Publications

a cophylogenetic perspective of rna-virus evolution.	the extent to which viruses and their hosts codiverge remains an open question, given that numerous cases of both "cospeciation" and horizontal switching have recently been documented. dna viruses that form persistent infections are thought to be the most likely candidates for phylogenetic congruence. phylogenetic reconciliation analysis was used to compare established phylogenies for four rna viruses and their hosts. the analysis employs a cophylogeny mapping technique, implemented in treemap v ...	2004	12949128
trends in potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus in south east queensland, 1996 to 2003.	this study examined trends in notifications of potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus reported to the brisbane southside public health unit, australia between 1 november 1996 and 31 january 2003. notification rates declined among all population groups and potential exposures were notified more promptly. concern exists regarding possible under-reporting of potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus especially among volunteer bat carers.	2004	15460966
characterization of oita virus 296/1972 of rhabdoviridae isolated from a horseshoe bat bearing characteristics of both lyssavirus and vesiculovirus.	oita virus 296/1972 was isolated from the blood of a wild horseshoe bat, rhinolophus cornutus (temminck) in 1972. we investigated the pathogenicity of this virus in mice in relation to its histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and the entire sequence of nucleoprotein gene. this virus caused lethal encephalitis in mice through intracerebral route. this susceptibility of mice was until 3 weeks of age. immunohistochemical analysis using the convalescent sera obtained ...	2004	15168201
exotic animal disease bulletin. australian bat lyssavirus (abl).		2004	15181923
identification of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a daubenton's bat found in staines, surrey, uk.		2004	15508848
rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) experimentally infected with european bat lyssavirus type 1.	the susceptibility of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) infection was examined. eight foxes were inoculated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 10(4.9) foci-forming units (ffu) (n = 4) and 10(5.1) ffu (n = 4) and observed for up to 90 days. all foxes showed manifestations of a neurologic disorder (e.g. seizures, myoclonus, agitation), starting as early as 5 days post-infection (p.i.). subsequently, all animals showed improvement followed by one or more relapses. one fo ...	2004	15525359
transduction patterns of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors in the nervous system.	we have developed a non-primate-based lentiviral vector based on the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) for efficient gene transfer to the central and peripheral nervous systems. previously we have demonstrated that pseudotyping lentiviral vectors with the rabies virus glycoprotein confers retrograde axonal transport to these vectors. in the present study we have successfully produced high-titer eiav vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus ( ...	2004	14741783
update on neuroimaging in infectious central nervous system disease.	neuroimaging constitutes an important component in the diagnosis of the underlying infectious agents in central nervous system infection. this review summarizes progress in the neuroimaging of infectious central nervous system disease since january 2003. it focuses on imaging of viral encephalitis, including that caused by exotic and emerging viruses, and on imaging in immunodeficient patients.	2004	15247545
audit of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in england and wales in 1990 and 2000.	the objectives were to compare rabies post-exposure prophylaxis issued by the public health laboratory service (phls) in 1990 and in 2000, to evaluate their appropriateness, and to make recommendations for future issue of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in england and wales. the method was to review all rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin issues by phls in 1990 and 2000 with evaluation against department of health recommendations. the phls issued prophylaxis to 656 people in 1990 and 295 people i ...	2004	15259410
[author's reply to the discussion on the article by ondrejková a. et. al: transmission of lyssavirus infections from bats to humans].		2004	15146388
rabies and other lyssavirus diseases.		2004	15183632
rabies and other lyssavirus diseases.		2004	15183633
rabies and other lyssavirus diseases.		2004	15183634
rabies and rabies-related viruses: a modern perspective on an ancient disease.	rabies is a worldwide zoonosis caused by a lyssavirus, with many host species acting as reservoirs for infection. the epidemiology of rabies has changed over recent years, as this disease has been brought under control or eliminated in many terrestrial animal species in europe and north america. a large number of lyssavirus variants have now been characterised, and their distribution and animal hosts have become known. however, new lyssaviruses have been isolated from bats, prompting scientists ...	2004	15702724
[rabies and other lyssaviruses].	since rabies has not been reported in japan for nearly the past 50 years, it has been relegated to the status of a forgotten infectious disease in this country. however,in the neighboring asian countries, africa, america, the number fo rabies cases had not decrease but on the contrary, seen an increasing trend. in russia and the former soviet union countries (cis countries), the number of information. between 30,000 approximately 20,000 fatal cases of rabies in both humans and animals had been r ...	2004	15745159
[discussion on the article ondrejková a et al.: transmission of lyssavirus infections from bats to man. klin mikrobiol inf lek 2003;9:280-3].		2004	15100983
