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vector competence for west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus (flavivirus) of three tick species of the genus amblyomma (acari: ixodidae).many species of amblyomma ticks are commonly found infesting wild birds in south america, where birds are important hosts for several arboviruses, such as west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). in this study, wnv and slev transmission experiments were performed to evaluate the vector competence of three south american tick species: amblyomma ovale, amblyomma tigrinum, and amblyomma tonelliae. larval and nymphal ticks of each species were allowed to feed on chicks needle i ...201930887949
usutu virus disease: a potential problem for north america?usutu virus is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus initially identified in south africa in 1959 that is now circulating throughout parts of africa, europe, and the middle east. it is closely related to west nile virus, and has similar vectors, amplifying bird hosts, and epidemiology. usutu virus infection can occur in humans and may be asymptomatic or cause systemic (e.g., fever, rash, and hepatitis) or neuroinvasive (e.g., meningitis and encephalitis) disease. given few reported cases, the fu ...201931858483
surveillance of mosquito vectors in southern sweden for flaviviruses and sindbis virus.there are three human pathogenic bird-viruses transmitted by culex mosquitoes in europe: the alphavirus sindbis and the flaviviruses west nile virus and usutu virus. cases of sindbis fever occur in the north while the flaviviruses are reported from southern europe. in this study, 7933 culex pipiens/torrentium mosquitoes from southern sweden were screened by rtqpcr for these viruses. none of the mosquitoes were positive for viral rna. the importance of mosquito species composition is discussed as ...201931853338
the direct healthcare costs attributable to west nile virus illness in ontario, canada: a population-based cohort study using laboratory and health administrative data.west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, first detected in the western hemisphere in 1999 and spread across north america over the next decade. though endemic in the most populous areas of north america, few studies have estimated the healthcare costs associated with wnv. the objective of this study was to determine direct healthcare costs attributable to wnv illness in ontario, canada.201931847823
bloodmeal host selection of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) in las vegas, nevada, united states.st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) and west nile virus (wnv) have recently emerged in the southwestern united states. surveillance for arboviruses in las vegas, nv, detected a surge of slev activity in the southern house mosquito (culex quinquefasciatus say) during 2016. to identify candidate avian amplifiers, we assessed the identification, viral infection, and immune status of vertebrate hosts for 195 blood-engorged cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in august and september 2016. blood ...201930668743
molecular characterization of viruses associated with encephalitis in são paulo, brazil.the objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of viral encephalitis due to arbovirus infection of the togaviridae and flaviviridae families in são paulo, brazil. a total of 500 cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples collected between august 2012 and january 2013, from patients with symptoms of acute encephalitis were analyzed. findings suggestive of viral encephalitis-elevations in cell concentration, glucose and total protein-were observed in 234 (46.8%) samples, designated as group ...201930640927
insulin potentiates jak/stat signaling to broadly inhibit flavivirus replication in insect vectors.the world health organization estimates that more than half of the world's population is at risk for vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses. because many arboviruses are mosquito borne, investigation of the insect immune response will help identify targets to reduce the spread of arboviruses. here, we use a genetic screening approach to identify an insulin-like receptor as a component of the immune response to arboviral infection. we determine that vertebrate insulin reduces west nile viru ...201931722209
inflammatory responses to a pathogenic west nile virus strain.west nile virus (wnv) circulates across australia and was referred to historically as kunjin virus (wnvkun). wnvkun has been considered more benign than other wnv strains circulating globally. in 2011, a more virulent form of the virus emerged during an outbreak of equine arboviral disease in australia.201931664929
basimarols a, b, and c, highly oxygenated pimarane diterpenoids from basilicum polystachyon.the highly oxygenated pimarane diterpenoids basimarols a, b, and c (3-5) were isolated from the plant species basilicum polystachyon, which was collected within the australian arid zone. structure elucidation was performed using a suite of spectroscopic techniques, including x-ray crystallography. anticancer and anti-denv activity of 3-5 was explored, but only limited activity was observed. more extensive antiviral evaluation of stachyonic acid a (1), which was also isolated from b. polystachyon ...201931553187
stability of west nile virus (flaviviridae: flavivirus) rna in mosquito excreta.arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral rna, which can be detected by molecular methods. thereby, mosquito excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. in this study, we evaluated if west nile virus (kunjin strain, wnvkun) rna in culex annulirostris skuse (diptera: culicidae) excreta de ...201930937448
production of recombinant ns1 protein and its possible use in encephalitic flavivirus differential diagnosis.saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) and west nile virus (wnv) are two of the major causes of arboviral encephalitis in the americas. the co-circulation of related flaviviruses in the americas and prior vaccination against flaviviruses pose problems to the diagnostic specificity of serological assays due to the development of cross-reactive antibodies. an accurate diagnosis method capable of differentiating these related viruses is needed. ns1 is a glycosylated, nonstructural protein, of about ...201930125621
detection of west nile virus infection in viral encephalitis cases, china.this study detected west nile virus (wnv) infection in serum samples of patients clinically diagnosed with viral encephalitis in the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) endemic area (seven provinces) and jev nonendemic area (xinjiang province) in china from 2011 to 2012. in jev endemic areas, there were 22 positive cases of wnv immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody in serum specimens of 65 jev patients (jev igm antibody positive) in the acute phase, whereas wnv igm antibodies were not detected in serum ...201929985780
