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identification and functional characterization of glioma-specific promoters and their application in suicide gene therapy.suicide gene therapy has been shown to be effective in inducing tumor regression. in this study, a human brain tumor-specific promoter was identified and used to develop transcriptionally targeted gene therapy. we searched for genes with brain tumor-specific expression. by in silico and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction screening, mage-a3 and ssx4 were found to be expressed in a tumor-specific manner. ssx4 gene promoter activity was high in human brain tumor cells but not in normal ...201121347689
impact of pollution, climate, and sociodemographic factors on spatiotemporal dynamics of seasonal respiratory viruses.seasonal viruses present a major cause of morbidity and mortality in temperate climates. through major pandemics and smaller annual epidemics, viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human rhinovirus (hrv) result in lost school and work days for most that are infected and more serious complications for the immunocompromised. the reasons for these viruses showing strict seasonality include but are not limited to the influence of cold weather and humidity on virus particle ...201121348956
liquid chromatographic resolution of 3-amino-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives on various pirkle-type chiral stationary phases.the two enantiomers of n-acyl amide and n-ureide derivatives of 3-amino-5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones, which have been known to show anti-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) activity, were resolved on seven different pirkle-type chiral stationary phases (csps) with the use of 10% isopropyl alcohol in hexane as a mobile phase. among the seven pirkle-type csps, the one based on (s)-leucine derivative named as n-phe-l-leu was found to be most successful, the separation factors (a) and the resolut ...201121365690
[severe bronchiolitis. changes in epidemiology and respiratory support].bronchiolitis generates lots of admissions during the cold months in the paediatric intensive care units (picu). new forms of respiratory support are being used and could improve the care of these patients.201121376684
activation of protein kinase r is required for induction of stress granules by respiratory syncytial virus but dispensable for viral replication.we performed experiments to determine the effect of pkr activation on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replication. we first determined that rsv infection activates pkr which induces the phosphorylation of eif2a, resulting in the formation of host stress granules. we used rna interference to decrease endogenous pkr levels. rsv replication was not altered in cells deficient for pkr expression. however, rsv-mediated stress granule formation was significantly reduced in pkr-knockdown cells. as an ...201121377708
from rous sarcoma virus to plasminogen activator, src oncogene and cancer management.plasminogen activator (plau) is a serine protease that converts plasminogen to plasmin, a general protease, which promotes fibrinolysis and degradation of extracellular matrix. plau was reported in 1970s as one of the robustly induced enzymatic activities in rous sarcoma virus (rsv)-transformed chicken cells. more than three decades later, with the completion of the sequencing of the chicken genome and the subsequent availability of affymetrix genechip genome arrays, several laboratories have su ...201121383693
fine mapping of qstv11(kas), a major qtl for rice stripe disease resistance.rice stripe disease, caused by rice stripe virus (rsv), is one of the most serious diseases in temperate rice-growing areas. in the present study, we performed quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis for rsv resistance using 98 backcross inbred lines derived from the cross between the highly resistant variety, kasalath, and the highly susceptible variety, nipponbare. under artificial inoculation in the greenhouse, two qtls for rsv resistance, designated qstv7 and qstv11(kas), were detected on ch ...201121384112
reduced dicer expression in the cord blood of infants admitted with severe respiratory syncytial virus disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important causes of pediatric hospital admissions in the developed world. the ribonuclease dicer is an important regulator of gene expression and cellular function via rna interference, and may also have anti-viral functions. a previous microarray analysis of the cord blood of 5 patients with rsv disease suggested downregulation of dicer. in order to further investigate whether reduced dicer expression can predispose newborns to rsv disease, w ...201121385408
respiratory syncytial virus- and influenza virus-associated hospitalizations in infants less than 12 months of age.infants hospitalized because of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection (n = 388) were significantly younger, had longer hospital stays, had a more severe course of disease, and required supplemental oxygen more often with longer duration of treatment as compared with those with influenza virus (n = 37) infection. seasonal distribution varied, with rsv-associated hospitalizations peaking in january and influenza virus-associated hospitalizations in february. congenital heart disease was more ...201121386747
a respiratory syncytial virus replicon that is noncytotoxic and capable of long-term foreign gene expression.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection of most cultured cell lines causes cell-cell fusion and death. cell fusion is caused by the fusion (f) glycoprotein and is clearly cytopathic, but other aspects of rsv infection may also contribute to cytopathology. to investigate this possibility, we generated an rsv replicon that lacks all three of its glycoprotein genes and so cannot cause cell-cell fusion or virus spread. this replicon includes a green fluorescent protein gene and an antibiotic res ...201121389127
viral etiology of influenza-like illnesses in antananarivo, madagascar, july 2008 to june 2009.in madagascar, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1978, little is known about the etiology and prevalence of viruses other than influenza causing influenza-like illnesses (ilis).201121390235
real-time pcr-based detection of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in an irish paediatric population.novel real-time pcr assays targeting the bordetella pertussis insertion sequence is481, the toxin promoter region and bordetella parapertussis insertion sequence is1001 were designed. pcr assays were capable of detecting ôëñ10 copies of target dna per reaction, with an amplification efficiency of ôëñ90ôçè%. from september 2003 to december 2009, per-nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates submitted for b. pertussis culture from patients ôëñ1 month to >15 years of age were examined by real-time p ...201121393459
