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inactivation of salmonella enterica in chicken feces on the surface of eggshells by simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide and mild wet heat.the aim of this study was to investigate the lethal effects of simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide (clo2) and mild wet heat (55 °c at 100% relative humidity [rh]) on salmonella enterica in chicken feces on the surface of eggshells. gaseous clo2 production decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as the rh (23, 43, 68, 85, and 100%) at 25 °c was increased. the lethality of gaseous clo2 against s. enterica in feces on eggshells increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as rh increased. for ex ...201727889149
rapid detection of salmonella in raw chicken breast using real-time pcr combined with immunomagnetic separation and whole genome amplification.we presented the first attempt to combine immunomagnetic separation (ims), whole genome amplification by multiple displacement amplification (mda) and real-time pcr for detecting a bacterial pathogen in a food sample. this method was effective in enabling real-time pcr detection of low levels of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (se) (∼10 cfu/g) in raw chicken breast without culture enrichment. in addition, it was able to detect refrigeration-stressed se cells at lower concentrations (∼0. ...201727884771
salmonella enterica serovar pomona infection in farmed juvenile american alligators ( alligator mississippiensis).a fatal epizootic of salmonellosis occurred in farmed juvenile american alligators in louisiana. six animals were examined. gross lesions included severe fibrinonecrotizing enterocolitis, necrotizing splenitis, coelomic effusion, and perivisceral and pulmonary edema. microscopic examination revealed severe necrotizing enterocolitis and splenitis with intralesional bacteria and pneumocyte necrosis with fibrin thrombi. salmonella enterica serovar pomona was isolated from intestine and lung. clinic ...201727879442
salad leaf juices enhance salmonella growth, colonization of fresh produce, and virulence.we show in this report that traces of juices released from salad leaves as they become damaged can significantly enhance colonization of salad leaves by salmonella enterica salad juices in water increased salmonella growth by 110% over the level seen with the unsupplemented control and in host-like serum-based media by more than 2,400-fold over control levels. in serum-based media, salad juices induced growth of salmonella via provision of fe from transferrin, and siderophore production was foun ...201727864173
nasal immunization with inhibin dna vaccine delivered by attenuated salmonella choleraesuis for improving ovarian responses and fertility in cross-bred buffaloes.this study was conducted to determine the effect of immunization with inhibin dna vaccine delivered by attenuated salmonella choleraesuis on ovarian responses and fertility in cross-bred buffaloes. a total of 134 cross-bred buffaloes were divided into four groups: groups t1 (n = 34), t2 (n = 35) and t3 (n = 31) were nasal immunized twice a day with 10 ml of 1 × 10(10)  cfu/ml of the c501 (pvax-asd-is) vaccine for 5, 3 and 1 day, respectively. group c (n = 34) was nasal immunized with 10 ml pbs f ...201727862394
salmonella in swine: microbiota interactions.for the important foodborne pathogen salmonella enterica to cause disease or persist in pigs, it has evolved an intricate set of interactions between itself, the host, and the indigenous microflora of the host. s. enterica must evade the host's immune system and must also overcome colonization resistance mediated by the pig's indigenous microflora. the inflammatory response against s. enterica provides the bacteria with unique metabolites and is thus exploited by s. enterica for competitive adva ...201727860494
current aspects of salmonella contamination in the us poultry production chain and the potential application of risk strategies in understanding emerging hazards.one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in poultry products is salmonella enterica. salmonella hazards in poultry may be estimated and possible control methods modeled and evaluated through the use of quantitative microbiological risk assessment (qmra) models and tools. from farm to table, there are many possible routes of salmonella dissemination and contamination in poultry. from the time chicks are hatched through growth, transportation, processing, storage, preparation, and finally co ...201727869522
biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance in salmonella isolates from hen eggshells.the aim of the present study was to determine biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance in salmonella isolates from hen eggshells. a total of 39 isolates from hen eggshells, identified as either salmonella spp. or salmonella enterica according to 16s rdna sequencing, were selected for biocide tolerance. isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) above the wild-type mics were considered to be biocide tolerant: benzalkonium chloride (bc, 7.7%), cetrimide (ct, 7.7%), hexadecylpyridini ...201727841937
fe(3+)-dependent epistasis between the cpxr-activated loci and the pmra-activated lps modification loci in salmonella enterica.bacteria utilize varying combinations of two-component regulatory systems, many of which respond and adapt closely to stress conditions, thus expanding their niche steadily. while mechanisms of recognition and avoidance of the specific fe(3+) signal by the pmra/pmrb system is well understood, those of the cpxr/cpxa system are more complex because they can be induced by various stress conditions, which, in turn, expresses a variety of phenotypes. here, we highlight another aspect of the cpxr/cpxa ...201727829584
is the evolution of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica linked to restriction-modification systems?salmonella enterica subsp. enterica bacteria are highly diverse foodborne pathogens that are subdivided into more than 1,500 serovars. the diversity is believed to result from mutational evolution, as well as intra- and interspecies recombination that potentially could be influenced by restriction-modification (rm) systems. the aim of this study was to investigate whether rm systems were linked to the evolution of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. the study included 221 salmonella enterica ge ...201727822532
spatial distribution and risk factors associated with salmonella enterica in pigs.the importance of pork in the transmission of salmonella spp. to humans has led to the development of control programmes worldwide. for this, knowledge on the epidemiology of the infection in the production system is fundamental to the efficacy of the regulations. our objective was to determine the prevalence and spatial distribution of salmonella-infected farms in the central region of argentina, and to identify the predominant serotypes and epidemiological factors associated with an increased ...201727834167
identification of mhc-bound peptides from dendritic cells infected with salmonella enterica strain sl1344: implications for a nontyphoidal salmonella vaccine.worldwide salmonella enterica infections result in substantial morbidity and mortality and are the major cause of infant bacteremia in sub-saharan africa. diseases caused by salmonella are treatable with antibiotics, but successful antibiotic treatment has become difficult due to antimicrobial resistance and collateral effects on the microbiome. an effective vaccine together with public health efforts may be a better strategy to control these infections. protective immunity against salmonella de ...201727802388
