm(2) approximately 105-50 khz). to determine whether each harmonic contributes to perception of echo delay, bats were trained to discriminate between "split-harmonic" echoes that differed in delay. the bat's broadcasts were picked up with microphones, and fm(1) and fm(2) were separated with highpass and lowpass filters at about 55 k ...200918989677
detection of polyoma and corona viruses in bats of canada.several instances of emerging diseases in humans appear to be caused by the spillover of viruses endemic to bats, either directly or through other animal intermediaries. the objective of this study was to detect, identify and characterize viruses in bats in the province of manitoba and other regions of canada. bats were sampled from three sources: live-trapped myotis lucifugus from manitoba, rabies-negative eptesicus fuscus, m. lucifugus, m. yumanensis, m. septentrionalis, m. californicus, m. ev ...200919357225
examining the mechanisms responsible for lower ros release rates in liver mitochondria from the long-lived house sparrow (passer domesticus) and big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) compared to the short-lived mouse (mus musculus).lower ros release rate in long-lived species is likely caused by decreased reduction of electron transport chain (etc) complexes, but how this is achieved remains largely unknown. we compared liver mitochondrial h(2)o(2) release rates among endotherms of comparable size and metabolic rate: house sparrow and big brown bat (both long-lived) and house mouse (short-lived). we hypothesized that low ros release rates in long-lived species result from (i) lower mitochondrial respiration rate, (ii) incr ...200919464314
detection of high levels of european bat lyssavirus type-1 viral rna in the thyroid gland of experimentally-infected eptesicus fuscus bats.two common bat lyssavirus species have been identified in many european countries: european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 (eblv-1 and eblv-2). only limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the natural eblv-hosts, insectivorous bats, to lyssavirus infection is available. our study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility and pathology associated with an eblv-1 infection in eptesicus fuscus following different routes of virus inoculation including intracranial (n = 6), intramuscular (n = 14) ...200919497087
tone-specific and nonspecific plasticity of inferior colliculus elicited by pseudo-conditioning: role of acetylcholine and auditory and somatosensory cortices.experience-dependent plasticity in the central sensory systems depends on activation of both the sensory and neuromodulatory systems. sensitization or nonspecific augmentation of central auditory neurons elicited by pseudo-conditioning with unpaired conditioning tonal (cs) and unconditioned electric leg (us) stimuli is quite different from tone-specific plasticity, called best frequency (bf) shifts, of the neurons elicited by auditory fear conditioning with paired cs and us. therefore the neural ...200919474174
acid-base state and intermittent breathing in the torpid bat, eptesicus fuscus.the effects of intermittent breathing on acid-base state and blood gases were characterized in the torpid bat, eptesicus fuscus, during steady-state torpor between body temperatures (tb) of 5 and 37 degrees c. arterial blood samples were taken from indwelling catheters without disturbing the torpid state. arterial ph (pha) of samples taken without knowledge of ventilatory state rose by 0.15 units from 37 to 5 degrees c with a delta pha/delta tb slope over this range of -0.0055 u/degrees c. howev ...20091626139
tone-specific and nonspecific plasticity of the auditory cortex elicited by pseudoconditioning: role of acetylcholine receptors and the somatosensory cortex.experience-dependent plastic changes in the central sensory systems are due to activation of both the sensory and neuromodulatory systems. nonspecific changes of cortical auditory neurons elicited by pseudoconditioning are quite different from tone-specific changes of the neurons elicited by auditory fear conditioning. therefore the neural circuit evoking the nonspecific changes must also be different from that evoking the tone-specific changes. we first examined changes in the response properti ...200818596186
corticofugal modulation of the paradoxical latency shifts of inferior collicular neurons.the central auditory system creates various types of neurons tuned to different acoustic parameters other than a specific frequency. the response latency of auditory neurons typically shortens with an increase in stimulus intensity. however, approximately 10% of collicular neurons of the little brown bat show a "paradoxical latency-shift (pls)": long latencies to intense sounds but short latencies to weak sounds. these neurons presumably are involved in the processing of target distance informat ...200818596179
free-flight encounters between praying mantids (parasphendale agrionina) and bats (eptesicus fuscus).through staged free-flight encounters between echolocating bats and praying mantids, we examined the effectiveness of two potential predator-evasion behaviors mediated by different sensory modalities: (1) power dive responses triggered by bat echolocation detected by the mantis ultrasound-sensitive auditory system, and (2) ;last-ditch' maneuvers triggered by bat-generated wind detected by the mantis cercal system. hearing mantids escaped more often than deafened mantids (76% vs 34%, respectively ...200818245632
forelimb versus hindlimb skeletal development in the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus: functional divergence is reflected in chondrocytic performance in autopodial growth plates.the morphology of the chiropteran forelimb demonstrates musculoskeletal specializations for powered flight essentially unique among mammals, including extreme elongation of the distal skeletal elements. recent studies have focused primarily on the relative timing and levels of gene expression during early stages of endochondral ossification in the chiropteran embryo for clues to the molecular basis of the evolutionary origins of flight in these species. the goal of the current study was to exami ...200818160801