genetic analysis of european bat lyssavirus type 1 isolates from france.	european bat lyssavirus type 1a (eblv-1a) was first identified in central france from a serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) collected at the end of 2002. rabies was diagnosed by reference rabies diagnosis methods and molecular tools. phylogenetic analysis of 14 viral isolates obtained from french bats infected with eblv-1 between 1989 and the end of 2002 against 47 nucleoprotein sequences showed a north-west to east distribution of eblv-1a virus and a south to north distribution of eblv-1b virus, ...	2004	15160845
lyssavirus matrix protein induces apoptosis by a trail-dependent mechanism involving caspase-8 activation.	lyssaviruses, which are members of the rhabdoviridae family, induce apoptosis, which plays an important role in the neuropathogenesis of rabies. however, the mechanisms by which these viruses mediate neuronal apoptosis have not been elucidated. here we demonstrate that the early induction of apoptosis in a model of lyssavirus-infected neuroblastoma cells involves a trail-dependent pathway requiring the activation of caspase-8 but not of caspase-9 or caspase-10. the activation of caspase-8 result ...	2004	15163747
detection of antibodies to eblv-2 in daubenton's bats in the uk.		2004	15005453
antiviral drug discovery strategy using combinatorial libraries of structurally constrained peptides.	we have developed a new strategy for antiviral peptide discovery by using lyssaviruses (rabies virus and rabies-related viruses) as models. based on the mimicry of natural bioactive peptides, two genetically encoded combinatorial peptide libraries composed of intrinsically constrained peptides (coactamers) were designed. proteomic knowledge concerning the functional network of interactions in the lyssavirus transcription-replication complex highlights the phosphoprotein (p) as a prime target for ...	2004	15220414
the challenge of new and emerging lyssaviruses.		2004	15270628
isolation of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom.	european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) has been isolated once previously from a bat in the uk in june 1996. in september 2002, a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) found in lancashire developed abnormal behaviour, including unprovoked aggression, while it was in captivity. brain samples from the bat were tested for virus of the lyssavirus genus, which includes eblv-2 (genotype 6), and classical rabies virus (genotype 1). a positive fluorescent antibody test confirmed that it was infected with ...	2003	12696703
a comparison of dna vaccines for the rabies-related virus, mokola.	mokola virus, a rabies-related virus, has been reported to date from the african continent only. like rabies virus, it is highly pathogenic, causes acute encephalitis, and zoonotic events have been documented. although believed to be rare, there has been an unexplained increase in the number of isolations of the virus in south africa in recent years. we have cloned and sequenced the glycoprotein (g) and nucleoprotein (n) genes from a south african mokola virus, and used these in the construction ...	2003	12744896
infectious disease surveillance update.		2003	12505020
a molecular epidemiological study of australian bat lyssavirus.	the genetic diversity of australian bat lyssavirus (abl) was investigated by comparing 24 abl isolate glycoprotein (g) gene nucleotide sequences with those of 37 lyssaviruses representing lyssavirus genotypes 1-6. phylogenetic analyses indicated that abl forms a monophyletic group separate from other lyssaviruses. this group differentiates into two clades: one associated with pteropus (flying fox) species, the other with the insectivorous bat saccolaimus flaviventris. calculation of percentage n ...	2003	12560583
how dangerous is the european bat lyssavirus?		2003	12658904
differential stability and fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein trimers.	the oligomeric structure and the fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) was studied by comparing g from mokola virus (gmok) and rabies virus (pv strain) (gpv), which are highly divergent lyssaviruses. g expressed at the surface of bsr cells upon either plasmid transfection or virus infection are shown to be mainly trimeric after cross-linking experiments. however, solubilization by a detergent (chaps) and analysis in sucrose sedimentation gradient evidenced that gmok trimer is less stabl ...	2003	12573496
public health surveillance for australian bat lyssavirus in queensland, australia, 2000-2001.	from february 1, 2000, to december 4, 2001, a total of 119 bats (85 megachiroptera and 34 microchiroptera) were tested for australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) infection. eight megachiroptera were positive by immunofluorescence assay that used cross-reactive ntibodies to rabies nucleocapsid protein. a case study of cross-species transmission of ablv supports the conclusion that a bat reservoir exists for ablv in which the virus circulates across megachiroptera species within mixed communities.	2003	12604002
new lyssavirus genotype from the lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi), kyrghyzstan.	the aravan virus was isolated from a lesser mouse-eared bat (myotis blythi) in the osh region of kyrghyzstan, central asia, in 1991. we determined the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein (n) gene and compared it with those of 26 representative lyssaviruses obtained from databases. the aravan virus was distinguished from seven distinct genotypes on the basis of nucleotide and amino acid identity. phylogenetic analysis based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that the aravan vir ...	2003	12643828
geographic translocation of bats: known and potential problems.	natural, accidental, and intentional translocation of bats, both intra- and intercontinentally, has been documented. some bats have been translocated while incubating infectious diseases, including rabies or related lyssavirus infections; others have escaped confinement en route to or at their destinations, while others have been released deliberately. known events and potential consequences of bat translocation are reviewed, including a proposed solution to the attendant problems.	2003	12533276
