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antimicrobial evaluation of huilliche plant medicine used to treat wounds.the traditional use of 40 plant species used for treatment of wounds and associated infections by the huilliche people of chile was evaluated against bacterial and fungal human pathogens, especially including wound pathogens.201121939748
[rapid and high throughput measurement of lipase thermo-stability through ans fluorescence signal assay].we have developed a rapid and high throughput lipase-ans (8-anilino-l-naphthalenesulfonic acid) assay to evaluate the thermo-stability of lipases based on the ans fluorescence signal's increasing and shifting when this small fluorescence probes binds to lipase. the testing lipase samples were incubated at a temperature range of 25 degrees c to 65 degrees c for 30 min before mixed with ans solution (0.20 mg/ml lipase and 0.05 mmol/l ans in the buffer of 20 mmol/l tris-hcl, 100 mmol/l nacl, ph 7.2 ...201121847993
pichia anomala in biocontrol for apples: 20 years of fundamental research and practical applications.fungal pathogens such as botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum and the gloeosporioides group are mainly responsible for important economical losses of post-harvest apples. application of biological control agents (bcas) is an emerging alternative to synthetic fungicides. however, before becoming an economically feasible alternative to chemical control, bcas have to satisfy different requirements related to biological, technological and toxicological properties. the different steps for a success ...201121222032
effect of heat shock treatment on stress tolerance and biocontrol efficacy of metschnikowia fructicola.the effect of high temperature and oxidative stress on the cell viability of the yeast antagonist, metschnikowia fructicola was determined. a mild heat shock (hs) pretreatment (30 min at 40 °c) improved the tolerance of m. fructicola to subsequent high temperature (45 °c, 20-30 min) and oxidative stress (0.4 mol l?¹ hydrogen peroxide, 20-60 min). hs-treated yeast cells showed less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) than nontreated cells in response to both stresses. additionally, hs-t ...201121223330
oxidative damage involves in the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on spore germination of penicillium expansum.the effects of nitric oxide (no) on spore germination of penicillium expansum were investigated and a possible mechanism was evaluated. the results indicated that no released by sodium nitroprusside (snp) significantly suppressed fungal growth. with the use of an oxidant sensitive probe and western blot analysis, an increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ros) and enhanced carbonylation damage were detected in spores of p. expansum under no stress. exogenous superoxide dismutas ...201120593183
antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum.antifungal activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (zno nps) and their mode of action against two postharvest pathogenic fungi (botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum) were investigated in this study. zno nps with sizes of 70 ± 15 nm and concentrations of 0, 3, 6 and 12 mmol l(-1) were used. traditional microbiological plating, scanning electron microscopy (sem), and raman spectroscopy were used to study antifungal activities of zno nps and to characterize the changes in morphology and cellula ...201120630731
biotechnological conversion of waste cooking olive oil into lipid-rich biomass using aspergillus and penicillium strains.in this study, we have investigated the biochemical behaviour of aspergillus sp. (five strains) and penicillium expansum (one strain) fungi cultivated on waste cooking olive oil. the production of lipid-rich biomass was the main target of the work. in parallel, the biosynthesis of other extracellular metabolites (organic acids) and enzyme (lipase) and the substrate fatty acid specificity of the strains were studied.201121281409
glycine betaine improves oxidative stress tolerance and biocontrol efficacy of the antagonistic yeast cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum.the effect of h2o2-induced oxidative stress on the viability of the yeast antagonist, cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum, as well as the effect of exogenous glycine betaine (gb) on yeast viability under oxidative stress, was determined. gb treatment improved the tolerance of c. infirmominiatum to oxidative stress. compared to untreated control yeast cells, gb-treated cells showed less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) and a lower level of protein oxidation in response to oxidative str ...201121353322
biocontrol of postharvest gray and blue mold decay of apples with rhodotorula mucilaginosa and possible mechanisms of action.the efficacy of rhodotorula mucilaginosa against postharvest gray mold, blue mold and natural decay development of apples and the possible mechanisms involved were investigated. the decay incidence and lesion diameter of gray mold and blue mold of apples treated by r. mucilaginosa were significantly reduced compared with the control fruits, and the higher concentration of r. mucilaginosa, the better the efficacy of the biocontrol. r. mucilaginosa also significantly reduced the natural decay deve ...201121402429
lactobacillus amylovorus dsm 19280 as a novel food-grade antifungal agent for bakery products.mould spoilage is the main cause of substantial economic loss in bakery industry and might also cause public health problems due to the production of mycotoxins. the reduction of mould growth in bakery products is thus of crucial importance and there is great interest to develop safe and efficient strategies for this purpose. in this study lactobacillus amylovorus dsm19280 has been shown to produce a wide spectrum of antifungal compounds active against common bread spoilage fungi. among the indi ...201121429613
effects of rhamnolipid on the cellulase and xylanase in hydrolysis of wheat straw.the effects of biosurfactant rhamnolipid (rl) and chemical surfactant triton x-100 on the production of cellulases and xylanase from penicillium expansum (p. expansum) in untreated, acid- and alkali-pretreated wheat straw submerged fermentations were studied, and the influences on the activity and stability of cellulase r-10 were also investigated. the results showed that rl and triton x-100 enhanced the activities of cellulases and xylanase to different extents and the stimulatory effects of rl ...201121478013
the trace analysis of microorganisms in real samples by combination of a filtration microcartridge and capillary isoelectric focusing.trace analysis of microorganisms in real biological samples needs very sensitive methods for their detection. most procedures for detecting and quantifying pathogens require a sample preparation step including concentrating microorganisms from large sample volumes with high and reproducible efficiency. electromigration techniques have great potential to include the preconcentration, separation, and detection of whole cells and therefore they can rapidly indicate the presence of pathogens. the pr ...201121499678
