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small-mammal seed predation limits the recruitment and abundance of two perennial grassland forbs.although post-dispersal seed predators are common and often reduce seed density, their influence on plant population abundance remains unclear. on the one hand, increasing evidence suggests that many plant populations are seed limited, implying that seed predators could reduce plant abundance. on the other hand,.it is generally uncertain whether the magnitude of seed limitation imposed by granivores is strong enough to overcome density-dependent processes that could compensate for seed loss at l ...201020380199
roles of human disturbance, precipitation, and a pathogen on the survival and reproductive probabilities of deer mice.climate change, human disturbance, and disease can have large impacts on the dynamics of a species by affecting the likelihood of survival and reproduction of individuals. we investigated the roles of precipitation, off-road vehicle (orv) alteration of habitat, and infection with sin nombre virus on the survival and reproductive probabilities of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). we used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effects of these factors and their interactions by fitting c ...201020392022
fire and mice: seed predation moderates fire's influence on conifer recruitment.in fire-adapted ecosystems, fire is presumed to be the dominant ecological force, and little is known about how consumer interactions influence forest regeneration. here, we investigated seed predation by deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and its effects on recruitment of ponderosa pine (pinus ponderosa) and douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings in unburned and recently burned fire-adapted montane forests in west-central montana, usa. deer mice were almost twice as abundant in burned th ...201020462126
relationship of human behavior within outbuildings to potential exposure to sin nombre virus in western montana.sin nombre virus (snv) causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) in humans. transmission of snv among the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) host predominates during spring and summer, and is greater in peridomestic than sylvan settings where, protected from uv light, snv may survive longer. incidence of hcps reflects these times and settings and is associated with inhalation of mouse excreta. little is known, however, about how human use of outbuildings contributes to potential exposur ...201020508970
sampling frequency differentially influences interpretation of zoonotic pathogen and host dynamics: sin nombre virus and deer mice.reports of novel emerging and resurging wildlife and zoonotic diseases have increased. consequently, integration of pathogen sampling into wildlife monitoring programs has grown. sampling frequency influences interpretations of coupled host-pathogen dynamics, with direct implication to human exposure risk, but has received little empirical attention. to address this, a 15-year study, based on monthly sampling, of deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) populations and sin nombre virus (snv; a virule ...201020528169
congenital transmission of toxoplasma gondii in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) after oral oocyst infection.to investigate how different routes of toxoplasma gondii transmission influence the antibody response and infection status of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), 80 mice were orally infected with 1, 5, 10, or 100 t. gondii oocysts. ten weeks postinfection, 15 t. gondii -seropositive female mice were bred and allowed to produce 2 litters. evidence of persistent t .gondii infection in orally infected mice was detected by serology and dna amplification in mice from all 4 oocyst treatment groups, in ...201020557196
cranial shape varies along an elevation gradient in gambel's white-footed mouse (peromyscus maniculatus gambelii) in the grinnell resurvey yosemite transect.environmental variation over a species's range creates differing pressures to which organisms must adjust in order to survive. taxa can respond to these pressures at population and individual levels, leading to localized phenotypic differentiation. assessing the spatial distribution of phenotypic variation can illuminate how dramatically varying environmental factors shape phenotypes and may forecast a taxon's ability to adapt should conditions change. we characterized morphological variation al ...201020623653
hantavirus transmission in sylvan and peridomestic environments.we developed a compartmental model for hantavirus infection in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) with the goal of comparing relative importance of direct and indirect transmission in sylvan and peridomestic environments. a direct transmission occurs when the infection is mediated by the contact of an infected and an uninfected mouse, while an indirect transmission occurs when the infection is mediated by the contact of an uninfected mouse with, for instance, infected soil. based on population d ...201019821001
ecology of hantaviruses and their hosts in north america.since the 1993 discovery of a highly pathogenic hantavirus associated with the north american deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus), intensive ecological studies have led to many advances in our understanding of the natural history of new world hantaviruses as it relates to human disease. seventeen named hantaviruses have been identified in north america. field and laboratory studies of sin nombre and other hantaviruses have delineated host associations, geographical distributions, mechanisms of t ...201019874190
genetic differences in hemoglobin function between highland and lowland deer mice.in high-altitude vertebrates, adaptive changes in blood-o(2) affinity may be mediated by modifications of hemoglobin (hb) structure that affect intrinsic o(2) affinity and/or responsiveness to allosteric effectors that modulate hb-o(2) affinity. this mode of genotypic specialization is considered typical of mammalian species that are high-altitude natives. here we investigated genetically based differences in hb-o(2) affinity between highland and lowland populations of the deer mouse (peromyscus ...201020639417
natural history of sin nombre virus infection in deer mice in urban parks in oregon.sin nombre virus (snv), one of at least 45 hantaviruses described worldwide, is hosted by the deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus, a common species throughout most of north america. herein, we describe general life-history characteristics of deer mice and the ways in which these factors relate to the incidence of snv infections among populations of this host species in and around portland, oregon. in total, 3,175 deer mice were captured from october 2002 to september 2005. transmission of snv app ...201020688636
long-term patterns of immune investment by wild deer mice infected with sin nombre virus.immunocompetence of animals fluctuates seasonally, however, there is little consensus on the cause of these fluctuations. some studies have suggested that these patterns are influenced by changes in reproductive condition, whereas others have suggested that differences result from seasonal variations in energy expenditures. the objective of our study was to examine these contrasting views of immunity by evaluating seasonal patterns of immune response and reproduction in wild populations of deer ...201020695811
aberrant growth and pattern formation in peromyscus hybrid placental development.crosses between the north american deer mouse species peromyscus maniculatus (bw) and p. polionotus (po) produce dramatic asymmetric developmental effects. bw females mated to po males (female bw × male po) produce viable growth-retarded offspring. in contrast, po females mated to bw males (female po × male bw) produce overgrown but dysmorphic conceptuses. most female po × male bw offspring are dead by midgestation; those surviving to later time points display numerous defects reminiscent of sev ...201020702850