modelling the impact of water activity and fat content of dry-cured ham on the reduction of salmonella enterica by high pressure processing.this work aimed to quantify the impact of aw and fat content of dry-cured ham on the log reduction of salmonella enterica by high pressure (hp). dry-cured ham with adjusted aw (0.86-0.96) and fat content (10-50%) was inoculated with s. enterica and pressurised (347-852mpa, 5min/15°c), following a central composite design. polynomial regression indicated a significant impact of pressure and aw on s. enterica hp-lethality. by lowering aw a clear piezoprotection was observed. at low aw (0.88) the s ...201727710771
salmonella enterica serovar kentucky flagella are required for broiler skin adhesion and caco-2 cell invasion.nontyphoidal salmonella strains are the main source of pathogenic bacterial contamination in the poultry industry. recently, salmonella enterica serovar kentucky has been recognized as the most prominent serovar on carcasses in poultry-processing plants. previous studies showed that flagella are one of the main factors that contribute to bacterial attachment to broiler skin. however, the precise role of flagella and the mechanism of attachment are unknown. there are two different flagellar subun ...201727793824
salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum: addressing fundamental questions in bacteriology sixty years on from the 9r vaccine.sixty years on from smith's seminal work on fowl typhoid vaccines, there is renewed interest in experimental avian salmonellosis and in particular the use of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum as a tool to understand key features of bacterial evolution and host adaptation. in this short review we outline some of the recent advances in avian salmonellosis research that have coupled both the power of whole genome analysis and new tools to understand the host response to existing experimental i ...201727791403
antimicrobial effect of the tunisian nana variety punica granatum l. extracts against salmonella enterica (serovars kentucky and enteritidis) isolated from chicken meat and phenolic composition of its peel extract.punica granatum l. is widely recognized for its potency against a broad spectrum of bacterial pathogens. the purpose of this study was to explore the inhibitory and the bactericidal activities of punica granatum against salmonella strains. the effect of extracts obtained from different parts (peels, seeds, juice and flowers) of pomegranate and using different solvents against salmonella enterica serovars kentucky and enteritidis isolated from chicken meat was thus investigated. salmonella strain ...201727776287
phenotyping and genetic characterization of salmonella enterica isolates from turkey revealing arise of different features specific to geography.192 food samples (commonly consumed 8 food types), 355 animal samples (animal feces of bovine, ovine, goat and chicken) and 50 samples from clinical human cases in sanliurfa city, turkey in a year were collected to determine the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica mosaic in turkey. 161 salmonella isolates represented 17 serotypes, 20 sequence types (sts) and 44 pfge patterns (pts). 3 serotypes, s. enteritidis, s. typhimurium and s. kentucky, were recovered from three different hosts. the highest ...201727768932
emerging enteric fever due to switching biotype of salmonella (paratyphi a) in eastern odisha.typhoid fever is classically caused by salmonella enterica serotype typhi.recently the frequency of isolation of s. paratyphi a (spa) has been increased in comparison to s. typhi in indian scenario.201727510670
metabolic parameters linked by phenotype microarray to acid resistance profiles of poultry-associated salmonella enterica.phenotype microarrays were analyzed for 51 datasets derived from salmonella enterica. the top 4 serotypes associated with poultry products and one associated with turkey, respectively typhimurium, enteritidis, heidelberg, infantis and senftenberg, were represented. datasets were partitioned initially into two clusters based on ranking by values at ph 4.5 (pm10 a03). negative control wells were used to establish 90 respiratory units as the point differentiating acid resistance from sensitive stra ...201727418207
the unrecognized burden of typhoid fever.typhoid fever (tf), caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi, is the most common cause of enteric fever, responsible for an estimated 129,000 deaths and more than 11 million cases annually. although several reviews have provided global and regional tf disease burden estimates, major gaps in our understanding of tf epidemiology remain. areas covered: we provide an overview of the gaps in current estimates of tf disease burden and offer suggestions for addressing them, so that affected communit ...201727797598
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella isolated from two pork processing plants in alberta, canada.this study investigated the frequency of salmonella serovars on pig carcasses at various processing steps in two commercial pork processing plants in alberta, canada and characterized phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (amr) and pfge patterns of the salmonella isolates. over a one year period, 1000 swab samples were collected from randomly selected pigs at two slaughter plants. sampling points were: carcass swabs after bleeding (csab), carcass swabs after de-hairing (csad, plant a ...201727750110
salmonella enterica synthesizes 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl-(dmb)-α-riboside. why some firmicutes do not require the canonical dmb activation system to synthesize adenosylcobalamin.5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl-(dmb)-α-ribotide [α-ribazole-5'-phosphate (α-rp)] is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (adocbl) in many prokaryotes. in such microbes, α-rp is synthesized by nicotinate mononucleotide (namn):dmb phosphoribosyltransferases (cobt in salmonella enterica), in a reaction that is considered to be the canonical step for the activation of the base of the nucleotide present in adenosylcobamides. some firmicutes lack cobt-type enzymes but have a two-protei ...201727748967
influence of salmonella enterica serovar pullorum pathogenicity island 2 on type iii secretion system effector gene expression in chicken macrophage hd11 cells.salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2) can encode type iii secretion system 2 (t3ss2) which plays an important role in systemic disease development through delivering different effector proteins into host cells. here, the influence of salmonella pullorum pathogenicity island 2 on t3ss2 effector gene expression was studied using qrt-pcr in chicken macrophage hd11 cells. our results showed that all the detected genes (including pseudogenes sifb, ssph2 and stec) can express in hd11 cells of s. pu ...201727735192
ultrasound improves chemical reduction of natural contaminant microbiota and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica on strawberries.new sanitization methods have been evaluated to improve food safety and food quality and to replace chlorine compounds. however, these new methods can lead to physicochemical and sensory changes in fruits and vegetables. the present study evaluated the effects of acetic acid, peracetic acid, and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate isolated or combined with 5min of ultrasound treatment (40khz, 500w) on strawberry quality over 9days of storage at 8°c. the strawberry natural contaminant microbiota (mold ...201727743521