postnatal bone elongation of the manus versus pes: analysis of the chondrocytic differentiation cascade in mus musculus and eptesicus fuscus.bones elongate postnatally by endochondral ossification as cells of the cartilaginous growth plate undergo a differentiation cascade of proliferation, cellular hypertrophy and matrix synthesis. interspecific comparisons of homologous bones elongating at different rates has been a useful approach for studying the dynamics of this process. the purpose of this study was to measure quantitative stereological parameters of growth plates of the third digit of the manus and pes of the laboratory mouse, ...200818160802
neuronal connexin expression in the cochlear nucleus of big brown bats.we present immunohistochemical data describing the presence and distribution of connexins, structural component of gap junctions, in the cochlear nuclei of adult big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus). echolocating big brown bats show microsecond scale echo-delay sensitivity that requires accurate synchronization of neuronal responses to the timing of echoes. midbrain and auditory cortical neuronal response timing is similar to that observed in other non-echolocating mammals, suggesting that lower au ...200818241843
an analysis of correspondence between unique rabies virus variants and divergent big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) mitochondrial dna lineages.the literature supports that unique rabies virus (rabv) variants are often compartmentalized in different species of bats. in colorado, two divergent mtdna lineages of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) co-occur. rabv associated with this species also segregates into two clades. we hypothesized that unique rabv variants might be associated with mtdna lineages of colorado big brown bats. dna was extracted from brain tissue of rabid big brown bats, the nd2 gene was amplified to determine mtdna line ...200818398562
susceptibility of north american big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1.the aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of insectivorous bats (using the big brown bat as a model) to infection with european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a), to assess the dynamics of host immune responses and to evaluate the opportunity for horizontal viral transmission within colonies. two isolates of eblv-1a, originating from slovakia (eblv-1ask) and germany (eblv-1age), were tested. four different routes of inoculation were used with isolate eblv-1ask [10(4.8) mouse intra ...200818632972
experimental infection of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with west caucasian bat virus (wcbv).big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), either recently captured individuals or survivors from previous experimental infection with irkut virus (irkv), were inoculated with west caucasian bat virus (wcbv), intramuscularly into the masseter (n=7) or neck (n=8) muscles, or orally (n=6). three bats inoculated into the neck muscles developed rabies and died between days 10 and 18. viral rna was detected in a number of tissues but isolation was successful only from the brain. an oral swab of one of these ...200818634495
experimental rabies virus infection of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus).a captive colony of adult big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) was experimentally infected with a rabies virus (rabv) variant isolated from the salivary glands of a naturally infected big brown bat and passaged once through murine neuroblastoma cell culture. bats were divided into 11 groups, which were composed of one to three noninfected and one to three infected individuals each. twenty of 38 animals were infected intramuscularly into both left and right masseter muscles; they received a total of ...200818689646
echo frequency selectivity of duration-tuned inferior collicular neurons of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus, determined with pulse-echo pairs.during hunting, insectivorous bats such as eptesicus fuscus progressively vary the repetition rate, duration, frequency and amplitude of emitted pulses such that analysis of an echo parameter by bats would be inevitably affected by other co-varying echo parameters. the present study is to determine the variation of echo frequency selectivity of duration-tuned inferior collicular neurons during different phases of hunting using pulse-echo (p-e) pairs as stimuli. all collicular neurons discharge m ...200818804149
flying in silence: echolocating bats cease vocalizing to avoid sonar jamming.although it has been recognized that echolocating bats may experience jamming from the signals of conspecifics, research on this problem has focused exclusively on time-frequency adjustments in the emitted signals to minimize interference. here, we report a surprising new strategy used by bats to avoid interference, namely silence. in a quantitative study of flight and vocal behavior of the big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus), we discovered that the bat spends considerable time in silence when flyi ...200818725624
detection of targets colocalized in clutter by big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus).echolocating big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) frequently catch insects during aerial pursuits in open spaces, but they also capture prey swarming on vegetation, and from substrates. to evaluate perception of targets on cluttered surfaces, big brown bats were trained in a two-alternative forced-choice task to locate a target, varying in height, that was embedded partway in holes (clutter) cut in a foam surface. the holes were colocalized with the possible positions of the target at distances ran ...200818647008
a genetic analysis of group movement in an isolated population of tree-roosting bats.group fission is an important dispersal mechanism for philopatric adults. in cypress hills interprovincial park, saskatchewan, tree-roosting big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) exhibit fission-fusion roosting behaviour. during 2004-2007, the majority of females previously resident to roosting area 1 (ra1) moved to a new roosting area (ra4). we examined how genetic relationships, inferred from data for microsatellite loci and mitochondrial dna, influenced new roost area (ra) selection during 2006 w ...200818559322