effects of an invasive forest pathogen on abundance of ticks and their vertebrate hosts in a california lyme disease focus.invasive species, including pathogens, can have important effects on local ecosystems, including indirect consequences on native species. this study focuses on the effects of an invasive plant pathogen on a vertebrate community and ixodes pacificus, the vector of the lyme disease pathogen (borrelia burgdorferi) in california. phytophthora ramorum, the causative agent of sudden oak death, is a non-native pathogen killing trees in california and oregon. we conducted a multi-year study using a grad ...201020941513
the relative abundance of deer mice with antibody to sin nombre virus corresponds to the occurrence of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in nearby humans.abstract sin nombre virus (snv) is the principal cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) in the united states and deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are its principal rodent host, and thus the natural cycle of the virus is related to the occurrence of hps. prevalence of rodent infection appears to be associated with fluctuations in deer mouse populations and, indirectly, with timing and amount of precipitation, a complex of biologic events. given that rodent population abundances fluctuate, ...201020954865
a temporal dilution effect: hantavirus infection in deer mice and the intermittent presence of voles in montana.the effect of intermittently occurring, non-reservoir host species on pathogen transmission and prevalence in a reservoir population is poorly understood. we investigated whether voles, microtus spp., which occur intermittently, influenced estimated standing antibody prevalence (esap) to sin nombre hantavirus (snv, bunyaviridae: hantavirus) among deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus, whose populations are persistent. we used 14 years of data from central montana to investigate whether esap among de ...201021170746
a unique late-replicating xy to autosome translocation in peromyscus melanophrys.we report on the characterization of the peromyscus melanophrys karyotype and sex chromosome system. classic studies reported the sex chromosome system of this species may be as complex as an x(1)x(1)x(2)x(2)/x(1)x(2)y(1)y(2) and provided conflicting identification of the x chromosome. using peromyscus maniculatus chromosome paints, we have positively identified the sex chromosomes and clarified the sex determining system that once perplexed peromyscus researchers. the sex chromosomes are charac ...201020177772
seasonal dispersal patterns of sylvan deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) within montana rangelands.we examined seasonal dispersal patterns and timing of new infections of sin nombre virus (snv), as determined by recent acquisition of antibodies (seroconversion), in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) at two montana rangeland study sites over three years, 2004-2007. one study site was located in grassland habitat, and the other was located in shrub-steppe. in montana, both of these habitats are commonly associated with peridomestic environments (in and around buildings). peridomestic environmen ...200919901376
nuclear and mitochondrial dna reveal contrasting evolutionary processes in populations of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).we investigated a major geographic break in mitochondrial dna (mtdna) haplotypes in deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus, by analysing spatial variation in a 491-bp fragment of the mtdna control region from 455 samples distributed across a north-south transect of 2000 km in western north america. to determine whether the mtdna break was reflected in the nuclear genome, we then compared spatial variation in 13 nuclear microsatellites of 95 individuals surrounding the mtdna break. using a canonical c ...200919912541
an experimental test of factors attracting deer mice into buildings.deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are the principal reservoir host of sin nombre virus (snv). deer mice use a wide variety of habitats including peridomestic settings in and around human dwellings, their presence in and around homes has been implicated as a risk factor for acquiring hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. deer mice are believed to enter buildings in order to gain access to a variety of resources including food, bedding material, and better thermal microclimates. however, no one has expe ...200920628475
molecular evolution of cytochrome b in high- and low-altitude deer mice (genus peromyscus).patterns of amino-acid polymorphism in human mitochondrial genes have been interpreted as evidence for divergent selection among populations that inhabit climatically distinct environments. if similar patterns are mirrored in other broadly distributed mammalian species, then adaptive modifications of mitochondrial protein function may be detected in comparisons among locally adapted populations of a single wide-ranging species, or among closely related species that have adapted to different envi ...200919107138
contact heterogeneity in deer mice: implications for sin nombre virus transmission.heterogeneities within disease hosts suggest that not all individuals have the same probability of transmitting disease or becoming infected. this heterogeneity is thought to be due to dissimilarity in susceptibility and exposure among hosts. as such, it has been proposed that many host-pathogen systems follow the general pattern whereby a small fraction of the population accounts for a large fraction of the pathogen transmission. this disparity in transmission dynamics is often referred to as ' ...200919129136
feeding preferences of the immature stages of three western north american ixodid ticks (acari) for avian, reptilian, or rodent hosts.larval and nymphal ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls, i. (ixodes) jellisoni cooley and kohls, and dermacentor occidentalis marx were tested for host preference when simultaneously presented with a deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus wagner), california kangaroo rat (dipodomys californicus merriam), western fence lizard (sceloporus occidentalis baird and girard), and california towhee (pipilo crissalis vigors) in an experimental apparatus. differences were observed in the preferences among the thr ...200919198525
multigenerational effects in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) exposed to hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (tnx).contamination by hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) has been identified at areas of explosive manufacturing, processing, storage, and usage. anaerobic conversion of rdx to n-nitroso metabolites (hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (mnx), hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (dnx), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (tnx)) has been demonstrated in the environment and in gastrointestinal tracts of mammals in vivo. thus, potential exists for exposure to th ...200919230956
responses of glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione to oxidants in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).sensitivities of a wildlife species, deer mice, to oxidants were evaluated. a single dose (1589 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection) of carbon tetrachloride, a typical hepatotoxicant, caused changes in gcl activity and gsh content in multiple organs of deer mice. hepatic gcl activity and gsh content were depleted substantially (p<0.01), renal gcl activity increased (p<0.05). blood, brain and heart gcl activities increased (p<0.05), whereas gsh contents decreased significantly. deer mi ...200919328550