patulin accumulation in apples during storage by penicillium expansum and penicillium griseofulvum strains.a part of apples destined to juice production is generally of poor quality. apples from cold storage or recently harvest (ground harvested or low quality apples) are stored under ambient conditions until they are processed. since penicillium expansum and p. griseofulvum are the principal fungal species isolated from stored apples in brazil, the objective of this study was to investigate the ability of these strains to produce patulin in apples and report the consequences of this type of storage ...201124031618
potential of patulin production by penicillium expansum strains on various fruits.in this study, we investigated the pathogenicity and patulin production by ten strains of penicillium expansum on various fruits (apples, apricots, kiwis, plums and peaches) at two (4°c and 25°c) different temperature regimes. all strains caused the infectious rots on all fruits at 4 and 25°c except one strain (pex 09) at 4°c. two strains (pex 20 and pex 12) out of ten produced the highest amounts of patulin on all fruits tested. the patulin production by p. expansum is high at 25°c compared to ...201023605488
immersion of 'coscia' pear fruit in water at 55 degrees c for 60 sec controls penicillium expansum decay and delays ripening during short storage.'coscia' is an early ripening pear with a short postharvest life (1 month) and chemical treatments to prevent decay are generally not undertaken. this, along with the fast deterioration under shelf-life conditions, makes it difficult to contain postharvest moulds. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-mcp) has been employed with success to delay ripening and, as a co-effect, the development of decay was contained, but this treatment is not allowed for organically grown crops. here we report the results of an ...201021534485
postharvest behaviour of two sardinian apple varieties following immersion in heated sodium bicarbonate solution.'miali' and 'caddina' are apple varieties of sardinian germplasm, mainly produced under sustainable conditions. fruit is rarely subjected to cold storage and postharvest losses are generally high. in order to prolong the marketing period and contain postharvest decay of these local varieties, we investigated on their storage behaviour and on the efficacy of combined alternative postharvest treatments. pre-climateric fruit was harvested and immersed for 0 (control), 15, 30, 45 or 60 sec. in water ...201021534486
influence of package, type of apple juice and temperature on the production of patulin by byssochlamys nivea and byssochlamys fulva.although the production of patulin in apple fruits is mainly by penicillium expansum, there is no information on the ability of heat resistant moulds that may survive pasteurization to produce this mycotoxin in juice packages during storage and distribution. in this study, the production of patulin by byssochlamys spp (byssochlamys nivea frr 4421, b. nivea atcc 24008 and byssochlamys fulva ioc 4518) in cloudy and clarified apple juices packaged in laminated paperboard packages or in polyethylene ...201020633943
microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for improved analysis of geosmin and other fungal "off" volatiles in grape juice.geosmin is a volatile fungal metabolite with an earthy aroma produced in grape products from rotten grapes. the accumulation of geosmin in grapes is caused by the interaction of botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum. solid phase microextraction (spme) has great utility for collecting volatile compounds in wine. however, contamination with earthy odours may have occurred previously in the must and novel methods are required for this commodity. in the present report, several parameters of the ...201020655340
impact of water activity of diverse media on spore germination of aspergillus and penicillium species.the effects of water activity (a(w)) of diverse media i/ culture medium for sporogenesis, a(w sp) ii/ liquid spore suspension medium, a(w su) and iii/ medium for germination, a(w ge), on the germination time t(g) of aspergillus carbonarius, aspergillus flavus, penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium expansum were assessed according to a screening matrix at 0.95 and 0.99 a(w). it was shown that i/ reduced t(g)s were obtained at 0.95 a(w sp) except for p. expansum ii/ a significant effect of a(w s ...201020673593
modelling mould growth under suboptimal environmental conditions and inoculum size.predictive models can be a tool to develop strategies to prevent mould development and consequently mycotoxin production. the aims of this work were to assess the impact of a) high/low levels of inoculum and b) optimal/suboptimal environmental conditions on fungal responses based on both kinetic and probabilistic models. different levels of spore suspensions of aspergillus carbonarius and penicillium expansum were prepared and inoculated centrally with a needlepoint load on malt extract agar (me ...201020688232
evaluation of penicillium expansum isolates for aggressiveness, growth and patulin accumulation in usual and less common fruit hosts.experiments were carried out in vivo and in vitro with four isolates of penicillium expansum (i 1, e 11, c 28 and i 12) to evaluate their aggressiveness, growth and patulin accumulation in both usual (pears and apples) and less common hosts (apricots, peaches, strawberries and kiwifruits) of the pathogen. the 75% of isolates showed the ability to cause blue mould in all tested hosts. in particular, c 28 and i 1 were the most and the least aggressive isolates, respectively (52.9 and 10.6% infecti ...201020800918
[screening of three straw-cellulose degrading microorganism].the aim of this study was to screen straw-cellulose degrading microorganisms and to investigate their degradation ability of straw-cellulose.201020815232
characterization of phenolic content, in vitro biological activity, and pesticide loads of extracts from white grape skins from organic and conventional cultivars.grape skin extracts of riesling vitis vinifera l. grapes from conventionally or organically managed cultivars were compared on the basis of their phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial and antimutagenic properties and pesticide loads. promising results on their biological properties suggest that those extracts would be valuable as food preservatives. the antioxidant capacity of conventional extracts was significantly higher, according to the higher content in catechin, epicatechin ...201020870004
penicillium expansum lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel in ionic liquids.penicillium expansum lipase (pel) was used to catalyze biodiesel production from corn oil in [bmim][pf(6)](1) (an ionic liquid, il) and tert-butanol. both systems were optimized in terms of meoh/oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, enzyme loading, solvent volume, and water content. the high conversion obtained in the il (86%) as compared to that in tert-butanol (52%) demonstrates that the il is a superior solvent for pel-catalyzed biodiesel production. poor yields were obtained in a series of ...201021138789
genotypic identification of penicillium expansum and the role of processing on patulin presence in juice.this work aimed at isolation and identification of patulin producing fungi and to follow the presence of patulin during apple juice processing. among 34 penicillium isolates, eight isolates (five from healthy appeared apples and 12 from rot spotted apples) were considered as patulin producers using thin-layer chromatography. these isolates were classically identified as a penicillium expansum. pcr utilizing primers based on the polygalacturonase gene of p. expansum was applied for detecting this ...201021193007