non-typhoidal salmonella colonization in chickens and humans in the mekong delta of vietnam.salmonellosis is a public health concern in both the developed and developing countries. although the majority of human non-typhoidal salmonella enterica (nts) cases are the result of foodborne infections or person-to-person transmission, nts infections may also be acquired by environmental and occupational exposure to animals. while a considerable number of studies have investigated the presence of nts in farm animals and meat/carcasses, very few studies have investigated the risk of nts coloni ...201727152998
characterization of a small outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar infantis that harbour ctx-m-65 in ecuador. 201727215783
haloarchaeal gas vesicle nanoparticles displaying salmonella antigens as a novel approach to vaccine development.a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine against typhoid and other salmonella diseases is urgently needed. in order to address this need, we are developing a novel vaccine platform employing buoyant, self-adjuvanting gas vesicle nanoparticles (gvnps) from the halophilic archaeon halobacterium sp. nrc-1, bioengineered to display highly conserved salmonella enterica antigens. as the initial antigen for testing, we selected sopb, a secreted inosine phosphate effector protein injected by pathogeni ...201726900411
molecular analysis of fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhi from a breast abscess case. 201727166067
salmonella vaccination in pigs: a review.the control of salmonella enterica in pig production is necessary for both public and animal health. the persistent and frequently asymptomatic nature of porcine salmonella infection and the organism's abilities to colonize other animal species and to survive in the environment mean that effective control generally requires multiple measures. vaccination is one such measure, and the present review considers its role and its future, drawing on studies in pigs from the 1950s to the present day. on ...201726853216
distribution and factors associated with salmonella enterica genotypes in a diverse population of humans and animals in qatar using multi-locus sequence typing (mlst).salmonella enterica is one of the most commonly reported causes of bacterial foodborne illness around the world. understanding the sources of this pathogen and the associated factors that exacerbate its risk to humans will help in developing risk mitigation strategies. the genetic relatedness among salmonella isolates recovered from human gastroenteritis cases and food animals in qatar were investigated in the hope of shedding light on these sources, their possible transmission routes, and any a ...201726631436
[salmonella enterica subspecies salamae infection in a patient from equatorial guinea associated with consumption of reptile meat]. 201725466306
detection of different serotypes of salmonella enterica in experimentally inoculated equine fecal samples by commercially available rapid tests.salmonella enterica can significantly impact management of animal facilities. comprehensive screening is essential for effective control in high-risk populations. availability of reliable point-of-care diagnostic tests would facilitate these efforts.201725312330
passive immunity stimulated by vaccination of dry cows with a salmonella bacterial extract.diarrhea because of salmonella infection is a cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. the stimulation of passive immunity in the calf by vaccinating the dam for salmonella has shown some success in previous studies; however, there are no data on the use of currently licensed vaccines in the united states.201724986262
salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid pr st98 enhances intracellular bacterial growth and s. typhi-induced macrophage cell death by suppressing autophagy.plasmid pr st98 is a hybrid resistance-virulence plasmid isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). previous studies demonstrated that pr st98 could enhance the virulence of its host bacteria. however, the mechanism of pr st98-increased bacterial virulence is still not fully elucidated. this study was designed to gain further insight into the roles of pr st98 in host responses.201722729194
multi-laboratory validation study of multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) for salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, 2015.multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) is a rapid and reproducible typing method that is an important tool for investigation, as well as detection, of national and multinational outbreaks of a range of food-borne pathogens. salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the most common salmonella serovar associated with human salmonellosis in the european union/european economic area and north america. fourteen laboratories from 13 countries in europe and north america participated ...201728277220
signature-tagged mutagenesis screening revealed a novel smooth-to-rough transition determinant of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) has emerged as one of the most important food-borne pathogens for humans. lipopolysaccharide (lps), as a component of the outer membrane, is responsible for the virulence and smooth-to-rough transition in s. enteritidis. in this study, we screened s. enteritidis signature-tagged transposon mutant library using monoclonal antibody against somatic o9 antigen (o9 mab) and o9 factor rabbit antiserum to identify novel genes that are involved in ...201728253852
public health significance of major genotypes of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis present in both human and chicken isolates in korea.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the most common serotypes implicated in salmonella infections in both humans and poultry worldwide. it has been reported that human salmonellosis is mainly associated with the consumption of poultry products contaminated with serovar enteritidis. the present study was to extensively analyze the public health risk of serovar enteritidis isolates from chickens in korea. a total of 127 chicken isolates were collected from clinical cases, on-farm fec ...201728242576
induction of viable but nonculturable salmonella in exponentially grown cells by exposure to a low-humidity environment and their resuscitation by catalase.salmonella is a major cause of foodborne disease that sometimes occurs in massive outbreaks around the world. this pathogen is tolerant of low-humidity conditions. we previously described a method for induction of viable but nonculturable (vbnc) salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and subsequent resuscitation with 0.3 mm sodium pyruvate. here, we report a new method for the induction of the vbnc state in salmonella enteritidis cells, one involving d ...201728221986
whole-genome sequence and annotation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 8 strain en1660.the genome of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 8 strain en1660, isolated from an outbreak in thunder bay, canada, was sequenced to 46-fold coverage using an illumina miseq with 300-bp paired-end sequencing chemistry to produce 28 contigs with an n50 value of 490,721 bp.201728126943