forest rodents provide directed dispersal of jeffrey pine seeds.some species of animals provide directed dispersal of plant seeds by transporting them nonrandomly to microsites where their chances of producing healthy seedlings are enhanced. we investigated whether this mutualistic interaction occurs between granivorous rodents and jeffrey pine (pinus jeffreyi) in the eastern sierra nevada by comparing the effectiveness of random abiotic seed dispersal with the dispersal performed by four species of rodents: deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), yellow-pine an ...200919341138
factors associated with the risk of giardia species infection in two sympatric species of peromyscus mice.an epidemiologic case-control study was conducted to identify factors that predispose peromyscus spp. to the risk of infection with giardia sp. in watersheds. a total of 200 giardia sp.-positive mice (cases) and a similar number of giardia sp.-negative mice (controls) were selected from a population 2,528 mice captured in a watershed in southeastern new york state. the giardia sp. infection status of the mice was determined by centrifugation concentration flotation and an enzyme-linked immunosor ...200919366280
small mammals collected from a site with elevated selenium concentrations and three reference sites.small mammals were trapped in july, august, and september 1999 at kesterson reservoir (merced county, ca), a site with elevated concentrations of selenium (se), and at three nearby reference sites. deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) were the most frequently trapped species at all of the sites, and western harvest mice (reithrodontomys megalotis) and house mice (mus musculus) were also trapped frequently. about half the animals collected from the reference sites were in reproductive condition, co ...200919373506
seasonal variation in sin nombre virus infections in deer mice: preliminary results.the proportion of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) with recently acquired sin nombre virus (snv) infections is an indicator of epizootic intensity and may be key in predicting outbreaks of hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome in humans. we investigated whether incidence of recent infections was related to season, sex, reproductive status, or habitat disturbance. in may and september, 2006, we sampled 912 deer mice at six sites in utah. we determined snv antibody prevalence and estimated the nu ...200919395752
gape and bite force in the rodents onychomys leucogaster and peromyscus maniculatus: does jaw-muscle anatomy predict performance?compared with the deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus, the grasshopper mouse, onychomys leucogaster, exhibits modifications in its jaw-muscle architecture that promote wide gapes and large bite forces at wide gapes to prey upon large vertebrate prey. in this study, we determine whether jaw-muscle anatomy predicts gape and biting performance in o. leucogaster, and we also assess the influence of gape on bite force in the two species. although o. leucogaster has an absolutely longer jaw, which faci ...200919480012
testing mechanisms of the dilution effect: deer mice encounter rates, sin nombre virus prevalence and species diversity.species diversity has been shown to decrease prevalence of disease in a variety of host-pathogen systems, in a phenomenon termed the dilution effect. several mechanisms have been proposed by which diversity may decrease prevalence, though few have been tested in natural host-pathogen systems. we investigated the mechanisms by which diversity influenced the prevalence of sin nombre virus (snv), a directly transmitted virus in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). we monitored both intra and intersp ...200919495881
effects of local point source polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) contamination on bone mineral density in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).a former local source of pcbs has contaminated soil and the terrestrial food web at saglek, labrador. the relationship between pcb exposure and bone mineral density as an osteoporosis biomarker in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) was investigated at two sites at saglek: a contaminated beach and a reference area. bone mineral density was measured on the femur of twenty-six deer mice using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (dxa) technology. bone mineral density was significantly lower in deer mic ...200919580994
temporal and geographic evidence for evolution of sin nombre virus using molecular analyses of viral rna from colorado, new mexico and montana.all viruses in the family bunyaviridae possess a tripartite genome, consisting of a small, a medium, and a large rna segment. bunyaviruses therefore possess considerable evolutionary potential, attributable to both intramolecular changes and to genome segment reassortment. hantaviruses (family bunyaviridae, genus hantavirus) are known to cause human hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. the primary reservoir host of sin nombre virus is the deer mouse (peromyscus ...200919602267
increased host species diversity and decreased prevalence of sin nombre virus.emerging outbreaks of zoonotic diseases are affecting humans at an alarming rate. until the ecological factors associated with zoonoses are better understood, disease emergence will continue. for lyme disease, disease suppression has been demonstrated by a dilution effect, whereby increasing species diversity decreases disease prevalence in host populations. to test the dilution effect in another disease, we examined 17 ecological variables associated with prevalence of the directly transmitted ...200919624913
sin nombre virus and rodent species diversity: a test of the dilution and amplification hypotheses.species diversity is proposed to greatly impact the prevalence of pathogens. two predominant hypotheses, the "dilution effect" and the "amplification effect", predict divergent outcomes with respect to the impact of species diversity. the dilution effect predicts that pathogen prevalence will be negatively correlated with increased species diversity, while the amplification effect predicts that pathogen prevalence will be positively correlated with diversity. for many host-pathogen systems, the ...200919649283
evolutionary and functional insights into the mechanism underlying high-altitude adaptation of deer mouse hemoglobin.adaptive modifications of heteromeric proteins may involve genetically based changes in single subunit polypeptides or parallel changes in multiple genes that encode distinct, interacting subunits. here we investigate these possibilities by conducting a combined evolutionary and functional analysis of duplicated globin genes in natural populations of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) that are adapted to different elevational zones. a multilocus analysis of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage di ...200919667207
cold acclimation in peromyscus: individual variation and sex effects in maximum and daily metabolism, organ mass and body composition.we studied metabolic and organ mass responses to thermal acclimation (7 weeks at 5 degrees c or 23 degrees c) in deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus. cold acclimation resulted in significantly higher maximal oxygen consumption in thermogenesis (v(o(2)max)) and daily mean oxygen consumption (v(o(2)mean)), an increase in the mass of most visceral organs, a lower absolute body fat and a marginally significant increase in hematocrit. the mass of digestive organs and body fat content differed significa ...200919684213