diagnosis of viral central nervous system infections using antipeptide antibody against viral antigen by elisa.viral infections of the central nervous system (cns) occur sporadically and have been extensively studied because of the potential for permanent neurological damage or death. the neurotropic viruses have been reported to lead to various cns infections. the objective of the present study is to develop an antigen detection elisa protocol for detection and quantification of viral antigen in cns infections by assessing the usefulness of antipeptide antibodies against potential peptides of cytomegalo ...201930472868
a sensitive nano luciferase immune complex assay system for highly sensitive and specific detection of antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) can cause fever, headache, neurological disorders, and/or peripheral flaccid paralysis; therefore, it is a major threat to public health. a rapid, sensitive, and simple method for detecting anti-tbev antibodies is needed urgently to determine infection and for vaccine evaluation. here, a luciferase-based immunocomplex assay system (luc-ic) was developed to detect tbev antibodies. the system is based on a reporter nano luciferase (nluc) that is co-expressed as ...201930431406
west nile virus in algeria: a comprehensive overview.west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus flavivirus, related to the japanese encephalitis antigenic complex of flaviviridae family. it is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. the virus is maintained in a mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission cycle. wnv has recently dramatically expanded its geographical range and is now considered the most widespread arbovirus in the world, including the americas, europe and countries facing the mediterranean basin. in alge ...201930519477
antigenic relationship among zoonotic flaviviruses from italy.here we report studies of the antigenic relationship of west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv), two zoonotic flaviviruses from italy, together with a japanese encephalitis virus (jev) strain and compared them with their genetic relationship using the immunodominant viral e protein. thirty-nine isolates and reference strains were inactivated and used to immunize rabbits to produce hyper immune sera. serum samples were tested by neutralization against all isolates and results visualized by g ...201930517880
isatin derivatives and their antiviral properties against arboviruses: a review.arboviruses have been spreading rapidly throughout the western hemisphere in recent decades. among the arboviruses with high morbidity and mortality are the members of the alphavirus and flavivirus genera. within the first genus, chikungunya virus (chikv) is considered one of the most challenging human arboviral infection worldwide, against which there is no specific antivirals. flaviviruses are some of the main viruses responsible for encephalitis, haemorrhagic disease and developmental defects ...201929692243
eucalyptus camaldulensis properties for use in the eradication of infections.eucalyptus camaldulensis (e. camaldulensis), called the eucalyptus has so many characteristics such as antimicrobial features. common names include red gum, red chewing gum, river chewing gum, red chewing gum. its class is eucalyptus, which is comprised of 800 species worldwide, but three or four species are found in australia. this tree generally grows on the edge of rivers with continuous or seasonal water. most of the gray clay soils run along the riverside and are exposed to frequent floods, ...201931300120
arboviral screening of invasive aedes species in northeastern turkey: west nile virus circulation and detection of insect-only viruses.the recent reports of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus populations in turkey, in parallel with the territorial expansion identified in several surrounding countries, have raised concerns about the establishment and re-establishment of these invasive aedes mosquitoes in turkey. this cross-sectional study was performed to detect aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in regions of recent incursions, and screen for viral pathogens known to be transmitted elsewhere by these species.201931059502
japanese encephalitis vaccine-specific envelope protein e138k mutation does not attenuate virulence of west nile virus.west nile (wnv) and japanese encephalitis viruses (jev) are closely related, mosquito-borne neurotropic flaviviruses. although there are no licensed human vaccines for wnv, jev has multiple human vaccines, including the live, attenuated vaccine sa14-14-2. investigations into determinants of attenuation of je sa14-14-2 demonstrated that envelope (e) protein mutation e138k was crucial to the attenuation of mouse virulence. as wnv is closely related to jev, we investigated whether or not the e-e138 ...201931839996
recombination of b- and t-cell epitope-rich loci from aedes- and culex-borne flaviviruses shapes zika virus epidemiology.sporadic human zika virus (zikv) infections have been recorded in africa and asia since the 1950s. major epidemics occurred only after zikv emerged in the pacific islands and spread to the americas. specific biological determinants of the explosive epidemic nature of zikv have not been identified. phylogenetic studies revealed incongruence in zikv placement in relation to aedes-borne dengue viruses (denv) and culex-borne flaviviruses. we hypothesized that this incongruence reflects interspecies ...201931837392
decanoyl-arg-val-lys-arg-chloromethylketone: an antiviral compound that acts against flaviviruses through the inhibition of furin-mediated prm cleavage.flaviviruses, such as zika virus (zikv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), dengue virus (denv), and west nile virus (wnv), are important arthropod-borne pathogens that present an immense global health problem. their unpredictable disease severity, unusual clinical features, and severe neurological manifestations underscore an urgent need for antiviral interventions. furin, a host proprotein convertase, is a key contender in processing flavivirus prm protein to m protein, turning the inert virus ...201931683742
anti-inflammatory compound shows therapeutic safety and efficacy against flavivirus infection.flaviviruses comprise several medically important viruses, including japanese encephalitis virus, west nile virus, dengue virus (denv), yellow fever virus, and zika virus (zikv). a large outbreak of denv and zikv occurred recently, leading to many cases of illness and death. however, despite decades of effort, we have no clinically specific therapeutic drugs against denv and zikv. previous studies showed that inflammatory responses play a critical role in dengue and zika virus pathogenesis. thus ...201931636070
chasing intracellular zika virus using proteomics.flaviviruses are the most medically relevant group of arboviruses causing a wide range of diseases in humans and are associated with high mortality and morbidity, as such posing a major health concern. viruses belonging to this family can be endemic (e.g., dengue virus), but can also cause fulminant outbreaks (e.g., west nile virus, japanese encephalitis virus and zika virus). intense research efforts in the past decades uncovered shared fundamental strategies used by flaviviruses to successfull ...201931546825