cecal micrornaome response to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection in white leghorn layer.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) is a food-borne pathogen and of great threat to human health through consuming the contaminated poultry products. micrornas (mirnas) play an important role in different biological activities and have been shown to regulate the innate immunity in the bacterial infection. the objective of this study is to identify mirnas associated with se infection in laying chicken cecum.201728086873
complete genome sequence of the salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis bacteriophages fse1c and fse4c isolated from food matrices.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the most common causes of salmonellosis worldwide. utilization of bacteriophages as prophylactic agents is a practical solution to prevent salmonellosis in ready-to-eat products. shelf stability is one of the desirable properties for prophylactic bacteriophages. here, we describe the phenotype, genome, and phylogeny of fse1c and fse4s salmonella bacteriophages. fse1c and fse4s were previously isolated from pickle sauce and ground beef respectivel ...201728074119
chitosan/sulfated locust bean gum nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo evaluation towards an application in oral immunization.this work proposes the design of nanoparticles based on locus bean gum (lbg) and chitosan to be used as oral immunoadjuvant for vaccination purposes. lbg-based nanoparticles were prepared by mild polyelectrolyte complexation between chitosan (cs) and a synthesized lbg sulfate derivative (lbgs). morphological characterization suggested that nanoparticles present a solid and compact structure with spherical-like shape. sizes around 180-200nm and a positive surface charge between +9mv and +14mv wer ...201728049014
acyl homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing stimulates biofilm formation by salmonella enteritidis in anaerobic conditions.quorum sensing regulates a variety of phenotypes in bacteria including the production of virulence factors. salmonella spp. have quorum sensing systems mediated by three autoinducers (ai-1, ai-2, and ai-3). the ai-1-mediated system is incomplete in that the bacterium relies on the synthesis of signaling molecules by other microorganisms. this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the ai-1 n-dodecanoyl-dl-homoserine lactone (c12-hsl) on the growth, motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation of ...201727838734
evaluation of a selected lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic on salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization and intestinal permeability in broiler chickens.two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic (floramax-b11(®)) against salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis intestinal colonization and intestinal permeability in broiler chickens. experiment 1 consisted of two independent trials. in each trial, day-old broiler chicks were assigned to one of two groups: control + s. enteritidis or probiotic + s. enteritidis. at 72 h post-s. enteritidis challenge, haematology and caecal content were evaluated ...201727545145
determination of o:4 antigen-antibody affinity level in o:5 antigen positive and negative variants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) has two serological variants, one that expresses the o:5 antigen (1,4,5,12:i:1,2), and one that lacks o:5 antigen (1,4,12:i:1,2). for serotyping, s. typhimurium is agglutinated by diagnostic o:4 antigen serum. this study was carried out to compare the antigen-antibody affinity of o:4 antigen in s. typhimurium χ3306 o:5-positive and s. typhimurium χ3306 o:5-negative strains. the affinity of o:4 antigen with o:4 antigen serum was found to be ...201728369258
effect of chitosan physical form on its antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria.the antibacterial activity of chitosan (cs) nanospheres, in comparison with other physical forms, was investigated against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and staphylococcus aureus, which are 2 foodborne harmful pathogens. results showed that the antibacterial efficacy of cs nanospheres: (1) was superior to that displayed by cs in powder and solution form; (2) was higher against s. aureus than against salmonella typhimurium; and (3) was dependent on the temperature and ph of the medium d ...201728140469
allograft inflammatory factor 1 is a regulator of transcytosis in m cells.m cells in follicle-associated epithelium (fae) are specialized antigen-sampling cells that take up intestinal luminal antigens. transcription factor spi-b regulates m-cell maturation, but the molecules that promote transcytosis within m cells are not fully identified. here we show that mouse allograft inflammatory factor 1 (aif1) is expressed by m cells and contributes to m-cell transcytosis. fae in aif1(-/-) mice has suppressed uptake of particles and commensal bacteria, compared with wild-typ ...201728224999
draft genome sequences of two strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium displaying different virulence in an experimental chicken model.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains 22495 and 22792, obtained from wild birds, were found to display different virulence attributes in an experimental chicken model. closed genome sequences were assembled after sequencing with the roche 454 and illumina miseq platforms. an additional plasmid was present in the more virulent strain 22495.201728183752
impact of acanthamoeba cysts on stress resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica 4/o:3, listeria monocytogenes 1/2a, and escherichia coli o:26.the formation of robust resting cysts enables acanthamoeba to resist harsh environmental conditions. this study investigated to what extent these cysts are resistant to physical and chemical stresses as applied in food industry cleaning and disinfection procedures. moreover, it was assessed whether certain intracystic meat-borne bacterial pathogens are more stress resistant than free-living bacterial monocultures and if intracystic passage and subsequent association with trophozoites induces cro ...201728526786
sequence-based identification of inositol monophosphatase-like histidinol-phosphate phosphatases (hisn) in corynebacterium glutamicum, actinobacteria, and beyond.the eighth step of l-histidine biosynthesis is carried out by an enzyme called histidinol-phosphate phosphatase (holpase). three unrelated holpase families are known so far. two of them are well studied: had-type holpases known from gammaproteobacteria like escherichia coli or salmonella enterica and php-type holpases known from yeast and firmicutes like bacillus subtilis. however, the third family of holpases, the inositol monophosphatase (impase)-like holpases, present in actinobacteria like c ...201728720084
metabolic fingerprinting of bacteria by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.bacterial populations exhibit a range of metabolic states influenced by their environment, intra- and interspecies interactions. the identification of bacterial metabolic states and transitions between them in their native environment promises to elucidate community behavior and stochastic processes, such as antibiotic resistance acquisition. in this work, we employ two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (flim) to create a metabolic fingerprint of individual bacteria and populations ...201728623341
