Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| immunisation with proteins expressed during chronic murine melioidosis provides enhanced protection against disease. | there is an urgent need for an effective vaccine against human disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei, and although a wide range of candidates have been tested in mice none provide high level protection. we considered this might reflect the inability of these vaccine candidates to protect against chronic disease. using q-rt pcr we have identified 6 genes which are expressed in bacteria colonising spleens and lungs of chronically infected mice. three of the genes (bpsl1897, bpsl3369 and bpsl ... | 2016 | 26917010 |
| development of rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is an environmental bacillus found in northeast thailand. the mortality rate of melioidosis is ∼40%. an indirect hemagglutination assay (iha) is used as a reference serodiagnostic test; however, it has low specificity in areas where the background seropositivity of healthy people is high. to improve assay specificity and reduce the time for diagnosis, four rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were developed using two pur ... | 2016 | 26912754 |
| paediatric neurological melioidosis: a rehabilitation case report. | melioidosis is a rare condition, endemic to northern australia and south-east asia, caused by an infection from the bacteria <i>burkholderia pseudomallei</i>. the largest epidemiological review to date describes 540 cases of melioidosis seen at darwin hospital, in northern australia, over a 20-year period. of these, 14 (less than 3%) presented with neurological manifestation, with three deaths. reports of paediatric cases of melioidosis are rarer. in a review of paediatric cases in northern aust ... | 2016 | 26897103 |
| central nervous system melioidosis mimics malignancy: a case report and literature review. | central nervous system (cns) melioidosis is notorious because of the difficulty in bacteria eradication and the destruction of brain structures. early manifestation of cns melioidosis mimics malignancy or stroke. we present a case of cns melioidosis that initially manifested as malignancy. | 2016 | 26882971 |
| successful treatment outcome of primary melioidosis pneumonia-a case report from bangladesh. | melioidosis is endemic in tropical australia and southeast asian countries and its causative organism burkholderia pseudomallei is a recognized cause of pneumonia in these regions. recent isolation of the organism in the soil of kapasia, gazipur, bangladesh has proven its exposure among the population residing in endemic areas of our country. pneumonia is the most common presentation of melioidosis. acute, subacute and chronic pneumonia due to b. pseudomallei can present as primary or secondary ... | 2016 | 26879846 |
| predicted global distribution of burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis. | burkholderia pseudomallei, a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes melioidosis, is commonly found in soil in southeast asia and northern australia(1,2). melioidosis can be difficult to diagnose due to its diverse clinical manifestations and the inadequacy of conventional bacterial identification methods(3). the bacterium is intrinsically resistant to a wide range of antimicrobials, and treatment with ineffective antimicrobials may result in case fatality rates (cfrs) exceeding 70%(4,5). the im ... | 2016 | 26877885 |
| lack of utility of nasopharyngeal swabs for diagnosis of burkholderia pseudomallei pneumonia in paediatric patients. | diagnosis of burkholderia pseudomallei pneumonia in children is challenging. we investigated the utility of nasopharyngeal swabs taken from 194 paediatric patients on admission with radiologically proven pneumonia. melioidosis was proven in 0.5% of samples tested and only in a third of those known to be bacteraemic with b. pseudomallei. it appears unlikely that culture of nasopharyngeal secretions is helpful to confirm b. pseudomallei pneumonia in paediatric patients. | 2016 | 26874977 |
| glibenclamide impairs responses of neutrophils against burkholderia pseudomallei by reduction of intracellular glutathione. | the major risk factor for melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by b. pseudomallei, is diabetes mellitus. more than half of diabetic melioidosis patients in thailand were prescribed glibenclamide. recent evidence demonstrates that glibenclamide reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) of diabetic individuals in response to this bacterial infection. however, the mechanisms by which glibenclamide affects cytokine production are unknown. we found that ... | 2016 | 27713554 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei resistance to antibiotics in biofilm-induced conditions is related to efflux pumps. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, has been found to increase its resistance to antibiotics when growing as a biofilm. the resistance is related to several mechanisms. one of the possible mechanisms is the efflux pump. using bioinformatics analysis, it was found that bpsl1661, bpsl1664 and bpsl1665 were orthologous genes of the efflux transporter encoding genes for biofilm-related antibiotic resistance, pa1874-pa1877 genes in pseudomonas aeruginosa strain pao1. expres ... | 2016 | 27702426 |
| soil nutrient depletion is associated with the presence of burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil-dwelling bacterium and the cause of melioidosis, which kills an estimated 89,000 people per year worldwide. agricultural workers are at high risk of infection due to repeated exposure to the bacterium. little is known about the soil physicochemical properties associated with the presence or absence of the organism. here, we evaluated the soil physicochemical properties and presence of b. pseudomallei in 6,100 soil samples collected from 61 rice fields in thail ... | 2016 | 27694236 |
| nematode peptides with host-directed anti-inflammatory activity rescue caenorhabditis elegans from a burkholderia pseudomallei infection. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is among a growing number of bacterial pathogens that are increasingly antibiotic resistant. antimicrobial peptides (amps) have been investigated as an alternative approach to treat microbial infections, as generally, there is a lower likelihood that a pathogen will develop resistance to amps. in this study, 36 candidate caenorhabditis elegans genes that encode secreted peptides of <150 amino acids and previously shown to be overexpr ... | 2016 | 27672387 |
| analyses of the distribution patterns of burkholderia pseudomallei and associated phages in soil samples in thailand suggest that phage presence reduces the frequency of bacterial isolation. | burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil saprophytic bacterium that causes melioidosis. the infection occurs through cutaneous inoculation, inhalation or ingestion. bacteriophages (phages) in the same ecosystem may significantly impact the biology of this bacterium in the environment, and in their culturability in the laboratory. | 2016 | 27668750 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei: challenges for the clinical microbiology laboratory. | melioidosis is a potentially fatal infection caused by the bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei clinical diagnosis of melioidosis can be challenging since there is no pathognomonic clinical syndrome, and the organism is often misidentified by methods used routinely in clinical laboratories. although the disease is more prevalent in thailand and northern australia, sporadic cases may be encountered in areas where it is not endemic, including the united states. since the organism is considered a ti ... | 2016 | 27654336 |