self-organizing maps and support vector regression as aids to coupled chromatography: illustrated by predicting spoilage in apples using volatile organic compounds.the paper describes the application of soms (self-organizing maps) and svr (support vector regression) to pattern recognition in gc-ms (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). the data are applied to two groups of apples, one which is a control and one which has been inoculated with penicillium expansum and which becomes spoiled over the 10-day period of the experiment. gc-ms of spme (solid phase microextraction) samples of volatiles from these apples were recorded, on replicate samples, over tim ...201021215863
promising antifungal effect of some euro-asiatic plants against dangerous pathogenic and toxinogenic fungi.increasing evidence of fungicide-resistant toxinogenic and pathogenic fungal species is obvious. looking for new possibilities of antifungal treatment or sources of antifungal substances is a major problem. some medicinal plants exert strong antifungal properties and could be conveniently used as a promising alternative source for presently problematic antifungal treatment in many areas with respect to their natural origin. methanol extracts of 46 medicinal plants from the eurasian area were use ...201021218483
combination of pichia membranifaciens and ammonium molybdate for controlling blue mould caused by penicillium expansum in peach fruit.the potential enhancement of pichia membranifaciens by ammonium molybdate (nh(4)mo) to control blue mould caused by penicillium expansum on peach fruit was investigated. combining p. membranifaciens at 1x10(8) cell/ml with 1 mm nh(4)mo provided a more effective control of blue mould rot than applying the yeast or nh(4)mo alone. addition of 1 mm nh(4)mo significantly increased the growth of p. membranifaciens in peach wounds, but did not affect the population in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medi ...201020605650
validation of a predictive model for the growth of botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum on grape berries.the objective of this study was to develop and to validate a model for predicting the combined effect of temperature and a(w) on the radial growth rate, mu, of botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum on grape berries. the proposed strategy was based on the gamma-concept developed previously [zwietering, m.h., wijtzes, t., de wit, j.c., van't riet, k. 1992. a decision support system for prediction of the microbial spoilage in foods. journal of food protection. 12, 973-979]: mu=mu(opt).gamma(t). ...201020619474
some factors influencing patulin production by penicillium expansum in pome fruits.the objective of our study was to examine the effects of penicillium expansum on patulin production in relation to isolates, species and cultivar type, incidence and severity of decay. in addition, patulin production at different incubation times and its diffusion were also investigated. these factors were evaluated in pome fruits inoculated with p. expansum and kept at 20 °c for short periods of time.201020623709
a highly regioselective route to arbutin esters by immobilized lipase from penicillium expansum.immobilized lipase from penicillium expansum, a novel and inexpensive enzyme preparation that we immobilized in our laboratory, was an excellent catalyst for highly regioselective acylation of arbutin with fatty acid vinyl esters. for the enzymatic butanoylation of arbutin, under the optimal conditions, initial reaction rate was 75.1 mm/h, and substrate conversion and regioselectivity were greater than 99%. in addition, a variety of 6'-esters of arbutin were prepared with high conversion (>99%) ...201019695875
characterization and antimicrobial activity of a pharmaceutical microemulsion.the characterization of a pharmaceutical microemulsion system with glycerol monolaurate as oil, ethanol as cosurfactant, tween 40 as surfactant, sodium diacetate and water, and the antimicrobial activities against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, candida albicans, aspergillus niger and penicillium expansum have been studied. the influence of ethanol and sodium diacetate on oil solubilization capability was clearly reflected in the phase behavior of these systems. one m ...201020580790
growth inhibition of aspergillus ochraceus zmpbf 318 and penicillium expansum zmpbf 565 by four essential oils.fungi produce a large variety of extracellular proteins, organic acids, and other metabolites and can adapt to several environmental conditions. mycotoxin-producing moulds of the genera aspergillus and penicillium are common food contaminants. one of the natural ways to protect food from mould contamination is to use essential oils. in this study, we evaluated the effect of essential oils of cinnamon, lavender, rosemary, and sage at 1 % (v/v) concentration in yeast media inoculated with spores ( ...201020587393
crystal structure of a triacylglycerol lipase from penicillium expansum at 1.3 a determined by sulfur sad. 201020146362
lentinula edodes enhances the biocontrol activity of cryptococcus laurentii against penicillium expansum contamination and patulin production in apple fruits.penicillium expansum is a post-harvest pathogen of apples which can produce the hazardous mycotoxin patulin. the yeast cryptococcus laurentii (ls28) is a biocontrol agent able to colonize highly oxidative environments such as wounds in apples. in this study culture filtrates of the basidiomycete lentinula edodes (lf23) were used to enhance the biocontrol activity of ls28. in vitro l. edodes culture filtrates improved the growth of c. laurentii and the activity of its catalase, superoxide dismuta ...201020206395
fructooligosaccharide production by penicillium expansum.fructooligosaccharides (fos) production by penicillium expansum was evaluated. in a first stage, the best conditions for p. expansum growth and sporulation were established with potato/dextrose/agar being the most suitable medium at between 22 and 25 degrees c, giving good growth and good sporulation. the inocula from this medium were used for fos production using shake-flask cultures, and yielded 0.58 g fos/g sucrose (3.25 g fos/l.h), demonstrating the potential of this strain for sucrose conve ...201020213526
effects of heat treatment on wound healing in gala and red fuji apple fruits.this study investigated the effects of heat treatment (hot air at 38 degrees c for 4 days) on wound healing in gala and red fuji apple fruits (malus domestica borkh.) and the possible mechanism. wounded apples were healed at either 20 or 38 degrees c for 4 days. during the treatment, ethylene, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal), peroxidase (pod), polyphenol oxidase (ppo), hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)), and phenolic and lignin contents were measured. following the treatment, healed wounds were inoc ...201020232915