flaviviridae viruses and oxidative stress: implications for viral pathogenesis.oxidative stress is induced once the balance of generation and neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ros) is broken in the cell, and it plays crucial roles in a variety of natural and diseased processes. infections of flaviviridae viruses trigger oxidative stress, which affects both the cellular metabolism and the life cycle of the viruses. oxidative stress associated with specific viral proteins, experimental culture systems, and patient infections, as well as its correlations with the vir ...201931531178
monocyte-derived dendritic cells as model to evaluate species tropism of mosquito-borne flaviviruses.several mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as japanese encephalitis virus (jev), west nile virus (wnv), dengue virus (denv), and zika virus (zikv) can cause severe clinical disease. being zoonotic, flaviviruses infect a wide variety of terrestrial vertebrates, which dependent of the virus-host interactions, can enhance ongoing epidemics and maintain the virus in the environment for prolonged periods. targeted species can vary from amphibians, birds to various mammals, dependent on the virus. for m ...201930746342
astrocytes in flavivirus infections.virus infections of the central nervous system (cns) can manifest in various forms of inflammation, including that of the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis), all of which may have long-lasting deleterious consequences. although the knowledge of how different viruses affect neural cells is increasing, understanding of the mechanisms by which cells respond to neurotropic viruses remains fragmented. several virus types have the ability to infect neural tissue, and astrocytes, an abunda ...201930736273
serological evidence of infection with dengue and zika viruses in horses on french pacific islands.new caledonia and french polynesia are areas in which arboviruses circulate extensively. a large serological survey among horses from new caledonia and french polynesia was carried out to investigate the seroprevalence of flaviviruses in the horse population. here, 293 equine sera samples were screened for flaviviruses using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa). the positive sera were then confirmed using a flavivirus-specific microsphere immunoassay (mia) and seroneutralizat ...201930730887
flavivirus ns1 triggers tissue-specific vascular endothelial dysfunction reflecting disease tropism.flaviviruses cause systemic or neurotropic-encephalitic pathology in humans. the flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in viral replication, immune evasion, and vascular leakage during dengue virus infection. however, the contribution of secreted ns1 from related flaviviruses to viral pathogenesis remains unknown. here, we demonstrate that ns1 from dengue, zika, west nile, japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses selectively binds to and alters perme ...201930726741
dengue virus is an under-recognised causative agent of acute encephalitis syndrome (aes): results from a four year aes surveillance study of japanese encephalitis in selected states of india.acute encephalitis syndrome (aes) surveillance in india has indicated that japanese encephalitis virus (jev) accounts for 5-35% of aes cases annually; the etiology remains unknown in the remaining cases. we implemented comprehensive aes surveillance to identify other etiological agents of aes, with emphasis on dengue virus.201930641206
cloning, expression & evaluation of potential immunogenic recombinant capsid premembrane protein of west nile virus.west nile virus (wnv) is a neurotropic flavivirus that has emerged globally as a significant cause of viral encephalitis. the early confirmatory diagnosis of wnv infections is important for timely clinical management and in areas where multiple flaviviruses are endemic. diagnosis of wnv infection is primarily based on serodiagnosis, followed by virus isolation and identification. the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a highly sensitive and specific immunoglobulin m (igm) elisa using ...201931417034
crystal structure of the japanese encephalitis virus capsid protein.japanese encephalitis (je) is inflammation and swelling of the brain caused by the je virus (jev), a mosquito-borne member of the flavivirus family. there are around 68,000 je cases worldwide each year, many of which result in permanent brain damage and death. there is no specific treatment for je. here we present the crystal structure of the jev capsid protein, a potential drug target, at 1.98 å, and compare it to other flavivirus capsid proteins. the jev capsid has a helical secondary structur ...201931284608
evaluation of a new west nile virus nucleic acid test for screening of blood donations.west nile virus (wnv) is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites and can be further transmitted to humans through transfusion or transplantation. because most infected individuals are asymptomatic, blood donor screening is important in areas where wnv is endemic. these studies evaluated the performance of a new test for detection of wnv rna in blood donations.201930427542
cross-reactive t cell immunity to dengue and zika viruses: new insights into vaccine development.dengue virus (denv) is a member of the flavivirus family that includes zika virus (zikv), west nile virus, japanese encephalitis virus, and yellow fever virus. as the most prevalent of the flaviviruses, denv is responsible for tens of millions of infections each year. the clinical manifestations of infection with one of the four denv serotypes (denv1-4) range from no symptoms to hemorrhagic fever and shock ("severe dengue"), which is fatal in ~25,000 patients annually. many factors contribute to ...201931244855
flaviviruses and kidney diseases.the genus flavivirus comprises approximately 73 viruses, which share several common aspects, such as dimension, structure, nucleic acid properties, and shape in electronic microscopy. global incidence of flavivirus infection increased dramatically over the last decades, causing large outbreaks in several areas of the world. these viruses are expanding from endemic tropical and subtropical areas to previously nonendemic areas, affecting and causing diseases in millions of individuals worldwide an ...201931202392
mouse models of heterologous flavivirus immunity: a role for cross-reactive t cells.most of the world is at risk of being infected with a flavivirus such as dengue virus, west nile virus, yellow fever virus, japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and zika virus, significantly impacting millions of lives. importantly, many of these genetically similar viruses co-circulate within the same geographic regions, making it likely for individuals living in areas of high flavivirus endemicity to be infected with multiple flaviviruses during their lifetime. following ...201931143185
risk factors associated with sustained circulation of six zoonotic arboviruses: a systematic review for selection of surveillance sites in non-endemic areas.arboviruses represent a significant burden to public health and local economies due to their ability to cause unpredictable and widespread epidemics. to maximize early detection of arbovirus emergence in non-endemic areas, surveillance efforts should target areas where circulation is most likely. however, identifying such hotspots of potential emergence is a major challenge. the ecological conditions leading to arbovirus outbreaks are shaped by complex interactions between the virus, its vertebr ...201931133059