gaba-mediated modulation of the discharge pattern and rate-level function of two simultaneously recorded neurons in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ic) receive excitatory and inhibitory inputs from both lower and higher auditory nuclei. interaction of these two opposing inputs shapes response properties of ic neurons. in this study, we examine the interaction of excitation and inhibition on the responses of two simultaneously recorded ic neurons using a probe and a masker under forward masking paradigm. we specifically study whether a sound that serves as a probe to elicit responses ...200818551991
evidence for spatial representation of object shape by echolocating bats (eptesicus fuscus).big brown bats were trained in a two-choice task to locate a two-cylinder dipole object with a constant 5 cm spacing in the presence of either a one-cylinder monopole or another two-cylinder dipole with a shorter spacing. for the dipole versus monopole task, the objects were either stationary or in motion during each trial. the dipole and monopole objects varied from trial to trial in the left-right position while also roving in range (10-40 cm), cross range separation (15-40 cm), and dipole asp ...200818537406
bat inferior collicular neurons have the greatest frequency selectivity when determined with best-duration pulses.during hunting, insectivorous bats such as eptesicus fuscus progressively increase the pulse repetition rate, shorten the pulse duration, and lower the frequency and amplitude of emitted pulses as they search, approach and finally intercept insects or negotiate obstacles. as such, analysis of an echo parameter by the bat is inevitably affected by other co-varying echo parameters. the present study examined the effect of pulse duration on frequency selectivity of neurons in the central nucleus of ...200818485591
echo duration selectivity of the bat varies with pulse-echo amplitude difference.during hunting, insectivorous bats progressively decrease the pulse duration, pulse amplitude and pulse-echo gap as they search, approach and finally intercept the prey. our earlier study shows that echo duration selectivity of most neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of eptesicus fuscus improves with decreasing pulse duration and pulse-echo gap. in this study, we show that most collicular neurons discharged maximally to a best echo duration using three biologically relevan ...200818303584
bats use magnetite to detect the earth's magnetic field.while the role of magnetic cues for compass orientation has been confirmed in numerous animals, the mechanism of detection is still debated. two hypotheses have been proposed, one based on a light dependent mechanism, apparently used by birds and another based on a "compass organelle" containing the iron oxide particles magnetite (fe(3)o(4)). bats have recently been shown to use magnetic cues for compass orientation but the method by which they detect the earth's magnetic field remains unknown. ...200818301753
when echolocating bats do not echolocate.echolocating bats are known to continuously generate high frequency sonar pulses and listen to the reflecting echoes to localize objects and orient in the environment. however, silent behavior has been reported in a recent paper, which demonstrated that the big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) can fly a relative long distant (0.6 to 8 m) without echolocating when flying with another conspecific in a large flight room.1 methodology and conclusion developed in this study have the potential for further ...200819704880
jamming avoidance response of big brown bats in target detection.when searching for prey, big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) enhance the range of their sonar by concentrating more energy in the nearly constant-frequency (cf) tail portion of their frequency-modulated (fm) sweeps. we hypothesize that this portion of their signals may be vulnerable to interference from conspecifics using the same frequencies in their own emissions. to determine how bats modify their signals when confronted with an interfering stimulus, we compared the echolocation calls of bats w ...200818083738
energy availability influences microclimate selection of hibernating bats.many species hibernate to conserve energy during periods of low food and water availability. it has long been assumed that the optimal hibernation strategy involves long, deep bouts of torpor that minimize energy expenditure. however, hibernation has ecological (e.g. decreased predator avoidance) and physiological (e.g. sleep deprivation) costs that must be balanced with energy savings; therefore, individuals possessing sufficient energy reserves may reduce their use of deep torpor. we tested th ...200718055623
corticofugal modulation of multi-parametric auditory selectivity in the midbrain of the big brown bat.corticofugal modulation of sub-cortical auditory selectivity has been shown previously in mammals for frequency, amplitude, time, and direction domains in separate studies. as such, these studies do not show if multi-parametric corticofugal modulation can be mediated through the same sub-cortical neuron. here we specifically studied corticofugal modulation of best frequency (bf), best amplitude (ba), and best azimuth (baz) at the same neuron in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, eptes ...200717804577
biosonar signals impinging on the target during interception by big brown bats, eptesicus fuscus.big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) were videotaped in the dark with a night-vision lens and infrared illumination while flying repeatedly along the same straight course to seize a tethered mealworm or a small electret microphone used to record biosonar signals impinging on the target. bats emitted frequency-modulated sounds with first to third harmonics covering frequencies from 23 to 105 khz. as the bats neared the target, the first harmonic shifted lower in frequency while the third harmonic st ...200717550198