indirect genetic effects and the evolution of aggression in a vertebrate system.aggressive behaviours are necessarily expressed in a social context, such that individuals may be influenced by the phenotypes, and potentially the genotypes, of their social partners. consequently, it has been hypothesized that indirect genetic effects (iges) arising from the social environment will provide a major source of heritable variation on which selection can act. however, there has been little empirical scrutiny of this to date. here we test this hypothesis in an experimental populatio ...200918842544
addressing arsenic bioaccessibility in ecological risk assessment: a novel approach to avoid overestimating risk.the risk of arsenic exposure to deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) living in areas of naturally and anthropogenically elevated arsenic levels was determined using three separate calculations of arsenic daily intake: estimated daily intake (edi), bioaccessible edi (bedi), and actual daily intake (adi). the present work is of particular interest, because the risk assessments were determined for animals naturally exposed to arsenic. gastric fluid extraction was used to obtain bioaccessibility data ...200918939889
conservation and diversity of foxp2 expression in muroid rodents: functional implications.foxp2, the first gene causally linked to a human language disorder, is implicated in song acquisition, production, and perception in oscine songbirds, the evolution of speech and language in hominids, and the evolution of echolocation in bats. despite the evident relevance of foxp2 to vertebrate acoustic communication, a comprehensive description of neural expression patterns is currently lacking in mammals. here we use immunocytochemistry to systematically describe the neural distribution of fo ...200918972576
genomic organization and phylogenetic utility of deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) lymphotoxin-alpha and lymphotoxin-beta.deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are among the most common mammals in north america and are important reservoirs of several human pathogens, including sin nombre hantavirus (snv). snv can establish a life-long apathogenic infection in deer mice, which can shed virus in excrement for transmission to humans. patients that die from hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) have been found to express several proinflammatory cytokines, including lymphotoxin (lt), in the lungs. it is thought that t ...200818976466
adaptive functional divergence among triplicated alpha-globin genes in rodents.the functional divergence of duplicated genes is thought to play an important role in the evolution of new developmental and physiological pathways, but the role of positive selection in driving this process remains controversial. the objective of this study was to test whether amino acid differences among triplicated alpha-globin paralogs of the norway rat (rattus norvegicus) and the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) are attributable to a relaxation of purifying selection or to a history of p ...200818245844
patterns of hybrid loss of imprinting reveal tissue- and cluster-specific regulation.crosses between natural populations of two species of deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus (bw), and p. polionotus (po), produce parent-of-origin effects on growth and development. bw females mated to po males (bwxpo) produce growth-retarded but otherwise healthy offspring. in contrast, po females mated to bw males (poxbw) produce overgrown and severely defective offspring. the hybrid phenotypes are pronounced in the placenta and include poxbw conceptuses which lack embryonic structures. evidence t ...200818958286
the role of heterogeneity in the persistence and prevalence of sin nombre virus in deer mice.many diseases persist at a relatively low prevalence, seemingly close to extinction. for a chronic disease in a homogeneous population, reducing the transmission rate by a fraction proportional to the prevalence would be sufficient to eradicate the disease. this study examines how higher prevalence of the sin nombre virus in male deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) might contribute to disease persistence. analyzing data from over 2,000 individual mice captured in 19 sites over 4 years, we found p ...200818959490
stereotypic behaviour in the deer mouse: pharmacological validation and relevance for obsessive compulsive disorder.stereotypy is an important manifestation of obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd). ocd involves disturbed serotonin and dopamine pathways, and demonstrates a selective response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (sri), with limited to no response to noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (nri). deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) engage in various spontaneous stereotypic behaviours, including somersaulting, jumping and pattern running, and has to date not been explored for possible relevance for o ...200817888556
the interaction of parasites and resources cause crashes in a wild mouse population.1. populations of white-footed mice peromyscus leucopus and deer mice peromyscus maniculatus increase dramatically in response to food availability from oak acorn masts. these populations subsequently decline following this resource pulse, but these crashes cannot be explained solely by resource depletion, as food resources are still available as population crashes begin. 2. we hypothesized that intestinal parasites contribute to these post-mast crashes; peromyscus are infected by many intestina ...200818028357
differential regulation of pathogens: the role of habitat disturbance in predicting prevalence of sin nombre virus.deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are the primary reservoir for sin nombre virus (snv), a north american hantavirus that causes disease with high mortality in humans. recent studies have proposed that habitat disturbance affects prevalence of snv in deer mice; however, the outcomes proposed in these studies are in opposition to each other. our objectives were to test these divergent hypotheses by: (1) measuring snv infection in deer mice within a patchwork of disturbance; and (2) evaluating the ...200818064494
development partly determines the aerobic performance of adult deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus.previous studies suggest that genetic factors and acclimation can account for differences in aerobic performance (v(o(2)max)) between high and low altitude populations of small mammals. however, it remains unclear to what extent development at different oxygen partial pressures (p(o(2))) can affect aerobic performance during adulthood. here we compared the effects of development at contrasting altitudes versus effects of acclimation during adulthood on v(o(2)max). two groups of deer mice were bo ...200818083730
sin nombre virus shedding patterns in naturally infected deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) in relation to duration of infection.a 2-year capture-mark-recapture study was conducted in southern manitoba, canada, to test for an association between the duration of sin nombre virus (snv) infection in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and virus shedding. hantavirus-specific igg antibodies were detected in 22.2% of captured deer mice, and recently infected deer mice were identified based on the detection of low-avidity igg antibodies. snv rna was detected in blood samples from the majority of seropositive deer mice with no sig ...200818266564
procedural learning and cognitive flexibility in a mouse model of restricted, repetitive behaviour.restricted, repetitive behaviours (e.g., stereotypies, compulsions, rituals) in neurodevelopmental disorders have been linked to alterations in cortico-basal ganglia circuitry. cognitive processes mediated by this circuitry (e.g., procedural learning, executive function) are likely to be impaired in individuals exhibiting high rates of repetitive behaviour. to test this hypothesis, we assessed both procedural learning and cognitive flexibility (reversal learning) using a t-maze task in deer mice ...200818272239