bordetella pertussis and concomitant viral respiratory tract infections are rare in children with cough illness.case reports, case series, and retrospective and prospective studies have reported concomitant bordetella pertussis and viral respiratory tract pathogen infections in children with cough illness with conflicting results regarding their frequency.201121407144
reactivation of transgene expression by alleviating cpg methylation of the rous sarcoma virus promoter in transgenic quail cells.in this study, we investigated the relative expression of the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) promoter-driven expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) in fibroblasts of transgenic quails. we analyzed the direct influence of cpg methylation of the rsv promoter on the transcriptional activity of delivered transgenes. embryonic fibroblasts collected from homozygous transgenic quail (tq2) were treated with 50 µm of dna methyltransferase inhibitor followed by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-azadc) ...201121409600
validation of statistical models for estimating hospitalization associated with influenza and other respiratory viruses.reliable estimates of disease burden associated with respiratory viruses are keys to deployment of preventive strategies such as vaccination and resource allocation. such estimates are particularly needed in tropical and subtropical regions where some methods commonly used in temperate regions are not applicable. while a number of alternative approaches to assess the influenza associated disease burden have been recently reported, none of these models have been validated with virologically confi ...201121412433
inhaled ribavirin therapy in adult respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) in previously healthy adults is rare, but the overall mortality rate is 40-60%. inhaled ribavirin is approved for the treatment of hospitalized infants and young children with severe lower respiratory tract infections due to rsv. we present the case of an adult female with rsv pneumonia-induced ards who was successfully treated with inhaled ribavirin and whose pulmonary function was restored to near no ...201121420217
[effect of polyi: c on secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and airway inflammation in mice with respiratory syncytial virus-induced asthma exacerbation].to investigate the effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyi:c) on the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) and airway inflammation in mice with exacerbated asthma induced by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).201121421477
bimodal effects of obesity ratio on disease duration of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.background: morbid obesity may be associated with hospitalization and possibly death from the 2009 pandemic h1n1 infection, suggesting a yet unknown association between obesity and the severity of viral infections. thus, we examined association between obesity ratios and duration of disease in children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. methods: a retrospective survey of 243 children admitted for bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and those who tested positive for a rsv test, w ...201121430434
intranasal delivery of antiviral sirna.intranasal administration of synthetic sirna is an effective modality of rnai delivery for the prevention and therapy of respiratory diseases, including pulmonary infections. vehicles used for nasal sirna delivery include established as well as novel reagents, many of which have been recently optimized. in general, they all promote significant uptake of sirna into the lower respiratory tract, including the lung. when properly designed and optimized, these sirnas offer significant protection agai ...201121431695
cigarette smoke suppresses tlr-7 stimulation in response to virus infection in plasmacytoid dendritic cells.exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ets) is associated with an increase in the frequency and severity of respiratory infections, including bronchiolitis, a clinical syndrome of infancy caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the mechanisms by which ets increases the risk of viral respiratory infections are largely unknown. a major effector integrating early antiviral and immunostimulatory activities is interferon-+¦ (ifn-+¦), which is highly produced by plasmacytoid den ...201121435390
respiratory syncytial virus prevention and therapy: past, present, and future.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. more than 50 years after its discovery, and despite relentless attempts to identify pharmacological therapies to improve the clinical course and outcomes of this disease, the most effective therapy remains supportive care. although the quest for a safe and effective vaccine remains unsuccessful, pediatricians practicing during the past decade have been able to protect at least the m ...201121438168
atypical bacterial pathogen infection in children with acute bronchiolitis in northeast thailand.atypical bacterial pathogens--including mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, and chlamydia trachomatis--are important infectious agents of the respiratory system. most current information pertains to adults and little is known about the role of these organisms in lower respiratory tract infections among young children with acute bronchiolitis.201121439510
intrinsic apoptotic pathway is subverted in mouse macrophages persistently infected by rsv.to persist, a virus must co-exist with the host that it infects, thus allowing the virus to survive and to subvert the programmed cell death of the host. in this study, we investigated whether the intrinsic pathway of the apoptotic process is suppressed in a previously reported macrophage cell line persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). to this end, after using staurosporine to induce apoptosis, we determined cell viability and the degree of annexin staining and dna fragme ...201121440589
enhancement of respiratory mucosal anti-viral defenses by iodide oxidation.recent reports postulate that the dual oxidase (duox) proteins function as part of a multi-component oxidative pathway used by the respiratory mucosa to kill bacteria. the other components include epithelial ion transporters, which mediate the secretion of the oxidizable anion thiocyanate (scn-) into airway surface liquid, and lactoperoxidase (lpo), which catalyzes the h2o2-dependent oxidation of the pseudohalide scn- to yield the antimicrobial molecule hypothiocyanite (oscn-). we hypothesized t ...201121441383
lung function prior to viral lower respiratory tract infections in prematurely born infants.prematurely born infants who develop respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) have lung function abnormalities at follow-up. the aim of this study was to determine whether prematurely born infants who developed symptomatic rsv, or other viral lrti(s), had poorer premorbid lung function than infants who did not develop lrtis during the rsv season.201121447496
comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit.aim: to describe the clinical presentation and course of children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (picu) with human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection, and compare them with children admitted to the picu with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. methods: hmpv was identified by immunofluorescence in 22 children admitted to the picu over a 16-month period. the medical records of these children were reviewed retrospectively, and their clinical and laboratory data were compare ...201121449904
detection of respiratory viruses by pcr assay of nasopharyngeal swabs stored in skim milk-tryptone-glucose-glycerol transport medium.we analyzed 129 paired nasopharyngeal aspirates (stored in viral transport medium [vtm]) and nasopharyngeal swabs (stored in skim milk-tryptone-glucose-glycerol [stgg] bacterial transport and storage medium) using pcrs to detect adenoviruses, influenza virus a or b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). overall, swabs stored in stgg medium without antimicrobials were found to be an acceptable alternative to aspirates stored in antimicrobial-containing vtm, with pcr agreement of 90.2% (kappa of ...201121450959
viral etiologies of acute respiratory infections among hospitalized vietnamese children in ho chi minh city, 2004-2008.the dominant viral etiologies responsible for acute respiratory infections (aris) are poorly understood, particularly among hospitalized children in resource-limited tropical countries where morbidity and mortality caused by aris are highest. improved etiological insight is needed to improve clinical management and prevention.201121455313
evaluation of the calu-3 cell line as a model of in vitro respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replication is primarily limited to the upper respiratory tract epithelium and primary, differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (nhbe) have, therefore, been considered a good system for in vitro analysis of lung tissue response to respiratory virus infection and virus-host interactions. however, nhbe cells are expensive, difficult to culture, and vary with the source patient. an alternate approach is to use a continuous cell line that has features ...201121458491
including viral infection data supports an association between particulate pollution and respiratory admissions.to refine and revise previous air pollution, climate and health time series analysis in christchurch, new zealand, introducing viral identification data (positive identification count and outbreak, defined as two of more positive tests).201121463414
acute lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus in a group of egyptian children under 5 years of age.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrti) in infants and young children. this study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of alrti associated with rsv among children = 5 years old in egypt.201121466713
detection of human metapneumovirus in infants with acute respiratory tract infection.both respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a recently discovered respiratory pathogen classified in the paramyxoviridae family, have been associated with acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in infants. the aim of our study was to determine the incidence and clinical features of hmpv infection in infants presenting with arti at a tertiary children's hospital in greece during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 winter seasons. routine nasal swabs were obtained from 127 ...201121468562
viral-mediated inhibition of antioxidant enzymes contributes to the pathogenesis of severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.rationale: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, for which no specific treatment or vaccine is currently available. we have previously shown that rsv induces reactive oxygen species in cultured cells and oxidative injury in the lungs of experimentally infected mice. the mechanism(s) of rsv-induced oxidative stress in vivo is not known. objectives: to measure changes of lung antioxidant enzymes expression/activity and activation of n ...201121471094
differential pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus clinical isolates in balb/c mice.airway mucus is a hallmark of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract illness. laboratory rsv strains differentially induce airway mucus production in mice. here, we tested the hypothesis that rsv strains differ in pathogenesis by screening six low-passage rsv clinical isolates for mucogenicity and virulence in balb/cj mice. the rsv clinical isolates induced variable disease severity, lung interleukin-13 (il-13) levels, and gob-5 levels in balb/cj mice. we chose two of these cl ...201121471228
cost-effectiveness analysis of palivizumab as respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in preterm infants in sweden.aim:  to investigate the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab vs. no prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in preterm infants in sweden. methods:  a probabilistic markov model was populated using a nationwide register linkage and data from the literature. cost-effectiveness was investigated from a societal perspective over a lifetime for infants born at <29 weeks of gestation. palivizumab was modelled using assumptions for its direct effect on rsv hospitalization risk and an i ...201121477089
altering α-dystroglycan receptor affinity of lcmv pseudotyped lentivirus yields unique cell and tissue tropism.abstract:201121477292
double-stranded rna induces similar pulmonary dysfunction to respiratory syncytial virus in balb/c mice.both respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a virus induce nucleotide/p2y purinergic receptor-mediated impairment of alveolar fluid clearance (afc), which contributes to formation of lung edema. although genetically dissimilar, both viruses generate double-stranded rna replication intermediates, which act as toll-like receptor (tlr)-3 ligands. we hypothesized that double-stranded rna/tlr-3 signaling underlies nucleotide-mediated inhibition of amiloride-sensitive afc in both infections. ...201121478252
plasmacytoid dendritic cells promote host defense against acute pneumovirus infection via the tlr7-myd88-dependent signaling pathway.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. in human infants, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are recruited to the nasal compartment during infection and initiate host defense through the secretion of type i ifn, il-12, and il-6. however, rsv-infected pdc are refractory to tlr7-mediated activation. in this study, we used the rodent-specific pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), to determine the contribution of pdc and tlr7 s ...201121482736