factors influencing movement probabilities of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) in buildings.we investigated movements of female big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) roosting in maternity colonies in buildings in fort collins, colorado (usa), during the summers of 2002, 2003, and 2005. this behavior can be of public health concern where bats that may carry diseases (e.g., rabies) move among buildings occupied by people. we used passive integrated transponders (pit tags) to mark individual bats and hoop pit readers at emergence points to passively monitor the use of building roosts by marke ...200717489265
the role of the external ear in vertical sound localization in the free flying bat, eptesicus fuscus.the role of the external ear in sonar target localization for prey capture was studied by deflecting the tragus of six big brown bats, eptesicus fuscus. the prey capture performance of the bat dropped significantly in the tragus-deflection condition, compared with baseline, control, and recovery conditions. target localization error occurred in the tragus-deflected bat, and mainly in elevation. the deflection of the tragus did not abolish the prey capture ability of the bat, which suggests that ...200717471736
multiparametric corticofugal modulation of collicular duration-tuned neurons: modulation in the amplitude domain.the subcortical auditory nuclei contain not only neurons tuned to a specific frequency but also those tuned to multiple parameters characterizing a sound. all these neurons are potentially subject to modulation by descending fibers from the auditory cortex (corticofugal modulation). in the past, we electrically stimulated cortical duration-tuned neurons of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus, and found that its collicular duration-tuned neurons were corticofugally modulated in the frequency and ...200717376844
neurophysiological study on sensorimotor control mechanism in superior colliculus of echolocating bat.this paper investigates the neural processes associated with bat sonar vocal production and their relationship with spatial orientation. the bat's heavy reliance on sound processing is reflected in specializations of auditory and motor neural structures. these specializations were utilized by investigating the mammalian superior colliculus (sc); a midbrain sensory motor nucleus mediating orientating behaviours in mammals, including vocal motor orientating. behavioural and neurophysiological expe ...200717367792
neurons in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat show maximal amplitude sensitivity at the best duration.the big brown bats, eptesicus fuscus, emit ultrasonic signals and analyze the returning echoes in multi-parametric domains to extract target features. the variation of different pulse parameters during hunting predicts that analysis of an echo parameter by bats is inevitably affected by other co-varying echo parameters. in this study, we presented data to show that the bat inferior collicular (ic) neurons have maximal amplitude sensitivity at the best duration (bd). a family of rate-amplitude fu ...200718274162
detection of group 1 coronaviruses in bats in north america.the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was caused by a newly emerged coronavirus (sars-cov). bats of several species in southern people's republic of china harbor sars-like covs and may be reservoir hosts for them. to determine whether bats in north america also harbor coronaviruses, we used reverse transcription-pcr to detect coronavirus rna in bats. we found coronavirus rna in 6 of 28 fecal specimens from bats of 2 of 7 species tested. the prevalence of viral rna shedding was ...200718252098
flying big brown bats emit a beam with two lobes in the vertical plane.the sonar beam of an echolocating bat forms a spatial window restricting the echo information returned from the environment. investigating the shape and orientation of the sonar beam produced by a bat as it flies and performs various behavioral tasks may yield insight into the operation of its sonar system. this paper presents recordings of vertical and horizontal cross sections of the sonar beam produced by eptesicus fuscus (big brown bats) as they fly and pursue prey in a laboratory flight roo ...200718247779
rabies in bats from alabama.data on rabies virus infection in bats that were submitted to the alabama department of public health from 1995-2005 were analyzed. demographic factors, such as species and sex, and temporal aspects, such as yearly and monthly trends, were investigated. thirteen species of bats were submitted, and of those, individuals from seven species were rabid; prevalence was highest in lasiurus borealis and pipistrellus subflavus and lowest in eptesicus fuscus and nycticeius humeralis. there was no differe ...200717495316
ectoparasites in an urban population of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) in colorado.ectoparasites of an urban population of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) in fort collins, colorado, were investigated during summers 2002, 2003, and 2004. eleven species of ectoparasites were found (the macronyssid mite steatonyssus occidentalis, the wing mite spinturnix bakeri, the myobiid mites acanthophthirius caudata and pteracarus aculeus, the chirodiscid mite alabidocarpus eptesicus, the demodicid mite demodex sp., the chigger leptotrombidium myotis, the soft tick carios kelleyi, the batf ...200717626343
temperatures and locations used by hibernating bats, including myotis sodalis (indiana bat), in a limestone mine: implications for conservation and management.understanding temperatures used by hibernating bats will aid conservation and management efforts for many species. a limestone mine with 71 km of passages, used as a hibernaculum by approximately 30,000 bats, was visited four times during a 6-year period. the mine had been surveyed and mapped; therefore, bats could be precisely located and temperatures (t (s)) of the entire hibernaculum ceiling accurately mapped. it was predicted that bats should hibernate between 5 and 10 degrees c to (1) use t ...200717874161