australia's notifiable diseases status, 2001: annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system.	in 2001 there were 104,187 notifications of communicable diseases in australia reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). the number of notifications in 2001 was an increase of 16 per cent of those reported in 2000 (89,740) and the largest annual total since the nndss commenced in 1991. in 2001, nine new diseases were added to the list of diseases reported to nndss and four diseases were removed. the new diseases were cryptosporidiosis, laboratory-confirmed influen ...	2003	12725505
cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues.	diagnosis of rabies is routinely confirmed by detection of rabies virus antigens in acetone-fixed frozen brain tissues or imprint smears using an immunofluorescence method with commercial antirabies virus antibodies. since recent molecular analyses disclosed wide heterogeneity in the genome sequences of rabies virus strains and related lyssaviruses, it is necessary to confirm the presence of common epitopes in these lyssaviruses. in this study we confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigens ...	2003	12895231
study of lyssaviruses of bat origin as a source of rabies for other animal species in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.	an epidemic-geographic rabies study was carried out in which 72 animal and human brain samples were analyzed for lyssaviruses by a direct immunofluorescent technique (dift) and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay. fifty-two samples were also tested by a mouse inoculation test. lyssavirus rna was detected in 60 of 72 samples. five dift-negative bat samples tested by a nested pcr assay showed evidence of the presence of rabies virus rna. sequencing of amplified rabies ...	2003	12932103
rabies in wildlife in latvia.	in the baltic states, lyssaviruses are often detected in wildlife and presumed to constitute an important public health hazard. in order to decrease rabies incidence and eradicate wildlife reservoirs, a national rabies eradication program has been in place. since 1970 a vaccination program in dogs and cats has been executed, and in 1991 oral vaccination of foxes was started. however, due to an insufficient budget, the latter was not done regularly and nationwide before 2000. now, the program in ...	2003	14511581
bat lyssaviruses (aravan and khujand) from central asia: phylogenetic relationships according to n, p and g gene sequences.	bat lyssaviruses aravan and khujand were isolated in southern kyrgyzstan in 1991 and in northern tajikistan in 2001, respectively. preliminary studies with anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies suggested that the viruses were distinct from other lyssavirus serotypes. these data were supported by sequencing of the n gene of aravan virus. in the present study, we sequenced the entire n, p and g genes of both aravan and khujand viruses and compared them with respective sequences of other lyssavir ...	2003	14602198
novel lyssaviruses isolated from bats in russia.	two new rabies-related viruses were discovered in russia during 2002. viruses were isolated from bats in eastern siberia near baikal lake and in the western caucasus mountains. after preliminary antigenic and genetic characterization, we found that both viruses should be considered as new putative lyssavirus genotypes.	2003	14720408
managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying foxes), with particular reference to henipaviruses and australian bat lyssavirus.	since 1994, a number of novel viruses have been described from bats in australia and malaysia, particularly from fruit bats belonging to the genus pteropus (flying foxes), and it is probable that related viruses will be found in other countries across the geographical range of other members of the genus. these viruses include hendra and nipah viruses, members of a new genus, henipaviruses, within the family paramyxoviridae; menangle and tioman viruses, new members of the rubulavirus genus within ...	2003	12675937
fatal human rabies caused by european bat lyssavirus type 2a infection in scotland.	we wish to report the first recorded case of indigenous human rabies caused by a bat bite in the united kingdom in 100 years. this instructive case report highlights a number of key lessons: first, bites from insectivorous bats indiginous to the united kingdom can cause rabies in humans; second, rabies immunization is essential for bat-handlers, and postexposure treatment for rabies is essential for patients bitten by bats; third, patients able to give a history who present with acute flaccid pa ...	2003	12905146
case report: isolation of a european bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis.	a 55-year-old bat conservationist was admitted to ninewells hospital, dundee, scotland, on november 11, 2002, with an acute haematemesis. he gave a 5-day history of pain and paraesthesia in the left arm, followed by increasing weakness of his limbs with evidence of an evolving encephalitis with cerebellar involvement. the patient had never been vaccinated against rabies and did not receive postexposure treatment. using a hemi-nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), saliv ...	2003	12938204
european bat lyssaviruses: an emerging zoonosis.	in europe, two bat lyssaviruses referred to as european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) types 1 and 2 (genotypes 5 and 6 respectively) which are closely related to classical rabies virus are responsible for an emerging zoonosis. eblvs are host restricted to bats, and have been known to infect not only their primary hosts but also in rare circumstances, induce spillover infections to terrestrial mammals including domestic livestock, wildlife and man. although spillover infections have occurred, there ha ...	2003	14959767
