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circannual changes in major chemical composition of bulk dromedary camel milk as determined by ft-mir spectroscopy, and factors of variation.we monitored the major chemical composition of bulk dromedary camel milk by ft-mir spectroscopy over a 5-year period. the results highly correlated with those determined with reference methods (r > 0.985, p < 0.001). production parameters showed significant (p < 0.001) seasonal and yearly changes. the overall mean fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat, and total solids concentrations of bulk dromedary camel milk were 2.87%, 2.94%, 4.15%, 8.00%, and 10.69%, respectively. month of the year, year o ...201930583369
simplified superovulation protocols in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).this study was conducted to develop simple superovulation protocols in dromedary camels. using two commercial fsh products, a series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effect of different superovulation protocols on ovarian response and embryo production. in experiment 1, camels in control group (n = 15) received 400 mg folltropin-v in a traditional protocol (fsh diluted in saline and given twice daily in decreasing doses over 5 days) and camels in split-injection (2 doses 48 h apart) ...201930583224
abdominal hernias in camel (camelus dromedaries): clinical findings and treatment outcomes.the present study was designed to describe the clinical presentation of abdominal hernias and to evaluate the efficacy of polypropylene mesh in repair of such affection in camels. twenty-six dromedary camels were included in this study on the basis of clinical and ultrasonographic evidence of abdominal hernia. factors associated with prevalence and clinical findings of hernia were presented and hernioplasty using polypropylene mesh was evaluated as a surgical intervention. out of 26 studied came ...201930568107
underaddressed animal-welfare issues in conservation.much progress has been made toward assessing and improving animal welfare in conservation. however, several glaring knowledge gaps remain where animal-welfare concerns exist but animal-welfare studies have not been performed in politically sensitive contexts. based on contemporary issues in australia, we identified 4 topics that require more research: animal-welfare oversight for operations designated as management (as opposed to research); animal-welfare impacts of biological agents used to con ...201930549308
comparison of body weight estimation equations for camels (camelus dromedarius).the objective of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of six different equations for weight estimation of camels using body measurements as chest girth, height at withers, and hump girth in order to identify the most reliable equation for use in the field. the prediction equations that were compared were those of boué revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 3 (1), 13-16, 1949; graber revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 19, 527-543, 1966; ...201930539360
purification and biochemical characterization of a novel copper, zinc superoxide dismutase from liver of camel (camelus dromedarius): an antioxidant enzyme with unique properties.a novel copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (cuznsod) was purified to homogeneity from the liver of an animal well adapted to the stressful living conditions of the desert, the camel (camelus dromedarius). the biochemical properties of camel liver cuznsod were examined. the purified enzyme had a native molecular weight of 28 kda, as judged by gel filtration chromatography, and showed a single band at 27 kda on sds-page, indicating that it is a monomeric protein. optimal activity of the purified en ...201930771689
diversity of dromedary camel coronavirus hku23 in african camels revealed multiple recombination events among closely related betacoronaviruses of the subgenus embecovirus.genetic recombination has frequently been observed in coronaviruses. here, we sequenced multiple complete genomes of dromedary camel coronavirus hku23 (dccov-hku23) from nigeria, morocco, and ethiopia and identified several genomic positions indicative of cross-species virus recombination events among other betacoronaviruses of the subgenus embecovirus (clade a beta-covs). recombinant fragments of a rabbit coronavirus (rbcov-hku14) were identified at the hemagglutinin esterase gene position. hom ...201931534035
effects of all-trans retinoic acid on the in vitro maturation of camel (camelus dromedarius) cumulus-oocyte complexes.all-trans retinoic acid (ra) is a metabolite of vitamin a and has pleiotropic actions on many different biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, and is involved in different aspects of fertility and developmental biology. in the current study, we investigated the effects of ra on camel (camelus dromedarius) cumulus-oocyte complex in vitro maturation (ivm). ivm medium was supplemented with 0, 10, 20, and 40 µm ra. application of 20 µm ra significantly reduced the proportio ...201930760649
morphological diversity of female camel (camelus dromedarius) populations in morocco.fourteen body measurements of 132 adult female camels belonging to three populations guerzni (60), khouari (28), and marmouri (44) reared in 38 herds of 8 provinces of southern morocco were studied to identify homogeneous groups according to their conformation. the measurements were chest girth (cg), hump girth (hg), height at withers (hw), body length (bl), fore limb length (fll), chest width (cw), chest depth (cd), fore hoof circumference (fhc), head length (hl), distance between eyes (de), ea ...201930712239
systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of trypanosoma evansi.surra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of surra. understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of t. evansi inf ...201930704516
quality and quantity of dromedary camel dna sampled from whole-blood, saliva, and tail-hair.camels are livestock with unique adaptations to hot-arid regions. to effectively study camel traits, a biobank of camel dna specimens with associated biological information is needed. we examined whole-blood, saliva (buccal swabs), and tail-hair follicle samples to determine which is the best source for establishing a dna biobank. we inspected five amounts of each of whole-blood, buccal swabs, and tail-hair follicles in nine camels, both qualitatively via gel electrophoresis and quantitatively u ...201930703133
molecular evidence of influenza a virus circulation in african dromedary camels imported to saudi arabia, 2017-2018.little is known about influenza a viruses in dromedaries. here, we detected influenza a viral rna in 11 specimens (1.7 %) out of 665 nasal swabs collected from dromedaries between 2017 and 2018 in saudi arabia. positive samples were detected only in imported camels from sudan and djibouti but not local ones. partial genome sequencing indicates a close relationship to 2009-2019 human/swine influenza a h1n1 isolates from different countries, suggesting possible interspecies transmission. taken tog ...201931660338
identifying potential thermal drivers of sudomotor in camels (camelus dromedarius).the mechanism of sudomotor regulation in the family camelidae, as in other mammals, is poorly understood. five healthy dromedary bulls (400 kg and 4 years-old) were used to examine the interrelationship of sweating rate (sr) with ten thermal parameters measured (and/or estimated) every 3-hr for a 24-hr time period under natural and shaded environmental conditions, in order to subsequently identify the potential thermal drivers of sudomotor in this species. results revealed that all parameters, i ...201931657754
evaluation of serological assays available in a biosafety level 2 laboratory and their application for survey of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among livestock in ethiopia.a serological survey of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was conducted among dromedary camels and herbivorous animals sharing the same pasturage in ethiopia. the pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus coated with the spike protein of mers-cov was used in virus neutralization (vn) tests performed in a biosafety level (bsl)-2 laboratory. the results were similar to those obtained from the vn test using live mers-cov and were more sensitive than the elisa performed using synt ...201931685722
effect of short artificial lighting and low temperature in housing rooms during non-rutting season on reproductive parameters of male dromedary camels.ten dromedary mature males were used to study the effects of short artificial lighting and low temperature on the reproductive behavior, testicular size, semen quality and hormone during the non-rutting season and subsequent rutting season. bulls were allocated into two groups: the first group were subjected to natural daylight and temperature and used as a control. the second group was housed individually in light and temperature controlled rooms in which artificial light (300 lux) was used for ...201930959439
peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in dromedary camels and small ruminants in mandera and wajir counties of kenya.a study was conducted to determine the presence of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in camel population kept together with small ruminants in isiolo, mandera, marsabit, and wajir counties of kenya. this was done in the wake of a disease with unknown etiology "camel sudden death syndrome" camels in the horn of africa. thirty-eight (38) samples, 12, 8, 15, and 3 samples, were collected from mandera, wajir, isiolo, and marsabit, respectively, from 25 camels, 7 goats, and 4 sheep. one camel in mande ...201930956658
genetic improvement in dromedary camels: challenges and opportunities. 201930915101
basement membranes in the kidney of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius): an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.basement membranes consist of various proteins, the major ones being laminin and collagen type iv. primary defects in these two proteins have been extensively associated with kidney pathologies. this study aimed to establish baseline information on the immunohistochemical distribution of laminin and collagen type iv, and to corelate these with the ultrastructure of basal laminae in the uriniferous tubules of the dromedary camel. tissue samples were taken from the kidneys of eight adult female ca ...201930904316
global status of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review.dromedary camels have been shown to be the main reservoir for human middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) infections. this systematic review aims to compile and analyse all published data on mers-coronavirus (cov) in the global camel population to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution, spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels. we included original research articles containing laboratory evidence of mers-cov infections in dromedary camels in the field fro ...201930869000