llama-derived single domain antibodies to build multivalent, superpotent and broadened neutralizing anti-viral molecules.for efficient prevention of viral infections and cross protection, simultaneous targeting of multiple viral epitopes is a powerful strategy. llama heavy chain antibody fragments (vhh) against the trimeric envelope proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (fusion protein), rabies virus (glycoprotein) and h5n1 influenza (hemagglutinin 5) were selected from llama derived immune libraries by phage display. neutralizing vhh recognizing different epitopes in the receptor binding sites on the spikes wit ...201121483777
the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 5 years of age in indonesia.background:: although the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections (lri) is well known in industrialized countries, the burden in developing asian countries is not well studied. methods:: to define the burden of rsv disease in children <5 years of age in rural and urban indonesia, infants and children were enrolled from peri-urban and rural subdistricts, in the following 2 cohorts: (a) a cross-sectional cohort of approximately 100 children from each of ...201121487330
epidemiology and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants and young children.since its discovery in 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been recognized as one of the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children worldwide. while considered a high priority, development of a safe and effective vaccine has remained elusive. prevention of rsv disease relies on infection control and hygiene measures, as well as providing immunoprophylaxis in select infants. the prophylaxis, however, is costly, and so targeting the recipient populat ...201121487331
a decade of respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology and prophylaxis: translating evidence into everyday clinical practice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common infection in infancy, with nearly all children affected by two years of age. approximately 0.5% to 2.0% of all children are hospitalized with lower respiratory tract disease, of which 50% to 90% have bronchiolitis and 5% to 40% have pneumonia. morbidity and mortality are highest in children with nosocomial infection and in those with underlying medical illnesses such as cardiac and chronic lung disease. aboriginal children residing in remote northern ...201121499597
an evaluation of the emerging interventions against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated acute lower respiratory infections in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections (alri) in children. it is estimated to cause approximately 33.8 million new episodes of alri in children annually, 96% of these occurring in developing countries. it is also estimated to result in about 53,000 to 199,000 deaths annually in young children. currently there are several vaccine and immunoprophylaxis candidates against rsv in the developmental phase targeting active and passive immunization.201121501449
organic synthesis toward small-molecule probes and drugs special feature: identification of broad-spectrum antiviral compounds and assessment of the druggability of their target for efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).the search for novel therapeutic interventions for viral disease is a challenging pursuit, hallmarked by the paucity of antiviral agents currently prescribed. targeting of viral proteins has the inextricable challenge of rise of resistance. safe and effective vaccines are not possible for many viral pathogens. new approaches are required to address the unmet medical need in this area. we undertook a cell-based high-throughput screen to identify leads for development of drugs to treat respiratory ...201121502533
uteroglobulin-related protein 1 and severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children admitted to hospital.there are several reports suggesting that genetic factors contribute to the severity of infection with the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). infants hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) due to rsv are at a significantly increased risk for both recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. uteroglobin-related protein 1 (ugrp1) is a secretory protein expressed in the airways, and speculated to have anti-inflammatory activity. the presence of the -112g/a polymorphism in the ugrp1 ...201121503925
[clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infection in 90 children].to study the clinical characteristics of human bocavirus (hbov) infection in children.201121507299
use of palivizumab in germany: data from 2002-2007.background: the german palivizumab registry refers to a post-marketing observational study of palivizumab administration during 5 consecutive respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons (2002/2003 -2006/2007). patients and methods: the registry provided data on drug administration, risk factors for complicated rsv disease, rehospitalisation rates for infants receiving rsv prophylaxis, and parental adherence. 49 608 administrations were documented in 10 686 patients (average of 4.6 per patient). re ...201121509705
modeling the variations in pediatric respiratory syncytial virus seasonal epidemics.abstract:201121510889
a randomized controlled trial of motavizumab versus palivizumab for the prophylaxis of serious respiratory syncytial virus disease in children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease.children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (chd) are at risk for serious respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease. this study was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of motavizumab versus palivizumab in children with chd and was not powered for efficacy. patients (n=1236) aged ≤24 months were randomized to receive 5 monthly doses (15 mg/kg) of motavizumab or palivizumab during the rsv season. adverse events (aes) and serious aes were recorded through 30 days a ...201121522037
clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonates and young infants.infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) occurs during the first year of life in 50% of children and 20%-40% of them have signs of lower respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis or pneumonia). there is an increased risk for complicated course and death from rsv infection in premature infants, especially those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) or congenital heart disease. the aim of our study was to analyze clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed rsv infection in order to e ...201121524004
association of rsv lower respiratory tract infection and subsequent healthcare use and costs: a medicaid claims analysis in early-preterm, late-preterm, and full-term infants.abstract objective: healthcare use and costs within 1 year of a respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (rsv-lri) among medicaid early-preterm and late-preterm infants compared with full-term infants were evaluated. methods: infants born during 2003-2005 were identified from the thomson reuters marketscan multi-state medicaid database. infants <1 year of age were grouped based on rsv-lri and unspecified bronchiolitis/pneumonia (ubp) diagnosis codes and stratified by inpatie ...201121524154
