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novel poly-uridine insertion in the 3'utr and e2 amino acid substitutions in a low virulent classical swine fever virus.in this study, we compared the virulence in weaner pigs of the pinar del rio isolate and the virulent margarita strain. the latter caused the cuban classical swine fever (csf) outbreak of 1993. our results showed that the pinar del rio virus isolated during an endemic phase is clearly of low virulence. we analysed the complete nucleotide sequence of the pinar del rio virus isolated after persistence in newborn piglets, as well as the genome sequence of the inoculum. the consensus genome sequence ...201728284595
molecular characterization of classical swine fever virus isolates from india during 2012-14.classical swine fever is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of pigs. outbreaks of classical swine fever virus (csfv) were recorded in different places in the kamrup district of assam in india between the years 2012 and 2014. the nucleotide sequences of the 10 csfv isolates were analyzed based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the e2, 5'ntr and ns5b genes. phylogenetic analysis indicated the dominance of subgroup 2.2 along with 2.1 strains in the northeast part of i ...201728279702
cellular proteomic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 and classical swine fever virus coinfection in porcine kidney-15 cells using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-coupled lc-ms/ms.viral coinfection or superinfection in host has caused public health concern and huge economic losses of farming industry. the influence of viral coinfection on cellular protein abundance is essential for viral pathogenesis. based on a coinfection model for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) developed previously by our laboratory, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (itraq)-coupled lc-ms/ms proteomic profiling was performed to explore the hos ...201728247913
csfv proliferation is associated with gbf1 and rab2.the golgi apparatus and its resident proteins are utilized and regulated by viruses to facilitate their proliferation. in this study, we investigated classical swine fever virus (csfv) proliferation when the function of the golgi was disturbed. golgi function was disturbed using chemical inhibitors, namely, brefeldin a (bfa) and golgicide a (gca), and rna interfering targets, such as the golgi-specific bfa-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (gbf1) and rab2 gtpases. csfv proliferatio ...201728229964
dietary supplementation of astragalus polysaccharides enhanced immune components and growth factors egf and igf-1 in sow colostrum.colostrum is the main external resource providing piglets with nutrients and maternal immune molecules. astragalus polysaccharides (aps) have been used as immunopotentiators in vitro and several animal models. this study aimed to determine the effects of aps on immune factors in sow colostrum and milk. the sow diet was supplemented with aps one week before the expected delivery date. colostrum and milk were collected and designated as 0 h- (onset of parturition), 12 h-, and 24 h-colostrum and 36 ...201728164139
the double-antigen elisa concept for early detection of e(rns) -specific classical swine fever virus antibodies and application as an accompanying test for differentiation of infected from marker vaccinated animals.emergency vaccination with live marker vaccines represents a promising control strategy for future classical swine fever (csf) outbreaks, and the first live marker vaccine is available in europe. successful implementation is dependent on a reliable accompanying diagnostic assay that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). as induction of a protective immune response relies on virus-neutralizing antibodies against e2 protein of csf virus (csfv), the most promising diva ...201728158921
the effect of classical swine fever virus ns5a and ns5a mutants on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in swine testicular cells.infection with classical swine fever virus (csfv) results in highly significant economic losses; this infection is characterized by being highly contagious and accompanied by hyperthermia and systemic bleeding. oxidative stress (os) plays a critical role in the pathological process of viral infection. the function of the nonstructural protein 5a (ns5a) in the pathogenesis of csfv has not been completely understood. here, os and the inflammatory response were studied with ns5a and substitution mu ...201728142057
detection of classical swine fever virus infection by individual oral fluid of pigs following experimental inoculation.we evaluated the use of oral fluid as an alternative to serum samples for classical swine fever virus (csfv) detection. individual oral fluid and serum samples were collected at different times post-infection from pigs that were experimentally inoculated with csfv alfort 187 strain. we found no evidence of csfv neutralizing antibodies in swine oral fluid samples under our experimental conditions. in contrast, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction could detect csfv nucleic aci ...201728114861
functional characterization of recombinant major envelope protein (rb2l) of orf virus.orf, or contagious ecthyma, a highly contagious transboundary disease of sheep and goats, is caused by a double-stranded dna virus (orfv) belonging to the genus parapoxvirus of the family poxviridae. the orfv genome encodes the major envelope proteins b2l and f1l, which have been found to be highly immunogenic and have multiple functional characteristics. in order to investigate the functional properties of the b2l protein, in this study, the b2l gene of orfv strain 59/05, encoding recombinant m ...201727995337
self-replicating rna.self-replicating rna derived from the genomes of positive strand rna viruses represents a powerful tool for both molecular studies on virus biology and approaches to novel safe and effective vaccines. the following chapter summarizes the principles how such rnas can be established and used for design of vaccines. due to the large variety of strategies needed to circumvent specific pitfalls in the design of such constructs the technical details of the experiments are not described here but can be ...201727987141
competitive replication kinetics and pathogenicity in pigs co-infected with historical and newly invading classical swine fever viruses.classical swine fever (csf), an economically important and highly contagious disease of pigs, is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). in taiwan, csfvs from field outbreaks belong to two distinct genotypes. the historical genotype 3.4 dominated from the 1920s to 1996, and since 1996, the newly invading genotype 2.1 has dominated. to explain the phenomenon of this virus shift in the field, representative viruses belonging to genotypes 2.1 and 3.4 were either inoculated alone (single infec ...201727889614
quasispecies composition and diversity do not reveal any predictors for chronic classical swine fever virus infection.classical swine fever (csf) can run acute, chronic, and prenatal courses in both domestic pigs and wild boar. although chronic infections are rare events, their epidemiological impact is very high due to the long-term shedding of virus. so far, little is known about the factors that influence disease course and outcome from either the host or virus's perspective. to elucidate the viral determinants, we analyzed the role of the viral populations for the development of chronic csf virus (csfv) inf ...201727885563