evaluation of phenolic profile and antibacterial bioactivities of nigella sativa l. seed extracts.black cumin (nigella sativa l. [n. sativa]) seed extracts demonstrated numerous beneficial biological effects including, among others, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activity. to better understand the phytochemical composition of n. sativa seeds, methanol seed extracts were analyzed for phenolic acid and flavonoid content. furthermore, we tested n. sativa methanol, n-hexane, and aqueous seed extracts for their inhib ...201728590231
regulation of escherichia coli pathogenesis by alternative sigma factor n.σ(n) (also σ(54)) is an alternative sigma factor subunit of the rna polymerase complex that regulates the expression of genes from many different ontological groups. it is broadly conserved in the eubacteria with major roles in nitrogen metabolism, membrane biogenesis, and motility. σ(n) is encoded as the first gene of a five-gene operon including rpon (σ(n)), ptsn, hpf, rapz, and npr that has been genetically retained among species of escherichia, shigella, and salmonella. in an increasing numb ...201728635589
insights into pg-binding, conformational change, and dimerization of the ompa c-terminal domains from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and borrelia burgdorferi.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can induce both humoral and cell-mediated responses when establishing itself in the host. these responses are primarily stimulated against the lipopolysaccharide and major outer membrane (om) proteins. ompa is one of these major om proteins. it comprises a n-terminal eight-stranded β-barrel transmembrane domain and a c-terminal domain (ompa(ctd) ). the ompa(ctd) and its homologs are believed to bind to peptidoglycan (pg) within the periplasm, maintaining b ...201728580643
toxicity of coal fly ash (cfa) and toxicological response of switchgrass in mycorrhiza-mediated cfa-soil admixtures.increasing support for the use of coal fly ash (cfa) in agriculture has necessitated a better understanding of the effects of the cfa in various cropping schemes. experiments were conducted to assess mutagenic response of a mutant strain of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (ta100) to varying concentrations of cfa-water extracts, determine oxidative stress in switchgrass (panicum virgatum l.) at varying levels of cfa-soil admixtures, and evaluate mycorrhiza-mediated modulation of oxidative ...201728666217
influence of static magnetic field exposure on fatty acid composition in salmonella hadar.we have been interested, in this work, to investigate the effect of the exposure to static magnetic field at 200 mt (smf) on the fatty acid (fa) composition of salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar hadar isolate 287: effects on the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (sfas, ufas), cyclopropane fatty acids (cfas) and hydroxy fatty acids after exposure to the static magnetic field at 200 mt (smf). analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) of total lipid showed ...201728455137
inactivation of nonpathogenic escherichia coli, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes in ice using a uvc light-emitting diode.ice, widely used in the food industry, is a potential cause of food poisoning resulting from microbial contamination. direct microbial inactivation of ice is necessary because microorganisms may have been present in the source water used to make it and/or may have been introduced due to poor hygiene during production or handling of the ice. nonthermal and nondestructive microbial inactivation technologies are needed to control microorganisms in ice. we evaluated the applicability of a uvc light- ...201728621585
evaluation of different solvents to extract antibacterial compounds from jalapeño peppers.chili peppers (capsicum spp.) may possess antibacterial properties and have potential to be used in foods as antimicrobial. the complete chili pepper extract should be evaluated to determine which compounds are responsible for the antimicrobial activity. extraction of compounds from the pepper is completed using a solvent. the type of solvent used for extraction influences which compounds are isolated, therefore the best extraction method needs to be determined. the purpose of this study was to ...201728572934
investigation of optimum ohmic heating conditions for inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes in apple juice.control of foodborne pathogens is an important issue for the fruit juice industry and ohmic heating treatment has been considered as one of the promising antimicrobial interventions. however, to date, evaluation of the relationship between inactivation of foodborne pathogens and system performance efficiency based on differing soluble solids content of apple juice during ohmic heating treatment has not been well studied. this study aims to investigate effective voltage gradients of an ohmic heat ...201728525985
development of a gold nanoparticle-based universal oligonucleotide microarray for multiplex and low-cost detection of foodborne pathogens.bacterial foodborne diseases remain major threats to food safety and public health, especially in developing countries. in this study a novel assay, combining gold nanoparticle (gnp)-based multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr and universal oligonucleotide microarray technology, was developed for inexpensive, specific, sensitive, and multiplex detection of eight common foodborne pathogens, including shigella spp., campylobacter jejuni, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocyt ...201728505584
potential of cinnamon oil emulsions as alternative washing solutions of carrots.the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of cinnamon oil emulsions as alternative washing solutions to improve the microbial safety of carrots. whey protein concentrate (wpc), gum arabic (ga), lecithin, and their combinations were used to prepare cinnamon oil emulsions. the emulsions were characterized for their hydrodynamic diameter (dh) during 7 days of storage and their antimicrobial activity against cocktails of salmonella enterica , escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria mo ...201728467186
antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamaldehyde against escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica in carrot juice and mixed berry juice held at 4°c and 12°c.the effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde for inactivating salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7 in carrot juice (crj) and mixed berry juice (mbj) was investigated. brain heart infusion broth (bhi), crj, and mbj, with concentrations of added cinnamaldehyde ranging from 0.15 to 1.5 μl/ml, 0.25 to 2.0 μl/ml, and 0.25 to 1.5 μl/ml, respectively, were each inoculated with a 5-strain mixture of salmonella enterica or escherichia coli o157:h7 to give an initial viable count of 5.07 log10 colony-f ...201728398867
evaluation of dermal wound healing activity and in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of a new exopolysaccharide produced by lactobacillus sp.ca6.the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities and the in vivo wound healing performance of a noval exopolysaccharides (eps-ca6) produced by lactobacillus sp.ca6 strain. the results showed that eps-ca6 had a potential antioxidant activity determined through four different assays: dpph scavenging activity, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching by linoleic acid assay, and metal chelating activities. it also exhibited significant antibacterial activity agai ...201728495632