effect of culture media and ph on the biomass production and biocontrol efficacy of a metschnikowia pulcherrima strain to be used as a biofungicide for postharvest disease control.few strains of metschnikowia pulcherrima (pitt) m.w. miller are under development for control of postharvest pathogens on fruit. a substrate was developed to optimize the biomass production of m. pulcherrima strain bio126. different complex nutrient sources, with or without ph control, were tested. growth in yeast extract provided at concentrations > or =30 g*l-1 yielded the highest biomass. the addition of two carbon sources, d-mannitol and l-sorbose, at 5 g*l-1 each, significantly improved yea ...201020237574
farnesol induces apoptosis and oxidative stress in the fungal pathogen penicillium expansum.this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of farnesol (foh) on the growth of p. expansum. the viability of p. expansum cells was determined by counting the colony forming units (cfu) after each foh treatment. morphological changes of foh-treated fungal cells were analyzed by staining with hoechst 33258, tunel (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase fluorescein-12-dutp nick end labeling), annexin-v fitc and the oxidant-sensitive probe h2dcfda (dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate). foh stro ...201020361499
[cloning, codon optimization and expression of mature lipase gene penicillium expansum].to clone penicillum expansum cicc 40356 lipase (pel) gene cdna and to over-express active lipase in pichia pastoris gs115.201020387466
spectroscopic investigations of the chiral interactions of metolachlor and its (s)-isomer with lipase and phosphatase.metolachlor [2-chloro-n-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-n-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] is a chiral acetanilide herbicide. we investigated its enantioselective interactions, and that of its (s)-isomer, with penicillium expansum alkaline lipase and phosphatase. uv differential spectroscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometry studies were conducted in phosphate buffered solution at ph 7. chiral differences in the uv absorption and fluorescence spectra of lipase and phosphatase with metolachlor and ...201020390958
modelling growth of penicillium expansum and aspergillus niger at constant and fluctuating temperature conditions.the growth of penicillium expansum and aspergillus niger, isolated from yogurt production environment, was investigated on malt extract agar with ph=4.2 and a(w)=0.997, simulating yogurt, at isothermal conditions ranging from -1.3 to 35 degrees c and from 5 to 42.3 degrees c, respectively. the growth rate (mu) and (apparent) lag time (lambda) of the mycelium growth were modelled as a function of temperature using a cardinal model with inflection (cmi). the results showed that the cmi can describ ...201020413170
cytotoxic polyphenols from the marine-derived fungus penicillium expansum.two new polyphenols containing both phenolic bisabolane sesquiterpenoid and diphenyl ether units, expansols a (1) and b (2), and two new phenolic bisabolane sesquiterpenoids, (s)-(+)-11-dehydrosydonic acid (3) and (7s,11s)-(+)-12-acetoxysydonic acid (4), along with two known compounds, (s)-(+)-sydonic acid (5) and diorcinol (6), were isolated from the metabolites of the marine-derived fungus penicillium expansum 091006 endogenous with the mangrove plant excoecaria agallocha. on the basis of spec ...201020415462
antifungal effects of the bioactive compounds enniatins a, a(1), b, b(1).to produce enniatin (ens), fusarium tricinctum cect 20150 was grown in a liquid medium of potato (pdb), being mycotoxin purified by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with a reverse phase semipreparative column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water using gradient condition. the purity of the ens fractions was verified by analytical hplc and lc/ms-ms. the pure fractions of ens were utilized to study the biological activity on several mycotoxigenic moulds as fusarium verticilloides ...201020417654
use of chemosensitization to overcome fludioxonil resistance in penicillium expansum.to overcome fludioxonil resistance of penicillium expansum, a mycotoxigenic fungal pathogen causing postharvest decay in apple, by using natural phenolic chemosensitizing agents.201020536709
antifungal activity of eugenol against penicillium, aspergillus, and fusarium species.the antifungal activity of eugenol in a model system against aspergilli (aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, and emericella nidulans), penicilli (penicillium expansum, penicillium glabrum, and penicillium italicum), and fusaria (fusarium oxysporum and fusarium avenaceum) was investigated. minimum detection time (time to attain a colony diameter of 1 cm) and the kinetic parameters were evaluated. the effectiveness of the active compound seemed to be strain or genus dependent; 100 mg/liter rep ...201020537272
sensitivity of penicillium expansum field isolates to tebuconazole, iprodione, fludioxonil and cyprodinil and characterization of fitness parameters and patulin production.a total of 236 penicillium expansum field isolates from decayed apple fruit collected from packinghouses and processing industries located in the region of imathia, northern greece were tested for their sensitivity to tebuconazole, fludioxonil, iprodione and cyprodinil. preliminary fungitoxicity tests on the response of the isolates showed several phenotypes, distinguished according to their sensitivity to fungicides tested. the ec(50) values ranged from 0.64 to 5 (average = 0.98) μg/ml for ipro ...201021251724
ambient ph stress inhibits spore germination of penicillium expansum by impairing protein synthesis and folding: a proteomic-based study.spore germination is the first step for fungal pathogens to infect host plants. the ph value, as one of the most important environmental parameters, has critical influence on spore germination. in this study, effects of ambient ph on spore germination were determined by culturing spores of penicillium expansum in medium with ph values at 2.0, 5.0 and 8.0, and involved mechanisms were further investigated through methods of comparative proteomics. the results demonstrated that spore germination o ...201019951004
purification and biochemical characterization of polygalacturonase produced by penicillium expansum during postharvest decay of 'anjou' pear.a polygalacturonase (pg) was extracted and purified from decayed tissue of 'anjou' pear fruit inoculated with penicillium expansum. ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and cation exchange chromatography were used to purify the enzyme. both chromatographic methods revealed a single peak corresponding to pg activity. pg enzyme activity from healthy and wounded pear tissue was undetectable, which supports the claim that the purified pg is of fungal origin. the purified enzyme had a mole ...201019968548
modeling penicillium expansum resistance to thermal and chlorine treatments.apples and apple products are excellent substrates for penicillium expansum to produce patulin. in an attempt to avoid excessive levels of patulin, limiting or reducing p. expansum contamination levels on apples designated for storage in packinghouses and/or during apple juice processing is critical. the aim of this work was (i) to determine the thermal resistance of p. expansum spores in apple juice, comparing the abilities of the bigelow and weibull models to describe the survival curves and ( ...200920003750