identification and genetic characterization of classical swine fever virus isolates in brazil: a new subgenotype.the classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs and wild boar. the csf causes great economic losses for pork production and the occurrence of the disease is notifiable to the oie. the objective of this work was to identify and characterize csf virus isolates from brazil. seven viral isolates were obtained and the full-length e2 sequences were analyzed. phylogenetic analysis revealed a different segregation pattern between brazilian isolates and members of subgenotype ...201727815697
post-natal persistent infection with classical swine fever virus in wild boar: a strategy for viral maintenance?in this study, fifteen wild boar piglets were intranasally inoculated <10 h after birth with the moderately virulent classical swine fever virus (csfv) strain catalonia 01. at 5 days post-inoculation, seven other animals within 48 h of birth were put in contact with them. viral replication and innate and specific immune responses were evaluated. of the inoculated animals, 46.67% remained post-natally persistently infected and were apparently healthy with neither humoral nor cellular immunologica ...201726234886
pacmanvirus, a new giant icosahedral virus at the crossroads between asfarviridae and faustoviruses.african swine fever virus, a double-stranded dna virus that infects pigs, is the only known member of the asfarviridae family. nevertheless, during our isolation and sequencing of the complete genome of faustovirus, followed by the description of kaumoebavirus, carried out over the past 2 years, we observed the emergence of previously unknown related viruses within this group of viruses. here we describe the isolation of pacmanvirus, a fourth member in this group, which is capable of infecting a ...201728446673
novel pestivirus species in pigs, austria, 2015.a novel pestivirus species was discovered in a piglet-producing farm in austria during virologic examinations of congenital tremor cases. the emergence of this novel pestivirus species, provisionally termed linda virus, in domestic pigs may have implications for classical swine fever virus surveillance and porcine health management.201728628456
seroprevalence of economically important viral pathogens in swine populations of trinidad and tobago, west indies.the objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify the strains of swine influenza virus (swiv), as well as the seroprevalence of porcine parvovirus (ppv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), and classical swine fever virus (csfv) in pigs in trinidad and tobago (t&t). blood samples (309) were randomly collected from pigs at farms ...201728523387
investigations of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors affecting african swine fever virus replication and pathogenesis.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large dna virus that replicates predominantly in the cell cytoplasm and is the only member of the asfarviridae family. the virus causes an acute haemorrhagic fever, african swine fever (asf), in domestic pigs and wild boar resulting in the death of most infected animals. apoptosis is induced at an early stage during virus entry or uncoating. however, asfv encodes anti-apoptotic proteins which facilitate production of progeny virions. these anti-apoptotic pro ...201728841179
ba71δcd2: a new recombinant live attenuated african swine fever virus with cross-protective capabilities.african swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease of mandatory declaration to the world organization for animal health (oie). lack of available vaccines make its control difficult and thus asfv represents a major threat to the swine industry. inactivated vaccines do not confer solid protection against african swine fever virus (asfv). conversely, live attenuated viruses (lav), either naturally isolated or obtained by genetic manipulation, have demonstrated reliable protection against homo ...201728814514
estimation of the transmission dynamics of african swine fever virus within a swine house.the spread of african swine fever virus (asfv) threatens to reach further parts of europe. in countries with a large swine production, an outbreak of asf may result in devastating economic consequences for the swine industry. simulation models can assist decision makers setting up contingency plans. this creates a need for estimation of parameters. this study presents a new analysis of a previously published study. a full likelihood framework is presented including the impact of model assumption ...201728768556
a proteomic insight into the midgut proteome of ornithodoros moubata females reveals novel information on blood digestion in argasid ticks.the argasid tick ornithodoros moubata is the main african vector of the human relapsing fever agent borrelia duttoni and the african swine fever virus. together with saliva, the tick midgut forms part of the host-tick-pathogen interface, and numerous midgut proteins play key functions in the blood digestion-related process and the infection and transmission of pathogens. this work explores the composition of the midgut proteome of unfed and fed o. moubata females with the aim to complete the bio ...201728764815
african swine fever virus infection in classical swine fever subclinically infected wild boars.recently moderate-virulence classical swine fever virus (csfv) strains have been proven capable of generating postnatal persistent infection (pi), defined by the maintenance of viremia and the inability to generate csfv-specific immune responses in animals. these animals also showed a type i interferon blockade in the absence of clinical signs. in this study, we assessed the infection generated in 7-week-old csfv pi wild boars after infection with the african swine fever virus (asfv). the wild b ...201728764692
evaluation of blowfly larvae (diptera: calliphoridae) as possible reservoirs and mechanical vectors of african swine fever virus.in 2014, highly virulent african swine fever virus (asfv) was introduced into the baltic states and poland, with new cases being reported almost every week from wild boar and also from domestic pigs. contrary to initial predictions that the disease would either die out due to the high virulence of the virus strain or spread rapidly in westerly direction, the infection became endemic and spread slowly. the unexpected disease epidemiology led to the hypothesis that hitherto unconsidered factors mi ...201728762629
vaccinia virus and cowpox virus are not susceptible to the interferon-induced antiviral protein mxa.mxa protein is expressed in response to type i and type iii interferon and constitute an important antiviral factor with broad antiviral activity to diverse rna viruses. in addition, some studies expand the range of mxa antiviral activity to include particular dna viruses like monkeypox virus (mpxv) and african swine fever virus (asfv). however, a broad profile of activity of mxa to large dna viruses has not been established to date. here, we investigated if some well characterized dna viruses b ...201728727764
detection of african swine fever virus in the tissues of asymptomatic pigs in smallholder farming systems along the kenya-uganda border: implications for transmission in endemic areas and asf surveillance in east africa.the persistence of african swine fever virus (asfv) in endemic areas, with small-scale but regular outbreaks in domestic pigs, is not well understood. asfv has not been detected using conventional diagnosis in these pigs or adjacent populations of resistant african wild pigs, that could act as potential carriers during the outbreaks. however, such data are crucial for the design of evidence-based control strategies. we conducted cross-sectional (1107 pigs) and longitudinal (100 pigs) monitoring ...201728721858