quinolone susceptibility and genetic characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles.turtle-borne salmonella enterica owns significance as a leading cause in human salmonellosis. the current study aimed to determine the quinolone susceptibility and the genetic characteristics of 21 strains of s. enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles. susceptibility of four antimicrobials including nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin was examined in disk diffusion and mic tests where the majority of the isolates were susceptible to all tested quinolones. in gen ...201728747968
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strain spe101, isolated from a chronic human infection.we report a 4.99-mb draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strain spe101, isolated from feces of a 5-month-old breast-fed female showing diarrhea associated with severe dehydration and malnutrition. the infection prolonged for 6 months despite antibiotic treatment.201728729277
draft genome sequences of 256 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from humans, food, chickens, and farm environments in brazil.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis emerged in the late 1980s as the most isolated salmonella serovar worldwide. here, we report the draft genomes of 256 s enteritidis strains isolated from humans, food, chickens, and farm environments in brazil. these draft genomes will help enhance our understanding of this serovar in brazil.201728705959
relationship of triamine-biocide tolerance of salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg to antimicrobial susceptibility, serum resistance and outer membrane proteins.a new emerging phenomenon is the association between the incorrect use of biocides in the process of disinfection in farms and the emergence of cross-resistance in salmonella populations. adaptation of the microorganisms to the sub-inhibitory concentrations of the disinfectants is not clear, but may result in an increase of sensitivity or resistance to antibiotics, depending on the biocide used and the challenged salmonella serovar. exposure of five salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar se ...201728696348
complete genome sequences of two salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from egg products in the united states.egg-associated salmonellosis is an important public health problem in many countries. here, we report the genome sequences, including plasmids, of two strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis isolated from egg products in 2012 and 2013 in the united states. this will provide more information and insight into the research about egg-associated salmonellosis.201728663302
in vitro and in vivo generation of heterophil extracellular traps after salmonella exposure.the release of extracellular traps (ets) by granulocytes is a unique strategy to stop the dissemination of microbial pathogens. this study was undertaken to elucidate the potential of avian granulocytes (heterophils) to form ets that can arrest and kill salmonella organisms. after in vitro exposure of isolated heterophils and in vivo infection of day-old chicks with salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars infantis (si) or enteritidis (se), the generation of ets as well as the trapping and s ...201728615122
in vitro characterization of lactobacillus plantarum strains with inhibitory activity on enteropathogens for use as potential animal probiotics.the present study evaluates the probiotic properties of three lactobacillus plantarum strains mjm60319, mjm60298, and mjm60399 possessing antimicrobial activity against animal enteric pathogens. the three strains did not show bioamine production, mucinolytic and hemolytic activity and were susceptible to common antibiotics. the l. plantarum strains survived well in the simulated orogastrointestinal transit condition and showed adherence to caco-2 cells in vitro. the l. plantarum strains showed s ...201728611498
a role for the tetraspanin proteins in salmonella infection of human macrophages.infected macrophages play a role in the dissemination of salmonella and may serve as a reservoir of infection in asymptomatic carriers. however, relatively little is known about the early molecular interactions of the bacteria with these cells. we have recently shown that members of the tetraspanin family of membrane proteins are involved in the initial adhesion of a range of bacteria to host cells. this study investigated the role of tetraspanins in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar t ...201728602860
molecular subtyping of salmonella typhimurium with multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr (mol-pcr).a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr (mol-pcr) assay is a valuable high-throughput technique for the detection of bacteria and viruses, for characterization of pathogens and for diagnosis of genetic diseases, as it allows one to combine different types of molecular markers in a high-throughput multiplex assay. a mol-pcr assay starts with a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation reaction for detection of the molecular marker, followed by a singleplex pcr for signal amplification and analysis of t ...201728600761
histopathology case definition of naturally acquired salmonella enterica serovar dublin infection in young holstein cattle in the northeastern united states.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin ( salmonella dublin) is a host-adapted bacterium that causes high morbidity and mortality in dairy cattle worldwide. a retrospective search of archives at the new york animal health diagnostic center revealed 57 culture-confirmed salmonella dublin cases from new york and pennsylvania in which detailed histology of multiple tissues was available. tissues routinely submitted by referring veterinarians for histologic evaluation included sections of ...201728599615
what were the risk factors and trends in antimicrobial resistance for enteric fever in london 2005-2012?a study was undertaken to determine the risk factors and trends in antimicrobial resistance for enteric fever.201728590238
next generation sequencing-based multigene panel for high throughput detection of food-borne pathogens.contamination of food by chemicals or pathogenic bacteria may cause particular illnesses that are linked to food consumption, commonly referred to as foodborne diseases. bacteria are present in/on various foods products, such as fruits, vegetables and ready-to-eat products. bacteria that cause foodborne diseases are known as foodborne pathogens (fbps). accurate detection methods that are able to reveal the presence of fbps in food matrices are in constant demand, in order to ensure safe foods wi ...201728578266
quantitative risk assessment of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne infections in humans due to recombinant bovine somatotropin usage in dairy cows.recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst) is a production-enhancing technology that allows the dairy industry to produce milk more efficiently. concern has been raised that cows supplemented with rbst are at an increased risk of developing clinical mastitis, which would potentially increase the use of antimicrobial agents and increase human illnesses associated with antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens delivered through the dairy beef supply. the purpose of this study was to conduct a quanti ...201728574304