lack of association between ectoparasite intensities and rabies virus neutralizing antibody seroprevalence in wild big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), fort collins, colorado.recently, bat ectoparasites have been demonstrated to harbor pathogens of potential importance to humans. we evaluated antirabies antibody seroprevalence and the presence of ectoparasites in big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) sampled in 2002 and 2003 in colorado to investigate if an association existed between ectoparasite intensity and exposure to rabies virus (rv). we used logistic regression and akaike's information criteria adjusted for sample size (aicc) in a post-hoc analysis to investigate ...200717979542
gabaergic inhibition modulates intensity sensitivity of temporally patterned pulse trains in the inferior collicular neurons in big brown bats.the echolocating big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) emit trains of frequency-modulated (fm) biosonar signals with duration, amplitude, repetition rate, and sweep structure changing systematically during interception of their prey. in the present study, the sound stimuli of temporally patterned pulse trains at three different pulse repetition rates (prrs) were used to mimic the sounds received during search, approach, and terminal stages of echolocation. electrophysiological method was adopted in ...200718157475
response properties and location of neurons selective for sinusoidal frequency modulations in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat.most animal vocalizations, including echolocation signals used by bats, contain frequency-modulated (fm) components. previous studies have described a class of neurons in the inferior colliculus (ic) of the big brown bat that respond exclusively to sinusoidally frequency modulated (sfm) signals and fail to respond to pure tones, noise, amplitude-modulated tones, or single fm sweeps. the aims of this study were to further characterize these neurons' response properties and to determine whether th ...200717634338
acoustic mimicry in a predator-prey interaction.mimicry of visual warning signals is one of the keystone concepts in evolutionary biology and has received substantial research attention. by comparison, acoustic mimicry has never been rigorously tested. visualizing bat-moth interactions with high-speed, infrared videography, we provide empirical evidence for acoustic mimicry in the ultrasonic warning sounds that tiger moths produce in response to echolocating bats. two species of sound-producing tiger moths were offered successively to naïve, ...200717517637
serotonergic modulation of plasticity of the auditory cortex elicited by fear conditioning.in the awake big brown bat, 30 min auditory fear conditioning elicits conditioned heart rate decrease and long-term best frequency (bf) shifts of cortical auditory neurons toward the frequency of the conditioned tone; 15 min conditioning elicits subthreshold cortical bf shifts that can be augmented by acetylcholine. the fear conditioning causes stress and an increase in the cortical serotonin (5-ht) level. serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei associated with stress and fear project to the ce ...200717475799
echolocating bats use a nearly time-optimal strategy to intercept prey.acquisition of food in many animal species depends on the pursuit and capture of moving prey. among modern humans, the pursuit and interception of moving targets plays a central role in a variety of sports, such as tennis, football, frisbee, and baseball. studies of target pursuit in animals, ranging from dragonflies to fish and dogs to humans, have suggested that they all use a constant bearing (cb) strategy to pursue prey or other moving targets. cb is best known as the interception strategy e ...200616605303
use of artificial roost structures by bats at the indianapolis international airport.from 1992-1996, 3204 artificial roosts of 9 types were placed in woodlots near indianapolis international airport in an effort to provide habitat for the federally-endangered indiana myotis (myotis sodalis) and to determine the feasibility of using these structures to manage bats in a rapidly developing suburban area. we surveyed these structures at least annually during 1992-1999 and found only northern myotis (myotis septentrionalis) regularly using the structures. four other species were occa ...200616622759
experimental infection of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with eurasian bat lyssaviruses aravan, khujand, and irkut virus.here we describe the results of experimental infections of captive big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with three newly isolated bat lyssaviruses from eurasia (aravan, khujand, and irkut viruses). infection of e. fuscus was moderate (total, 55-75%). there was no evidence of transmission to in-contact cage mates. incubation periods for irkut virus infection were significantly shorter (p < 0.05) than for either aravan or khujand virus infections. in turn, quantification of viral rna by taqman pcr su ...200616705370
a survey for west nile virus in bats from illinois.a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test 97 serum samples from big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) captured in six counties in illinois between may 2002 and february 2004 for west nile virus (wnv) antibodies. one female big brown bat tested positive for wnv antibodies. samples of kidney, liver, and heart tissue were collected from 312 bats of seven species that were submitted to the illinois (usa) department of public health or the illinois department of agriculture diagnostic ...200616870875
serologic survey of eptesicus fuscus from georgia, u.s.a. for rickettsia and borrelia and laboratory transmission of a rickettsia by bat ticks.bats and their ectoparasites are associated with bacterial agents of unknown pathogenicity. we tested sera from 56 eptesicus fuscus from georgia against borrelia hermsii, orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia conorii, and rickettsia rickettsii. we detected antibodies reactive against a relapsing fever borrelia and spotted fever group rickettsia in 3/56 and 1/56 bats, respectively. we attempted to culture bartonella from the blood of these bats but were unsuccessful. in addition, we fed bat ticks, c ...200617249357