european bat lyssavirus infection in spanish bat populations.	from 1992 to 2000, 976 sera, 27 blood pellets, and 91 brains were obtained from 14 bat species in 37 localities in spain. specific anti-european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1)-neutralizing antibodies have been detected in myotis myotis, miniopterus schreibersii, tadarida teniotis, and rhinolophus ferrumequinum in the region of aragon and the balearic islands. positive results were also obtained by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on brain, blood pellet, lung, heart, tongue, and es ...	2002	11971777
serologic evidence of lyssavirus infections among bats, the philippines.	active surveillance for lyssaviruses was conducted among populations of bats in the philippines. the presence of past or current lyssavirus infection was determined by use of direct fluorescent antibody assays on bat brains and virus neutralization assays on bat sera. although no bats were found to have active infection with a lyssavirus, 22 had evidence of neutralizing antibody against the australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). seropositivity was statistically associated with one species of bat, min ...	2002	11927022
genetic constraints and the adaptive evolution of rabies virus in nature.	we used a molecular evolutionary approach to investigate the species adaptation of rabies virus in nature. a maximum likelihood analysis of selection pressures revealed that the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) genes of natural viral isolates were highly constrained, especially at nonsynonymous sites, in contrast to the higher rates of nonsynonymous evolution observed in viruses subject to laboratory passage. positive selection was only found at a single amino acid site--position 183 in th ...	2002	11878928
emerging viral infections in australia.	emerging viruses include known viruses that have increased in incidence or geographic range (such as enteroviruses and japanese encephalitis virus), new viruses associated with known diseases (australian bat lyssavirus) and new viruses associated with previously unrecognized diseases (hendra and nipah viruses). some may have a predilection for children (japanese encephalitis, influenza viruses and enterovirus 71) and vigilance is essential to ensure early recognition of these agents.	2002	11869391
sequence analysis of an isolate from a fatal human infection of australian bat lyssavirus.	australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), which occurs in pteropid and insectivorous bat populations, causes a rabies-like encephalitis in infected humans. we report the first complete sequence of an ablv isolate obtained from a human who developed symptoms 27 months after being bitten by an infected flying fox. this isolate is the smallest lyssavirus to be sequenced, with a size of 11,918 nucleotides. analyses of previously unsequenced regions and the complete genome confirm its close relationship with ...	2002	12083841
emerging viral infections in australia.	hendra virus infection should be suspected in someone with close association with horses or bats who presents acutely with pneumonia or encephalitis (potentially after a prolonged incubation period). australian bat lyssavirus infection should be suspected in a patient with a progressive neurological illness and a history of exposure to a bat. rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin should be strongly considered after a bite, scratch or mucous membrane exposure to a bat. japanese encephalitis vaccine s ...	2002	12088481
neuro-angiostrongylosis in wild black and grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus spp).	to identify nematodes seen in histological sections of brains of flying foxes (fruit bats) and describe the associated clinical disease and pathology.	2002	12398319
rabies and bat lyssavirus infection.		2002	12105675
lyssavirus p gene characterisation provides insights into the phylogeny of the genus and identifies structural similarities and diversity within the encoded phosphoprotein.	a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the lyssavirus genus, employing p gene sequences from 128 isolates recovered globally, is presented. while confirming prior suggestions of the genetic distinctness of the australian bat lyssaviruses, these data also revealed a clear division within the rabies virus clade (genotype 1) between globally distributed viruses circulating predominantly in canid species (subgroup 1-1), and american strains harbored by both chiropteran and terrestrial hosts (subgr ...	2002	12127791
rabies re-examined.	rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis. the causative agents are neurotropic rna viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. mammalian reservoirs include the carnivora and chiroptera, but rabid dogs still pose the greatest hazard worldwide. viral transmission occurs mainly via animal bite, and once the virus is deposited in peripheral wounds, centripetal passage occurs towards the central nervous system. after viral replication, there is centrifugal spread to ma ...	2002	12144896
phylogenetic comparison of the genus lyssavirus using distal coding sequences of the glycoprotein and nucleoprotein genes.	the phylogenetic relationships between all seven genotypes within the genus lyssavirus were compared at the nucleotide level utilising two distal regions of the viral genome. the resulting analysis of each region produced similar, although not identical, phylogenetic results, suggesting that the evolutionary pressures on individual proteins within the genome vary. these differences are in part due to the increased variability observed within the glycoprotein sequence over the nucleoprotein seque ...	2002	12417947
detection of australian bat lyssavirus using a fluorogenic probe.	australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) has been transmitted to humans following a scratch or bite from an infected bat in two cases. following a scratch or bite to a person, the bat is usually submitted for testing and diagnosis is made using a direct fluorescent antibody test on a brain smear. a nested rt-pcr assay has also been utilised to confirm diagnosis. if positive for lyssavirus, post-exposure prophylaxis is administered.	2002	12423692