virulent strain of african swine fever virus eclipses its attenuated derivative after challenge.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide. no effective vaccine is currently available for disease prevention and control. although live attenuated vaccines (lav) have demonstrated great potential for immunizing against homologous strains of african swine fever virus (asfv), adverse reactions from lav remain a concern. here, by using a homologous asfv congo strain system, we show passage-attenuated congo lav to induce an efficient pr ...201728691128
redistribution of endosomal membranes to the african swine fever virus replication site.african swine fever virus (asfv) infection causes endosomal reorganization. here, we show that the virus causes endosomal congregation close to the nucleus as the infection progresses, which is necessary to build a compact viral replication organelle. asfv enters the cell by the endosomal pathway and reaches multivesicular late endosomes. upon uncoating and fusion, the virus should exit to the cytosol to start replication. asfv remodels endosomal traffic and redistributes endosomal membranes to ...201728587154
selection of differently temporally regulated african swine fever virus promoters with variable expression activities and their application for transient and recombinant virus mediated gene expression.african swine fever virus threatens pig production worldwide due to the lack of vaccines, for which generation of both deletion and insertion mutants is considered. for development of the latter, operational asfv promoters of different temporal regulation and strengths are desirable. we therefore compared the capacities of putative promoter sequences from p72, cd2v, p30, viral dna polymerase and u104l genes to mediate expression of luciferase from transfected plasmids after activation in trans, ...201728502836
comparative phenotypic and functional analyses of the effects of autologous plasma and recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating factor (m-csf) on porcine monocyte to macrophage differentiation.porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (momφ) have been employed as a model cell in numerous studies of the porcine immune system. however, the lack of a standardized method for momφ differentiation hampers the comparison of results coming from the use of different laboratory protocols. in this study we compared the use of varying concentrations of autologous plasma (10, 20 and 30% v/v) or recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hm-csf; 50, 100, and 200ng/ml) to differentiate porci ...201728494933
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in acute african swine fever clinic.hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hlh) usually has been defined as the combination of a proliferation of cytologically benign, actively phagocytic macrophages in bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, etc. in association with fever, cytopenia, splenomegaly, and hypertriglyceridemia. hlh is often triggered by viral infection. the aim of this study was to ascertain the features of hlh involvement in african swine fever virus (asfv) (genotype ii) pathogenesis.201728494931
african swine fever virus: a review.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine which causes high mortality, approaching 100%, in domestic pigs. asf is caused by a large, double stranded dna virus, asf virus (asfv), which replicates predominantly in the cytoplasm of macrophages and is the only member of the asfarviridae family, genus asfivirus. the natural hosts of this virus include wild suids and arthropod vectors of the ornithodoros genus. the infection of asfv in its reservoir hosts is usually asymp ...201728489063
adenovirus-vectored novel african swine fever virus antigens elicit robust immune responses in swine.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a high-consequence transboundary animal pathogen that often causes hemorrhagic disease in swine with a case fatality rate close to 100%. lack of treatment or vaccine for the disease makes it imperative that safe and efficacious vaccines are developed to safeguard the swine industry. in this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of seven adenovirus-vectored novel asfv antigens, namely a151r, b119l, b602l, ep402rδprr, b438l, k205r and a104r. immunization of com ...201728481911
pig traders' networks on the kenya-uganda border highlight potential for mitigation of african swine fever virus transmission and improved asf disease risk management.we applied social network analysis to pig trader networks on the kenya-uganda border. social network analysis is a recently developed tool, which is useful for understanding value chains and improving disease control policies. we interviewed a sample of 33 traders about their experiences with trade and african swine fever (asf), analyzed the networks they generated in purchasing pigs and selling pork and their potential contribution to modulating dissemination of the asf virus (asfv). the majori ...201728460754
development of a fluorescent asfv strain that retains the ability to cause disease in swine.african swine fever is a contagious and often lethal disease for domestic pigs with a significant economic impact for the swine industry. the etiological agent, african swine fever virus (asfv), is a highly structurally complex double stranded dna virus. no effective vaccines or antiviral treatment are currently commercially available. we present here the development of a strain of asfv that has been shown to retain its ability to cause disease in swine, efficiently replicate in swine macrophage ...201728436458
proposed revision to the taxonomy of the genus pestivirus, family flaviviridae.we propose the creation of seven new species in the genus pestivirus (family flaviviridae) in addition to the four existing species, and naming species in a host-independent manner using the format pestivirus x. only the virus species names would change; virus isolates would still be referred to by their original names. the original species would be re-designated as pestivirus a (original designation bovine viral diarrhea virus 1), pestivirus b (bovine viral diarrhea virus 2), pestivirus c (clas ...201728786787
detection of border disease virus in mexican cattle.the genus pestivirus within flaviviridae is comprised of four recognized species, namely, bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (bvdv-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 (bvdv-2), border disease virus (bdv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv). bdv, while primarily infecting sheep and goats, has also been reported in cattle and wild animals. infections of sheep and goats result in economic loss due to abortions and the birth of persistently infected animals that have poor production and reduced life e ...201728474402
a novel viewrna in situ hybridization method for the detection of the dynamic distribution of classical swine fever virus rna in pk15 cells.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious fatal infectious disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). a better understanding of csfv replication is important for the study of pathogenic mechanism of csf. with the development of novel rna in situ hybridization method, quantitatively localization and visualization of the virus rna molecular in cultured cell or tissue section becomes very important tool to address these pivotal pathogenic questions. in this study, we established ...201728420390