[antimicrobial efficacy of benzyl isothiocyanate].the potential value of benzyl isothiocyanate (bit) vapor for food preservation was investigated in comparison with allyl isothiocyanate (ait) vapor. measurements of minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) against various bacteria and fungi indicated that bit vapor shows higher antibacterial activity towards gram-positive bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria, than ait vapor. bit has a similar inhibitory effect to ait against gram-negative bacteria, yeast and fungi, except that it was less effe ...200920065621
in vitro activity of imazalil against penicillium expansum: comparison of the clsi m38-a broth microdilution method with traditional techniques.penicillium expansum is one of the most important pathogens that cause blue mold in stored apples and is regarded as the major producer of the mycotoxin patulin. imazalil is one of the fungicides used in spain to control postharvest blue mold, but development of fungal resistance has been reported in p. digitatum and p. italicum. the most common used methods to detect antifungal susceptibility of fungal crop pathogens in vitro, are direct-plating isolates in media amended with various concentrat ...200919059665
response of jujube fruits to exogenous oxalic acid treatment based on proteomic analysis.in this study, we found that oxalic acid (oa) at the concentration of 5 mm could delay jujube fruit sene-scence by reducing ethylene production, repressing fruit reddening and reducing alcohol content, which consequently increased fruit resistance against blue mold caused by penicillium expansum. in order to gain a further understanding of the mechanism by which oa delays senescence and increases disease resistance of jujube fruit, we used a proteomics approach to compare soluble proteome of juj ...200919068492
comparison of methods to detect resistance of penicillium expansum to thiabendazole.because of the lack of a standard method, the aim of this work is to evaluate the suitability of the broth microdilution method clsi m38-a in determining the resistance level of some penicillium expansum isolates to thiabendazole (tbz). the ability of the isolates to produce patulin (pat) and citrinin (cit) has been also assessed.200919196442
indole-3-acetic acid improves postharvest biological control of blue mold rot of apple by cryptococcus laurentii.cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist c. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by penicillium expansum in apple fruit. results showed that the addition of iaa at 20 microg/ml to suspensions of c. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in ...200919203278
food preservative potential of essential oils and fractions from cymbopogon citratus, ocimum gratissimum and thymus vulgaris against mycotoxigenic fungi.the food preservative potential of essential oils from three aromatic plants cymbopogon citratus, ocimum gratissimum and thymus vulgaris and their fractions was investigated against two mycotoxigenic strains each of aspergillus ochraceus, penicillium expansum and p. verrucosum. the fungicidal activity was determined and expressed as a number of decimal reduction of the colony forming units per ml (ndr cfu). the influence of ph variation on this activity was studied. the ndr cfu varied with the e ...200919268382
isolation of phosphate-solubilizing fungi from phosphate mines and their effect on wheat seedling growth.three phosphate-solubilizing fungi, identified as penicillium expansum, mucor ramosissimus, and candida krissii, were isolated from phosphate mines (hubei, people's republic of china) and characterized. all the isolates demonstrated diverse levels of phosphate-solubilizing capability in national botanical research institute's phosphate growth medium containing rock phosphate as sole phosphate source. acidification of culture medium seemed to be the main mechanism for rock phosphate solubilizatio ...200919277482
determination of microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) by passive sampling onto charcoal sorbents.passive sampling combined with gc-ms was applied for the detection of microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) emitted by mould cultures. the fungi species penicillium expansum, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium brevicompactum, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus versicolor, aspergillus niger, and cladosporium cladosporoides were cultivated on dichloran glycerol agar. the emitted volatiles were collected by charcoal-based passive diffusion monitors during the first four weeks of growth. se ...200919289243
influence of storage temperature and apple variety on patulin production by penicillium expansum.this study examined the potential for patulin production in six different varieties of apples (red delicious, golden supreme, gala, fuji, empire, and mcintosh) inoculated with penicillium expansum spores and stored at two different temperatures (11 and 20.5 degrees c). samples for patulin analysis were randomly taken from apples stored at different times, ranging from 21 to 93 days. while patulin was produced at both storage temperatures, apples incubated at 20.5 degrees c yielded significantly ...200919517731
evaluation of food additives as alternative or complementary chemicals to conventional fungicides for the control of major postharvest diseases of stone fruit.to evaluate potential alternatives to conventional fungicides to control decay, more than 20 food additives and generally regarded as safe compounds were tested at three concentrations in in vivo primary screenings with several cultivars of california peaches, nectarines, and plums that had been artificially inoculated with seven major postharvest pathogens: monilinia fructicola, botrytis cinerea, geotrichum candidum, alternaria alternata, penicillium expansum, mucor piriformis, and rhizopus sto ...200919517732
internal contamination and spoilage of harvested apples by patulin-producing and other toxigenic fungi.a total of 424 apple samples comprised of six varieties (gala, red delicious, golden delicious, fuji, granny smith, and braeburn) were analyzed for internal fungal contamination. two hundred sixteen apples were incubated intact for 2-4 weeks at room temperature. the cores of the remaining 208 apples were aseptically removed and incubated without supplemental media at room temperature for 3 weeks. after the incubation period was over, the mycological profiles of the analyzed samples were determin ...200919524316
thiabendazole resistance and mutations in the beta-tubulin gene of penicillium expansum strains isolated from apples and pears with blue mold decay.penicillium expansum is the causal agent of blue mold rot, a postharvest decay of stored fruits. this fungus also produces the mycotoxins patulin and citrinin. control of p. expansum still relies mainly on the use of fungicides such as thiabendazole. since its introduction, resistant strains have been reported. the aim of this work was to investigate the thiabendazole resistance and mutations in the beta-tubulin gene of p. expansum strains isolated from apples and pears with blue mold decay from ...200919538510
dermatophytes, related keratinophilic and opportunistic fungi in indoor dust of houses and hospitals.dermatophytes, related keratinophilic and opportunistic fungi were isolated from indoor dust samples of 46 hospitals and 47 houses in kanpur. a total of 19 fungi represented by 11 genera were isolated by the hair-baiting technique from 230 and 235 samples from hospitals and houses respectively. the isolated fungi are acremonium implicatum (indian type culture collection) itcc 5266, a. strictum (germplasm centre for keratinophilic fungi) gpck 1137, aphanoascus fulvescens gpck 1081, arthroderma si ...200919584506