threshold minima and maxima in the behavioral audiograms of the bats artibeus jamaicensis and eptesicus fuscus are not produced by cochlear mechanics.behavioral audiograms of artibeus jamaicensis and eptesicus fuscus are characterized by two threshold minima separated by a threshold maximum at 40 khz, for a. jamaicensis, and 45 khz, for e. fuscus [koay, g., heffner, h.e., heffner r.s., 1997. audiogram of the big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus). hear. res. 105, 202-210; heffner, r.s., koay, g., heffner h.e., 2003. hearing in american leaf-nosed bats. iii: artibeus jamaicensis. hear. res. 184, 113-122.]. to investigate whether these characteristic ...200616434158
effects of arousal from hibernation and plasma androgen levels on mating behavior in the male big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.the effects of arousal from hibernation and presence of plasma androgen on the expression of mating behavior in male big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) were tested in a captive population exposed to seminatural conditions in central alabama. in the mild winter of 1994-1995, flight cage temperatures never fell below 10 degrees c. bats were never observed to enter sustained (over 2 d) torpor. they were also never observed to mate. unmanipulated, sham-operated, and gonadectomized males and unmanipul ...20069279922
sampling blood from big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) in the field with and without anesthesia: impacts on survival.blood was collected from wild big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with and without anesthesia in fort collins, colorado in 2004 to assess the impacts of these procedures on short-term survival and 1-yr return rates. short-term survival and 1-yr return rates after release were passively monitored using pit tag detection hoops placed at selected buildings. comparison of 14-day maximum likelihood survival estimates from bats not bled (142 adult females, 62 volant juveniles), and bats sampled for bloo ...200617255454
navigation: bat orientation using earth's magnetic field.bats famously orientate at night by echolocation, but this works over only a short range, and little is known about how they navigate over longer distances. here we show that the homing behaviour of eptesicus fuscus, known as the big brown bat, can be altered by artificially shifting the earth's magnetic field, indicating that these bats rely on a magnetic compass to return to their home roost. this finding adds to the impressive array of sensory abilities possessed by this animal for navigation ...200617151656
duration selectivity of bat inferior collicular neurons improves with increasing pulse repetition rate.insectivorous big brown bats, eptesicus fuscus, progressively increase the pulse repetition rate (prr) throughout the course of hunting. while increasing prr conceivably facilitates bats to extract information about the targets, it also inevitably affects sensitivity of their auditory neurons to pulse parameters. the present study examined the effect of increasing prr on duration selectivity of this bat's inferior collicular (ic) neurons by comparing their impulse-duration functions determined a ...200616900705
variation in body composition of female big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) during lactation.most small mammals support the nutritional requirements of milk production by increasing food intake. however, when nutrient intake is low, maternal body reserves may be mobilized to maintain adequate milk output. we examined patterns of body composition, including dry matter, fat, protein, and mineral content in big brown bats, eptesicus fuscus, during lactation. concentrations of fat and phosphorus were markedly lower in lactating mothers during week three of lactation than during the first tw ...200616835744
duration selectivity organization in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.duration selectivity of auditory neurons plays an important role in sound recognition. previous studies show that gaba-mediated duration selectivity of neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ic) of many animal species behave as band-, short-, long- and all-pass filters to sound duration. the present study examines the organization of duration selectivity of ic neurons of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus, in relation to graded spatial distribution of gaba(a) receptors, whic ...200616828465
gaba-mediated echo duration selectivity of inferior collicular neurons of eptesicus fuscus, determined with single pulses and pulse-echo pairs.when insectivorous bats such as eptesicus fuscus emit ultrasonic signals and analyze the returning echoes to hunt insects, duration selectivity of auditory neurons plays an important role in echo recognition. the success of prey capture indicates that they can effectively encode progressively shortened echo duration throughout the hunting process. the present study examines the echo duration selectivity of neurons in the central nucleus of the bat inferior colliculus (ic) under stimulation condi ...200616738883
the role of gabaergic inhibition in shaping duration selectivity of bat inferior collicular neurons determined with temporally patterned sound trains.a previous study has shown that duration selectivity of neurons in the inferior colliculus (ic) of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus becomes sharper with increasing pulse repetition rate (prr). the present study examines the role of gabaergic inhibition in improving duration selectivity of bat ic neurons with prr by means of iontophoretic application of gaba as well as its antagonist, bicuculline. duration selectivity of ic neurons is studied by plotting the duration tuning curves with the num ...200616644156
active listening for spatial orientation in a complex auditory scene.to successfully negotiate a complex environment, an animal must control the timing of motor behaviors in coordination with dynamic sensory information. here, we report on adaptive temporal control of vocal-motor behavior in an echolocating bat, eptesicus fuscus, as it captured tethered insects close to background vegetation. recordings of the bat's sonar vocalizations were synchronized with high-speed video images that were used to reconstruct the bat's three-dimensional flight path and the posi ...200616509770