| involvement of l-selectin expression in burkholderia pseudomallei-infected monocytes invading the brain during murine melioidosis. | the development of neurologic melioidosis was linked to the elicitation of burkholderia pseudomallei-infected l-selectin(hi)cd11b(+) balb/c cells in our previous study. however, whether monocytic l-selectin (cd62l, encoded by the sell gene) is a key factor remains uncertain. in the present study, after establishing multi-organ foci via hematogenous routes, we demonstrated that b. pseudomallei gfp steadily persisted in blood, splenic, hepatic and bone marrow (bm) ly6c monocytes; however, the circ ... | 2016 | 27646437 |
| formulation and characterization of nanocluster ceftazidime for the treatment of acute pulmonary melioidosis. | melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei. the disease is responsible for a high proportion of human pneumonia and fatal bacteremia in the endemic areas of the world and is highly resistant to most commonly available antibiotics. studies have shown that prophylactic antibiotic treatment, when administered 24 h following bacterial challenge, can prevent infection in a murine model. prophylactic treatment against this disease using a pulmonary antibiotic formulation ... | 2016 | 27639659 |
| eukaryotic pathways targeted by the type iii secretion system effector protein, bipc, involved in the intracellular lifecycle of burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent for melioidosis, is known to secrete a type iii secretion system (ttss) protein into the host's internal milieu. one of the ttss effector protein, bipc, has been shown to play an important role in the b. pseudomallei pathogenesis. to identify the host response profile that was directly or indirectly regulated by this protein, genome-wide transcriptome approach was used to examine the gene expression profiles of infected mice. the transcriptome ana ... | 2016 | 27634329 |
| characterization of secreted sphingosine-1-phosphate lyases required for virulence and intracellular survival of burkholderia pseudomallei. | sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p), a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, plays a critical role in the orchestration of immune responses. s1p levels within the mammalian host are tightly regulated, in part through the activity of s1p lyase (s1pl) which catalyses its irreversible degradation. herein, we describe the identification and characterization of secreted s1pl orthologues encoded by the facultative intracellular bacteria burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia thailandensis. these bacterial ... | 2016 | 27632710 |
| a case on acute burkholderia pseudomallei pericarditis. | 2016 | 27625102 | |
| flexible vs rigid epitope conformations for diagnostic- and vaccine-oriented applications: novel insights from the burkholderia pseudomallei bpsl2765 pal3 epitope. | peptides seldom retain stable conformations if separated from their native protein structure. in an immunological context, this potentially affects the development of selective peptide-based bioprobes and, from a vaccine perspective, poses inherent limits in the elicitation of cross-reactive antibodies by candidate epitopes. here, a 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole-mediated stapling strategy was used to stabilize the native α-helical fold of the pal3 peptidic epitope from the protein antigen pal ... | 2016 | 27623032 |
| development, synthesis and structure-activity-relationships of inhibitors of the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) proteins of legionella pneumophila and burkholderia pseudomallei. | the bacteria burkholderia pseudomallei and legionella pneumophila cause severe diseases like melioidosis and legionnaire's disease with high mortality rates despite antibiotic treatment. due to increasing antibiotic resistances against these and other gram-negative bacteria, alternative therapeutical strategies are in urgent demand. as a virulence factor, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) protein constitutes an attractive target. the mip proteins of b. pseudomallei and l. pneumophila ... | 2016 | 27591009 |
| predicted global distribution of burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis. | burkholderia pseudomallei, a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes melioidosis, is commonly found in soil in southeast asia and northern australia(1,2). melioidosis can be difficult to diagnose due to its diverse clinical manifestations and the inadequacy of conventional bacterial identification methods(3). the bacterium is intrinsically resistant to a wide range of antimicrobials, and treatment with ineffective antimicrobials may result in case fatality rates (cfrs) exceeding 70%(4,5). the im ... | 2016 | 27571754 |
| differential production of type i ifn determines the reciprocal levels of il-10 and proinflammatory cytokines produced by c57bl/6 and balb/c macrophages. | pattern recognition receptors detect microbial products and induce cytokines, which shape the immunological response. il-12, tnf-α, and il-1β are proinflammatory cytokines, which are essential for resistance against infection, but when produced at high levels they may contribute to immunopathology. in contrast, il-10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine, which dampens proinflammatory responses, but it can also lead to defective pathogen clearance. the regulation of these cytokines is therefore centr ... | 2016 | 27549173 |
| melioidosis: series of eight cases. | melioidosis caused by the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei is a very serious infection and has been sporadically reported from the indian subcontinent. this disease entity can have acute and chronic presentations involving different organ systems. the purpose of this study is to analyze the risk factors, clinical presentations, therapy and outcome of culture proven cases of melioidosis. | 2016 | 27735148 |
| identification of candidate host cell factors required for actin-based motility of burkholderia pseudomallei. | intracellular actin-based motility of the melioidosis pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei requires the bacterial factor bima. located at one pole of the bacterium, bima recruits and polymerizes cellular actin to promote bacterial motility within and between cells. here, we describe an affinity approach coupled with mass spectrometry to identify cellular proteins recruited to bima-expressing bacteria under conditions that promote actin polymerization. we identified a group of cellular proteins tha ... | 2016 | 27934296 |
| in vivo distribution and clearance of purified capsular polysaccharide from burkholderia pseudomallei in a murine model. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infection prominent in northern australia and southeast asia. the "gold standard" for melioidosis diagnosis is bacterial isolation, which takes several days to complete. the resulting delay in diagnosis leads to delayed treatments, which could result in death. in an attempt to develop better methods for early diagnosis of melioidosis, b. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (cps) was identified as an important diagnostic b ... | 2016 | 27941991 |