current progress on development of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children worldwide. despite its importance as a respiratory pathogen, there is currently no licensed vaccine for prophylaxis of hrsv infection. there are several hurdles complicating the development of a rsv vaccine: 1) incomplete immunity to natural rsv infection leading to frequent re-infection, 2) immature immune system and maternal antibodies of newborn infants who are ...201121524347
viral etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized young children in northern taiwan.lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) comprise a great proportion of diagnoses among hospitalized children. this study identifies the viral pathogens causing lrtis in young children and compares their clinical features and disease severity.201121524612
clinical study concerning the relationship between community-acquired pneumonia and viral infection in northern thailand.objective the etiological agents associated with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in thailand have been studied extensively in bacterial pathogens, but not in viral pathogens. to clarify the association of viral pathogens with cap, we conducted a comprehensive study of viral and bacterial pathogens in patients with cap. methods we enrolled 119 hospitalized patients with cap in nakornping hospital, chiang mai, thailand between 2006 and 2008. the severity of pneumonia was classified and the risk ...201121532221
respiratory syncytial virus interferon antagonist ns1 protein suppresses and skews the human t lymphocyte response.we recently demonstrated that the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) ns1 protein, an antagonist of host type i interferon (ifn-i) production and signaling, has a suppressive effect on the maturation of human dendritic cells (dc) that was only partly dependent on released ifn-i. here we investigated whether ns1 affects the ability of dc to activate cd8+ and cd4+ t cells. human dc were infected with rsv deletion mutants lacking the ns1 and/or ns2 genes and assayed for the ability to activate autolo ...201121533073
viral and atypical bacterial detection in acute respiratory infection in children under five years.acute respiratory infection (ari) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. this study aimed to determine the viral and atypical bacterial causes of different severities and clinical manifestations of ari in preschool children from low-income families in north-east brazil.201121533115
production of transgenic rice new germplasm with strong resistance against two isolations of rice stripe virus by rna interference.rice stripe disease, with the pathogen rice stripe virus (rsv), is one of the most widespread and severe virus diseases. cultivating a resistant breed is an essential and efficient method in preventing rice stripe disease. following rna interference (rnai) theory, we constructed three rnai binary vectors based on coat protein (cp), special-disease protein (sp) and chimeric cp/sp gene sequence. transgenic lines of rice cv. yujing6 were generated through agrobacterium-mediated transformation. we i ...201121533902
rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis and asthma development.to cite this article: jartti t, korppi m. rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis and asthma development. pediatr allergy immunol 2011; 22: 350-355. abstract: human rhinovirus (hrv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are commonly associated with bronchiolitis. the breaking point in the dominance is approximately 12 months - rhinovirus dominates in the older children. predisposition may markedly increase the prevalence of hrv bronchiolitis. especially, low interferon responses and atopy-related facto ...201121535176
a classification study of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) inhibitors by variable selection with random forest.experimental pec(50)s for 216 selective respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) inhibitors are used to develop classification models as a potential screening tool for a large library of target compounds. variable selection algorithm coupled with random forests (vs-rf) is used to extract the physicochemical features most relevant to the rsv inhibition. based on the selected small set of descriptors, four other widely used approaches, i.e., support vector machine (svm), gaussian process (gp), linear dis ...201121541057
frequent detection of respiratory viruses without symptoms: towards defining clinically relevant cut-off values?highly sensitive techniques like pcr have greatly improved the detection of respiratory viruses. however, the sensitivity of pcr tests at the same time complicates clinical interpretation as the presence of low amounts of viral targets may not necessarily have clinical relevance. we performed a prospective case control study in asymptomatic and symptomatic young children. pcr detection of 14 respiratory viruses was performed in nasal washes, and results were quantified in copies per milliliter. ...201121543571
design and characterization of epitope-scaffold immunogens that present the motavizumab epitope from respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, but an effective vaccine has not yet been developed. an ideal vaccine would elicit protective antibodies while avoiding virus-specific t-cell responses, which have been implicated in vaccine-enhanced disease with previous rsv vaccines. we propose that heterologous proteins designed to present rsv-neutralizing antibody epitopes and to elicit cognate antibodies have the potential to fulfill these vaccine ...201121549714
cord blood vitamin d deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important pathogen causing severe lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in infants. epidemiologic and basic studies suggest that vitamin d may protect against rsv lrti.201121555499
inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide and is often the cause of infections in bone marrow, solid organ transplant, cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease patients, as well as respiratory tract disease in elderly adults. treatment options are limited to ribavirin, which is only marginally effective, and passive immunoprophylaxis, which is very expensive. the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide has been s ...201121555813
an nf-{kappa}b signaling pathway via pkc{delta} regulates replication of respiratory syncytial virus in polarized normal human nasal epithelial cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of bronchitis, asthma and severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. the airway epithelium, which has a well-developed barrier regulated by tight junctions, is the first line of defense during respiratory virus infection. however, in upper airway human nasal epithelial cells (hnecs) the primary site of rsv infection, the mechanisms of replication and budding of rsv and the epithelial cell responses, including the tig ...201121562222