cell surface engineering of a beta-galactosidase for galactooligosaccharide synthesis.a novel gene encoding transglycosylating beta-galactosidase (bgase) was cloned from penicillium expansum f3. the sequence contained a 3,036-bp open reading frame encoding a 1,011-amino-acid protein. this gene was subsequently expressed on the cell surface of saccharomyces cerevisiae eby-100 by galactose induction. the bgase-anchored yeast could directly utilize lactose to produce galactooligosaccharide (gos), as well as the by-products glucose and a small quantity of galactose. the glucose was c ...200919617384
sporicidal activity of synthetic antifungal undecapeptides and control of penicillium rot of apples.the antifungal activity of cecropin a(2-8)-melittin(6-9) hybrid undecapeptides, previously reported as active against plant pathogenic bacteria, was studied. a set of 15 sequences was screened in vitro against fusarium oxysporum, penicillium expansum, aspergillus niger, and rhizopus stolonifer. most compounds were highly active against f. oxysporum (mic < 2.5 microm) but were less active against the other fungi. the best peptides were studied for their sporicidal activity and for sytox green upt ...200919617390
influence of post-harvest treatments with fludioxonil and soy lecithin co-application in controlling blue and grey mould and fludioxonil residues in coscia pears.the residue levels of fludioxonil (flu) were determined in coscia pear following a 1-, 2- or 4-min dip in an aqueous mixture of flu containing 300 or 100 mg l(-1) (active ingredient, a.i.) at 20 and 50 degrees c, respectively, with or without 2% soy lecithin. the efficacy of heat treatment with water and flu mixtures was investigated on artificially inoculated pears for the control of post-harvest decay caused by blue (penicillium expansum link) and grey (botrytis cinerea pers. ex fr.) mould. tr ...200919680873
purification of candida guilliermondii and pichia ohmeri killer toxin as an active agent against penicillium expansum.an antifungal assay with cell-free culture supernatant of pichia ohmeri 158 and candida guilliermondii p3 was tested against penicillium expansum strain #2 at 25 degrees c by measuring hyphal length and percentage conidia germination. c. guilliermondii was more effective against p. expansum conidia germination (58.15% inhibition), while p. ohmeri showed higher inhibition of mycelial growth (66.17%), indicating a probable mechanism associated with killer activity. this killer toxin (molecular mas ...200919680874
purification of patulin from penicillium expansum culture: high-speed counter-current chromatography (hsccc) versus preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (prep-hplc).patulin is a mycotoxin produced by species of penicillium and aspergillus and is toxic to a wide range of organisms, including humans and livestock. to produce large amount of pure patulin for research purposes, high-speed counter-current chromatography (hsccc) and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (prep-hplc) were applied to the purification of patulin. apple juice was inoculated with p. expansum and containing 0.5 mg patulin per ml was used as a starting material for separatio ...200919680877
development of an lc-ms/ms method for the determination of pesticides and patulin in apples.a method for the simultaneous determination of 33 pesticides or degradation products together with patulin in apples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) was developed. the method involved homogenization of the apples, extraction with ammonium acetate-acetic acid solution in methanol-water by ultrasonication, filtration, and determination by lc-ms/ms. the repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility for the three spiking levels 0.02, 0.04 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) were bet ...200919680976
spectroscopic investigations of the chiral interactions between lipase and the herbicide dichlorprop.the enantioselective interaction between penicillium expansum alkaline lipase and chiral phenoxypropionic acid herbicide dichlorprop was studied by using uv differential spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry in the presence of a ph 8, phosphate buffer solution. chiral differences in the uv absorption and fluorescence spectra of lipase with dichlorprop were detected. (r)-dichlorprop interacted the strongest with lipase as measured by both uv absorption and fluorescence spectrophoto ...200918570309
a new selective medium for the recovery and enumeration of monilinia fructicola, m. fructigena, and m. laxa from stone fruits.isolation of monilinia spp. from stone and pome fruit surfaces is difficult due to the presence of several fast-growing fungal species such as rhizopus, alternaria, and penicillium spp. therefore, a new selective medium (acidified potato dextrose agar [ph 3.6] amended with fosetyl-aluminum [fosetyl-al] at 500 microg/ml) (apda-f500) was developed for the recovery of monilinia propagules. the antifungal agents fosetyl-al, dichloran, ammonium molybdate, and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-dd-glucose) were tes ...200919740034
structural investigation and elucidation of new communesins from a marine-derived penicillium expansum link by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.penicillium expansum is a ubiquitous species for which there are only few reports for chemical investigation in marine environments. among the numerous secondary metabolites produced by this species, communesins represent a new class of cytotoxic and insecticidal indole alkaloids. in this study, we investigated a marine p. expansum strain exhibiting neuroactivity on a diptera larvae bioassay. bio-guided purification led to the isolation and the identification of communesin b as the main active c ...200919918940
production of patulin and citrinin by penicillium expansum from british columbia (canada) apples.twenty-four isolates of penicillium expansum link from british columbia (canada) apples were cultured in yeast-extract sucrose (yes) at 25°c for 28 days to investigate production of patulin and citrinin. these isolates proved to be potent producers of citrinin, patulin, or in most cases, both mycotoxins. in every isolate, citrinin, patulin, or both compounds were produced at levels as high as 565 µg/ml (mean 269 µg/ml) and 100 µg/ml (mean 31 µg/ml), respectively. of the 24 isolates, 4 produced c ...200923604983
patulin in apple juices: incidence and likely intake in an indian population.fifty samples of apple juices were investigated for patulin levels using hplc with uv detection. it was found that 38 (76? samples contained no detectable patulin (lod = 7.5 µg l(-1)), but some samples had high patulin levels (845 µg l(-1)) compared to other branded mixed juices (21-70 µg l(-1)) and apple juices procured from local vendors (191 µg l(-1)). the survey provides evidence of a need to educate the apple-juice industry in the use of good quality apples for juice production. in addition ...200824784811