a tale of two siblings: multiple paternity in big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) demonstrated using microsatellite markers.in many bat species, the opportunity for sperm competition or other mechanisms of post-copulatory paternity biasing is thought to be great, due to the long delay between copulation and fertilization, demonstrated sperm storage capabilities, and observed promiscuity. we present the results of the first study to assess whether litters of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) containing dizygotic twins share the same father. we sampled 26 mother-offspring triads from three colonies in indiana and illin ...200616367843
relation between intrinsic connections and isofrequency contours in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.information processing in the inferior colliculus depends on interactions between ascending pathways and intrinsic circuitry, both of which exist within a functional tonotopic organization. to determine how local projections of neurons in the inferior colliculus are related to tonotopy, we placed a small iontophoretic injection of biodextran amine at a physiologically characterized location in the inferior colliculus. we then used electrophysiological recording to place a grid of small deposits ...200516344159
echolocating bats can use acoustic landmarks for spatial orientation.we investigated the echolocating bat's use of an acoustic landmark for orientation in a complex environment with no visual information. three bats of the species eptesicus fuscus were trained to fly through a hole in a mist net to receive a food reward on the other side. in all experiments, the vocal behavior of the bats was recorded simultaneously using a high-speed video recording system, allowing for a 3d reconstruction of the flight path. we ran three types of experiments, with different spa ...200516339860
target representation of naturalistic echolocation sequences in single unit responses from the inferior colliculus of big brown bats.echolocating big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) emit trains of frequency-modulated (fm) biosonar signals whose duration, repetition rate, and sweep structure change systematically during interception of prey. when stimulated with a 2.5-s sequence of 54 fm pulse-echo pairs that mimic sounds received during search, approach, and terminal stages of pursuit, single neurons (n = 116) in the bat's inferior colliculus (ic) register the occurrence of a pulse or echo with an average of < 1 spike/sound. in ...200516334705
duration selectivity of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat: tolerance to changes in sound level.at and above the level of the inferior colliculus (ic), some neurons respond maximally to a limited range of sound durations, with little or no excitatory response to durations outside of this range. such neurons have been termed "duration tuned" or "duration selective." in this study we examined the effects of varying signal amplitude on best duration, width of tuning, and first spike latency of duration tuned neurons in the ic of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus. response areas as a functio ...200515888527
corticofugal modulation of directional sensitivity in the midbrain of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.in our recent study of corticofugal modulation of collicular amplitude sensitivity of the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus, we suggested that the corticofugal modulation is based upon the best frequency (bf) differences and the relative amplitude sensitivity difference between collicular (ic) and cortical (ac) neurons but not the absolute amplitude sensitivity of ic and ac neurons. to show that corticofugal modulation is systematic and multiparametric, we studied corticofugal modulation of direct ...200515855045
sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat-tiger moth arms race.the night sky is the venue for an ancient arms race. insectivorous bats with their ultrasonic sonar exert an enormous selective pressure on nocturnal insects. in response insects have evolved the ability to hear bat cries, to evade their hunting maneuvers, and some, the tiger moths (arctiidae), to utter an ultrasonic reply. we here determine what it is that tiger moths "say" to bats. we chose four species of arctiid moths, cycnia tenera, euchaetes egle, utetheisa ornatrix, and apantesis nais, th ...200515772807
neorickettsia risticii is vertically transmitted in the trematode acanthatrium oregonense and horizontally transmitted to bats.potomac horse fever is known to be transmitted through the ingestion of caddisflies parasitized with neorickettsia (formerly ehrlichia) risticii-infected metacercaria. however, the species of trematode involved and how n. risticii is maintained in nature are unknown. in this study, gravid trematodes were recovered from the intestines of 12 out of 15 eptesicus fuscus big brown bats and eight out of nine myotis lucifugus little brown bats from various sites in pennsylvania, usa. trematode specimen ...200515658987
anesthesia and blood sampling of wild big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) with an assessment of impacts on survival.we anesthetized and blood sampled wild big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) in fort collins, colorado (usa) in 2001 and 2002 and assessed effects on survival. inhalant anesthesia was delivered into a specially designed restraint and inhalation capsule that minimized handling and bite exposures. bats were immobilized an average of 9.1+/-5.1 (sd) min (range 1-71, n=876); blood sample volumes averaged 58+/-12 microl (range 13-126, n=718). we randomly selected control (subject to multiple procedures be ...200515827214
effects of backward masking on the responses of the inferior collicular neurons in the big brown bat, eptesicus fuscus.temporal features of sound convey information vital for behaviors as diverse as speech recognition by human and echolocation by bats. however, auditory stimuli presented in temporal proximity might interfere with each other. although much progress has been made in the description of this phenomenon from psychophysical studies, the neural mechanism responsible for its formation at central auditory structures especially at the inferior colliculus (ic), a midbrain auditory nucleus which practically ...200515830109