presence of european bat lyssavirus rnas in apparently healthy rousettus aegyptiacus bats.	apparently healthy rousettus aegyptiacus bats were randomly chosen from a dutch colony naturally infected with european bat lyssavirus subgenotype 1a (ebl1a). these bats were euthanised three months after the first evidence of an ebl1a infection in the colony. ebl1a genomic and antigenomic rnas of the nucleoprotein gene were detected by nested reverse transcriptase pcr in 75% of the examined rousettus aegyptiacus bats. the ebl1a rnas of the nucleoprotein gene were detected mainly in brain tissue ...	2002	11892688
a rapid rt-pcr method to differentiate six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses using taqman technology.	a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay incorporating taqman probes has been developed that can distinguish among the six established rabies and rabies-related virus genotypes. taqman probes were designed and validated against 106 rabies and rabies-related virus isolates, one isolate of the australian bat lyssaviruses (genotype 7), and 18 other non-rabies viruses important in the veterinary field. the n gene was used as the target for the probes as it ...	2002	12176139
a novel expression cassette of lyssavirus shows that the distantly related mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome.	by comparing three expression vectors for the rabies virus (rv) minigenome, we show that the characteristic of the rv rna is important for efficient rescue despite its not being crucial for replication. moreover, we show that the coexpression of the viral proteins from helper rv and mokola virus could rescue the rv minigenome while rv-related european bat lyssavirus 1 could not, suggesting that the signals controlling transcription and replication are conserved in the distantly related rv and mo ...	2002	11799201
update on rabies.	rabies remains an important public health problem worldwide due to endemic dog rabies in developing countries. rabies was a re-emerging disease in the united states during the 1990s due to bat rabies virus variants. australian bat lyssavirus also emerged in australian bat populations and caused two human deaths. there have been important recent advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of rabies and in our ability to diagnose and prevent it.	2002	12045733
characterisation of an australian bat lyssavirus variant isolated from an insectivorous bat.	in 1996 a variant lyssavirus was isolated from an insectivorous bat (yellow bellied, sheath tail bat-saccolaimus flaviventris) in australia. the nucleocapsid protein (n), matrix protein (m), phosphoprotein (p), glycoprotein (g) and polymerase (l) genes of the australian bat lyssavirus (abl) insectivorous isolate were compared with that previously described from a frugivorous bat (pteropus sp.), and showed sequence divergence at both the nucleotide and amino acid sequence level of 20% and 4-12%, ...	2002	12367747
european bat lyssavirus type 2 in a bat found in lancashire.		2002	12408333
pathogenesis studies with australian bat lyssavirus in grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus).	to examine the susceptibility of the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus) to australian bat lyssavirus (abl), and to provide preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of the disease in flying foxes.	2002	12465817
human case of ebl type 2 following exposure to bats in angus, scotland.		2002	12498413
antigenic and genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species indigenous to canada.	antigenic characterisation of over 350 chiropteran rabies viruses of the americas, especially from species reported rabid in canada, distinguished 13 viral types. in close accord with this classification, nucleotide sequencing of representative isolates, at both the n and g loci, identified four principal phylogenetic groups (i-iv), sub-groups of which circulated in particular bat species. amongst the north american bat viruses, there was a notable division between group i specimens associated w ...	2001	11226582
evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity.	the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ...	2001	11238853
interaction of lyssaviruses with the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr.	the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr interacts in vitro with the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein and serves as a receptor for rv. the lyssavirus genus comprises seven genotypes (gts) of rabies and rabies-related viruses. the ability of p75ntr to interact with the glycoprotein of representative lyssaviruses from each gt was investigated. this investigation was based on a specific binding assay between bsr cells infected with a lyssavirus and spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells expre ...	2001	11714960
host switching in lyssavirus history from the chiroptera to the carnivora orders.	lyssaviruses are unsegmented rna viruses causing rabies. their vectors belong to the carnivora and chiroptera orders. we studied 36 carnivoran and 17 chiropteran lyssaviruses representing the main genotypes and variants. we compared their genes encoding the surface glycoprotein, which is responsible for receptor recognition and membrane fusion. the glycoprotein is the main protecting antigen and bears virulence determinants. point mutation is the main force in lyssavirus evolution, as sawyer's t ...	2001	11483755
report of isolations of unusual lyssaviruses (rabies and mokola virus) identified retrospectively from zimbabwe.	rabies isolates that had been stored between 1983 and 1997 were examined with a panel of anti-lyssavirus nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. out of 56 isolates from cats and various wild carnivore species, 1 isolate of mokola virus and 5 other non-typical rabies viruses were identified. the mokola virus isolate was diagnosed as rabies in 1993 from a cat. genetic analysis of this isolate suggests that it falls in a distinct subgroup of the mokola virus genotype. the 5 non-typical rabies viruses w ...	2001	11513267