comparative genome mapping of the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) reveals greater similarity to rat (rattus norvegicus) than to the lab mouse (mus musculus).deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and congeneric species are the most common north american mammals. they represent an emerging system for the genetic analyses of the physiological and behavioral bases of habitat adaptation. phylogenetic evidence suggests a much more ancient divergence of peromyscus from laboratory mice (mus) and rats (rattus) than that separating latter two. nevertheless, early karyotypic analyses of the three groups suggest peromyscus to be exhibit greater similarities with r ...200818302785
food restriction compromises immune memory in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) by reducing spleen-derived antibody-producing b cell numbers.immune activity is variable in many wild animals, despite presumed strong selection against immune incompetence. much variation may be due to changes in prevalence and abundance of pathogens (and/or their vectors) in time and space, but the costs of immune defenses themselves may also be important. induction of immune activity often increases energy and protein expenditure, sometimes to the point of compromising fitness. whether immune defenses are expensive to maintain once they are generated, ...200818419561
no evidence of deer mouse involvement in plague (yersinia pestis) epizootics in prairie dogs.plague, the disease caused by the bacterium yersinia pestis, can have devastating impacts on black-tailed prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus) colonies. one suggested mechanism behind sporadic prairie dog die-offs involves an alternative mammal host, such as the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus), which often inhabits prairie dog colonies. we examined the flea populations of deer mice to investigate the potential of flea-borne transmission of plague between deer mice and prairie dogs in northern ...200818447619
seroprevalence against sin nombre virus in resident and dispersing deer mice.through dispersal, deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) enter peridomestic settings (e.g., outbuildings, barns, cabins) and expose humans and other deer mouse populations to sin nombre virus (snv). in june 2004, research on deer mouse dispersal was initiated at 2 locations in montana. during the course of the study, over 6000 deer mouse movements were recorded, and more than 1000 of these movements were classified as dispersal movements. more than 1700 individual deer mice were captured and tested ...200818447620
mitigating exotic impacts: restoring deer mouse populations elevated by an exotic food subsidy.the threat posed by exotic organisms to native systems has led to extensive research on exotic invaders, yet management of invasives has progressed relatively slowly. this is partly due to poor understanding of how exotic species management influences native organisms. to address this shortfall, we experimentally evaluated the efficacy of an invasives management tool for restoring native deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) populations elevated by exotic species. the exotic insects, urophora spp. ...200818488599
development of an elisa to detect sin nombre virus-specific igm from deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) is the primary reservoir for sin nombre virus (snv). although the presence of igg antibodies is often used as a marker of infection, it provides little information on active infections in a population but usually is an indicator of past infections. the presence of igm antibodies is a much better marker for determining whether active infections are present in a population. a mu-capture snv-specific igm enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed. fr ...200818586333
exposure of small rodents to plague during epizootics in black-tailed prairie dogs.plague, caused by the bacterium yersinia pestis, causes die-offs of colonies of prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus). it has been argued that other small rodents are reservoirs for plague, spreading disease during epizootics and maintaining the pathogen in the absence of prairie dogs; yet there is little empirical support for distinct enzootic and epizootic cycles. between 2004 and 2006, we collected blood from small rodents captured in colonies in northern colorado before, during, and for up to ...200818689662
prevalence of yersinia pestis in rodents and fleas associated with black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) at thunder basin national grassland, wyoming.rodents (and their fleas) that are associated with prairie dogs are considered important for the maintenance and transmission of the bacterium (yersinia pestis) that causes plague. our goal was to identify rodent and flea species that were potentially involved in a plague epizootic in black-tailed prairie dogs at thunder basin national grassland. we collected blood samples and ectoparasites from rodents trapped at off- and on-colony grids at thunder basin national grassland between 2002 and 2004 ...200818689663
comparative analysis of testis protein evolution in rodents.genes expressed in testes are critical to male reproductive success, affecting spermatogenesis, sperm competition, and sperm-egg interaction. comparing the evolution of testis proteins at different taxonomic levels can reveal which genes and functional classes are targets of natural and sexual selection and whether the same genes are targets among taxa. here we examine the evolution of testis-expressed proteins at different levels of divergence among three rodents, mouse (mus musculus), rat (rat ...200818689890
geographic variation in rodent-flea relationships in the presence of black-tailed prairie dog colonies.we characterized the relationship between fleas and their rodent hosts in the presence of prairie dog colonies and compared them to adjacent assemblages away from colonies. we evaluated the rodent-flea relationship by quantifying prevalence, probability of infestation, flea load, and intensity of fleas on rodents. as prairie dog burrows provide refugia for fleas, we hypothesized that prevalence, flea load, and intensity would be higher for rodents that are associated with black-tailed prairie do ...200818697322
effects of spatially varying selection on nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium: insights from deer mouse globin genes.an important goal of population genetics is to elucidate the effects of natural selection on patterns of dna sequence variation. here we report results of a study to assess the joint effects of selection, recombination, and gene flow in shaping patterns of nucleotide variation at genes involved in local adaptation. we first describe a new summary statistic, z(g), that measures the between-sample component of linkage disequilibrium (ld). we then report results of a multilocus survey of nucleotide ...200818716337
contribution of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis to thermogenic capacity for the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus).small mammals that are active all year must develop ways to survive the cold winters. endotherms that experience prolonged cold exposure often increase their thermogenic capacity. thermogenic capacity incorporates basal metabolic rate (bmr), nonshivering thermogenesis (nst), and shivering thermogenesis (st). increasing the capacity of any of these components will result in increased thermogenic capacity. it is often thought that nst should be the most plastic component of thermogenic capacity an ...200818729765