pre-screening of crude peptides in a serological bead-based suspension array.most serological assays detect antibody responses in biological samples through affinity of serum antibodies for antigens provided in the assay. certain antigens, however, may be difficult to produce and/or may contain unwanted epitopes. in these cases, a practical alternative may be the use of peptides as representatives for specific epitopes. peptides can be obtained after purification in large quantities for a modest price, but screening of a large set of peptides during development may be re ...201728545817
[expression and antiviral activity of a chimeric porcinized monoclonal antibody (chq06) against e2 protein of classical swine fever virus].classical swine fever (csf), one of oie-listed diseases, is a highly contagious and economically important disease of pigs. classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of csf. the capsid (c) protein and the glycoproteins erns, e1 and e2, are structural components of the virus. e2 is the most immunogenic protein of the csfv glycoproteins, inducing neutralizing antibodies that provide protection against lethal csfv challenge. in a previous study, we developed a murine mab hq06 agains ...201728853251
rab5 enhances classical swine fever virus proliferation and interacts with viral ns4b protein to facilitate formation of ns4b related complex.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a fatal pig pestivirus and causes serious financial losses to the pig industry. csfv ns4b protein is one of the most important viral replicase proteins. rab5, a member of the small rab gtpase family, is involved in infection and replication of numerous viruses including hepatitis c virus and dengue virus. until now, the effects of rab5 on the proliferation of csfv are poorly defined. in the present study, we showed that rab5 could enhance csfv proliferation ...201728848503
the uncoupling of protease trans-cleavage and helicase activities in the pestivirus ns3.the nonstructural protein ns3 from the flaviviridae family is a multi-functional protein that contains an n-terminal protease and a c-terminal helicase, playing essential roles in viral polyprotein processing and genome replication. here we report a full-length crystal structure of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) ns3 in complex with its ns4a protease cofactor segment (pcs) at 2.35 å resolution. the structure reveals a previously unidentified ∼2200-å(2) intra-molecular protease-helicase in ...201728835495
epidemiology, diagnosis and control of classical swine fever: recent developments and future challenges.classical swine fever (csf) represents a major health and trade problem for the pig industry. in endemic countries or those with a wild boar reservoir, csf remains a priority for veterinary services. surveillance as well as stamping out and/or vaccination are the principle tools of prevention and control, depending on the context. in the past decades, marker vaccines and accompanying diagnostic tests allowing the discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals have been developed. in the euro ...201728795533
changing pattern of classical swine fever virus genogroup from classical 1.1 to emerging 2.2 in india.classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs with high economic impact. the causative agent, classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a member of genus pestivirus in family flaviviredae and is structurally and antigenically related to other members of the genus. the identification of virus strains and genotypes can conveniently be used to trace the origin and patterns of virus spread, which contribut substantially in control strategies. in the present study, we ha ...201728770243
traf6 is a novel ns3-interacting protein that inhibits classical swine fever virus replication.classical swine fever virus (csfv) non-structural protein 3 (ns3) is a multifunctional non-structural protein that plays a major role in viral replication. however, how exactly ns3 exerts these functions remains unknown. here, we identified tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (traf6) as a novel ns3-interacting protein via yeast two-hybrid analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, and glutathione s-transferase pull-down assays. furthermore, we observed that traf6 overexpression significan ...201728751780
identification of the linear ligand epitope on classical swine fever virus that interacts with porcine kidney 15 cells.binding of the viral ligand to a specific receptor is the first step of virus entry into target cells. the envelope proteins e(rns), e1, and e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) are involved in the interaction with host cell receptors to mediate csfv infection. the aim of this investigation was to identify epitopes that bind to porcine kidney (pk)-15 cells to prevent csfv infection. ten peptides representing e(rns), e1, and e2 were synthesized. immunohistochemical study showed that the se24 ...201728725108
us10, a novel npro-interacting protein, inhibits classical swine fever virus replication.classical swine fever (csf) is a severe, febrile and highly contagious disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv) that has resulted in huge economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. csfv npro has been actively studied but remains incompletely understood. few studies have investigated the cellular proteins that interact with npro and their participation in viral replication. here, the yeast two-hybrid (y2h) system was employed to screen npro-interacting proteins from a porcine alve ...201728721853
classical swine fever virus in cattle. 201728710174
continuous passaging of a recombinant c-strain virus in pk-15 cells selects culture-adapted variants that showed enhanced replication but failed to induce fever in rabbits.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the etiologic agent of classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry. the lapinized c-strain, a widely used vaccine strain against csfv, has low growth efficiency in cell culture, thus limits the productivity in vaccine industry. in this study, a recombinant virus derived from c-strain was constructed and subjected to continuous passaging in pk-15 cells with the goal of acquiring high p ...201728704902
a single dose of the novel chimeric subunit vaccine e2-cd154 confers early full protection against classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever is an economically important, highly contagious disease of swine worldwide. subunit vaccines are a suitable alternative for the control of classical swine fever. however, such vaccines have as the main drawback the relatively long period of time required to induce a protective response, which hampers their use under outbreak conditions. in this work, a lentivirus-based gene delivery system is used to obtain a stable recombinant hek 293 cell line for the expression of e2-csf ...201728688785
an immuno-chromatographic lateral flow assay (lfa) for rapid on-the-farm detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv).classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and potentially fatal disease of domestic pigs. classical swine fever is routinely diagnosed by clinical signs, serology, detection of csf virus (csfv) nucleic acid by pcr and virus isolation. most of the current csf diagnostic methods are expensive and have an extended turnaround time. in the majority of the csf endemic countries, lack of easy access to diagnostic facilities is a major problem for swine producers trying to obtain early diagnosi ...201728685287