| a comparison of the immunological potency of burkholderia lipopolysaccharides in endotoxemic balb/c mice. | lipopolysaccharide is one of the virulence factors of the soil-borne pathogens burkholderia pseudomallei, b. thailandensis, b. cenocepacia and b. multivorans, which cause septic melioidosis (often in b. pseudomallei infections but rarely in b. thailandensis infections) or cepacia syndromes (commonly in b. cenocepacia infections but rarely in b. multivorans infections). the inflammatory responses in burkholderia lps-induced endotoxemia were evaluated in this study. prior to induction, the conserv ... | 2016 | 27862204 |
| pediatric suppurative parotitis caused by burkholderia pseudomallei. | suppurative parotitis caused by burkholderia pseudomallei has been rarely found outside endemic areas. | 2016 | 27843446 |
| chronic melioidosis presenting with multiple abscesses. | melioidosis is common in australia and southeast asia and is increasingly recognized in india. it presents in various forms which are difficult to identify and often mimics suppurative infections, tuberculosis, fungal infections, malignancy and systemic rheumatic diseases. presentation may vary from local disease to disseminated abscesses, pneumonia and sepsis. disease is common and severe in diabetics. we describe a case of diabetic man presenting with fever, septic shock, peri-articular nodule ... | 2016 | 27822380 |
| antimicrobial activity of tachyplesin 1 against burkholderia pseudomallei: an in vitro and in silico approach. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is intrinsically resistant to many conventional antibiotics. therefore, alternative antimicrobial agents such as antimicrobial peptides (amps) are extensively studied to combat this issue. our study aims to identify and understand the mode of action of the potential amp(s) that are effective against b. pseudomallei in both planktonic and biofilm state as well as to predict the possible binding targets on using in vitro and in silico ... | 2016 | 27812400 |
| a burkholderia pseudomallei infection imported from eritrea to israel. | although it has been predicted that melioidosis is probably endemic in the horn of africa, no confirmed cases have ever been detected in the region. we have recently isolated burkholderia pseudomallei from an eritrean patient in israel. the isolate was assigned a novel multilocus sequence type (st-1479). the observation has important epidemiological implications in an era of massive human migration. | 2016 | 27573625 |
| septicemic melioidosis in a transplant recipient causing graft dysfunction. | melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in the northern australia and south-east asia. it is an emerging disease in the indian subcontinent. melioidosis tends to run a potentially lethal course in immunocompromised individuals and data in renal transplantation are scarce. the clinical presentation of melioidosis is diverse, mimicking several other infectious diseases. diagnosis could be delayed in transplant recipients. choice and duration of antimicrob ... | 2016 | 27795637 |
| immune modulation as an effective adjunct post-exposure therapeutic for b. pseudomallei. | melioidosis is caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei and is potentially fatal. despite a growing global burden and high fatality rate, little is known about the disease. recent studies demonstrate that cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) inhibition is an effective post-exposure therapeutic for pulmonary melioidosis, which works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandin e2 (pge2). this treatment, while effective, was conducted using an experimental cox-2 inhibitor t ... | 2016 | 27792775 |
| cutaneous melioidosis. | melioidosis is an emerging infection in india. it usually presents as pneumonia. melioidosis presenting as cutaneous lesions is uncommon. we present a case of cutaneous melioidosis from southern india. cutaneous melioidosis can present as an ulcer, pustule or as crusted erythematous lesions. a 22-year-old gentleman known case of diabetes mellitus was admitted in our hospital with an ulcer over the left thigh. discharge from the ulcer grew burkholderia pseudomallei. he was successfully treated wi ... | 2016 | 27790560 |
| comparison of five commercial nucleic acid extraction kits for the pcr-based detection of burkholderia pseudomallei dna in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. | the extraction and further processing of nucleic acids (na) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissues for microbiological diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (pcr) approaches is challenging. here, we assessed the effects of five different commercially available nucleic acid extraction kits on the results of real-time pcr. ffpe samples from organs of burkholderia pseudomallei-infected swiss mice were subjected to processing with five different extraction kits from qiagen (ffpe dna tis ... | 2016 | 27766174 |
| trojan horse l-selectin monocytes: a portal of burkholderia pseudomallei entry into the brain. | 2016 | 27763813 | |
| melioidosis: a greater threat than previously suspected? | research released in 2016 shows that the global burden of burkholderia pseudomallei infection is probably much higher than previously suspected. better testing and reporting are needed if we are to detect outbreaks and diminish deadly delays in treatment. worldwide, researchers need support for vaccine development, particularly for public health vaccines to protect people and animals in endemic areas. because melioidosis can infect so many species, collaboration and communication between human a ... | 2016 | 27436814 |
| therapeutic administration of a monoclonal anti-il-1β antibody protects against experimental melioidosis. | melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, is a common cause of community-acquired sepsis in southeast asia and northern australia. the nlrp3 inflammasome and its downstream product interleukin-1 beta (il-1β) have been proposed to play crucial roles in melioidosis. in this study, we characterized the role of il-1β more closely and we assessed its therapeutic potential. | 2016 | 27219859 |
| goodpasture disease as a consequence of melioidosis. | we describe a case of anti-glomerular basement membrane (gbm) antibody-mediated disease in association with concomitant burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis) bacteraemia. the temporal profile of the illness and initial absence of circulating anti-gbm antibodies, in light of the subsequent definitive histological diagnosis of anti-gbm disease, makes this case interesting and unusual. additionally, there have been no prior case reports suggesting melioidosis as a cause of biopsy-proven glomerulo ... | 2016 | 27981771 |
| melioidosis parotitis in children. | a recent paper published in jvatitd reporting a child in hainan with parotitis caused by burkholderia pseudomallei misleadingly described parotitis as a rare manifestation of melioidosis. in fact, it is one of the commonest forms of paediatric melioidosis seen in other parts of southeast asia, although interestingly not in australia. | 2016 | 27980534 |