peromyscus maniculatus--mus musculus chromosome homology map derived from reciprocal cross species chromosome painting.the mus musculus and rattus norvegicus genomes have been extensively studied, yet despite the emergence of peromyscus maniculatus as an nih model for genome sequencing and biomedical research much remains unknown about the genome organization of peromyscines. contrary to their phylogenetic relationship, the genomes of rattus and peromyscus appear more similar at the gross karyotypic level than either does to mus. we set out to define the chromosome homologies between peromyscus, mus and rattus. ...200818758174
weed-biocontrol insects reduce native-plant recruitment through second-order apparent competition.small-mammal seed predation is an important force structuring native-plant communities that may also influence exotic-plant invasions. in the intermountain west, deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are prominent predators of native-plant seeds, but they avoid consuming seeds of certain widespread invasives like spotted knapweed (centaurea maculosa). these mice also consume the biological-control insects urophora spp. introduced to control c. maculosa, and this food resource substantially increase ...200818767624
analysis of serotonin, dopamine and their metabolites in the caudate putamen, the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the median raphe nucleus of euthermic and torpid deermice, peromyscus maniculatus.deermice, subjected to food rationing and low ambient temperature, were sacrificed in normothermia or during daily torpor. levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the caudate putamen (cpn), the suprachiasmatic nuclear area (scn), and the median raphe nucleus (mrn) were quantified through the use of hplc with electrochemical detection. significant elevations in levels (pg/mg protein) of the serotonin (5-ht) metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-hiaa) were noted in torpid individuals ...20082813470
small mammals as indicators of short-term and long-term disturbance in mixed prairie.disturbance by military maneuvers over short and long time scales may have differential effects on grassland communities. we assessed small mammals as indicators of disturbance by military maneuvers in a mixed prairie in southern oklahoma usa. we examined sites on two soil series, foard and lawton, across a gradient of disturbance intensity. a manova showed that abundance of small mammals was associated (p = 0.03) with short-term (cover of vehicle tracks) disturbance but was not associated (p = ...200817458511
responses to lactation and cold exposure by deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).recently, much interest has been expressed in understanding how animals use phenotypic plasticity of tissue size and function to meet increased metabolic demands. we set out to learn (i) whether female deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) given lactation (two to seven pups per litter), cold (5 degrees c), or cold plus lactation as energy demands display phenotypic plasticity in organ size and function; (ii) whether that plasticity is similar to laboratory mice given the same demands; and (iii) whe ...200811073789
prevalence of cryptosporidium species in wildlife populations within a watershed landscape in southeastern new york state.a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium in wildlife in the new york city (nyc) watershed in southeastern new york state. a total of 6227 fecal samples were collected and evaluated from 5892 mammals (38 species), 263 birds (14 species), 2 reptiles (2 species), 8 amphibians (4 species), and 62 fish (15 species). cryptosporidium was detected in 30 species. of the species found positive for cryptosporidium, 16 represented new records for this parasite-alo ...200717466459
body size variation of mammals in a fragmented, temperate rainforest.body size is perhaps the most important trait of an organism, affecting all of its physiological and ecological processes and, therefore, fundamentally influencing its ability to survive and reproduce in different environments, including those that have been modified by human activities. we tested the hypothesis that anthropogenic transformation of old-growth forest landscapes can result in significant intraspecific changes in body size of resident biotas. we collected data on five species of no ...200717650255
digestive responses of two omnivorous rodents (peromyscus maniculatus and p. alstoni) feeding on epigeous fungus (russula occidentalis).the sporocarps of hypogeous and epigeous fungi are important dietary items for forest dwelling rodents in temperate and tropical forests throughout the world. however, results of some pioneering works have demonstrated that fungi cannot be considered as nutritionally high-quality food items for some mycophagous small rodents. according to these studies, when mycophagous rodents feed on fungus, they showed a minimal digestibility, but whether this applies to most rodent species that include fungi ...200717653726
differential resource allocation in deer mice exposed to sin nombre virus.the resource allocation hypothesis predicts that reproductive activity suppresses immunocompetence; however, this has never been tested in an endemic disease system with free-ranging mammals. we tested the resource allocation hypothesis in wild deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) with natural exposure to sin nombre virus (snv). immunocompetence was estimated from the extent of swelling elicited after deer mice were injected with phytohemagglutinin (pha); swelling is positively correlated with imm ...200717717814
conjunctival lymphoid follicles in new world rodents.we report for the first time, the detection of conjunctival lymphoid follicles (clf) in the eyes of new world rodents. clf were found in 7 of the 15 species examined, 6 of the 10 genera, and in at least one individual in four families of rodents. these follicles are dense collections of leukocytes in the conjunctival substantia propria with a thinned overlying epithelium lacking in goblet cells. although the precise location of clf within the conjunctiva varied from species to species, all clf w ...200717722097
delayed density-dependent prevalence of sin nombre virus antibody in montana deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and implications for human disease risk.american hantaviruses cause a severe respiratory disease known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). in the united states, sin nombre virus (snv), carried by the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus), is the etiologic agent in the majority of hps cases. the relationship between deer mouse population density and snv infection prevalence in deer mice is poorly understood. our purpose was to clarify this relationship by demonstrating the existence of delayed-density-dependent prevalence of snv inf ...200717767405
regulatory t cell-like responses in deer mice persistently infected with sin nombre virus.hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is a zoonotic illness associated with a systemic inflammatory immune response, capillary leak, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and shock in humans. cytokines, including tnf, ifn-gamma, and lymphotoxin, are thought to contribute to its pathogenesis. in contrast, infected rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses experience few or no pathologic changes and the host rodent can remain persistently infected for life. generally, it is unknown why such dichotomous immune res ...200717875986
photoperiod affects daily torpor and tissue fatty acid composition in deer mice.photoperiod and dietary lipids both influence thermal physiology and the pattern of torpor of heterothermic mammals. the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that photoperiod-induced physiological changes are linked to differences in tissue fatty acid composition of deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus ( approximately 18-g body mass). deer mice were acclimated for >8 weeks to one of three photoperiods (ld, light/dark): ld 8:16 (short photoperiod), ld 12:12 (equinox photoperiod), and ...200717160415