[bronchiolitis--we don't know how to treat--we can prevent].broncholitis in infant is most commonly results from viral infection, typically rs virus will be responsible. treatment is difficult due to limited efficacy of available methods of causal and symptomatic therapies. therefore it is specially important to seek preventive measures. this is crucial in case of preterm infants, infants with broncho-pulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, hemodynamically significant congenital heart defects and immunodeficiencies who are likely to undergo a severe course ...201121563441
[rsv infection course in infants and young children during hospitalization].respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a widespread among the youngest group of pediatric patients, especially in the young infant, when the immune system is just being formed. a lot of children up to 5 year-old suffer infection many times, not only because of easy pathogen transfer, but also primary incidence of disease doesn't give permanent immunity. this study retrospectively analyses a group of children with confirmed during epidemic period rsv infection. particular attention was pa ...201121563448
exposure to sodium tungstate and respiratory syncytial virus results in hematological/immunological disease in c57bl/6j mice.the etiology of childhood leukemia is not known. strong evidence indicates that precursor b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-b all) is a genetic disease originating in utero. environmental exposures in two concurrent, childhood leukemia clusters have been profiled and compared with geographically similar control communities. the unique exposures, shared in common by the leukemia clusters, have been modeled in c57bl/6 mice utilizing prenatal exposures. this previous investigation has sugges ...201121565177
the early secretory pathway and an actin-myosin viii motility system are required for plasmodesmatal localization of the nsvc4 protein of rice stripe virus.plant viruses utilize movement proteins to gain access to plasmodesmata (pd) for cell-to-cell propagation. while the nsvc4 protein of rice stripe virus (rsv) is implicated in the passage of viruses from cell to cell, its role remains to be elucidated. we examined the mechanisms by which rsv nsvc4 is targeted to pd in cell walls. nsvc4 accumulated at pd when expressed as a fusion with yellow fluorescent protein in leaf cells of nicotiana benthamiana. nsvc4 was targeted to pd via the endoplasmic r ...201121565229
the effect of steroid use in hospitalized adults with respiratory syncytial virus related illness.abstractrationale: systemic glucocorticosteroids (steroids) are commonly prescribed in patients with exacerbations of copd during acute viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the effects of short term high dose steroid treatment on viral load and adaptive immunity to rsv have not been examined in adults. objectives: to measure peak viral load and duration of viral shedding, serum and nasal cytokines, rsv specific antibody response and lymphocyte subsets in patients admitted ...201121565965
animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease.infection with the human pneumovirus pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, notably among infants and the elderly. laboratory animal studies permit detailed experimental modeling of hrsv disease and are therefore indispensable in the search for novel therapies and preventative strategies. current animal models include several target species for hrsv, including chimpanzees, cattle, sheep, cotton rats and mice, as well as alternative animal pne ...201121571908
[characteristics of human metapneumovirus respiratory tract infection in children and the relationship between the infection and meteorological conditions].to study the epidemiology of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection in children and its relations with meteorological conditions in suzhou.201121575373
structural basis for immunization with postfusion respiratory syncytial virus fusion f glycoprotein (rsv f) to elicit high neutralizing antibody titers.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the main cause of infant bronchiolitis, remains a major unmet vaccine need despite more than 40 years of vaccine research. vaccine candidates based on a chief rsv neutralization antigen, the fusion (f) glycoprotein, have foundered due to problems with stability, purity, reproducibility, and potency. crystal structures of related parainfluenza f glycoproteins have revealed a large conformational change between the prefusion and postfusion states, suggesting that ...201121586636
protocol for recombinant rbd-based sars vaccines: protein preparation, animal vaccination and neutralization detection.based on their safety profile and ability to induce potent immune responses against infections, subunit vaccines have been used as candidates for a wide variety of pathogens (1-3). since the mammalian cell system is capable of post-translational modification, thus forming properly folded and glycosylated proteins, recombinant proteins expressed in mammalian cells have shown the greatest potential to maintain high antigenicity and immunogenicity (4-6). although no new cases of sars have been repo ...201121587153
detection and follow-up of torque teno midi virus ("small anelloviruses") in nasopharyngeal aspirates and three other human body fluids in children.torque teno midi virus/small anellovirus (ttmdv/sav) is a member of the family anelloviridae. it has a single-stranded, circular, negative-sense dna genome. its pathogenic role in human disease remains to be confirmed. in this study, viral shedding, molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of ttmdv/sav were studied in human body fluids. nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from children with acute respiratory disease were tested by pcr/nested pcr for ttmdv/sav in two seasons (2005/2006, 2006/2 ...201121594596
mutation of the elongin c binding domain of human respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein 1 (ns1) results in degradation of ns1 and attenuation of the virus.abstract: background: human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract disease in the paediatic population, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly worldwide. however, despite global efforts over the past several decades there are no commercially available vaccines. rsv encodes 2 non-structural proteins, ns1 and ns2, that are type i interferon antagonists. rsv restricts type i interferon signaling and the expression of antiviral genes by degrading st ...201121600055