analysis of cross-reactivity between flaviviruses with sera of patients with japanese encephalitis showed the importance of neutralization tests for the diagnosis of japanese encephalitis.japanese encephalitis (je) is one of the most important viral encephalitis in asia. je is caused by the japanese encephalitis virus (jev), which belongs to the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae. the diagnosis of je is usually based on serological assays, and it has been reported that cross-reactivity between flaviviruses has complicated the interpretations of results from serological assays. therefore, analysis of the cross-reactivity is an important subject for serological diagnosis of je a ...201931105002
the human upper respiratory tract epithelium is susceptible to flaviviruses.flaviviruses replicate in a wide variety of species and have a broad cellular tropism. they are isolated from various body fluids, and zika virus (zikv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), and west nile virus (wnv) rnas have been detected in nasopharyngeal swabs. consequently, we evaluated the cellular tropism and host responses upon zikv, jev, wnv, and usutu virus (usuv) infection using a relevant model of the human upper respiratory tract epithelium based on primary human nasal epithelial cell ...201931057517
longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging changes in japanese encephalitis.japanese encephalitis is a flavivirus that can cause pandemic encephalitis, and is prevalent in southeast asia and australia. brain images of patients with japanese encephalitis are characterized by thalamic lesions, distinct from those seen in viral encephalopathies caused by the herpes simplex virus and west nile virus.201931003834
production and biomedical application of flavivirus-like particles.many viruses belonging to the flaviviridae family are transmitted by invertebrate vectors. among those transmitted by mosquitos, there are many human pathogens of great medical importance, such as japanese encephalitis virus, west nile virus, dengue virus, zika virus, or yellow fever virus. millions of people contract mosquito-borne diseases each year, leading to thousands of deaths. co-circulation of genetically similar flaviviruses in the same areas result in the generation of crossreactive an ...201931003718
pathways exploited by flaviviruses to counteract the blood-brain barrier and invade the central nervous system.human infection by different flaviviruses may cause severe neurologic syndromes, through pathogenic mechanisms that are still largely unknown. japanese encephalitis virus (jev), west nile virus (wnv), zika virus (zikv), yellow fever virus (yfv), dengue virus (denv), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) are believed to reach the central nervous system by a hematogenous route, upon crossing the blood-brain barrier. although the disruption of bbb during flavivirus infection has been largely evi ...201930984122
arboviral diseases and malaria in australia, 2014–15: annual report of the national arbovirus and malaria advisory committeethis report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases of public health importance in australia during the 2014–15 season (1 july 2014 to 30 june 2015) and includes data from human notifications, sentinel chicken, vector and virus surveillance programs. the national notifiable diseases surveillance system received notifications for 12,849 cases of disease transmitted by mosquitoes during the 2014–15 season. the australasian alphaviruses barmah forest virus and ross river virus account ...201930982295
editorial: host-pathogen interactions during arboviral infections. 201930972308
chimeric viruses of the insect-specific flavivirus palm creek with structural proteins of vertebrate-infecting flaviviruses identify barriers to replication of insect-specific flaviviruses in vertebrate cells.here we report the generation of novel chimeric flaviviruses, which express the prm and e proteins of either dengue or zika viruses on the genomic backbone of palm creek virus (pcv), an insect-specific flavivirus. the chimeric virus particles were antigenically indistinguishable from their parental prm-e donors, but were unable to infect vertebrate cells. an additional chimera (pcv structural genes in the backbone of west nile virus - wnv/pcv-prme) was also unable to infect vertebrate cells, but ...201931524580
homologs of human dengue-resistance genes, fkbp1b and atcay, confer antiviral resistance in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.dengue virus (denv) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is a major public health concern. the study of innate mosquito defense mechanisms against denv have revealed crucial roles for the toll, imd, jak-stat, and rnai pathways in mediating denv in the mosquito. often overlooked in such studies is the role of intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms that we hypothesize to work in concert with the classical immune pathways to affect organismal defense. our understanding of the molecular interaction of de ...201930717390
west nile virus mosquito vectors in north america.in north america, the geographic distribution, ecology, and vectorial capacity of a diverse assemblage of mosquito species belonging to the genus culex determine patterns of west nile virus transmission and disease risk. east of the mississippi river, mostly ornithophagic culex pipiens l. complex mosquitoes drive intense enzootic transmission with relatively small numbers of human cases. westward, the presence of highly competent culex tarsalis (coquillett) under arid climate and hot summers def ...201931549725
evidence for infection but not transmission of zika virus by aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) from spain.a number of mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue virus (denv), usutu virus (usuv), west nile virus (wnv) are autochthonously transmitted in europe and six invasive mosquito species have been detected in this temperate region. this has increased the risk for the emergence of further mosquito-borne diseases. however, there is a paucity of information on whether european populations of invasive mosquito species are competent to transmit arboviruses. in this study, the susceptibility of aedes albop ...201931053164
phenotypic insecticide resistance in arbovirus mosquito vectors in catalonia and its capital barcelona (spain).a range of mosquito species that belong to the culicidae family are responsible for the worldwide transmission of infectious arboviral diseases such as dengue fever, zika, west nile fever and chikungunya fever. spain is at risk of arbovirus outbreaks, as various arboviral diseases are frequently introduced and it has established competent vector populations. autochthonous human cases of west nile virus have been reported infrequently since 2004, and since october 2018 three autochthonous human c ...201931276554
surveillance of mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae) in a northern central region of spain: implications for the medical community.mosquitoes are important to public and animal health due to their capacity to transmit diseases. since the zika virus was declared a pandemic by the who in 2016, and it has been recorded in different regions of mediterranean area (included spain), the government of la rioja (northern spain) through the center of rickettsiosis and arthropod-borne diseases, implemented an entomological surveillance programme of mosquitoes in la rioja and in a close area of navarra. this surveillance extended to so ...201931065550