reporting temporal fluctuations of hepatic c16 and c18 fatty acids during late gestation and early lactation in dromedary camel.based on current knowledge, c16 and c18 fatty acids (fa) are considered the most functional fa in hepatic metabolism. although these fas have been satisfyingly investigated in cattle, other species such as camel have been neglected. for this reason, the current study was designed to scrutinize changing patterns of c16 and c18 fas in 10 dromedary camels from the last 2 months of gestation to the first months of lactation. camels were grazed on natural pasture and supplemented with a balanced rati ...201930864045
ovarian hormones and antioxidant biomarkers in dromedary camels synchronized with new and re-used controlled intravaginal drug release (cidr)/gpg (ovsynch) program during breeding season.this study aimed to investigate the effect of cidr, re-used wcidr, and ovsynch protocols for the synchronization of follicular waves on ovarian hormones, oxidative stress, and antioxidant biomarkers during the breeding season. dromedary camels (n = 18) were divided into three equal groups. the first group received cidr. the second group received previously used wcidr after thorough cleaning and disinfection. the third group was subjected to gpg protocol. progesterone (p4), estradiol (e2) l, tota ...201930825101
prevalence of eimeria species in camels (camelus dromedarius) from egypt and variability in structure of eimeria cameli oocysts.coccidiosis is a common disease of camels, and camels are important for the economy of asia and the arabian peninsula. little is known regarding the prevalence of coccidian parasites in camels in egypt. fecal samples collected from the rectums of 200 camels at the cairo slaughterhouse were processed using the sucrose flotation technique. eimeria species oocysts were found in 38%. three eimeria species were identified: eimeria cameli-like in 31%, eimeria rajasthani in 18%, and eimeria dromedarii ...201931059381
physical characteristics of gastrointestinal content of llama (lama glama).changes in digesta dry matter (dm) and mean digesta particle size (mps) along the gastrointestinal tract are well known in ruminants, but not in camelids. we collected digesta from the dorsal (d) and ventral (v) first forestomach compartment (c1), the second forestomach compartment (c2), three proximal segments and the subsequent glandular part of the third compartment (c3a-d), the caecum and the faeces twelve llamas (lama glama). dm analysis indicates the presence of digesta stratification in t ...201931050031
investigation of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in arabian dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease in ruminants. this study aimed to investigate mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in clinically infected camels on the immunological, conventional bacteriological, and molecular biological basis.201931040561
utilization of crude and recombinant elisas for serodiagnosis of camel trypanosomosis in sudan.this study was carried out to evaluate the application of catt/t. evansi, crude and recombinant (tegm6-4r) antigen elisas in the diagnosis of camel trypanosomosis caused by two trypanosome species, t. evansi and t. vivax, in sudan. concurrently, the current situation of camel trypanosomosis was investigated based on the results of a serological analysis. the recombinant tandem repeat antigen tegm6-4r is conserved among salivarian trypanosome species and was highly sensitive in the detection tryp ...201931027599
qatar experience on one health approach for middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2012-2017: a viewpoint.the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus (mers-cov) in the middle east in 2012 was associated with an overwhelming uncertainty about its epidemiological and clinical characteristics. once dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) was found to be the natural reservoir of the virus, the public health systems across the arabian peninsula encountered an unprecedented pressure to control its transmission. this view point describes how the one health approach was used in qatar t ...201931011617
effect of nonenzymatic deamidation on the structure stability of camelus dromedarius α-lactalbumin.camelid α-lactalbumin is the only known protein that can undergo nonenzymatic deamidation on two asn residues. this leads to the generation of a mixture of unusual isoasp and d-asp residues that may impact health. the effect of deamidation on camel α-lactalbumin instability was investigated. circular dichroism showed that the altered protein acquired secondary structure resulting in an increase in α-helix content. in good agreement, the 3d structure of camel α-lactalbumin determined by x-ray cry ...201931006460
development of a modified method of handmade cloning in dromedary camel.in this study, a modified method of handmade cloning (m-hmc), which had been originally developed in sheep, was used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) in the dromedary camel. the unique feature of m-hmc over current scnt methods lies in the use of a simple device (a finely drawn micropipette made of pasteur pipette) for chemically-assisted enucleation of oocytes under a stereomicroscope with improved efficiency and ease of operation. using this system, the throughput of cloned embryo reco ...201930995216