complex virus-host interactions involved in the regulation of classical swine fever virus replication: a minireview.classical swine fever (csf), caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), is one of the most devastating epizootic diseases of pigs in many countries. viruses are small intracellular parasites and thus rely on the cellular factors for replication. fundamental aspects of csfv-host interactions have been well described, such as factors contributing to viral attachment, modulation of genomic replication and translation, antagonism of innate immunity, and inhibition of cell apoptosis. however, thos ...201728678154
efficacy of e2 glycoprotein fused to porcine cd154 as a novel chimeric subunit vaccine to prevent classical swine fever virus vertical transmission in pregnant sows.here we evaluated the effect of double vaccination with a novel subunit marker vaccine candidate based in the csfv e2 glycoprotein fused to the porcine cd154 to prevent csfv vertical transmission. a lentivirus-based gene delivery system was used to obtain a stable recombinant hek 293 cell line for the expression of e2 fused to porcine cd154 molecule. six pregnant sows were distributed in two groups and at 64days of gestation animals numbered 1-4 (group 1) were vaccinated via intramuscular inocul ...201728622852
recombinant swinepox virus expressing glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus confers complete protection in pigs upon viral challenge.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and serious viral disease that affects the pig industry worldwide. the glycoprotein e2 of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) can induce neutralizing antibodies, and it is widely used for novel vaccine development. to explore the development of a vaccine against csfv infections, the gene of glycoprotein e2 was inserted into the swinepox virus (spv) genome by homologous recombination. the culture titers of rspv-e2 remained at about 4.3 × 10(6) ...201728612010
novel thioglycosyl analogs of glycosyltransferase substrates as antiviral compounds against classical swine fever virus and hepatitis c virus.hepatitis c virus (hcv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) are important pathogens for which new therapeutic approaches are in high demand. herein, we report the synthesis of newly designed thioglycosyl analogs of glycosyltransferase substrates which were evaluated using cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against both viruses. the antiviral activity of synthesized compounds against csfv and hcv was confirmed using pseudo-plaque reduction assays where a significant arre ...201728601004
synergistic roles of the e2 glycoprotein and 3' untranslated region in the increased genomic stability of chimeric classical swine fever virus with attenuated phenotypes.the e2 glycoprotein and 3' untranslated region (utr) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) are virulence determinants. to investigate the synergistic roles of e2 and 3'utr for pathogenicity and genomic stability, a series of chimeric csfvs were constructed by replacing the e2 gene and/or 3'utr of virulent csfv strain shimen with the corresponding sequence of the lapinized 'chinese' strain (c-strain) using a reverse genetic approach. the in vitro growth characterization and in vivo pathogenicity ...201728573473
a bivalent dendrimeric peptide bearing a t-cell epitope from foot-and-mouth disease virus protein 3a improves humoral response against classical swine fever virus.three dendrimeric peptides were synthesized in order to evaluate their immunogenicity and their potential protection against classical swine fever virus (csfv) in domestic pigs. construct 1, an optimized version of a previously used dendrimer, had four copies of a b-cell epitope derived from csfv e2 glycoprotein connected to an also csfv-derived t-cell epitope through maleimide instead of thioether linkages. construct 2 was similarly built but included only two copies of the b-cell epitope, and ...201728571760
effects of vaccination with the c-strain vaccine on immune cells and cytokines of pigs against classical swine fever virus.the attenuated c-strain vaccine against classical swine fever virus (csfv) is one of the safest and most effective attenuated vaccines. however, little is known of the host immune response after vaccination with the c-strain vaccine. blood samples from vaccinated pigs were collected to evaluate the number of immune cells, the level of specific csfv antibody, and related cytokines induced by the vaccination of c-strain vaccine. the c-strain nucleic acid was gradually removed and specific antibody ...201728514189
surface displaying of swine igg1 fc enhances baculovirus-vectored vaccine efficacy by facilitating viral complement escape and mammalian cell transduction.baculovirus-mediated gene transfer has been developed as a vaccine design strategy against a number of diseases without apparent viral replication. however, it has been hampered by complement-dependent inactivation, thus hindering the in vivo application of baculovirus. a variety of approaches have been exploited to bypass the complement system in the serum. in this study, we constructed and screened a series of baculovirus vectors displaying complement interfering factors, of which a baculoviru ...201728499403
serum metabolomic profiling of piglets infected with virulent classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious swine infectious disease and causes significant economic losses for the pig industry worldwide. the objective of this study was to determine whether small molecule metabolites contribute to the pathogenesis of csf. birefly, serum metabolomics of csfv shimen strain-infected piglets were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uplc/esi-q-tof/ms) in combination with multivariate s ...201728496435
metabolic profiles in cell lines infected with classical swine fever virus.viruses require energy and biosynthetic precursors from host cells for replication. an understanding of the metabolic interplay between classical swine fever virus (csfv) and host cells is important for exploring the complex pathological mechanisms of classical swine fever (csf). in the current study, and for the first time, we utilized an approach involving gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (gc-ms) to examine the metabolic profiles within pk-15 and 3d4/2 cells infected with csfv ...201728473819
phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus from archival formalin fixed clinical tissues reveals vietnamese origin of the isolates.detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) nucleic acid in archival formalin fixed tissue samples and their use for phylogenetic analysis was investigated. ten samples were examined for the presence of csfv nucleic acid by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification of 5'utr and e2 gene. rt-pcr was found positive for 5'utr fragment in eight samples while only one tissue samples showed amplification for e2 gene target fragment. for molecular epidemiology of the dis ...201728466064
csfv induced mitochondrial fission and mitophagy to inhibit apoptosis.classical swine fever virus (csfv), which causes typical clinical characteristics in piglets, including hemorrhagic syndrome and immunosuppression, is linked to hepatitis c and dengue virus. oxidative stress and a reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential are disturbed in csfv-infected cells. the balance of mitochondrial dynamics is essential for cellular homeostasis. in this study, we offer the first evidence that csfv induces mitochondrial fission and mitophagy to inhibit host cell apoptos ...201728455958