functional interaction map of lyssavirus phosphoprotein: identification of the minimal transcription domains.	lyssaviruses, the causative agents of rabies encephalitis, are distributed in seven genotypes. the phylogenetically distant rabies virus (pv strain, genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3) were used to develop a strategy to identify functional homologous interactive domains from two proteins (p and n) which participate in the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) transcription-replication complex. this strategy combined two-hybrid and green fluorescent protein-reverse two-hybrid assays in saccharomyce ...	2001	11559793
screening of active lyssavirus infection in wild bat populations by viral rna detection on oropharyngeal swabs.	brain analysis cannot be used for the investigation of active lyssavirus infection in healthy bats because most bat species are protected by conservation directives. consequently, serology remains the only tool for performing virological studies on natural bat populations; however, the presence of antibodies merely reflects past exposure to the virus and is not a valid marker of active infection. this work describes a new nested reverse transcription (rt)-pcr technique specifically designed for ...	2001	11574590
molecular basis for the interaction between rabies virus phosphoprotein p and the dynein light chain lc8: dissociation of dynein-binding properties and transcriptional functionality of p.	the lyssavirus phosphoprotein p is a co-factor of the viral rna polymerase and plays a central role in virus transcription and replication. it has been shown previously that p interacts with the dynein light chain lc8, which is involved in minus end-directed movement of organelles along microtubules. co-immunoprecipitation experiments and the two-hybrid system were used to map the lc8-binding site to the sequence (139)rssedkstqttgr(151). site-directed mutagenesis of residues d(143) and q(147) to ...	2001	11602781
experimental utility of rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure prophylaxis.	rabies immune globulin (rig) is essential for post-exposure prophylaxis but is expensive and not widely available. rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were evaluated in vitro and in a syrian hamster model as a potential future alternative. seven mabs neutralized representative rabies virus variants. however, a european bat lyssavirus was not neutralized by either mabs or rig. moreover, duvenhage virus was neutralized by rig, but not by mabs, and lagos bat and mokola viru ...	2001	11427255
production and neurotropism of lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with lyssavirus envelope glycoproteins.	we investigated the production efficiency and the gene transfer capacity in the central nervous system of hiv-1-based vectors pseudotyped with either the g protein of the mokola lyssaviruses (mk-g), a neurotropic virus causing rabies disease, or the vesiculo-stomatitis g protein (vsv-g). both envelopes induced syncitia in cell cultures. they were incorporated into vector particles and mature virions were observed by electron microscopy. vector production was two- to sixfold more efficient with v ...	2001	11482987
emerging viral diseases of southeast asia and the western pacific.	over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in southeast asia and the western pacific. vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include japanese encephalitis, barmah forest, ross river, and chikungunya viruses. however, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. the first of these disease agents to emerge was hendra virus, forme ...	2001	11485641
important unusual infections in australia: a critical care perspective.	to review a number of the important unusual infections in australia that can lead to critical illness.	2001	16573516
dna-based immunization against lyssaviruses.	rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis. most cases occur in developing countries and are transmitted by dogs. because of their high cost, cell culture vaccines have not totally replaced the unsafe brain-derived vaccines which are still used in many developing countries. moreover, there will be a need for vaccines against rabies-related viruses against which classical vaccines are not always effective. dna vaccines would, therefore, be a valuable alternative for the production of cheaper rabies vacc ...	2000	11251386
[emergence of transmissible disorders, a continuous process--a new type of viral meningoencephalitis].	in the interval 1994-1999, in australia, malaysia and singapore, epizootic and epidemiological episodes of meningoencephalitis and severe acute respiratory syndromes were reported. highly lethal in horses, swine and humans, the episodes were proved to be caused by the "new" viruses hendra (hev) and nipah (niv). at the same time three "new" viral agents have been isolated: lyssavirus, menanglevirus and tupaia paramyxovirus. the intense contemporary circulation of people, animals and food products ...	2000	12089991
dna-based immunisation against rabies and rabies-related viruses: towards multivalent vaccines.	prototypes of multivalent dna vaccines against lyssaviruses (lv: rabies and rabies-related viruses) and other viruses were developed using chimaeric lv glycoprotein (clvg) dna and clvg dna carrying foreign epitopes. clvg is composed of the n-terminal half of an lv genotype (gt) containing antigenic site ii, the c-terminal half of gt containing antigenic site iii, as well as the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the same or a different gt. both antigenic sites induced virus neutralizing an ...	2000	11713814
bat lyssavirus infections.	bats, which represent approximately 24% of all known mammalian species, frequently act as vectors of lyssaviruses. in particular, insectivorous bats play an important role in the epidemiology of rabies and some rabies-like viruses, while the haematophagous vampire bats are the major wildlife vector for rabies in latin america. in contrast, the role of fruit bats (flying foxes) in the epidemiology of the recently discovered australian bat lyssavirus is only just emerging. information on the patho ...	2000	11189715