effect of macromolecule supplement on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, cryosurvival and in vitro embryo development of dromedary camel oocytes.the current evaluation of oocyte vitro maturation (ivm) media has progressed toward more defined conditions in human and livestock. in this study, the replacement of fetal calf serum (fcs) with bovine serum albumin (bsa) and polyvinyl alcohol (pva) was evaluated during ivm in dromedary camel. nuclear maturation rates in presence of fcs and pva were comparable (81.6 ± 1 and 75.5 ± 5%, respectively). bsa, whether used alone or in combination with fcs, significantly reduced nuclear maturation (51.6 ...201930991170
taxonomic justification of the pathogenic strongylid infecting the arabian camel camelus dromedarius as haemonchus longistipes by morphological and molecular phylogeny.there is still lack of morphological and phylogenetic information on the pathogenic nematode of the camel haemonchus longistipes. in the present study, this parasite was isolated in saudi arabia and described.201930989135
comparison of pregnancy rates with transfer of in vivo produced embryos derived using multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (moet) with in vitro produced embryos by somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedaries).in the present study, there was comparison of pregnancy rates with transfer of in vivo-produced embryos using multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (moet) with in vitro-produced embryos by somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) in dromedary camels. in vivo-produced embryos were collected from donors after super-stimulation of follicular development on day 7 after ovulation, while in vitro-derived embryos were produced using scnt from in vivo-matured oocytes collected from camels after follicular ...201931514928
individual male dependent improvement in post-thaw dromedary camel sperm quality after addition of catalase.cryopreservation is stressful to sperm cells inducing an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequently reducing post-thaw sperm quality. with the present study, there was evaluation of the protective effects of two antioxidants, epigallocatechin (1 mm) and catalase (500 iu/ml), added at thawing, as well as inter-individual variation on quality of cryopreserved dromedary camel spermatozoa. semen was collected from six males and sperm, selected using single layer centrifug ...201931514924
some one health based control strategies for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) presents an ideal example for developing one health concepts. dromedary camels are the principal reservoir for the virus. infected camels shed the virus in body secretions, particularly nasal discharges. mers-cov has the potential to remain active in the environment for some time under optimum conditions of temperature and humidity. this shedding sustains the virus in endemic communities and thus contact with camels is considered a majo ...201931485476
unraveling the relationship between the topographic distribution patterns of skin temperature and perspiration response in dromedary camels.the question of how skin temperature (tsk), measured at different regions of the skin, can affect sudomotor activity and thus show a pattern in topographic distribution for the perspiration response (pr) rate in dromedary camels was approached and examined in this experiment. under natural summer conditions, four healthy dromedary bulls, with a mean body mass of 420 kg and age of three years, were measured for tsk and pr in seven skin regions (i.e. head, neck, shoulder, axillary, hump, flank, an ...201931466768
diversity and prevalence of parasitic infestation with zoonotic potential in dromedary camel ( camelus dromedarius ) and fat-tailed sheep (dhumba) in bangladesh.parasitic infestation is a major cause of losses in livestock production in tropical regions. a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal (gi) parasites of dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) and fat-tailed sheep (dhumba), and the prevalence of hemoparasites in camel from dhaka, bangladesh.201931453183
antibacterial efficacy of moringa oleifera leaf extract against pyogenic bacteria isolated from a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) abscess.abscess in camel is one of the most important bacterial infections. it causes anemia and emaciation, resulting in an economic loss due to carcass condemnation and a decrease in reproductive and production efficiency.201931439997
thermotolerance of camel (camelus dromedarius) somatic cells affected by the cell type and the dissociation method.researchers dealing with heat stress experiments use different cell kinds and use trypsin that has been reported to affect the cellular proteins of cultured cells. therefore, we compared the effects of acute and chronic exposures to high temperature (45 °c) on camel skin fibroblast and granulosa cells. primary culture of fibroblasts and granulosa cells tolerated the acute heat shock for 2 h; however, granulosa cells cultured for long duration (20 h) showed thermotolerance when compared with the ...201931435907
isolation and culture of skin-derived differentiated and stem-like cells obtained from the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius).elite camels often suffer from massive injuries. thus, there is a pivotal need for a cheap and readily available regenerative medicine source. we isolated novel stem-like cells from camel skin and investigated their multipotency and resistance against various stresses. skin samples were isolated from ears of five camels. fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and spheroid progenitors were extracted. after separation of different cell lines by trypsinization, all cell lines were exposed to heat shock. then, ...201931226810