development of isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus virus type ii (pcv2) is the etiology of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome (pdns), and necrotizing pneumonia. rapid diagnosis tool for detection of pcv2 plays an important role in the disease control and eradication program. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) assays using a real-time fluorescent detection (pcv2 real-time rpa assay) and rpa combined with lateral flow dipstick (pcv2 rpa lfd assay) were developed ta ...201728424790
comparative characterization analysis of synonymous codon usage bias in classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is responsible for the highly contagious viral disease of swine, and causes great economic loss in the swine-raising industry. considering the significance of csfv, a systemic analysis was performed to study its codon usage patterns. in this study, using the complete genome sequences of 76 csfv representing three genotypes, we firstly analyzed the relative nucleotide composition, effective number of codon (enc) and synonymous codon usage in csfv genomes. the re ...201728416383
genetic and virulence characterization of classical swine fever viruses isolated in mongolia from 2007 to 2015.classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs in many developing countries, is now considered endemic in mongolia, with 14 recent outbreaks in 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2015. for the first time, csf viruses isolated from these 14 outbreaks were analyzed to assess their molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity in pigs. based on the nucleotide sequences of their 5'-untranslated region, isolates were phylogenetically classified as either sub ...201728260187
classical swine fever in wild hog: report of its prevalence in northeast india.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease, hog cholera in pigs. the disease is endemic in many parts of the world and vaccination is the only way to protect the animals from csfv infection. wild hogs belong to the species sus scrofa cristatus under the family suidae are quite susceptible to csfv infection. the epidemiological role concerning classical swine fever (csf) in india is largely unknown. we report here the three isolated cases of csf in wi ...201625430917
ion channel activity of the csfv p7 viroporin in surrogates of the er lipid bilayer.viroporins comprise a family of non-structural proteins that play significant and diverse roles during the replication cycle of many animal viruses. consequently, they have become promising targets for inhibitory drug and vaccine development. structure–function traits common to all members of the family are their small size (ca. 60–120 aa), high hydrophobicity, and the presence of helical domains that transverse the membrane and assemble into oligomeric-permeating structures therein. the possibi ...201626464198
identification of two amino acids within e2 important for the pathogenicity of chimeric classical swine fever virus.our previous study demonstrated that a chimeric classical swine fever virus (csfv) vsm/ce2 containing the e2 gene of the vaccine c-strain on the genetic background of the virulent csfv strain shimen (vsm) was attenuated in swine but reversed to virulence after serial passages in pk15 cells. to investigate the molecular basis of the pathogenicity, the genome of the 11th passage vsm/ce2 variant (vsm/ce2-p11) was sequenced, and two amino acid mutations, t745i and m979k, within e2 of vsm/ce2-p11 wer ...201626454191
rapid detection of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by a fluorescent probe-based isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assay.a novel fluorescent probe-based real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (real-time rt-rpa) assay was developed for rapid detection of highly pathogenic type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv). the sensitivity analysis showed that the detection limit of rpa was 70 copies of hp-prrsv rna/reaction. the real-time rt-rpa highly specific amplified hp-prrsv with no cross-reaction with classic prrsv, classic swine fever virus, pseudorabies virus ...201627534870
alteration of a second putative fusion peptide of structural glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus alters virus replication and virulence in swine.e2, the major envelope glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is involved in several critical virus functions, including cell attachment, host range susceptibility, and virulence in natural hosts. functional structural analysis of e2 based on a wimley-white interfacial hydrophobicity distribution predicted the involvement of a loop (residues 864 to 881) stabilized by a disulfide bond ((869)ckwggnwtcv(878), named fpii) in establishing interactions with the host cell membrane. this lo ...201627605674
rapid and specific detection of porcine parvovirus by isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assays.porcine parvovirus (ppv) is a major cause of swine reproductive failure and reported in many countries worldwide. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) assays using a real-time fluorescent detection (ppv real-time rpa assay) and a lateral flow dipstick (ppv rpa lfd assay) were developed targeting ppv ns1 gene. the detection limit of ppv real-time rpa assay was 300 copies per reaction within 9 min at 38 °c, while the rpa lfd assay has a detection limit of 400 copies per reaction in less than ...201627593155
caveolin-1-mediated endocytic pathway is involved in classical swine fever virus shimen infection of porcine alveolar macrophages.macrophages are at the frontline of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. however, very little is known about the cell invasion mechanism of classical swine fever virus (csfv) shimen strain. to elucidate the infective mechanism of this important pathogen, we screened deep-sequencing data derived from macrophages infected with csfv shimen and uninfected macrophages, and identified a role of caveolin-1 (cav1). digital gene expression profiling showed that cav1 was differentially expressed in ...201627771074
the european classical swine fever virus database: blueprint for a pathogen-specific sequence database with integrated sequence analysis tools.molecular epidemiology has become an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of diseases and in tracing the infection routes of pathogens. due to advances in conventional sequencing and the development of high throughput technologies, the field of sequence determination is in the process of being revolutionized. platforms for sharing sequence information and providing standardized tools for phylogenetic analyses are becoming increasingly important. the database (db) of the european union (eu) and wo ...201627827988
evolution and molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus during a multi-annual outbreak amongst european wild boar.classical swine fever is a viral disease of pigs that carries tremendous socio-economic impact. in outbreak situations, genetic typing is carried out for the purpose of molecular epidemiology in both domestic pigs and wild boar. these analyses are usually based on harmonized partial sequences. however, for high-resolution analyses towards the understanding of genetic variability and virus evolution, full-genome sequences are more appropriate. in this study, a unique set of representative virus s ...201626684209