a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus phosphoprotein identifies a highly variable epitope of value for sensitive strain discrimination.	a recombinant rabies virus phosphoprotein fusion product (gst-p) was used to generate a series of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with anti-p reactivity. competitive binding assays classified 27 of these mabs into four groups (i to iv), and 24 of them were deemed to recognize linear epitopes, as judged by their reaction in immunoblots. the linear epitope recognized in each case was mapped by using two series of n- and c-terminally deleted recombinant phosphoproteins. assessment of the reactivities ...	2000	10747114
molecular methods to distinguish between classical rabies and the rabies-related european bat lyssaviruses.	a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of classical rabies virus (genotype 1) and the rabies related european bat lyssaviruses (ebls) (genotypes 5 and 6) was developed. when combined with specific oligonucleotide probes and a pcr-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (pcr-elisa), genotype 5 and 6 viruses can be distinguished from each other and from genotype 1 viruses. ninety-two isolates from the six established genotypes of rabies and ...	2000	10856759
new cases of mokola virus infection in south africa: a genotypic comparison of southern african virus isolates.	mokola virus, one of the six genotypes within the lyssavirus genus of the rhabdoviridae family, is believed to be exclusive to the african continent, where infections in various mammal species have been reported. after an isolation of mokola virus at umhlanga on the east coast of south africa in 1970, the virus was not reported in south africa until its reappearance in 1995. since then a total of six new isolates of the virus were made, three from the east london region in 1995 and 1996, two nea ...	2000	10872870
characterisation of a recently isolated lyssavirus in frugivorous zoo bats.	in july 1997 a lyssavirus was isolated in denmark from a colony of egyptian flying foxes (rousettus aegyptiacus) originating from a dutch zoo. sequencing of a 400 nucleotides coding region of the nucleoprotein and of a major part of the g-protein ectodomain encoding region of the newly isolated virus, revealed a very high similarity with european bat lyssavirus subtype 1a (ebl-1a). for characterisation of the recently isolated lyssavirus in frugivorous zoo bats, 16 frugivorous bats (rousettus ae ...	2000	11043951
first isolation of a rabies-related virus from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom.	on may 30, 1996, a sick daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) was recovered from the cellar of a public house in newhaven, east sussex. its condition deteriorated rapidly, and it was euthanased and examined. positive results, establishing the presence of a rabies or rabies-related virus in its brain, were obtained from the fluorescent antibody test, the rabies tissue culture isolation test, and a hemi-nested reverse-transcription pcr. the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein gene was determined ...	2000	11073000
rabies in israel: decades of prevention and a human case.	animal rabies is endemic in israel, with 50-80 laboratory-confirmed cases being diagnosed annually. despite the high incidence among animals, human rabies has not occurred in israel for almost four decades. this is likely due to the highly effective prevention policy implemented by the ministry of health, based on pre-exposure vaccination of populations at risk, post-exposure treatment, and updated rules. notwithstanding the previous success, a human case occurred in 1996 when a soldier was bitt ...	2000	11114763
assessment of template quality by the incorporation of an internal control into a rt-pcr for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses.	a method is described to assess rna template quality by the incorporation of a ribosomal rna (rrna) internal (in tube) control into a standard rabies and rabies-related virus specific rt-pcr. specific virus and rrna templates were co-amplified in a duplex reaction from rna extracts derived from 60 isolates representing all six of the established lyssavirus genotypes. to ensure a wide species applicability of this technique we demonstrated that the rrna assay was capable of functioning using the ...	2000	10680960
potential exposure to australian bat lyssavirus, queensland, 1996-1999.	two human deaths caused by australian bat lyssavirus (abl) infection have been reported since 1996. information was obtained from 205 persons (mostly adults from south brisbane and the south coast of queensland), who reported potential abl exposure to the brisbane southside public health unit from november 1,1996, to january 31, 1999. volunteer animal handlers accounted for 39% of potential exposures, their family members for 12%, professional animal handlers for 14%, community members who inten ...	2000	10827115
australian bat lyssavirus: the public health response to an emerging infection.		2000	10914099
australian bat lyssavirus infection: a second human case, with a long incubation period.	in december 1998, a 37-year-old queensland woman died from a rabies-like illness, 27 months after being bitten by a flying fox (fruit bat). molecular techniques enabled diagnosis of infection with australian bat lyssavirus (abl), the second human case to be recognised and the first to be acquired from a flying fox. it must be assumed that any bat in australia could transmit abl; anyone bitten or scratched by a bat should immediately wash the wounds thoroughly with soap and water and promptly see ...	2000	10914106
cytoplasmic dynein lc8 interacts with lyssavirus phosphoprotein.	using a yeast two-hybrid human brain cdna library screen, the cytoplasmic dynein light chain (lc8), a 10-kda protein, was found to interact strongly with the phosphoprotein (p) of two lyssaviruses: rabies virus (genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3). the high degree of sequence divergence between these p proteins (only 46% amino acid identity) favors the hypothesis that this interaction is a common property shared by all lyssaviruses. the p protein-dynein lc8 interaction was confirmed by col ...	2000	11024152