n-nitroso compounds produced in deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) gi tracts following hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) exposure.given the potent carcinogenic effects of most n-nitroso compounds, the reductive transformation of the common explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) to a group of n-nitroso derivatives, hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (mnx), hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (dnx), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (tnx) in the environment have caused concerns among the general public. questions are arising about whether the same transformations also occur ...200717223165
age dependent acute oral toxicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) and two anaerobic n-nitroso metabolites in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) transforms anaerobically into n-nitroso compounds: hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (mnx), hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (dnx), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (tnx). exposure to these n-nitroso metabolites may occur in areas contaminated with explosives, as anaerobic degradation occurs via some bacteria and is one remediation strategy used for rdx. few papers report acute oral toxicity and none have evalu ...200717275885
demographic factors associated with prevalence of antibody to sin nombre virus in deer mice in the western united states.we used long-term data collected for up to 10 yr (1994-2004) at 23 trapping arrays (i.e., webs and grids) in arizona, colorado, montana, and new mexico to examine demographic factors known or suspected to be associated with risk of infection with sin nombre virus (snv) in its natural host, the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus). gender, age (mass), wounds or scars, season, and local relative population densities were statistically associated with the period prevalence of antibody (used as a mar ...200717347388
sin nombre virus infection of deer mice in montana: characteristics of newly infected mice, incidence, and temporal pattern of infection.sin nombre virus (snv), hosted by the deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus), is the principal cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) in north america. to improve our understanding of factors that contribute to the occurrence of hps, we conducted an extensive field study of the characteristics of newly infected (as determined by recent acquisition of antibody) deer mice and the temporal pattern of antibody acquisition (seroconversion) from 1994 through 2004 in montana, usa. we sampled 6,584 i ...200717347389
tularemia in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) during a population irruption in saskatchewan, canada.type b tularemia caused by francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica was diagnosed in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) found dead at four sites in west-central saskatchewan during april and may 2005. the occurrence of tularemia coincided with a decline in the number of deer mice in part of a large area (>22000 km(2) ) in which deer mice had been extremely abundant during the autumn of 2004 and spring of 2005, and in which mice caused damage to crops in the autumn of 2004. this is apparently the ...200717347390
two cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in randolph county, west virginia: a coincidence of time and place?hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) is caused by an infection with viruses of the genus hantavirus in the western hemisphere. rodent hosts of hantaviruses are present throughout the united states. in july 2004, two hps case-patients were identified in randolph county, wv: a wildlife science graduate student working locally and a randolph county resident. we interviewed family members and colleagues, reviewed medical records, and conducted environmental studies at likely exposure sites. small mam ...200717360864
hpa activity and neotic and anxiety-like behavior vary among peromyscus species.behaviorally plastic species are more likely to invade and endure in new areas, and behaviorally plastic individuals tend to be attracted to novelty (i.e., neophilic). furthermore, neophilic behaviors are often influenced by glucocorticoids. thus in addition to environmental conditions and vicariant events, behavioral plasticity and its endocrinological mediators may influence the extent of vertebrate geographic distributions. some species of mice in the genus, peromyscus, occupy most of north a ...200717368638
the molecular basis of high-altitude adaptation in deer mice.elucidating genetic mechanisms of adaptation is a goal of central importance in evolutionary biology, yet few empirical studies have succeeded in documenting causal links between molecular variation and organismal fitness in natural populations. here we report a population genetic analysis of a two-locus alpha-globin polymorphism that underlies physiological adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in natural populations of deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus. this system provides a rare opportunity to ...200717397259
is bmr repeatable in deer mice? organ mass correlates and the effects of cold acclimation and natal altitude.basal metabolic rate (bmr) is probably the most studied aspect of energy metabolism in vertebrate endotherms. numerous papers have explored its mass allometry, phylogenetic and ecological relationships, and ontogeny. implicit in many of these studies (and explicit in some) is the view that bmr responds to selection, which requires repeatability and heritability. however, bmr is highly plastic in response to numerous behavioral and environmental factors and there are surprisingly few data on its ...200716897038
immunological memory is compromised by food restriction in deer mice peromyscus maniculatus.the immune system protects organisms against infection, but this protection presumably comes at a cost. here, we asked whether food restriction would compromise the ability of an organism to generate an immune response on reexposure to an antigen, which would represent a functional cost of immunological memory. immunological memory is generated when b and t lymphocytes sensitive to components of pathogens (i.e., antigens) proliferate after exposure and persist in circulation to hinder reinfectio ...200716902185
alterations in immune function and cyp450 activity in adult male deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) following exposure to benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene, or chrysene.polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are among the most common classes of chemical contaminants found at hazardous waste sites. deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) exhibit a wide geographic distribution throughout north america and have been suggested as a terrestrial biomonitoring species to facilitate comparisons between superfund sites. chemicals tested were benzo[a]pyrene (bap; cas number 50-32-8), pyrene (pyr; cas number 129-00-0), and chrysene (chr; cas number 218-01-9). adult male deer ...200717934950
short photoperiod and testosterone-induced modification of gnrh release from the hypothalamus of peromyscus maniculatus.seasonally breeding animals undergo numerous physiological changes in response to changes in the length of the photoperiod. in most warm-weather breeding rodents, these changes result in reproductive quiescence during short photoperiods. it has been hypothesized that this change is mediated by changes in the activity of gonadotropin-releasing (gnrh) hormone neurons of the hypothalamus. this study was designed to test whether there are changes in the releasable pool of gnrh in the hypothalamus in ...200717949700