a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against porcine deltacoronavirus.recently, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been proven to be associated with enteric disease in piglets. diagnostic tools for serological surveys of pdcov remain in the developmental stage when compared with those for other porcine coronaviruses. in our study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (rpdcov-n-elisa) was developed to detect antibodies against pdcov using a histidine-tagged recombinant nucleocapsid (n) protein as an antigen. the rpdcov-n-elisa did not cross-react ...201626668175
generation and evaluation of a chimeric classical swine fever virus expressing a visible marker gene.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a noncytopathogenic virus, and the incorporation of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) tag into the viral genome provides a means of direct monitoring of viral infection without immunostaining. it is well established that the 3' untranslated region (3'-utr) of the csfv plays an important role in viral rna replication. although csfv carrying a reporter gene and chimeric csfv have been generated and evaluated, a chimeric csfv with a visible marker ha ...201626614259
efficacy of the marker vaccine radv-sfv-e2 against classical swine fever in the presence of maternally derived antibodies to radv-sfv-e2 or c-strain.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). in order to eradicate csf, many marker vaccines that allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva) have been developed. in our previous studies, a diva csf vaccine radv-sfv-e2 has been demonstrated to completely protect pigs against lethal csfv challenge. in the context of risk assessments for an emergency vaccination scenario, the question has been raised whether pre ...201627939155
up-regulation of il-10 upon prrsv vaccination impacts on the immune response against csfv.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection negatively impacts the efficacy of classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine. this paper investigates whether the prrsv vaccine also impacts the csfv vaccine and if the impact is time-related. forty-eight piglets born from four sows were divided into five groups (g1-g5). the piglets in g1 to g4 were given prrsv vaccine at 14, 21, 28 and 35days of age. the g5 group was not vaccinated with the prrsv. all pigs were given the csf ...201627938685
t-cell factor-4 and mhc upregulation in pigs receiving a live attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine strain with interferon-gamma adjuvant.the effect of co-administration of interferon (ifn)-γ in pigs undergoing vaccination with an attenuated strain (lpc) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) was investigated. unvaccinated pigs demonstrated pyrexia and died 7-9 days after challenge with virulent csfv. pigs receiving the attenuated vaccine remained healthy after virus challenge, except for mild, transient pyrexia, whereas pigs receiving ifn-γ simultaneously with the vaccine demonstrated normal body temperatures after virus challenge ...201627687943
isolation and characterization of a moderately virulent classical swine fever virus emerging in china.classical swine fever (csf) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). in china, csf has been under control owing to extensive vaccination with the lapinized attenuated vaccine (c-strain) since 1950s, despite sporadic or endemic in many regions. however, recently, csf outbreaks occurred in a large number of swine herds in china. here, we isolated 15 csfv strains from diverse c-strain-vaccinated pig farms in china and characterized the genetic variat ...201627658930
pigs immunized with a novel e2 subunit vaccine are protected from subgenotype heterologous classical swine fever virus challenge.classical swine fever (csf) or hog cholera is a highly contagious swine viral disease. csf endemic countries have to use routine vaccination with modified live virus (mlv) vaccines to prevent and control csf. however, it is impossible to serologically differentiate mlv vaccinated pigs from those infected with csf virus (csfv). the aim of this study is to develop a one-dose e2-subunit vaccine that can provide protection against csfv challenge. we hypothesize that a vaccine consisting of a suitabl ...201627612954
impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus-2 infection on the potency of the classical swine fever vaccine (lom strain).the classical swine fever (csf) vaccine, which is derived from the lom strain of the csf virus (csfv), induces protective immunity against csfv infection. however, several factors influence vaccine efficacy. evidence suggests that infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and/or porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) reduces the efficacy of several vaccines. here, we examined the effect of prrsv or pcv2 alone or co-infection by prrsv/pcv2 on the potency of the lom vaccine in ...201627599928
classical swine fever virus replicated poorly in cells from mxa transgenic pigs.in addition to their value as livestock, pigs are susceptible to classical swine fever virus (csfv) and can serve as reservoirs for csfv, allowing it to develop into an epizootic. csfv, a pestivirus of the flaviviridae family, has a single-stranded rna genome. recent research has indicated that the human mxa protein inhibits the life cycles of certain rna viruses, such as members of the bunyaviridae family, the flaviviridae family and others.201627535023
sequence adaptations during growth of rescued classical swine fever viruses in cell culture and within infected pigs.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes an economically important disease of swine. four different viruses were rescued from full-length cloned cdnas derived from the paderborn strain of csfv. three of these viruses had been modified by mutagenesis (with 7 or 8 nt changes) within stem 2 of the subdomain iiif of the internal ribosome entry site (ires) that directs the initiation of protein synthesis. rescued viruses were inoculated into pigs. the rescued vpader10 virus, without modifications in ...201627527774
antigenic characterization of classical swine fever virus yc11wb isolates from wild boar.classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, has serious economic implications. the present study examined the virulence and transmission of strain yc11wb (isolated from a wild boar in 2011) in breeding wild boar. virulence in domestic pigs was also examined. based on the severe clinical signs and high mortality observed among breeding wild boar, the pathogenicity of strain yc11wb resembled that of typical acute csf. surprisingly, in contrast ...201627515269
erratum to: classical swine fever virus ns5a protein changed inflammatory cytokine secretion in porcine alveolar macrophages by inhibiting the nf-κb signaling pathway. 201627488364
the challenge of detecting classical swine fever virus circulation in wild boar (sus scrofa): simulation of sampling options.classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of domestic pigs ( sus scrofa domesticus) and wild boar ( sus scrofa ). for at least 4 decades, several european union member states were confronted with outbreaks among wild boar and, as it had been shown that infected wild boar populations can be a major cause of primary outbreaks in domestic pigs, strict control measures for both species were implemented. to guarantee early detection and to demonstrate freedom from diseas ...201627479901
absence of autophagy promotes apoptosis by modulating the ros-dependent rlr signaling pathway in classical swine fever virus-infected cells.a growing number of studies have demonstrated that both macroautophagy/autophagy and apoptosis are important inner mechanisms of cell to maintain homeostasis and participate in the host response to pathogens. we have previously reported that a functional autophagy pathway is trigged by infection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) and is required for viral replication and release in host cells. however, the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis in csfv-infected cells has not been clarified. in ...201627463126