| two-phase bactericidal mechanism of silver nanoparticles against burkholderia pseudomallei. | silver nanoparticles (agnps) have a strong antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogenic bacteria. the killing mechanism of agnps involves direct physical membrane destruction and subsequent molecular damage from both agnps and released ag+. burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an endemic infectious disease primarily found in northern australia and southeast asia. b. pseudomallei is intrinsically resistant to most common antibiotics. in this study, the antimi ... | 2016 | 27977746 |
| utility of a lateral flow immunoassay (lfi) to detect burkholderia pseudomallei in soil samples. | culture is the gold standard for the detection of environmental b. pseudomallei. in general, soil specimens are cultured in enrichment broth for 2 days, and then the culture broth is streaked on an agar plate and incubated further for 7 days. however, identifying b. pseudomallei on the agar plates among other soil microbes requires expertise and experience. here, we evaluate a lateral flow immunoassay (lfi) developed to detect b. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (cps) in clinical samples as ... | 2016 | 27973567 |
| community-acquired pneumonia in the asia-pacific region. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. aging population, dense urbanization, and poor access to health care make the asia-pacific region vulnerable to cap. the high incidence of cap poses a significant health and economic burden in this region. common etiologic agents in other global regions including streptococcus pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, and respiratory vir ... | 2016 | 27960208 |
| community-acquired pneumonia: a global perspective. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a global disease responsible for a large proportion of deaths and having significant economic cost. as diagnostic tools have increased in sensitivity, our understanding of the etiology of cap has begun to change with a significant increase in confirmed viral infections and the recognition that multiple pathogens are frequently present. empiric therapy remains the standard of care and guidelines are mostly based on published data from the united states or eur ... | 2016 | 27960204 |
| evolution of bopa gene in burkholderia: a case of convergent evolution as a mechanism for bacterial autophagy evasion. | autophagy is an important defense mechanism targeting intracellular bacteria to restrict their survival and growth. on the other hand, several intracellular pathogens have developed an antiautophagy mechanism to facilitate their own replication or intracellular survival. up to now, no information about the origin or evolution of the antiautophagic genes in bacteria is available. bopa is an effector protein secreted by burkholderia pseudomallei via the type three secretion system, and it has been ... | 2016 | 28018913 |
| a predicted cation transporter protein, bpss1228, is involved in intracellular behaviour of burkholderia pseudomallei in a human lung epithelial cell line (a549). | burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal infectious disease in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. the intracellular behaviour of this pathogen in host cells has been reported to impact the severity of melioidosis, including the development of septicaemia, a consequence of pneumonia melioidosis. we previously identified a predicted cation transporter protein, bpss1228, that participates in the transitional stage of this intracellular pathogen. for further analy ... | 2016 | 28003338 |
| non-caseating granulomatous infective spondylitis: melioidotic spondylitis. | retrospective clinical analysis. | 2016 | 27994782 |
| unravelling the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity among burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from south india using multi-locus sequence typing. | there is a slow but steady rise in the case detection rates of melioidosis from various parts of the indian sub-continent in the past two decades. however, the epidemiology of the disease in india and the surrounding south asian countries remains far from well elucidated. multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) is a useful epidemiological tool to study the genetic relatedness of bacterial isolates both with-in and across the countries. with this background, we studied the molecular epidemiology of 32 ... | 2016 | 27992477 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei type iii secreted protein bipc: role in actin modulation and translocation activities required for the bacterial intracellular lifecycle. | melioidosis, an infection caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei, has been classified as an emerging disease with the number of patients steadily increasing at an alarming rate. b. pseudomalleipossess various virulence determinants that allow them to invade the host and evade the host immune response, such as the type iii secretion systems (ttss). the products of this specialized secretion system are particularly important for the b. pseudomallei infection. la ... | 2016 | 28028452 |
| molecular tracking investigation of melioidosis cases reveals regional endemicity in hainan, china. | sporadic cases of melioidosis have been reported in hainan, china for decades; however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no accurate source-identification investigations confirming that melioidosis is endemic. four indigenous melioidosis cases were identified, which prompted the performance of contact microbiologic and molecular techniques to evaluate endemicity. environmental samples were collected from various locations surrounding each patient's residence. the samples were screened for ... | 2016 | 28105344 |
| whole-genome sequencing of a quarter-century melioidosis outbreak in temperate australia uncovers a region of low-prevalence endemicity. | melioidosis, caused by the highly recombinogenic bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease with high mortality. tracing the origin of melioidosis outbreaks and understanding how the bacterium spreads and persists in the environment are essential to protecting public and veterinary health and reducing mortality associated with outbreaks. we used whole-genome sequencing to compare isolates from a historical quarter-century outbreak that occurred between 1966 and 1991 in the avon valley, we ... | 2016 | 28348862 |
| accurate identification of members of the burkholderia cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis sputum. | the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is a group of closely related species which includes opportunistic pathogens causing chronic respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients, or individuals affected by cystic fibrosis (cf). other burkholderia species causing infection in the cf population are burkholderia gladioli and burkholderia pseudomallei. traditional phenotypic analyses have been demonstrated to be inadequate for reliable identifications of isolates of bcc and b. gladioli. a pan ... | 2016 | 26671758 |