old mice, young islands and competing biogeographical hypotheses.naturally occurring variation within a small rodent species native to the southeastern usa, peromyscus polionotus, has interested biologists for nearly a century. this species has contributed significantly to our understanding of geographical variation and has often been presented as an example of adaptive evolution. much of the interest in this organism has been predicated on assumptions that the species is relatively young (<300 000 bp) and that coastal populations have a very recent history ( ...200717956552
rapid field immunoassay for detecting antibody to sin nombre virus in deer mice.we developed a 1-hour field enzyme immunoassay (eia) for detecting antibody to sin nombre virus in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). the assay specificity and sensitivity were comparable to those of a standard eia. this test will permit identification of rodents with antibody to this and perhaps other hantaviruses.200718258020
serologic evidence of a rickettsia akari-like infection among wild-caught rodents in orange county and humans in los angeles county, california.we detected antibodies reactive with rickettsia akari, the etiologic agent of rickettsialpox in humans and in 83 of 359 (23%) rodents belonging to several species, collected in orange county, ca. reciprocal antibody titers >1:16 to r. akari were detected in native mice and rats (peromyscus maniculatus, p. eremicus, and neotoma fuscipes) and in old world mice and rats (mus musculus, rattus rattus, and r. norvegicus), representing the first time that antibodies reactive with this agent have been d ...200718260508
morphological and physiological responses to altitude in deer mice peromyscus maniculatus.individuals within a species, living across a wide range of habitats, often display a great deal of phenotypic plasticity for organ mass and function. we investigated the extent to which changes in organ mass are variable, corresponding to environmental demand, across an altitudinal gradient. are there changes in the mass of oxygen delivery organs (heart and lungs) and other central processing organs (gut, liver, kidney) associated with an increased sustainable metabolic rate that results from d ...200610521329
glycolytic enzyme binding during entrance to daily torpor in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus).associations of glycolytic enzymes with the subcellular particulate fraction of skeletal muscle and heart were examined during entrance to daily torpor in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). in skeletal muscle a significant decrease in enzyme binding occurred during torpor entrance for phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase, with an additional significant decrease for phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase during the deepest state of torpor. reduction ...20069231377
profiling helper t cell subset gene expression in deer mice.deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) are the most common mammals in north america and are reservoirs for several zoonotic agents, including sin nombre virus (snv), the principal etiologic agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (hcps) in north america. unlike human hcps patients, snv-infected deer mice show no overt pathological symptoms, despite the presence of virus in the lungs. a neutralizing igg antibody response occurs, but the virus establishes a persistent infection. limitations of de ...200616916450
refractoriness of the western fence lizard (sceloporus occidentalis) to the lyme disease group spirochete borrelia bissettii.the western fence lizard, sceloporus occidentalis, is refractory to experimental infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, one of several lyme disease spirochetes pathogenic for humans. another member of the lyme disease spirochete complex, borrelia bissettii, is distributed widely throughout north america and a similar, if not identical, spirochete has been implicated as a human pathogen in southern europe. to determine the susceptibility of s. occidentalis to b. bissettii, 6 naïve liz ...200616995383
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in small mammals in new york state.intensive small mammal trapping was conducted in 12 counties in new york state during 1998-2000 to investigate the prevalence and site specificity of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi in, and presence of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say on, the wild mice peromyscus leucopus rafinesque and peromyscus maniculatus wagner and other small mammal species. previously captured mice (1992-1997) from throughout new york state also were recruited into the study, providing a total ...200617017230
age-dependent characterization of pendrin gene expression in various tissues of deer mice.pendrin is a membrane transport protein which functions as the transporter of chloride, bicarbonate, formate, and iodide. in this study, we characterized pendrin gene expression in various tissues of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), a sentinel wildlife species. deer mice were euthanized at post-natal day (pnd) 21 (day of weaning) and pnd 45 (24 days post-weaning) for tissue collection. a deer mouse-specific partial pendrin cdna sequence was generated, from which taqman-specific probe and prim ...200617055311
small mammals and forest fuel reduction: national-scale responses to fire and fire surrogates.forest fuel reduction treatments are increasingly used by managers to reduce the risk of high-severity wildfire and to manage changes in the ecological function of forests. however, comparative ecological effects of the various types of treatments are poorly understood. we examined short-term patterns in small-mammal responses to mechanical thinning, prescribed-fire, and mechanical thinning/prescribed-fire combination treatments at eight different study areas across the united states as a part o ...200617069366
schistosome infection in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus): impacts on host physiology, behavior and energetics.animals routinely encounter environmental stressors and may employ phenotypic plasticity to compensate for the costs of these perturbations. parasites represent an ecologically important stressor for animals, which may induce host plasticity. the present study examined the effects of a trematode parasite, schistosomatium douthitti, on deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus) physiology, behavior and energetics. measures were taken to assess direct parasite pathology as well as potential host plastici ...200617142691
biological control agents elevate hantavirus by subsidizing deer mouse populations.biological control of exotic invasive plants using exotic insects is practiced under the assumption that biological control agents are safe if they do not directly attack non-target species. we tested this assumption by evaluating the potential for two host-specific biological control agents (urophora spp.), widely established in north america for spotted knapweed (centaurea maculosa) control, to indirectly elevate sin nombre hantavirus by providing food subsidies to populations of deer mice (pe ...200616623730
thyroid function and reproductive success in rodents exposed to perchlorate via food and water.the purpose of the present study was to determine if exposure to perchlorate via food items would have effects on mammals similar to those caused by exposure through drinking water at approximately equivalent doses. prairie voles (microtus ochrogaster) and deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) were used to assess the potential toxicity of perchlorate-contaminated food items. voles and mice were divided randomly into three treatment groups--perchlorate-contaminated food (pcf), perchlorate-contaminat ...200616629144
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