pestivirus npro directly interacts with interferon regulatory factor 3 monomer and dimer.interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3) is a transcription factor involved in the activation of type i alpha/beta interferon (ifn-α/β) in response to viral infection. upon viral infection, the irf3 monomer is activated into a phosphorylated dimer, which induces the transcription of interferon genes in the nucleus. viruses have evolved several ways to target irf3 in order to subvert the innate immune response. pestiviruses, such as classical swine fever virus (csfv), target irf3 for ubiquitination ...201627334592
complete genome sequence of a novel sub-subgenotype 2.1g isolate of classical swine fever virus from china.current subgenotype 2.1 isolates of classical swine fever virus (csfv) play a dominant role in csf outbreaks in china, and a novel sub-subgenotype 2.1g of csfv was recently identified, but the complete genome sequence of this new sub-subgenotype has not been reported. in this study, complete genome of 2.1g isolate gd19/2011 collected from guangdong province of china in 2011 was sequenced. it was found to be 12,298 nucleotides (nt) in length, including a 375-nt 5'utr, a 11,697-nt opening reading ...201627318930
hypervariable antigenic region 1 of classical swine fever virus e2 protein impacts antibody neutralization.envelope glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the major antigen that induces neutralizing antibodies and confers protection against csfv infection. there are three hypervariable antigenic regions (har1, har2 and har3) of e2 that are different between the group 1 vaccine c-strain and group 2 clinical isolates. this study was aimed to characterize the antigenic epitope region recognized by monoclonal antibody 4f4 (mab-4f4) that is present in the group 2 field isolate hz1-08, bu ...201627317266
classical swine fever virus ns5a protein changed inflammatory cytokine secretion in porcine alveolar macrophages by inhibiting the nf-κb signaling pathway.classical swine fever (csf) caused by csf virus (csfv) is a highly contagious disease of the pigs. a number of studies have suggested that csfv non-structural (ns) 5a protein is involved in csfv-associated pathogenesis, but its mechanism is still uncertain. the aim of this study was to investigate the roles of ns5a protein in csfv-associated pathogenesis in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages (pams).201627296632
establishment of a nanoparticle-assisted rt-pcr assay to distinguish field strains and attenuated strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) can cause serious disease and even death in neonatal piglets, resulting in serious damage to the swine industry worldwide. open reading frame 3 (orf3) is the only accessory gene in the pedv genome. previous studies have indicated that pedv vaccine strains have a partial deletion in orf3. in this study, a nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanoparticle-assisted rt-pcr) assay targeting the orf3 of pedv was developed to distinguish pedv field str ...201627287433
piglets with maternally derived antibodies from sows immunized with radv-sfv-e2 were completely protected against lethal csfv challenge.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). to facilitate the eradication of csf in endemic areas, a marker vaccine enabling differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva) is urgently needed. previously, we have demonstrated that the diva vaccine radv-sfv-e2, an adenovirus-vectored semliki forest virus replicon expressing the e2 glycoprotein of csfv, induces complete protection from lethal csfv chal ...201627283854
establishment and characterization of a chimeric infectious cdna clone of classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes a highly contagious disease among swine that has an important economic impact worldwide. there are two important csfv strains in china, shimen and hog cholera lapinized virus (hclv). shimen strain is highly virulent while hclv, also referred to as c-strain, is a live attenuated vaccine strain considered to be one of the most effective and safest live vaccines. in this study, a chimeric infectious cdna clone of csfv named pt7sm-c was engineered by replaci ...201627265471
complete genome sequence of a classical swine fever virus isolate belonging to new subgenotype 2.1d from henan province, central china.we report here the complete genome sequence of hen1505, a field isolate of classical swine fever virus belonging to the new subgenotype 2.1d. hen1505 distinguishes itself from other classical swine fever virus (csfvs) by 1 amino acid substitution in position 159 (threonine by isoleucine), which led to the loss of one n-glycosylation site in the n(pro) protein.201627174260
towards a peptide-based suspension array for the detection of pestivirus antibodies in swine.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and lethal disease in swine. serological tests for the diagnosis of csf need not only to detect antibodies against csfv, but also need to differentiate these from antibodies against other pestiviruses. to investigate the possibilities of specific peptide-based serology, various synthetic peptides that represent a well-described linear epitope of the csfv e2 protein (tavspttlr) were used to test the viability of a peptide-based suspension array f ...201627166561
in vitro adaptation and genome analysis of a sub-subgenotype 2.1c isolate of classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) still causes substantial economic losses in the pig industry in china. this study reports the isolation and characterization of a field csf virus named gd53/2011 from pig kidney tissue collected during a csf outbreak in guangdong province, china. phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length e2 gene sequence revealed that this isolate belongs to csfv sub-subgenotype 2.1c. to further understand the replication characteristics, gd53/2011 was subsequently adapted in pk- ...201627155669
safety and immunogenicity of a ge/gi/tk gene-deleted pseudorabies virus variant expressing the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus in pigs.classical swine fever (csf) and pseudorabies (pr) are both major infectious diseases of pigs, causing enormous economic losses to the swine industry in many countries. a marker vaccine that enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva) is highly desirable for control and eradication of these two diseases in endemic areas. since late 2011, pr outbreaks have been frequently reported in many bartha-k61-vaccinated pig farms in china. it has been demonstrated that a pseudorabies ...201627113530
recoding structural glycoprotein e2 in classical swine fever virus (csfv) produces complete virus attenuation in swine and protects infected animals against disease.controlling classical swine fever (csf) mainly involves vaccination with live attenuated vaccines (lav). experimental csfv lavs has been lately developed through reverse genetics using several different approaches. here we present that codon de-optimization in the major csfv structural glycoprotein e2 coding region, causes virus attenuation in swine. four different mutated constructs (pcsfm1-pcsfm4) were designed using various mutational approaches based on the genetic background of the highly v ...201627110709
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