| dbsecsys 2.0: a database of burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei secretion systems. | burkholderia mallei and b. pseudomallei are the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. b. mallei and b. pseudomallei are closely related genetically; b. mallei evolved from an ancestral strain of b. pseudomallei by genome reduction and adaptation to an obligate intracellular lifestyle. although these two bacteria cause different diseases, they share multiple virulence factors, including bacterial secretion systems, which repr ... | 2016 | 27650316 |
| developing peptide mimotopes of capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides protective antigens of pathogenic burkholderia bacteria. | burkholderia pseudomallei (bp) and burkholderia mallei (bm) are two species of pathogenic burkholderia bacteria. our laboratory previously identified four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that reacted against burkholderia capsular polysaccharides (ps) and lipopolysaccharides (lps) and effectively protected against a lethal dose of bp/bm infections in mice. in this study, we used phage display panning against three different phage peptide libraries to select phage clones specifically recognized by ea ... | 2016 | 27328059 |
| glanders and the risk for its introduction through the international movement of horses. | glanders is the contagious zoonotic disease caused by infection with burkholderia mallei. it affects primarily horses, donkeys and mules. the disease was eradicated from large areas of the western world in the early 20th century, but, over the last 10-20 years, has emerged and re-emerged in areas in which it was previously unknown or had been eradicated. although glanders was previously thought to manifest in only acute or chronic presentations, it now appears that b. mallei can produce latent i ... | 2016 | 27288893 |
| melioidosis and glanders modulation of the innate immune system: barriers to current and future vaccine approaches. | burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei are pathogenic bacteria causing fatal infections in animals and humans. both organisms are classified as tier 1 select agents owing to their highly fatal nature, potential/prior use as bioweapons, severity of disease via respiratory exposure, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, and lack of a current vaccine. disease manifestations range from acute septicemia to chronic infection, wherein the facultative intracellular lifestyle of these organisms ... | 2016 | 27010618 |
| the art of persistence-the secrets to burkholderia chronic infections. | the gram-negative proteobacteria genus burkholderia encompasses multiple bacterial species that are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. two pathogenic species of interest within this genus are burkholderia pseudomallei (bpm) and the b. cepacia complex (bcc); the former is the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and other mammals, and the latter is associated with pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. one understudied and shared characteristic of these two pathogenic groups is the ... | 2016 | 27440810 |
| choline catabolism in burkholderia thailandensis is regulated by multiple glutamine amidotransferase 1-containing arac family transcriptional regulators. | burkholderia thailandensis is a soil-dwelling bacterium that shares many metabolic pathways with the ecologically similar, but evolutionarily distant, pseudomonas aeruginosa among the diverse nutrients it can utilize is choline, metabolizable to the osmoprotectant glycine betaine and subsequently catabolized as a source of carbon and nitrogen, similar to p. aeruginosa orthologs of genes in the choline catabolic pathway in these two bacteria showed distinct differences in gene arrangement as well ... | 2016 | 27381916 |
| identification of an ompw homologue in burkholderia pseudomallei, a protective vaccine antigen against melioidosis. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is associated with a range of clinical manifestations, including sepsis and fatal pneumonia and is endemic in southeast asia and northern australia. treatment can be challenging and control of infection involves prolonged antibiotic therapy, yet there are no approved vaccines available to prevent infection. our aim was to develop and assess the potential of a prophylactic vaccine candidate targeted against melioidosis. the id ... | 2016 | 27091689 |
| antibiotic resistance in burkholderia species. | the genus burkholderia comprises metabolically diverse and adaptable gram-negative bacteria, which thrive in often adversarial environments. a few members of the genus are prominent opportunistic pathogens. these include burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei of the b. pseudomallei complex, which cause glanders and melioidosis, respectively. burkholderia cenocepacia, burkholderia multivorans, and burkholderia vietnamiensis belong to the burkholderia cepacia complex and affect mostly c ... | 2016 | 27620956 |
| gipsy: genomic island prediction software. | bacteria are highly diverse organisms that are able to adapt to a broad range of environments and hosts due to their high genomic plasticity. horizontal gene transfer plays a pivotal role in this genome plasticity and in evolution by leaps through the incorporation of large blocks of genome sequences, ordinarily known as genomic islands (geis). geis may harbor genes encoding virulence, metabolism, antibiotic resistance and symbiosis-related functions, namely pathogenicity islands (pais), metabol ... | 2016 | 26376473 |
| rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacillus anthracis, yersinia pestis, and burkholderia pseudomallei by use of laser light scattering technology. | rapid methods to determine antimicrobial susceptibility would assist in the timely distribution of effective treatment or postexposure prophylaxis in the aftermath of the release of bacterial biothreat agents such as bacillus anthracis, yersinia pestis, or burkholderia pseudomallei conventional susceptibility tests require 16 to 48 h of incubation, depending on the bacterial species. we evaluated a method that is based on laser light scattering technology that measures cell density in real time. ... | 2016 | 26984973 |
| a retrospective analysis of melioidosis in cambodian children, 2009-2013. | melioidiosis, infection by burkholderia pseudomallei, is an important but frequently under-recognised cause of morbidity and mortality in southeast asia and elsewhere in the tropics. data on the epidemiology of paediatric melioidosis in cambodia are extremely limited. | 2016 | 27871233 |
| a quadruplex real-time pcr assay for the rapid detection and differentiation of the most relevant members of the b. pseudomallei complex: b. mallei, b. pseudomallei, and b. thailandensis. | the burkholderia pseudomallei complex classically consisted of b. mallei, b. pseudomallei, and b. thailandensis, but has now expanded to include b. oklahomensis, b. humptydooensis, and three unassigned burkholderia clades. methods for detecting and differentiating the b. pseudomallei complex has been the topic of recent research due to phenotypic and genotypic similarities of these species. b. mallei and b. pseudomallei are recognized as cdc tier 1 select agents, and are the causative agents of ... | 2016 | 27736903 |