mosquito small rna responses to west nile and insect-specific virus infections in aedes and culex mosquito cells.small rna mediated responses are essential for antiviral defence in mosquitoes, however, they appear to differ per virus-vector combination. to further investigate the diversity of small rna responses against viruses in mosquitoes, we applied a small rna deep sequencing approach on five mosquito cell lines: culex tarsalis ct cells, aedes albopictus u4.4 and c6/36 cells, ae. aegypti aag2 cells (cleared from cell fusing agent virus and culex y virus (cyv) by repetitive dsrna transfections) and ae. ...201930889941
a survey for aedes aegypti in delaware and the virus-positive pool rates of aedes albopictus and aedes triseriatus for west nile and zika viruses.the introduction of zika virus to the usa in 2015 engendered heightened interest in its known vectors. aedes aegypti is the primary vector, with ae. albopictus considered a potential secondary vector, together with several other possible marginal vectors. in delaware, ae. aegypti has been collected rarely, but no breeding populations were detected during past intensive statewide surveillance efforts. however, there is an abundance of ae. albopictus statewide. both species are container breeders ...201931442131
mosquito-borne viruses and insect-specific viruses revealed in field-collected mosquitoes by a monitoring tool adapted from a microbial detection array.several mosquito-borne diseases affecting humans are emerging or reemerging in the united states. the early detection of pathogens in mosquito populations is essential to prevent and control the spread of these diseases. in this study, we tested the potential applicability of the lawrence livermore microbial detection array (llmda) to enhance biosurveillance by detecting microbes present in aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and culex mosquitoes, which are major vector species globally, including ...201931350319
the first outbreak of dengue fever in greater darfur, western sudan.dengue virus (denv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by the aedes mosquitoes, mainly aedes aegypti. dengue fever is a rapidly growing disease with expanding geographical distribution worldwide. we investigated a high number of non-malaria febrile cases reported to health clinics in refugee camps in the five states of darfur between august 2015 and march 2016. the clinical presentation of cases and case definition criteria suggested involvement of one or more arboviral hemorrha ...201930823624
agbr1 antibodies delay lethal aedes aegypti-borne west nile virus infection in mice.west nile virus (wnv) is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause severe disease, including meningoencephalitis. agbr1 is a mosquito salivary protein that enhances aedes aegypti mosquito-borne zika virus pathogenesis in mice. here, we show that agbr1 antibodies reduce the initial west nile viral load and delay lethal infection after feeding by an infected aedes aegypti mosquito. targeting agbr1 may therefore be incorporated into strategies to prevent mosquito-transmitted west nile virus infection ...201931312526
first detection of aedes japonicus in spain: an unexpected finding triggered by citizen science.aedes japonicus is an invasive vector mosquito from southeast asia which has been spreading across central europe since the year 2000. unlike the asian tiger mosquito (aedes albopictus) present in spain since 2004, there has been no record of ae. japonicus in the country until now.201930674335
antibiotic minocycline prevents respiratory syncytial virus infection.treatment drugs, besides their specific activity, often have multiple effects on the body. the undesired effect of the drug may be repurposed as therapeutics, saving significant investigative time and effort. minocycline has anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. presently, minocycline is also known to show anti-viral activity against influenza virus, japanese encephalitis virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, human immunodeficiency virus and west nile virus ...201931405261
analysis of synonymous codon usage bias in flaviviridae virus.flaviviridae viruses are single-stranded, positive-sense rna viruses, which threat human constantly mediated by mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. considering the recent increase in the prevalence of the family virus and its risk potential, we investigated the codon usage pattern to understand its evolutionary processes and provide some useful data to develop the medications for most of flaviviridae viruses.201931346520
effective antiviral medicinal plants and biological compounds against central nervous system infections: a mechanistic review.infectious diseases are amongst the leading causes of death in the world and central nervous system infections produced by viruses may either be fatal or generate a wide range of symptoms that affect global human health. most antiviral plants contain active phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, some of which play an important antiviral role. herein, we present a background to viral central nervous system (cns) infections, followed by a review of medicinal plants and b ...201931309894
a common conserved peptide harboring predicted t and b cell epitopes in domain iii of envelope protein of japanese encephalitis virus and west nile virus for potential use in epitope based vaccines.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and west nile virus (wnv) are two major mosquito borne flaviviruses belonging to same serocomplex. jev is transmitted by culex mosquitoes and the reservoir host for the virus is pigs and/or water birds. wnv is also transmitted by culex mosquitoes and reservoir host in this case is birds. it can also be transmitted through contact with other infected animals, their blood, or other tissues. the envelope protein of these viruses is the major source of epitopes and ...201931300121
epidemic west nile virus infection rates and endemic population dynamics among south dakota mosquitoes: a 15-yr study from the united states northern great plains.mosquito surveillance has been conducted across south dakota (sd) to record and track potential west nile virus (wnv) vectors since 2004. during this time, communities from 29 counties collected nearly 5.5 million mosquitoes, providing data from over 60,000 unique trapping nights. the nuisance mosquito, aedes vexans (meigen) was the most abundant species in the state (39.9%), and most abundant in most regions. the wnv vector, culex tarsalis coquillett (diptera: culicidae), was the second most ab ...201931799615
on the fly: interactions between birds, mosquitoes, and environment that have molded west nile virus genomic structure over two decades.west nile virus (wnv) was first identified in north america almost 20 yr ago. in that time, wnv has crossed the continent and established enzootic transmission cycles, resulting in intermittent outbreaks of human disease that have largely been linked with climatic variables and waning avian seroprevalence. during the transcontinental dissemination of wnv, the original genotype has been displaced by two principal extant genotypes which contain an envelope mutation that has been associated with en ...201931549720