sp-a1, sp-a2 and sp-d gene polymorphisms in severe acute respiratory syncytial infection in chilean infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the principal pathogen that causes acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) in infants. severe rsv-alri has been associated with the host genetic susceptibility. to assess whether severe rsv disease in infants is associated with certain single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) into the gene of sp-a1, sp-a2 and sp-d, a prospective study was performed among blood donors and rsv-infected infants aged <or=6 months, considering their severity, according to a str ...201121601013
respiratory syncytial virus infection as a precipitant of thyroid storm in a previously undiagnosed case of graves' disease in a prepubertal girl.graves' disease is less common in prepubertal than pubertal children, and initial presentation with thyroid storm is rare. we report an 11-year-old prepubertal hispanic girl who presented with a one-day history of respiratory distress, fever, and dysphagia. she had exophthalmos, a diffuse bilateral goiter and was agitated, tachycardic, and hypertensive. nasal swab was positive for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). she was diagnosed with thyroid storm and admitted to the pediatric intensive care ...201121603250
development of a low-resource rna extraction cassette based on surface tension valves.nucleic acid-based diagnostics are highly sensitive and specific, but are easily disrupted by the presence of interferents in biological samples. in a laboratory or hospital setting, the influence of these interferents can be minimized using an rna or dna extraction procedure prior to analysis. however, in low-resource settings, limited access to specialized instrumentation and trained personnel presents challenges that impede sample preparation. we have developed a self-contained nucleic acid e ...201121604768
structure of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein in the post-fusion conformation reveals preservation of neutralizing epitopes.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) invades host cells via a type i fusion (f) glycoprotein that undergoes dramatic structural rearrangements during the fusion process. neutralizing monoclonal antibodies such as 101f, palivizumab, and motavizumab, target two major antigenic sites on the rsv f glycoprotein. structures of these sites as peptide complexes with motavizumab and 101f have been previously determined, but a structure of the trimeric rsv f glycoprotein ectodomain has remained elusive. to a ...201121613394
relationship between rantes polymorphisms and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in a japanese infant population.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important virus associated with bronchiolitis in infants and young children. the regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted protein (rantes, also known as ccl5) appears to be a key player in the etiology of rsv-infected airway inflammation. in this study, we genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the rantes gene: -403g/a, -28c/g, and in1.1t/c in 59 infants with severe rsv bronchiolitis and 201 control subjects. the fr ...201121617311
inhibition activities of polysaccharide (rg4-1) from gentiana rigescens against rsv.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. with the emergence of drug-resistant strains of rsv, new antiviral agents are needed urgently. gentiana rigescens is a kind of chinese herb, belonging to gentianaceae, which has long been used as a folk medicine for curing inflammation, bacterial infection, viral infection, and so on. in this research, polysaccharide designated rg4-1 was isolated from g. rigescens by ...201121623514
incidence of bacterial coinfection with respiratory syncytial virus bronchopulmonary infection in pediatric inpatients.bacterial coinfection occurs in pediatric bronchopulmonary infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), but the incidence is uncertain. our subjects are 188 pediatric inpatients having rsv bronchopulmonary infection in two hospitals in chiba prefecture between 2005 and 2007. on admission, antigen detection kits using nasopharyngeal aspirate were performed to detect rsv infection and washed sputum bacterial culture was performed to detect bacterial infection. of the 188 pediatric inpat ...201120700753
treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adult patients with hematologic malignancies based on an institution-specific guideline.a total of 26 adults with hematologic malignancies and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplant were treated for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection based on an institutional guideline. thirteen patients received aerosolized ribavirin, and 13 received aerosolized ribavirin and intravenous palivizumab. two deaths, not attributed to rsv infection, occurred within 90 days of diagnosis.201120804534
central apnoeas in infants with bronchiolitis admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit.to further characterize apnoea(s) complicating bronchiolitis because of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), to describe the incidence of this complication and identify possible risk factors for apnoea(s) and its development.201120825601
predictors of respiratory failure among previously healthy children with respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related disease is the leading cause of hospitalization among infants, with approximately 7% to 21% of these patients developing acute respiratory failure.201120825782
rna interference therapy in lung transplant patients infected with respiratory syncytial virus.lower respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are associated with development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant (ltx) recipients. aln-rsv01 is a small interfering rna targeting rsv replication.201120851929
effect of th1/th2 cytokine pretreatment on rsv-induced gene expression in airway epithelial cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infants with th2 predisposition is thought to increase the risk of allergic sensitization, recurrent wheezing, and bronchial asthma during childhood. we attempted to clarify the molecular mechanisms by which th1/th2 predisposition in the host alters rsv infection and facilitates airway inflammation.201120861640
effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection and major basic protein derived from eosinophils in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (a549).rsv (respiratory syncytial virus)-induced pneumonia and bronchiolitis may be associated with hyperresponsive conditions, including asthma. eosinophilic proteins such as mbp (major basic protein) may also be associated with the pathophysiology of asthma. to elucidate the roles of rsv infection and mbp in the pathogenesis of pneumonia with hyperresponsiveness, we investigated the effects of rsv infection and mbp on a549 (alveolar epithelial) cells. cpe (cytopathic effects) in a549 cells were obser ...201120977431