evolutionary timescale of rabies virus adaptation to north american bats inferred from the substitution rate of the nucleoprotein gene.throughout north america, rabies virus (rv) is endemic in bats. distinct rv variants exist that are closely associated with infection of individual host species, such that there is little or no sustained spillover infection away from the primary host. using bayesian methodology, nucleotide substitution rates were estimated from alignments of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences of nine distinct bat rv variants from north america. substitution rates ranged from 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.38 x 10(-3) ...200515831959
a need for standardized rabies-virus diagnostic procedures: effect of cover-glass mountant on the reliability of antigen detection by the fluorescent antibody test.the direct fluorescent antibody test is a sensitive and specific procedure used in the routine diagnosis of rabies. however, given the critical role of the rabies diagnostic laboratory in patient management and public health decision-making, the use of a standardized national rabies diagnostic procedure is highly recommended. seemingly small variations in test procedures may have dramatic effects on sensitivity. for example, two independent reports of diminished staining performance of two lots ...200515896406
experimental and natural infection of north american bats with west nile virus.big brown (eptesicus fuscus) and mexican free-tailed (tadarida brasiliensis) bats were inoculated with the new york 99 strain of west nile virus to assess their potential to serve as amplifying hosts and determine the clinical effect of infection. groups of three or four bats were bled at daily intervals between 1 and 6 days after inoculation to determine the pattern of viremia. beginning 2 days after inoculation, virus was isolated each day from one or more e. fuscus bats, in titers ranging fro ...200516103624
corticofugal feedback for auditory midbrain plasticity elicited by tones and electrical stimulation of basal forebrain in mice.the auditory cortex (ac) is the major origin of descending auditory projections and is one of the targets of the cholinergic basal forebrain, nucleus basalis (nb). in the big brown bat, cortical activation evokes frequency-specific plasticity in the inferior colliculus and the nb augments this collicular plasticity. to examine whether cortical descending function and nb contributions to collicular plasticity are different between the bat and mouse and to extend the findings in the bat, we induce ...200516115210
genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species of colorado, usa.molecular epidemiological studies have linked many cryptic human rabies cases in the united states with exposure to rabies virus (rv) variants associated with insectivorous bats. in colorado, bats accounted for 98% of all reported animal rabies cases between 1977 and 1996. the genetic divergence of rv was investigated in bat and terrestrial animal specimens that were submitted for rabies diagnosis to the colorado department of public health and environment (cdphe), colorado, usa. rv isolates fro ...200516417429
effects of agonists and antagonists of nmda and ach receptors on plasticity of bat auditory system elicited by fear conditioning.in big brown bats, tone-specific plastic changes [best frequency (bf) shifts] of cortical and collicular neurons can be evoked by auditory fear conditioning, repetitive acoustic stimuli or cortical electric stimulation. it has been shown that acetylcholine (ach) plays an important role in evoking large long-term cortical bf shifts. however, the role of n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors in evoking bf shifts has not yet been studied. we found 1) nmda applied to the auditory cortex (ac) or infe ...200516061490
corticofugal feedback for collicular plasticity evoked by electric stimulation of the inferior colliculus.focal electric stimulation of the auditory cortex, 30-min repetitive acoustic stimulation, and auditory fear conditioning each evoke shifts of the frequency-tuning curves [hereafter, best frequency (bf) shifts] of cortical and collicular neurons. the short-term collicular bf shift is produced by the corticofugal system and primarily depends on the relationship in bf between a recorded collicular and a stimulated cortical neuron or between the bf of a recorded collicular neuron and the frequency ...200516000518
lateral inhibition for center-surround reorganization of the frequency map of bat auditory cortex.repetitive acoustic stimulation, auditory fear conditioning, and focal electric stimulation of the auditory cortex (ac) each evoke the reorganization of the central auditory system. our current study of the big brown bat indicates that focal electric stimulation of the ac evokes center-surround reorganization of the frequency map of the ac. in the center, the neuron's best frequencies (bfs), together with their frequency-tuning curves, shift toward the bfs of electrically stimulated cortical neu ...200415548634
experimental feeding of dde and pcb to female big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus).twenty-two female big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) were collected in a house attic in montgomery county, maryland. seventeen were fed mealworms (tenebrio molitor larvae) that contained 166 ppm dde; the other five were fed uncontaminated mealworms. after 54 days of feeding, six dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 16 were starved to death. in a second experiment, 21 female big brown bats were collected in a house attic in prince georges county, maryland. sixteen were fed mealworms that conta ...2004404435
west nile virus antibodies in bats from new jersey and new york.eighty-three serum samples were obtained from big brown (eptesicus fuscus), little brown (myotis lucifugus), and northern long-eared (myotis septentriotalis) bats (chiroptera: vespertilionidae), from new jersey and new york (usa) between july and october 2002. samples were analyzed for neutralizing antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus. one little brown bat and one northern long-eared bat tested positive for wnv neutralizing antibodies. no bats had antibodies ...200415362837
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