| maldi-tof ms contribution to diagnosis of melioidosis in a nonendemic country in three french travellers. | melioidosis is an endemic disease in southeast asia and northern australia. an increasing number of cases are being reported in nonendemic countries, making the diagnosis less obvious. we discuss the identification of burkholderia pseudomallei using matrix-assisted desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry on the occasion of recent cases of imported melioidosis in french travellers. | 2016 | 27222715 |
| bee venom (apis mellifera) an effective potential alternative to gentamicin for specific bacteria strains: bee venom an effective potential for bacteria. | mellitine, a major component of bee venom (bv, apis mellifera), is more active against gram positive than gram negative bacteria. moreover, bv has been reported to have multiple effects, including antibacterial, antivirus, and anti-inflammation effects, in various types of cells. in addition, wasp venom has been reported to have antibacterial properties. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of bv against selected gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains of me ... | 2016 | 27695631 |
| phylogenomic analysis reveals an asian origin for african burkholderia pseudomallei and further supports melioidosis endemicity in africa. | burkholderia pseudomallei, an environmental bacterium that causes the deadly disease melioidosis, is endemic in northern australia and southeast asia. an increasing number of melioidosis cases are being reported in other tropical regions, including africa and the indian ocean islands. b. pseudomallei first emerged in australia, with subsequent rare dissemination event(s) to southeast asia; however, its dispersal to other regions is not yet well understood. we used large-scale comparative genomic ... | 2016 | 27303718 |
| enhanced surveillance for fatal dengue-like acute febrile illness in puerto rico, 2010-2012. | dengue is a leading cause of morbidity throughout the tropics; however, accurate population-based estimates of mortality rates are not available. | 2016 | 27727271 |
| molecular evidence of burkholderia pseudomallei genotypes based on geographical distribution. | background. central intermediary metabolism (cim) in bacteria is defined as a set of metabolic biochemical reactions within a cell, which is essential for the cell to survive in response to environmental perturbations. the genes associated with cim are commonly found in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. as these genes are involved in vital metabolic processes of bacteria, we explored the efficiency of the genes in genotypic characterization of burkholderia pseudomallei isolates, compar ... | 2016 | 26998408 |
| characterization of new virulence factors involved in the intracellular growth and survival of burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, has complex and poorly understood extracellular and intracellular lifestyles. we used transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (tradis) to retrospectively analyze a transposon library that had previously been screened through a balb/c mouse model to identify genes important for growth and survival in vivo. this allowed us to identify the insertion sites and phenotypes of negatively selected mutants that were previously overlooke ... | 2016 | 26712202 |
| characterization of homologous sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase isoforms in the bacterial pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei. | sphingolipids (sls) are ubiquitous elements in eukaryotic membranes and are also found in some bacterial and viral species. as well as playing an integral structural role, sls also act as potent signaling molecules involved in numerous cellular pathways and have been linked to many human diseases. a central sl signaling molecule is sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p), whose breakdown is catalyzed by s1p lyase (s1pl), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of s1p to ... | 2016 | 27784725 |
| physicochemical properties influencing presence of burkholderia pseudomallei in soil from small ruminant farms in peninsular malaysia. | soil is considered to be a major reservoir of burkholderia pseudomallei in the environment. this paper investigates soil physicochemical properties that may influence presence of b. pseudomallei in soil samples from small ruminant farms in peninsular malaysia. soil samples were collected from the farms and cultured for b. pseudomallei. the texture, organic matter and water contents, ph, elemental contents, cation exchange capacities, carbon, sulfur and nitrogen contents were determined. analysis ... | 2016 | 27635652 |
| burkholderia genome mining for nonribosomal peptide synthetases reveals a great potential for novel siderophores and lipopeptides synthesis. | burkholderia is an important genus encompassing a variety of species, including pathogenic strains as well as strains that promote plant growth. we have carried out a global strategy, which combined two complementary approaches. the first one is genome guided with deep analysis of genome sequences and the second one is assay guided with experiments to support the predictions obtained in silico. this efficient screening for new secondary metabolites, performed on 48 gapless genomes of burkholderi ... | 2016 | 27060604 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei-derived mir-3473 enhances nf-κb via targeting traf3 and is associated with different inflammatory responses compared to burkholderia thailandensis in murine macrophages. | burkholderia pseudomallei (bp) is the causative agent of melioidosis, a kind of tropical disease. burkholderia thailandensis (bt), with a high sequence similarity to bp, is thought to be an avirulent organism. since there are numerous similarities between bp and bt, their differences in pathogenesis of host response and related mechanism are still undermined. in recent years, micrornas have been researched in many diseases, but seldom involved in bacterial infection, bacteria-host interaction or ... | 2016 | 27894256 |
| protection against experimental melioidosis with a synthetic manno-heptopyranose hexasaccharide glycoconjugate. | melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in endemic areas. antibiotic treatment is protracted and not always successful; even with appropriate therapy, up to 40% of individuals presenting with melioidosis in thailand succumb to infection. in these circumstances, an effective vaccine has the potential to have a dramatic impact on both the scale and the severity of disease. currently, no vaccines are ... | 2016 | 27124182 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei colony morphotypes show a synchronized metabolic pattern after acute infection. | burkholderia pseudomallei is a water and soil bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis. a characteristic feature of this bacterium is the formation of different colony morphologies which can be isolated from environmental samples as well as from clinical samples, but can also be induced in vitro. previous studies indicate that morphotypes can differ in a number of characteristics such as resistance to oxidative stress, cellular adhesion and intracellular replication. yet the metabolic fe ... | 2016 | 26943908 |