complete genome sequences of three salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar saintpaul isolates associated with a 2013 multistate outbreak in the united states.in 2013, a multistate outbreak of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar saintpaul from cucumber caused 84 cases of salmonellosis in the united states. in this announcement, we report the complete genome sequences of three clinical salmonella saintpaul isolates associated with the 2013 outbreak.201728572327
susceptibility of salmonella biofilm and planktonic bacteria to common disinfectant agents used in poultry processing.poultry contaminated with salmonella enterica subsp. enterica are a major cause of zoonotic foodborne gastroenteritis. salmonella heidelberg is a common serotype of salmonella that has been implicated as a foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption of improperly prepared chicken. to better understand the effectiveness of common antimicrobial disinfectants (i.e., peroxyacetic acid [paa], acidified hypochlorite [ach], and cetylpyridinium chloride [cpc]), environmental isolates of nontyphoi ...201728561639
mitigation of salmonella on pet food kibbles by using liquid and powdered 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid.in recent years, several pet food recalls have been attributed to salmonella contamination. in addition to the negative impacts on animal health, salmonella-contaminated pet foods have been linked to infection in humans. with that in mind, the u.s. food and drug administration has set forth a zero-tolerance policy for salmonella in pet foods. typically, pet foods are extruded or processed at high temperatures that are sufficient to reduce pathogenic bacteria. however, the possibility for postext ...201728561638
ca(2+) in hybridization solutions for fluorescence in situ hybridization facilitates the detection of enterobacteriaceae.fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) has been employed to identify microorganisms at the single cell level under a microscope. extensive efforts have been made to improve and extend the fish technique; however, the development of a widely applicable protocol is a continuing challenge. the present study evaluated the effects of divalent cations in the hybridization solution on the fish-based detection of various species of bacteria and archaea with rrna-targeted probes. a flow cytometric ana ...201728515389
temporal genomic phylogeny reconstruction indicates a geospatial transmission path of salmonella cerro in the united states and a clade-specific loss of hydrogen sulfide production.salmonella cerro has become one of the most prevalent salmonella serotypes isolated from dairy cattle in several u.s. states, including new york where it represented 36% of all salmonella isolates of bovine origin in 2015. this serotype is commonly isolated from dairy cattle with clinical signs of salmonellosis, including diarrhea and fever, although it has also been identified in herds without evidence of clinical disease or decreased production. to better understand the transmission patterns a ...201728507536
emergence of multidrug resistance in locally-acquired human infections with salmonella typhimurium in australia owing to a new clade harbouring blactx-m-9.antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal salmonella is a critical problem globally, with the emergence of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3gcs) a particular concern. the aim of this study was to use whole-genome sequencing (wgs) to characterise recently identified human and non-human isolates of 3gc-resistant salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium from australia. the illumina nextseq sequencing platform was used to determine the genome sequences of 78 s. typhimur ...201728476613
draft genome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strains isolated from chicken and swine carcasses in two distinct geographical regions from rio de janeiro state, brazil.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is a surveyed worldwide serotype with well-characterized genomes for several different strains. in brazil, very few studies have submitted whole-genome sequences to genbank. this genome may be useful to analyze the genetic mechanisms comparable to those of other related studies conducted in brazil and globally.201728450502
sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria exposed to gamma radiation emitted from hot soils of the high background radiation areas of ramsar, northern iran.over the past several years our laboratories have investigated different aspects of the challenging issue of the alterations in bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics induced by physical stresses.201728432369
genotypic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella heidelberg isolated from chickens and turkeys in the midwestern united states.salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne illnesses in humans in the united states, and domestic poultry is considered an important source of this pathogen. salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar heidelberg is the fourth most commonly reported salmonella from retail meats and food animals in the united states. we assessed the genotypes and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of salmonella heidelberg isolated from various chicken and turkey hatcheries and breeder farms in the ...201728430086
safety, protective immunity, and diva capability of a rough mutant salmonella pullorum vaccine candidate in broilers.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum (salmonella pullorum) is highly adapted to chickens causing an acute systemic disease that results in high mortality. vaccination represents one approach for promoting animal health, food safety and reducing environmental persistence in salmonella control. an important consideration is that salmonella vaccination in poultry should not interfere with the salmonellosis monitoring program. this is the basis of the diva (differen ...201728424675
dynamics of mono- and dual-species biofilm formation and interactions between staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria.microorganisms are not commonly found in the planktonic state but predominantly form dual- and multispecies biofilms in almost all natural environments. bacteria in multispecies biofilms cooperate, compete or have neutral interactions according to the involved species. here, the development of mono- and dual-species biofilms formed by staphylococcus aureus and other foodborne pathogens such as salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis, potentially pathogenic raoultella planticola a ...201728401747
susceptibility of salmonella enterica isolates from tomato farm environments to fatty acids naturally found on tomato fruit.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica can colonize tomato fruit as it interacts with fruit surface compounds. the exometabolome of tomato fruit contains a mixture of compounds, including fatty acids, which could affect salmonella fitness. fatty acids detected in fruit exudates were investigated for salmonella inhibition. pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, margaric, stearic, and oleic acids were suspended in water dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) or emulsified in water and quillaja sapon ...201728398868