environmental and sociological factors associated with the incidence of west nile virus cases in the northern san joaquin valley of california, 2011-2015.environmental and socioeconomic risk factors associated with the incidence of human west nile virus (wnv) cases were investigated in the northern san joaquin valley region of california, a largely rural area. the study included human wnv cases from the years 2011 to 2015 in the three-county area of san joaquin, stanislaus, and merced counties, and used census tracts as the unit of analysis. environmental factors included temperature, precipitation, and wnv-positive mosquito pools. socioeconomic ...201931211639
long-term surveillance defines spatial and temporal patterns implicating culex tarsalis as the primary vector of west nile virus.west nile virus (wnv) has become the most epidemiologically important mosquito-borne disease in the united states, causing ~50,000 cases since its introduction in 1999. transmitted primarily by culex species, wnv transmission requires the complex interplay between bird reservoirs and mosquito vectors, with human cases the result of epizootic spillover. to better understand the intrinsic factors that drive these interactions, we have compiled infection data from sentinel chickens, mosquito vector ...201931036953
small rna responses of culex mosquitoes and cell lines during acute and persistent virus infection.rna interference is a crucial antiviral mechanism in arthropods, including in mosquito vectors of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). although the exogenous small interfering rna (sirna) pathway constitutes an efficient antiviral response in mosquitoes, virus-derived p-element induced wimpy testis (piwi)-interacting rnas (pirnas) have been implicated in the response to alpha-, bunya- and flaviviruses in aedes spp. mosquitoes. culex mosquitoes transmit several medically important viruses inclu ...201930959110
evaluation of a novel west nile virus transmission control strategy that targets culex tarsalis with endectocide-containing blood meals.control of arbovirus transmission remains focused on vector control through application of insecticides directly to the environment. however, these insecticide applications are often reactive interventions that can be poorly-targeted, inadequate for localized control during outbreaks, and opposed due to environmental and toxicity concerns. in this study, we developed endectocide-treated feed as a systemic endectocide for birds to target blood feeding culex tarsalis, the primary west nile virus ( ...201930845250
comparative fitness of west nile virus isolated during california epidemics.west nile virus (wnv) has been circulating in california since its first detection in 2003, causing repeated outbreaks affecting public, wildlife and veterinary health. epidemics of wnv are difficult to predict due to the multitude of factors influencing transmission dynamics among avian and mosquito hosts. typically, high levels of wnv amplification are required for outbreaks to occur, and therefore associated viral strains may exhibit enhanced virulence and mortality in competent bird species ...201930716113
zika virus disease.the zika virus is an arbovirus belonging to the virus family flaviviridae. the virus was isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the zika forest of uganda. the virus causes sporadic mild human infections in africa and later in asia. however, by 2007 a major shift in its infection pattern was noticed and thousands of human infections were reported in the state of yap and federated states of micronesia. in the last 3 years, major outbreaks have continued to occur and the virus has spread to sever ...201930787745
west nile virus (lineage 2) detected for the first time in mosquitoes in southern bohemia: new wnv endemic area?here we report the first detection of lineage 2 of neuroinvasive west nile virus (wnv-2) in mosquitoes collected in a fishpond area of the trebon basin in southern bohemia during the 2018 mosquito season. a total of 6790 mosquito females belonging to the culex modestus, culex pipiens, and coquillettidia richiardii species were investigated in 136 pools, and wnv rna was detected in two of them. the wnv strain shares genetic homology with other wnv-2 strains isolated in southern moravia as well as ...201931914781
undersampling: case studies of flaviviral inhibitory activities.imbalanced datasets, comprising of more inactive compounds relative to the active ones, are a common challenge in ligand-based model building workflows for drug discovery. this is particularly true for neglected tropical diseases since efforts to identify therapeutics for these diseases are often limited. in this report, we analyze the performance of several undersampling strategies in modeling the dengue virus 2 (denv2) inhibitory activity, as well as the anti-flaviviral activities for the west ...201931773464
clinical and virological findings in patients with usutu virus infection, northern italy, 2018.backgroundusutu virus (usuv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, which shares its transmission cycle with the phylogenetically related west nile virus (wnv). usuv circulates in several european countries and its activity has increased over the last 5 years.aimto describe human cases of usuv infection identified by surveillance for wnv and usuv infection in the veneto region of northern italy in 2018.methodsfrom 1 june to 30 november 2018, all cases of suspected autochthonous arbovirus infection and ...201931771697
influence of demography, land use, and urban form on west nile virus risk and human west nile virus incidence in ottawa, canada.human infection by west nile virus (wnv; family flaviviridae), in some cases, develops into a deadly neuroinvasive disease. wnv risk is thought to be influenced by factors affecting the density of species that promote replication and transmission of the virus, namely peridomestic bird and mosquito species. factors influencing contact between peridomestic bird and mosquito species and contact between infected mosquitoes and vulnerable human populations may also be important in determining wnv ris ...201930615572
an observer blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase i dose escalation trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated west nile virus vaccine, hydrovax-001, in healthy adults.west nile virus (wnv) is the most common mosquito-borne infection in the united states. hydrovax-001 wnv is a hydrogen peroxide inactivated, whole virion (wnv-kunjin strain) vaccine adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide.201930661836
identification of antiviral roles for the exon-junction complex and nonsense-mediated decay in flaviviral infection.west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, related to dengue virus and zika virus. to gain insight into host pathways involved in wnv infection, we performed a systematic affinity-tag purification mass spectrometry (apms) study to identify 259 wnv-interacting human proteins. rna interference screening revealed 26 genes that both interact with wnv proteins and influence wnv infection. we found that wnv, dengue and zika virus capsids interact with a conserved subset of protein ...201930833725