| unprecedented melioidosis cases in northern australia caused by an asian burkholderia pseudomallei strain identified by using large-scale comparative genomics. | melioidosis is a disease of humans and animals that is caused by the saprophytic bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei. once thought to be confined to certain locations, the known presence of b. pseudomallei is expanding as more regions of endemicity are uncovered. there is no vaccine for melioidosis, and even with antibiotic administration, the mortality rate is as high as 40% in some regions that are endemic for the infection. despite high levels of recombination, phylogenetic reconstruction of ... | 2016 | 26607593 |
| prevalence and identification of burkholderia pseudomallei and near-neighbor species in the malabar coastal region of india. | accurate identification of pathogens with biowarfare importance requires detection tools that specifically differentiate them from near-neighbor species. burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of a fatal disease melioidosis, is one such biothreat agent whose differentiation from its near-neighbor species is always a challenge. this is because of its phenotypic similarity with other burkholderia species which have a wide spread geographical distribution with shared environmental niches. m ... | 2016 | 27632353 |
| metabolomic profiling of plasma from melioidosis patients using uhplc-qtof ms reveals novel biomarkers for diagnosis. | to identify potential biomarkers for improving diagnosis of melioidosis, we compared plasma metabolome profiles of melioidosis patients compared to patients with other bacteremia and controls without active infection, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry. principal component analysis (pca) showed that the metabolomic profiles of melioidosis patients are distinguishable from bacteremia patients and controls. using mu ... | 2016 | 26927094 |
| cloning, expression, and characterization of a peptidoglycan hydrolase from the burkholderia pseudomallei phage st79. | the lytic phage st79 of burkholderia pseudomallei can lyse a broad range of its host including antibiotic resistant isolates from within using a set of proteins, holin, lysb, lysc and endolysin, a peptidoglycan (pg) hydrolase enzyme. the phage st79 endolysin gene identified as peptidase m15a was cloned, expressed and purified to evaluate its potential to lyse pathogenic bacteria. the molecular size of the purified enzyme is approximately 18 kda and the in silico study cited here indicated the pr ... | 2016 | 27637947 |
| perturbation of the two-component signal transduction system, bprrs, results in attenuated virulence and motility defects in burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe invasive disease of humans and animals. initial screening of a b. pseudomallei signature-tagged mutagenesis library identified an attenuated mutant with a transposon insertion in a gene encoding the sensor component of an uncharacterised two-component signal transduction system (tcsts), which we designated bprrs. | 2016 | 27147217 |
| environmental free-living amoebae isolated from soil in khon kaen, thailand, antagonize burkholderia pseudomallei. | presence of burkholderia pseudomallei in soil and water is correlated with endemicity of melioidosis in southeast asia and northern australia. several biological and physico-chemical factors have been shown to influence persistence of b. pseudomallei in the environment of endemic areas. this study was the first to evaluate the interaction of b. pseudomallei with soil amoebae isolated from b. pseudomallei-positive soil site in khon kaen, thailand. four species of amoebae, paravahlkampfia ustiana, ... | 2016 | 27898739 |
| biocidal and sporicidal efficacy of pathoster(®) 0.35% and pathoster(®) 0.50% against bacterial agents in potential bioterrorism use. | the use of products that can neutralize or significantly reduce the microbial load and that are not harmful to human health and the environment represents a milestone in the fight against the spread of infectious diseases. peracetic acid, besides being an excellent sterilizing and sporicidal agent, is harmless to humans and the environment when it is used in a common dosage. however, the high costs and loss of efficacy of the product very quickly after its reconstitution limit its use. we evalua ... | 2016 | 27482880 |
| thoracic radiologic manifestations of melioidosis. | melioidosis (burkholderia pseudomallei) is a gram-negative bacterial infection that is highly endemic in southeast asia and oceania. pulmonary disease is the most common form of involvement. the clinical-radiologic thoracic manifestations of melioidosis can be classified as acute, subacute, subclinical, and chronic forms. radiographic findings include nodular, alveolar, or mixed infiltration/consolidation with or without cavities. pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and pericardial involvement can b ... | 2016 | 23009770 |
| case report of orbital cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis from melioidosis. | a 48-year-old thai male farmer presented with progressive swelling of the right eyelid and high-grade fever. his visual acuity declined and the right side of his forehead developed a necrotic skin lesion with a purulent discharge. ct of the orbits suggested orbital cellulitis with subperiosteal abscess. intravenous ceftriaxone and clindamycin were given empirically but then switched to vancomycin and meropenem because of rapid deterioration together with clinical sepsis. burkholderia pseudomalle ... | 2016 | 23303132 |
| retrospective study on fatal melioidosis in captive zoo animals in thailand. | melioidosis is caused by burkholderia pseudomallei and is an important zoonotic infectious disease causing high mortality from fulminant septicaemia in humans and a wide variety of animal species. the incidence of fatal melioidosis in zoo animals has been significant in many thai zoos. a total number of 32 cases were evaluated throughout the thai zoo animal populations. the highest prevalence of disease has been reported from the north-eastern region followed by the zoos in the southern part of ... | 2016 | 25583276 |
| recombinant salmonella expressing burkholderia mallei lps o antigen provides protection in a murine model of melioidosis and glanders. | burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei are the etiologic agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. these bacteria are highly infectious via the respiratory route and can cause severe and often fatal diseases in humans and animals. both species are considered potential agents of biological warfare; they are classified as category b priority pathogens. currently there are no human or veterinary vaccines available against these pathogens. consequently efforts are directed towards ... | 2015 | 26148026 |
| identification of burkholderia pseudomallei near-neighbor species in the northern territory of australia. | identification and characterization of near-neighbor species are critical to the development of robust molecular diagnostic tools for biothreat agents. one such agent, burkholderia pseudomallei, a soil bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis, is lacking in this area because of its genomic diversity and widespread geographic distribution. the burkholderia genus contains over 60 species and occupies a large range of environments including soil, plants, rhizospheres, water, animals and hum ... | 2015 | 26121041 |