occurrence of patulin and its dietary intake through pear, peach, and apricot juices in italy.pear, peach, apricot, and mixed juices (125 samples) were purchased in italian supermarkets and organic food shops and analysed for patulin content. an overall incidence of 34.4% was observed in the fruit juices, with a mean contamination level of 3.6 µg kg(-1). no one sample exceeded 50 µg kg(-1), the maximum permitted limit according to european legislation. however, 19 positive samples contained more than 10 µg kg(-1) of patulin, which is the maximum level permitted for baby food. the inciden ...200824784810
determination of volatile metabolites originating from mould growth on wall paper and synthetic media.microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) emitted from the mould species penicillium expansum, p. chrysogenum, aspergillus versicolor, a. fumigatus, a. niger and cladosporium cladosporoides were analyzed by means of solid phase microextraction (spme) and gcms. the mould species were cultivated on the synthetic agar dichloran chloramphenicol (dg 18) and on wet wall paper. the production of mvocs was monitored over several weeks to detect changes in the emission rates between the initial stage ...200818577403
control of postharvest pear diseases using rhodotorula glutinis and its effects on postharvest quality parameters.rhodotorula glutinis was evaluated for its activity in reducing postharvest gray mold decay and blue mold decay of pear caused by botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum respectively, and in reducing natural decay development of pear fruits, as well as its effects on postharvest quality of fruits. there was a significant negative correlation between concentrations of the yeast cells and infectivity of the pathogens. at concentrations of r. glutinis at 5x108 cfu/ml, the gray mold decay was comp ...200818579245
pichia angusta is an effective biocontrol yeast against postharvest decay of apple fruit caused by botrytis cinerea and monilia fructicola.the efficacy of eight isolates of pichia angusta against three common postharvest pathogens of apple fruit was evaluated for the first time. all tested strains showed significant biocontrol activity against both botrytis cinerea and monilia fructicola, whereas efficacy against penicillium expansum was poor. a leucine-auxotrophic mutant had no significant biocontrol activity against brown rot of apple, while the addition of 0.6-1.2 g l(-1) leucine in the fruit wound fully restored the biocontrol ...200818662318
evaluation of messenger plant activator as a preharvest and postharvest treatment of sweet cherry fruit under a controlled atmosphere.the preservation methods as an alternative to chemical control to prevent postharvest quality losses of sweet cherry were examined. the efficacy of preharvest and postharvest messenger (m) treatments on sweet cherry cv. '0900 ziraat' was tested under a controlled atmosphere in 2004 and 2005. the factors investigated included the separate or combined effect of low oxygen, high carbon dioxide and m on the quality and fungal pathogens of sweet cherries in a normal atmosphere (na) and in a controlle ...200818671163
production of mycotoxins by penicillium expansum inoculated into apples.we investigated the production of mycotoxins in apple fruits inoculated with spores of 40 strains of apple blue mold, penicillium expansum. patulin and citrinin contents in the extracts from apples stored at 25 degrees c for 12 days after inoculation were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis with uv and fluorescence detection. patulin and citrinin were produced by 90% (36) and 80% (32) of the 40 strains, indicating that p. expansum is a consistent producer of thes ...200818724770
chemical composition of essential oil and headspace-solid microextracts from fruits of myrica gale l. and antifungal activity.the essential oil and the volatile compounds of myrica gale fruits were analysed by gas chromatography (gc) and gc-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). the volatile compounds were detected using two different fibres for headspace-solid phase microextraction (hs-spme), carboxen/pdms and pdms. sixty two compounds were identified, which represented more than 90% of the total extracts. major components of fruit essential oil are alpha-pinene (22.6%), 1,8-cineole (18.9%) and germacrone (14.2%), whereas they ar ...200818780242
functions of defense-related proteins and dehydrogenases in resistance response induced by salicylic acid in sweet cherry fruits at different maturity stages.we report here a comparative analysis of sweet cherry (prunus avium) fruits proteome induced by salicylic acid (sa) at different maturity stages. the results demonstrated that sa enhanced the resistance of sweet cherry fruits against penicillium expansum, resulting in lower disease incidences and smaller lesion diameters, especially at earlier maturity stage. based on proteomics analysis, 13 and 28 proteins were identified after sa treatment at earlier (a) and later (b) maturity stage, respectiv ...200818924108
proteolytic activity of molds and their metabiotic association with salmonella in a model system.the aim of this study was to investigate the proteolytic ability of some strains of aspergilli, fusaria, and penicillia and the metabiotic effect of fusarium oxysporum and penicillium expansum on salmonella. the proteolytic activity of the target molds was determined on tomato juice agar and tomato juice, whereas the metabiotic effect of f. oxysporum and p. expansum on salmonella was assessed in a model system consisting of tryptone soy broth with different amounts of tomato juice added. fusaria ...200818939766
antimicrobial activity of an endophytic xylaria sp.yx-28 and identification of its antimicrobial compound 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin.an endophytic xylaria sp., having broad antimicrobial activity, was isolated and characterized from ginkgo biloba l. from the culture extracts of this fungus, a bioactive compound p3 was isolated by bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified as 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectrometry spectral data. the compound showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro against staphylococcus aureus [minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) ...200818092158
effect of chitin on the antagonistic activity of cryptococcus laurentii against penicillium expansum in pear fruit.this study was designed to evaluate the impact of chitin on the antagonistic activity of cryptococcus laurentii against the postharvest blue mold rot caused by penicillium expansum in pear fruit. the results showed that the antagonistic activity of c. laurentii obtained from the culture media of nutrient yeast dextrose broth (nydb) amended with chitin at 0.5-1.0% was improved greatly compared with the case that without chitin. the addition of chitin to nydb did not influence the growth of c. lau ...200818162192
effect of biocontrol agents candida sake and pantoea agglomerans on penicillium expansum growth and patulin accumulation in apples.penicillium expansum is the major responsible of fruit pome decaying in cold storage. apples spoiled by p. expansum are expected to contain patulin, a mycotoxin which is proven to affect human health. the use of chemicals is the most common procedure to prevent rots in postharvest but legislation is becoming more and more restrictive. the use of biocontrol agents (bca) as an alternative tool is currently being proposed. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two bca (candida sake cp ...200818191492