the expanding targetome of small rnas in salmonella typhimurium.the enterobacterial pathogen salmonella has long served as a model for bacterial pathogenesis, stress response, gene expression and regulation with extensive investigation involving protein function. with the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies and their applications in genomics and transcriptomics, a wealth of data particularly with respect to small rnas (srnas) is being generated. these molecules serve as regulators of major stress response and virulence networks in diverse speci ...201728302471
a recombinant protein of salmonella typhi induces humoral and cell-mediated immune responses including memory responses.gram negative enteric bacteria, salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), the etiological agent of typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries. while a permanent solution to the problem would require improved sanitation, food and water hygiene, controlling the infection by vaccination is urgently required due to the emergence of multidrug resistant strains in multiple countries. the currently licensed vaccines are moderately efficacious with limited applicability, ...201728739115
a cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey of typhoid fever in fiji.fiji, an upper-middle income state in the pacific ocean, has experienced an increase in confirmed case notifications of enteric fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). to characterize the epidemiology of typhoid exposure, we conducted a cross-sectional sero-epidemiological survey measuring igg against the vi antigen of s. typhi to estimate the effect of age, ethnicity, and other variables on seroprevalence. epidemiologically relevant cut-off titres were established using a ...201728727726
molecular subtyping of salmonella enterica serovar typhi by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis in india: their association with antimicrobial resistance profiles.molecular subtyping, and recently dna sequencing based methods, which are commonly used for discriminating salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) isolates, leads to improved molecular epidemiological investigations for prevention and control of typhoid fever. we included s. typhi blood isolates (n=66) from india during 2007-14 for molecular subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) in association with antibi ...201728674312
the strataa study protocol: a programme to assess the burden of enteric fever in bangladesh, malawi and nepal using prospective population census, passive surveillance, serological studies and healthcare utilisation surveys.invasive infections caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi a are estimated to account for 12-27 million febrile illness episodes worldwide annually. determining the true burden of typhoidal salmonellae infections is hindered by lack of population-based studies and adequate laboratory diagnostics.the strategic typhoid alliance across africa and asia study takes a systematic approach to measuring the age-stratified burden of clinical and subclinical disease caused by typhoidal s ...201728674145
development of elisas for diagnosis of acute typhoid fever in nigerian children.improved serodiagnostic tests for typhoid fever (tf) are needed for surveillance, to facilitate patient management, curb antibiotic resistance, and inform public health programs. to address this need, iga, igm and igg elisas using salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) lipopolysaccharide (lps) and hemolysin e (t1477) protein were conducted on 86 nigerian pediatric tf and 29 non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) cases, 178 culture-negative febrile cases, 28 "other" (i.e., non-salmonella) pediatric ...201728640809
new insights into the roles of lpf and stg fimbriae in salmonella interactions with enterocytes and m cells.salmonella enterica serovar typhi causes the systemic disease typhoid fever. after ingestion, it adheres to and invades the host epithelium while evading the host innate immune response, causing little if any inflammation. conversely, s typhimurium causes gastroenteritis in humans and thrives in the inflamed gut. upon entering the host, s typhimurium preferentially colonizes peyer's patches, a lymphoid organ in which microfold cells (m cells) overlay an arrangement of b cells, t cells, and antig ...201728630073
indigenous probiotic lactobacillus isolates presenting antibiotic like activity against human pathogenic bacteria.indigenous lactic acid bacteria are well known probiotics having antibacterial activity against potentially pathogenic bacteria. this study aims to characterize the curd lactobacilli for their probiotic potentiality and antagonistic activity against clinical bacteria.201728621711
two novel roles of buffalo milk lactoperoxidase, antibiofilm agent and immunomodulator against multidrug resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi and listeria monocytogenes.the increasing occurrence of multidrug resistant bacteria causing bacteremia infection, constitutes a major health problem, difficult-to-treat bacteremia due to its ability to form biofilm. buffalo milk lactoperoxidase (bmlpo) is effective and safe to use as bacteriostatic agent. the mic of bmlpo and amikacin were used to evaluate the antibiofilm activity against resistant l. monocytogenes and s. typhi. prophylactic effects of bmlpo against l. monocytogenes and s. typhi bacteremia in vivo have b ...201728587762
salmonella typhi genomics: envisaging the future of typhoid eradication.next-generation whole-genome sequencing has revolutionised the study of infectious diseases in recent years. the availability of genome sequences and its understanding have transformed the field of molecular microbiology, epidemiology, infection treatments and vaccine developments. we review the key findings of the publicly accessible genomes of salmonella enterica serovar typhi since the first complete genome to the most recent release of thousands of salmonella typhi genomes, which remarkably ...201728544285
vacuolation activity and intracellular trafficking of artb, the binding subunit of an ab5 toxin produced by salmonella enterica serovar typhi.various salmonella enterica serovars, including s. enterica serovar typhi, encode an ab5 toxin (artab), the a subunit of which is an adp-ribosyltransferase related to the s1 subunit of pertussis toxin. however, although the a subunit is able to catalyze adp-ribosylation of host g proteins, a cytotoxic phenotype has yet to be identified for the holotoxin. here we show that its b subunit pentamer (artb) binds to receptors on the surface of vero (african green monkey kidney) cell, cho (chinese hams ...201728533468
delineation of b-cell epitopes of salmonella enterica serovar typhi hemolysin e: potential antibody therapeutic target.hemolysin e (hlye) is an immunogenic novel pore-forming toxin involved in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever. thus, mapping of b-cell epitopes of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is critical to identify key immunogenic regions of hlye. a random 20-mer peptide library was used for biopanning with enriched anti-hlye polyclonal antibodies from typhoid patient sera. bioinformatic tools were used to refine, analyze and map the enriched peptide sequences against the protein to identify the ...201728526816
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