| altered proteome of burkholderia pseudomallei colony variants induced by exposure to human lung epithelial cells. | burkholderia pseudomallei primary diagnostic cultures demonstrate colony morphology variation associated with expression of virulence and adaptation proteins. this study aims to examine the ability of b. pseudomallei colony variants (wild type [wt] and small colony variant [scv]) to survive and replicate intracellularly in a549 cells and to identify the alterations in the protein expression of these variants, post-exposure to the a549 cells. intracellular survival and cytotoxicity assays were pe ... | 2015 | 25996927 |
| complete genome sequences for 59 burkholderia isolates, both pathogenic and near neighbor. | the genus burkholderia encompasses both pathogenic (including burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei, u.s. centers for disease control and prevention category b listed), and nonpathogenic gram-negative bacilli. here we present full genome sequences for a panel of 59 burkholderia strains, selected to aid in detection assay development. | 2015 | 25931592 |
| concordance and discordance of sequence survey methods for molecular epidemiology. | the post-genomic era is characterized by the direct acquisition and analysis of genomic data with many applications, including the enhancement of the understanding of microbial epidemiology and pathology. however, there are a number of molecular approaches to survey pathogen diversity, and the impact of these different approaches on parameter estimation and inference are not entirely clear. we sequenced whole genomes of bacterial pathogens, burkholderia pseudomallei, yersinia pestis, and brucell ... | 2015 | 25737810 |
| susceptibility of select agents to predation by predatory bacteria. | select agents are microorganisms and toxins considered to be exploitable as biological weapons. although infections by many select agents can be treated by conventional antibiotics, the risk of an emerging or engineered drug resistant strain is of great concern. one group of microorganisms that is showing potential to control drug resistant gram-negative bacteria are the predatory bacteria from the genera bdellovibrio spp. and micavibrio spp. in this study, we have examined the ability of bdello ... | 2015 | 27682124 |
| uncovering major genomic features of essential genes in bacteria and a methanogenic archaea. | identification of essential genes is critical to understanding the physiology of a species, proposing novel drug targets and uncovering minimal gene sets required for life. although essential gene sets of several organisms have been determined using large-scale mutagenesis techniques, systematic studies addressing their conservation, genomic context and functions remain scant. here we integrate 17 essential gene sets from genome-wide in vitro screenings and three gene collections required for gr ... | 2015 | 26084810 |
| identification of highly pathogenic microorganisms by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: results of an interlaboratory ring trial. | in the case of a release of highly pathogenic bacteria (hpb), there is an urgent need for rapid, accurate, and reliable diagnostics. maldi-tof mass spectrometry is a rapid, accurate, and relatively inexpensive technique that is becoming increasingly important in microbiological diagnostics to complement classical microbiology, pcr, and genotyping of hpb. in the present study, the results of a joint exercise with 11 partner institutions from nine european countries are presented. in this exercise ... | 2015 | 26063856 |
| characterization of burkholderia pseudomallei strains using a murine intraperitoneal infection model and in vitro macrophage assays. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium. this bacterium is endemic in southeast asia and northern australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. it has also been estimated to present a considerable risk as a potential biothreat agent. there are currently no effective vaccines for b. pseudomallei, and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by nonspecific symptomology, the high incidence of naturally occurr ... | 2015 | 25909629 |
| unraveling the b. pseudomallei heptokinase wcbl: from structure to drug discovery. | gram-negative bacteria utilize heptoses as part of their repertoire of extracellular polysaccharide virulence determinants. disruption of heptose biosynthesis offers an attractive target for novel antimicrobials. a critical step in the synthesis of heptoses is their 1-o phosphorylation, mediated by kinases such as hlde or wcbl. here, we present the structure of wcbl from burkholderia pseudomallei. we report that wcbl operates through a sequential ordered bi-bi mechanism, loading the heptose firs ... | 2015 | 26687481 |
| differential toll-like receptor-signalling of burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide in murine and human models. | the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis and is a cdc category b bioterrorism agent. toll-like receptor (tlr)-2 impairs host defense during pulmonary b.pseudomallei infection while tlr4 only has limited impact. we investigated the role of tlrs in b.pseudomallei-lipopolysaccharide (lps) induced inflammation. purified b.pseudomallei-lps activated only tlr2-transfected-hek-cells during short stimulation but both hek-tlr2 and hek-tlr4-cells after 24 h. in human blood, ... | 2015 | 26689559 |
| clear distinction between burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei using fluorescent motb primers. | a frame-shift mutation in the flagellum motor gene motb coding for the chemotaxis motb protein of burkholderia mallei has been utilized to design a conventional duplex pcr assay with fluorescent labelled primers. | 2015 | 25887130 |
| global transcriptional analysis of burkholderia pseudomallei high and low biofilm producers reveals insights into biofilm production and virulence. | chronic bacterial infections occur as a result of the infecting pathogen's ability to live within a biofilm, hence escaping the detrimental effects of antibiotics and the immune defense system. burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative facultative pathogen, is distinctive in its ability to survive within phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, to persist in vivo for many years and subsequently leading to relapse as well as the development of chronic disease. the capacity to persist has been attrib ... | 2015 | 26092034 |
| genomic characterization of burkholderia pseudomallei isolates selected for medical countermeasures testing: comparative genomics associated with differential virulence. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis and a potential bioterrorism agent. in the development of medical countermeasures against b. pseudomallei infection, the us food and drug administration (fda) animal rule recommends using well-characterized strains in animal challenge studies. in this study, whole genome sequence data were generated for 6 b. pseudomallei isolates previously identified as candidates for animal challenge studies; an additional 5 isolates were sequence ... | 2015 | 25803742 |
| competition between burkholderia pseudomallei and b. thailandensis. | burkholderia pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium that causes melioidosis, an often fatal disease in tropical countries. burkholderia thailandensis is a non-virulent but closely related species. both species are soil saprophytes but are almost never isolated together. | 2015 | 25879538 |