coronavirus causes lower respiratory tract infections less frequently than rsv in hospitalized norwegian children.we have described occurrence and clinical manifestations of human coronaviruses (hcov) in hospitalized norwegian children with respiratory tract infection (rti) and compared them with a group of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-infected children. methods and population: we used in-house taqman multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction to test nasopharyngeal samples from 536 rti episodes in 452 children who were admitted during the 2006-2007 winter. twenty-one viruses, including hcov-oc43, h ...201121057374
respiratory viruses in children admitted to hospital intensive care units: evaluating the clart® pneumovir dna array.viruses play a significant part in children's respiratory infections, sometimes leading to hospitalization in cases of severe respiratory distress. the aim of this study was to investigate respiratory infections in children treated in a hospital intensive care unit (icu). assays were performed using the clart® pneumovir dna array assay (genomica, coslada, madrid, spain), which makes it possible to detect 11 genus of respiratory viruses simultaneously. during the winter of 2008-2009, 73 respirato ...201121108353
monocyte differentiation toward regulatory dendritic cells is not affected by respiratory syncytial virus-induced inflammatory mediators.airway epithelial cells were shown to drive the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells (dcs) with a suppressive phenotype. in this study, we investigated the impact of virus-induced inflammatory mediator production on the development of dcs. monocyte differentiation into functional dcs, as reflected by the expression of cd11c, cd123, bdca-4, and dc-sign and the capacity to activate t cells, was similar for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-infected and mock-infected beas-2b and a549 c ...201120595462
simultaneous detection and differentiation of respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viral pathogens.rapid and accurate detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) provides pathogen-specific diagnosis, allows implementation of appropriate infection control measures, and improves patient management. one diagnostic challenge is that respiratory infections, which can be caused by several viral pathogens including rsv, usually present with similar signs and symptoms that are nearly indistinguishable by clinical diagnosis. we have described in the chapter a rapid, high-throughput laboratory techn ...201121116808
hospitalizations due to respiratory syncytial virus in children with congenital malformations.statewide respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection hospitalization data of colorado children with congenital malformations was used to estimate the population-based risk and severity of disease of rsv hospitalizations. spina bifida without anencephaly, cleft palate, lung agenesis or dysgenesis, and biliary atresia were associated with a higher risk of being hospitalized with rsv lower respiratory tract infection and an increased severity of disease when hospitalized.201121127456
rsv-induced bronchial epithelial cell pd-l1 expression inhibits cd8+ t cell nonspecific antiviral activity.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants. it is also responsible for high morbidity and mortality in the elderly. programmed death ligands (pd-ls) on antigen-presenting cells interact with receptors on t cells to regulate immune responses. the programmed death receptor-ligand 1/programmed death receptor 1 (pd-l1-pd-1) pathway is inhibitory in chronic viral infections, but its role in acute viral infections is unclear. we hypothesized that bronchial epithelia ...201121148500
respiratory syncytial virus disease: update on treatment and prevention.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children, accounting for more than 100,000 hospitalizations per year in the usa. the majority of hospitalizations occur in infants less than 1 year of age. worldwide, rsv is associated with an annual mortality rate of 160,000-600,000 deaths. premature infants, and infants with congenital heart disease, neuromuscular disease, structural airway abnormalities and immunodeficiencie ...201121171875
differential cytopathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus prototypic and clinical isolates in primary pediatric bronchial epithelial cells.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe respiratory disease in infants. airway epithelial cells are the principle targets of rsv infection. however, the mechanisms by which it causes disease are poorly understood. most rsv pathogenesis data are derived using laboratory-adapted prototypic strains. we hypothesized that such strains may be poorly representative of recent clinical isolates in terms of virus/host interactions in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pbecs).201121272337
special populations: do we need evidence from randomized controlled trials to support the need for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis?congenital abnormalities and impaired mechanisms that govern the normal coordinated physiology of breathing, sucking, swallowing and airway clearance, place infants with underlying medical disorders at high risk for respiratory morbidity following respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection. the use of rsv prophylaxis in premature infants' = 35 weeks gestational age, infants with chronic lung and hemodynamically significant heart disease is firmly established through rand ...201121273012
oncolytic targeting of androgen-sensitive prostate tumor by the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): consequences of deficient interferon-dependent antiviral defense.oncolytic virotherapy for cancer treatment utilizes viruses for selective infection and death of cancer cells without any adverse effect on normal cells. we previously reported that the human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a novel oncolytic virus against androgen-independent pc-3 human prostate cancer cells. the present study extends the result to androgen-dependent prostate cancer, and explores the underlying mechanism that triggers rsv-induced oncolysis of prostate cancer cells.201121276246
are late preterm infants as susceptible to rsv infection as full term infants?preterm infants are at increased risk of being rehospitalised during the first few months of life with severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) that usually manifests as apnea and hypoxemia. this occurs more commonly in preterm infants < 33 weeks gestational age (ga), but recent studies demonstrate that late preterm infants (those born between 34 weeks and 0 days to 36 weeks and 6 days ga) are equally susceptible to rsv lrti as those with lower ga. factor ...201121276672
the multicenter italian birth cohort study on incidence and determinants of lower respiratory tract infection hospitalization in infants at 33 weeks ga or more: preliminary results.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes respiratory infections during the first year of life. very premature infants have more severe diseases and also 'late preterm infants' may be more susceptible to the infection.201121277122
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