inoculum size and intraspecific interactions affects penicillium expansum growth and patulin accumulation in apples.penicillium expansum is the most important fungal species causing spoilage in cold stored apples. p. expansum produces patulin, a toxic secondary metabolite. the aim of this work was to study the changes in growth parameters and patulin accumulation that may occur when two different isolates of p. expansum germinate and develop in the same wound. the effect of the inoculum size was also studied. for that purpose, apples were point inoculated with two different isolates of p. expansum at two diff ...200818206780
microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines in istanbul, turkey.the water used in dental unit waterlines (duwls) acts as a coolant for the high-speed equipment and as an irrigant during dental treatments. there are kind of water tanks. duwls provide a favorable environment for microbial biofilm and multiplation primarily due to the high surface in the tubing and the character of fluid dynamics in narrow, smooth-walled waterlines. biofilms can harbour opportunist pathogens such as legionella sp., pseudomonas sp. several studies have shown that duwls have high ...200818210208
ecophysiological characterization of penicillium expansum population in lleida (spain).penicillium expansum, a patulin producer fungus, is the most important fungus causing decay in cold stored both apples and pears. this can lead to patulin contaminated by-products. the aim of this assay was to evaluate the phenotypical and physiological variability in the population of p. expansum that cause fruit spoilage in post-harvest stages in lleida (spain). in total, 101 isolates of p. expansum from the 2004 and the 2005 seasons were obtained from decayed fruits. significant differences w ...200818294715
identification of spore allergens from the indoor mould aspergillus versicolor.indoor mould growth and dampness are associated with respiratory health effects and allergies and several studies demonstrated that mainly aspergillus versicolor and penicillium expansum are responsible for indoor mould exposure. in contrast, commercialized test systems to diagnose allergic reactions to this mould species are not available. in this study, allergenic proteins from spores of the indoor relevant species a. versicolor and p. expansum should get detected and identified.200818315733
efficacy of sanitizing treatments against penicillium expansum inoculated on six varieties of apples.the effectiveness of several wash treatments was evaluated against spores of penicillium expansum inoculated on six varieties of apples (red delicious, golden supreme, empire, macintosh, fuji, and gala). the wash treatments were water, acidified water (ph 6.5), acidified sodium hypochlorite (ph 6.5), nonacidified sodium hypochlorite (ph 8.8, 9.3, and 9.7; 50, 100, and 200 ppm, respectively), and peracetic acid (50 and 80 ppm). spores of p. expansum were dried on the surface of the apples for 2 h ...200818389716
isolation of an antifungal paenibacillus strain ht16 from locusts and purification of its medium-dependent antagonistic component.to isolate an antagonist for use in the biological control of the phytopathogenic fungus penicillium expansum and purify the antifungal component produced by the antagonist.200818422553
reducing oxidative stress in sweet cherry fruit by pichia membranaefaciens: a possible mode of action against penicillium expansum.to investigate the effect of antagonistic yeast pichia membranaefaciens on alleviating oxidative stress caused by penicillium expansum in sweet cherry fruit.200818492044
efficacy of heat treatments with water and fludioxonil for postharvest control of blue and gray molds on inoculated pears and fludioxonil residues in fruit.the residue levels of fludioxonil (flu) were determined in pear cultivars precoce di fiorano, coscia, and spadona estiva after a 2-min dip in an aqueous mixture of flu containing 300 or 100 mg/liter of active ingredient at 20 or 50 degrees c and after 12 days at 17 degrees c and 80% relative humidity (simulated shelf life conditions). the accumulation trend of flu residues was determined in 'precoce di fiorano' pears after treatments with 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/liter of active ingredient at 20 o ...200818522031
growth of phytopathogenic fungi in the presence of partially acetylated chitooligosaccharides.four phytopathogenic fungi were cultivated up to six days in media containing chitooligosaccharide mixtures differing in average dp and fa. the three different mixtures were named q3 (which contained oligosaccharides of dp2-dp10, with dp2-dp7 as main components), q2 (which contained oligosaccharides of dp2-dp12, with dp2-dp10 as main components) and q1 (which derived from q2 and contained oligomers of dp5-dp8 with hexamer and a heptamer as the main components). the novel aspect of this work is t ...200818523865
the use of sourdough fermented by antifungal lab to reduce the amount of calcium propionate in bread.addition of sourdough is a common practice in the bakery industry to improve, among other quality parameters, the shelf life of bread. in this study, sourdough fermented by antifungal lactobacillus plantarum strains was investigated for the ability to inhibit growth of common bread spoilage fungi. in both in vitro and sourdough wheat bread system, the antifungal sourdoughs significantly affected the outgrowth of aspergillus niger, fusarium culmorum, or penicillium expansum spores, however on whe ...200818541323
in vitro and in vivo [corrected] activity of eugenol oil (eugenia caryophylata) against four important postharvest apple pathogens.the activity of eugenol oil was evaluated in vitro and in vivo against four apple pathogens namely phlyctema vagabunda, penicillium expansum, botrytis cinerea and monilinia fructigena. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of eugenol incorporated in malt extract agar medium was found to be 2 mg ml(-1). mycelial growth of the four test pathogens was completely inhibited when treated with 150 microl l(-1) of volatile eugenol whether at 4 or 20 degrees c. conidia of p. vagabunda, p. expansum, ...200818554737
lactic acid bacteria from fresh fruit and vegetables as biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.this study evaluated the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables as biocontrol agents against the phytopathogenic and spoilage bacteria and fungi, xanthomonas campestris, erwinia carotovora, penicillium expansum, monilinia laxa, and botrytis cinerea. the antagonistic activity of 496 lab strains was tested in vitro and all tested microorganisms except p. expansum were inhibited by at least one isolate. the 496 isolates were also analyzed for the inhibition ...200819204894
low occurrence of patulin- and citrinin-producing species isolated from grapes.to assess the ability of fungi isolated from grapes to produce patulin and citrinin.200819241521
lactic acid bacteria with potential to eliminate fungal spoilage in foods.to investigate antifungal activity produced by lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from malted cereals and to determine if such lab have the capacity to prevent fungal growth in a particular food model system.200817976175
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