[selected viral neuroinfections in children].viral meningitis may be present not only in adults but also in children. it constitutes a significant public health problem in child population. the clinical manifestation of the disease in children varies depending on the age of the child, the causative agent or the way of acquiring the infection. thanks to the widespread availability of vaccinations, the epidemiology of central nervous system infections is changing. the methods of diagnosing and determining the causative factor have also chang ...201930830896
insecticide resistance genes affect culex quinquefasciatus vector competence for west nile virus.insecticide resistance has been reported to impact the interactions between mosquitoes and the pathogens they transmit. however, the effect on vector competence for arboviruses still remained to be investigated. we examined the influence of two insecticide resistance mechanisms on vector competence of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus for two arboviruses, rift valley fever virus (rvfv) and west nile virus (wnv). three cx. quinquefasciatus lines sharing a common genetic background were used: tw ...201930963855
emergence of west nile virus lineage 2 belonging to the eastern european subclade, greece.west nile virus (wnv) emerged in greece in 2010 and since then human outbreaks occurred every year except 2015 and 2016. an early start and prolonged wnv transmission season was observed in 2018 with a record number of 316 reported cases and 47 fatalities. the greek wnv strains detected during 2010-2018 clustered within the central european subclade of lineage 2. a novel wnv genetic variant was detected in august 2018 in one human case in the north-eastern region of greece, at the land cross-bor ...201930953205
west nile virus in hummingbirds in california, usa, 2005-17.although west nile virus (wnv) infects many avian species, the prevalence and impact of wnv in hummingbirds (family trochilidae) have not been described. we focused on hummingbird mortality and wnv infection using data from the state of california's dead bird surveillance program for the years 2005-17. the overall prevalence of wnv in tested carcasses was 10.1% (49/486), with annual prevalence ranging from 0-28%. prevalence by county ranged from 0-40% while prevalence by species ranged from 0-12 ...201930951397
immunological response in horses following west nile virus vaccination with inactivated or recombinant vaccine.to evaluate the immunological response following vaccination, 40 wnv serologically negative horses were selected and divided in two groups of 20 animals. one group was vaccinated (booster after 28 days) with a whole inactivated viral strain and the second group with a live recombinant canarypox virus expressing the genes coding for the wnv prem/e viral proteins. igm, igg and neutralizing antibodies were monitored by class specific elisas and serum neutralization assay for 360 days. in both group ...201930951184
jc virus identified in a patient with persistent and severe west nile virus disease.west nile virus is a notable cause of neuroinvasive disease, damage to the central nervous system, or even death. in this study, using metagenomics analysis and quantitative real-time pcr validation, we identified a jc virus infection in urine and cerebrospinal fluid samples of a west nile virus patient with severe neurological symptoms and extended disease. jc virus is known to be involved in neurological complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals thus suggesting that the coinfe ...201930949974
west nile virus infections are here! are we prepared to face another flavivirus epidemic?emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as chikungunya and zika viruses, are a major threat to public health in countries like brazil where biodiversity is high and medical care is sometimes precarious. west nile fever is a disease caused by the west nile virus (wnv), an rna virus belonging to the flaviviridae family. it is transmitted by infected mosquitoes to numerous animals like birds, reptiles and mammals, including human and non-human primates. in the last decade, the number o ...201930942263
the west nile virus epidemic-occupational insight. 201930938316
simultaneous detection of dengue virus, chikungunya virus, zika virus, yellow fever virus and west nile virus.although certain mosquito-borne virus, such as dengue virus (denv), chikungunya virus (chikv), zika virus (zikv), yellow fever virus (yfv) and west nile virus (wnv), are an important public health concern in those countries where transmitter mosquitoes are endemic, several cases of travelers from those endemic countries have been recently reported in europe. thus, early diagnosis of these viruses is essential for patient management and adoption of preventive measures. an assay for the simultaneo ...201930930286
emerging arboviruses of medical importance in the mediterranean region.the epidemiology of viral infections transmitted by arthropods is changing due to a variety of parameters related to the virus, the host and the environment. the mediterranean region is highly affected by changes in the intensity and extension of global-scale climate patterns, and, due to its location, it provides a vulnerable environment for emergence of arboviral diseases. the main arboviruses that pose currently a public health threat in the mediterranean region are west nile virus and crimea ...201930928817
integrating social and ecological data to model metapopulation dynamics in coupled human and natural systems.understanding how metapopulations persist in dynamic working landscapes requires assessing the behaviors of key actors that change patches as well as intrinsic factors driving turnover. coupled human and natural systems (chans) research uses a multidisciplinary approach to identify the key actors, processes, and feedbacks that drive metapopulation and landscape dynamics. we describe a framework for modeling metapopulations in chans that integrates ecological and social data by coupling stochasti ...201930927267
effect of overwintering on survival and vector competence of the west nile virus vector culex pipiens.west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus that is mainly transmitted among birds by culex pipiens mosquitoes. the species cx. pipiens consists of two biotypes named pipiens and molestus, which together can form hybrids. one of the major distinctions between the biotypes is their overwintering behaviour. adults of biotype pipiens diapause during winter, whereas biotype molestus remains actively blood-feeding. diapausing may affect survival and vector competence of biotype pipiens. the aims ...201930917854
emerging zoonotic viral infections of occupational health importance.emerging viral infections represent a public health risk pointed out by the spreading of pathogens with potential zoonotic risk. moreover, the risk of zoonosis has probably been underestimated in occupational settings. a literature review between 2007 and 2018 was performed to identify evidences concerning the epidemiological associations between some emerging viruses and occupational diseases. observational studies and case-reports were selected and analyzed. west nile virus (wnv) disease, crim ...201930916772