[genetic diversity of lyssavirus].	rabies is a zoonosis of which the archaeological agents belong to the lyssavirus species. seven genotypes are known to exist. the isolates are grouped according to a) their geographical origin, b) historical context, c) type of vector. in parts of the world where several epidemic cycles exist, practical tools have been developed in order to distinguish between them more easily. vaccine strains--all of which have been elaborated from genotype 1--offer little or no protection against the other gen ...	2000	11030054
australian bat lyssavirus infection in a captive juvenile black flying fox.	the newly emerging australian bat lyssavirus causes rabieslike disease in bats and humans. a captive juvenile black flying fox exhibited progressive neurologic signs, including sudden aggression, vocalization, dysphagia, and paresis over 9 days and then died. at necropsy, lyssavirus infection was diagnosed by fluorescent antibody test, immunoperoxidase staining, polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation. eight human contacts received postexposure vaccination.	1999	10341182
deduced structural model for animal rhabdovirus glycoproteins.	the g protein sequences of fourteen animal rhabdoviruses, representing all four recognized genera (vesiculovirus, lyssavirus, ephemerovirus and novirhabdovirus) and the ungrouped sigma virus, were aligned using clustal w and adjusted to account for obvious sequence similarities not detected by the algorithm. analysis of the alignment indicated remarkable preservation of g protein structural features including cysteine residues, antigenic sites and significant elements of secondary structure (alp ...	1999	10355768
detection and identification of rabies and rabies-related viruses using rapid-cycle pcr.	the rapid identification of suspect rabies infection is essential in human cases, to ensure appropriate post-exposure treatment of contacts, and in animal cases to allow specific control strategies to be decided and implemented. we describe here the use of high speed air thermo-cycler pcr as a diagnostic tool for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. using this technique we were able to diagnose rabies in a human within 5 h. furthermore, the application of automated sequencing of t ...	1999	10488762
lyssavirus glycoproteins expressing immunologically potent foreign b cell and cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes as prototypes for multivalent vaccines.	truncated and chimeric lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) genes were used to carry and express non-lyssavirus b and t cell epitopes for dna-based immunization of mice, with the aim of developing a multivalent vaccine prototype. truncated g (gpviii) was composed of the c-terminal half (aa 253-503) of the pasteur rabies virus (pv: genotype 1) g containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the chimeric g (gebl1-pv) was composed of the n-terminal half (aa 1-250) of the europ ...	1999	10501486
immunization of dogs with a dna vaccine induces protection against rabies virus.	rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis which is transmitted to man, mostly by dogs in developing countries. this zoonosis can be prevented by vaccination of humans before or after exposure. however, a more radical approach is possible, involving the elimination of the principal vector/reservoir by vaccinating dogs. the vaccine must be effective, safe and inexpensive. mass production of plasmids is possible and dna-based immunization with a plasmid encoding the antigen responsible for inducing prote ...	1999	10519937
chimeric lyssavirus glycoproteins with increased immunological potential.	the rabies virus glycoprotein molecule (g) can be divided into two parts separated by a flexible hinge: the nh2 half (site ii part) containing antigenic site ii up to the linear region (amino acids [aa] 253 to 275 encompassing epitope vi [aa 264]) and the cooh half (site iii part) containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the structural and immunological roles of each part were investigated by cell transfection and mouse dna-based immunization with homogeneous ...	1999	9847325
use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues.	seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ...	1999	10029326
[rabies].		1999	10088358
veterinary surgeon's guide to australian bat lyssavirus.	veterinary surgeons in australia must be aware of the emerging viral diseases and their potential effects on public health generally and, more specifically, on the veterinary profession. australian bat lyssavirus was identified in 1996 and causes rabies-like disease in bats and humans. two humans from queensland have died of australian bat lyssavirus encephalitis. surveillance has shown that all australian bats must be considered carriers of this new virus, therefore protective apparel should be ...	1999	10685161
histopathology and immunohistochemistry of bats infected by australian bat lyssavirus.	to describe the lesions and distribution of viral antigens in bats infected by australian bat lyssavirus.	1999	10561795
is there an advantage to including the nucleoprotein in a rabies glycoprotein subunit vaccine?	the pv rabies (genotype 1) g and n proteins were produced by recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells. we tested the ability of recombinant antigens to synergistically induce an immune response and, particularly, to broaden the spectrum of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies produced. cell-free preparations of recombinant proteins caused an immune response. recombinant rabies g protein (rrg) from infected cell extract or supernatant induced virus neutralizing antibodies (vnab) against rabies (cv ...	1999	10195792
a retrospective search for lyssavirus in humans in the northern territory.	following the 1996 discovery of a rabies-like lyssavirus in australian flying foxes, it was unclear whether this was a new epizootic or an unrecognised, previously existing disease.	1999	10388177