sex differences in cytokine production following west nile virus infection: implications for symptom manifestation.west nile virus (wnv) infection outcomes vary among individuals, with most infections resulting in asymptomatic or mild flu-like symptoms. we previously reported an association between early cytokine production and symptom outcome following wnv infection in us blood donors. in this meta-analysis, we found that wnv-infected females reported more symptoms than wnv-infected males, despite similar initial viremia and type i interferon responses. as the infection progressed, males exhibited a protrac ...201930915442
the invasive mosquito aedes japonicus japonicus is spreading in northeastern italy.the invasive mosquito species, aedes japonicus japonicus, was detected in northeastern italy for the first time in 2015, at the border with austria. after this finding, a more intensive monitoring was carried out to assess its distribution and to collect biological data. herein, we report the results of four years (2015-2018) of activity.201930909981
novel flavivirus antiviral that targets the host nuclear transport importin α/β1 heterodimer.dengue virus (denv) threatens almost 70% of the world's population, with no effective vaccine or therapeutic currently available. a key contributor to infection is nuclear localisation in the infected cell of denv nonstructural protein 5 (ns5) through the action of the host importin (imp) α/β1 proteins. here, we used a range of microscopic, virological and biochemical/biophysical approaches to show for the first time that the small molecule gw5074 has anti-denv action through its novel ability t ...201930909636
cognitive behavioural impairment with irreversible sensorineural deafness as a complication of west nile encephalitis.despite common clinical features to suggest encephalitis, different viral encephalitides are known to have some specific clinical features, which if present, may suggest infection by a particular virus. west nile viral (wnv) encephalitis has not been described with any specific diagnostic feature so far. in this context, we describe three patients of west nile encephalitis (wne) who had behavioural and cognitive impairment with acute irreversible bilaterally symmetrical sensorineural deafness. c ...201930903400
west nile virus encephalitis in a young immunocompetent female in omaha nebraska.one of the most common cause of arbovirus encephalitis in the united states of america (usa) is west nile virus (wnv). in immunocompetent hosts, 70-80% of infected individuals have subclinical disease. however, in less than 1% of people infected by wnv it can become fulminant neuroinvasive disease associated with neurological morbidity. herein, we discuss a case of neuroinvasive wnv disease with non-specific symptoms in an immunocompetent young female in omaha. our patient survived the acute pha ...201930881858
global warming and arboviral infections.climate change is already expanding the geographic footprint of arboviral infections. in this article we consider the impact of climate change on three arboviruses with particular consideration of the effect on europe.201930872300
sinus bradycardia and qt interval prolongation in west nile virus encephalitis: a case report.cardiac arrhythmias were reported in cases of west nile virus (wnv) encephalitis; however, the underlying pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. we present a 67-year-old male with altered mental status, later diagnosed with wnv encephalitis. hospital course was complicated by progressive sinus bradycardia and corrected qt (qtc) prolongation. these findings persisted despite the absence of classical causes and resolved only after improvement of the underlying encephalitis. after excludi ...201930868034
a spatio-temporal individual-based network framework for west nile virus in the usa: spreading pattern of west nile virus.west nile virus (wnv)-a mosquito-borne arbovirus-entered the usa through new york city in 1999 and spread to the contiguous usa within three years while transitioning from epidemic outbreaks to endemic transmission. the virus is transmitted by vector competent mosquitoes and maintained in the avian populations. wnv spatial distribution is mainly determined by the movement of residential and migratory avian populations. we developed an individual-level heterogeneous network framework across the u ...201930865618
role of autophagy during the replication and pathogenesis of common mosquito-borne flavi- and alphaviruses.arboviruses that are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes represent one of the most important causes of febrile illness worldwide. in recent decades, we have witnessed a dramatic re-emergence of several mosquito-borne arboviruses, including dengue virus (denv), west nile virus (wnv), chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv). denv is currently the most common mosquito-borne arbovirus, with an estimated 390 million infections worldwide annually. despite a global effort, no specific therapeut ...201930862253
assessment of west nile virus transmission risk from a weather-dependent epidemiological model and a global sensitivity analysis framework.west nile virus (wnv) transmission risk is strongly related to weather conditions due to the sensitivity of the mosquitoes to climatic factors. we assess the wnv transmission risk of humans to seasonal weather conditions and the relative effects of parameters affecting the transmission dynamics. the assessment involves a known epidemiological model we extend to account for temperature and precipitation and a global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis framework. we focus on three relevant quanti ...201930844376
acute and delayed deaths after west nile virus infection, texas, usa, 2002-2012.infection with west nile virus (wnv) has a well-characterized acute disease process. however, long-term consequences are less understood. we searched death records for 4,142 residents of texas, usa, infected with wnv during 2002-2012 and identified 557 (13%) deaths. we analyzed all-cause and cause-specific deaths after wnv infection by calculating standardized mortality ratios and using statewide mortality data. acute-phase deaths (<90 days after symptom onset) occurred in 289 (7%) of case-patie ...201930667356
cumulative incidence of west nile virus infection, continental united states, 1999-2016.using reported case data from arbonet and previous seroprevalence data stratified by age and sex, we conservatively estimate that ≈7 million persons in the united states have been infected with west nile virus since its introduction in 1999. our data support the need for public health interventions and improved surveillance.201930666940
west nile virus infection in travelers returning to united kingdom from south africa.west nile virus (wnv) is an arthropod-transmitted flavivirus that causes west nile fever and may infrequently cause neuroinvasive disease in humans. we present 2 cases of confirmed wnv infection, 1 of severe encephalitis and 1 of mild febrile illness, in a couple returning to the united kingdom from south africa.201930666938
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