synergistic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) and epidermal growth factor on derivation of camel (camelus dromedarius) trophoblast stem cells.this study aimed to optimize the derivation of trophectoderm from in vitro-produced camel embryos under feeder-free culture conditions using the basement membrane matrix matrigel. trophoblastic vesicles were obtained through mechanical microdissection of in vitro-produced camel (camelus dromedarius) embryos. supplementing the culture medium with 10 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor and 10 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor improved the attachment and subsequent outgrowths of cultured trophoblastic ve ...201931218974
seasonal adaptations of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system of the dromedary camel.the "ship" of the arabian and north african deserts, the one-humped dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) has a remarkable capacity to survive in conditions of extreme heat without needing to drink water. one of the ways that this is achieved is through the actions of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (avp), which is made in a specialised part of the brain called the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (hns), but exerts its effects at the level of the kidney to provoke water conserva ...201931211771
seasonal variation of the intraepithelial gland in camel epididymis with special reference to autophagosome.the key role of the epididymis is contributing to sperm storage, maturation, and survival. the epididymis of camel has a unique structure called the intraepithelial gland. the present work aimed to investigate the structure of the epididymal intraepithelial gland with special references to the seasonal variation. the samples were collected from the distal part of the corpus epididymes of completely healthy mature camels (camelus dromedarius) in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. tomato lectin ...201931210121
liquid storage of dromedary camel semen in different extenders.this study was conducted to assess the effects of commercial extenders and storage temperature on dromedary camel sperm quality during liquid preservation. in experiment 1, ejaculates (n = five males; replicated seven times) were split and diluted with synthetic (optixcell, equiplus, inra96, bioxcell or andromed; experiment 1a) or egg-yolk based (biladyl, green buffer or triladyl; experiment 1b) extenders and stored for 48 h at 4 °c. in experiment 2, split ejaculates (n = five males; replicated ...201931208848
a systematic review of mers-cov seroprevalence and rna prevalence in dromedary camels: implications for animal vaccination.human infection with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is driven by recurring dromedary-to-human spill-over events, leading decision-makers to consider dromedary vaccination. dromedary vaccine candidates in the development pipeline are showing hopeful results, but gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of mers-cov in dromedaries must be addressed to design and evaluate potential vaccination strategies. we aim to bring together existing measures of mers-cov infection ...201931201040
molecular screening approach to identify protozoan and trichostrongylid parasites infecting one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius).little is known about the diversity of many parasites infecting camels, with most relying on morphological parameters. dna extracted from different tissues (n = 90) and fecal samples (n = 101) from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in egypt were screened for multiple parasites using different molecular markers. screening of tissue samples (heart) for toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis spp. was performed using b1 and 18s rrna gene markers, respectively. t. gondii was further genotyped using m ...201931194962
effect of exogenous progesterone treatment on ovarian steroid hormones and oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers during peak and low breeding seasons in dromedary she-camel.research about the effects of progesterone (p4) and the relationship of p4 to oxidative stress has been achieved in ruminants but not enough in camels.201931190709
pregnancy and parturition in dromedary camels i. factors affecting gestation length, calf birth weight and timing of delivery.in the present study, we evaluated the role of genetic, physiologic and environmental factors in affecting gestation length, calf birth weight and time of parturition in dromedary camels. reproductive data were collected over a 10-year period at the world's first intensively managed, large-scale camel dairy farm. we hypothesized that environmental conditions (i.e. photoperiod) have a decisive effect on these reproductive parameters. the effect of various factors was tested with linear mixed mode ...201931129478
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): a review.as a novel coronavirus first reported by saudi arabia in 2012, the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is responsible for an acute human respiratory syndrome. the virus, of 2c beta-cov lineage, expresses the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) receptor and is densely endemic in dromedary camels of east africa and the arabian peninsula. mers-cov is zoonotic but human-to-human transmission is also possible. surveillance and phylogenetic researches indicate mers-cov to be closely asso ...201931119115
influenza d virus infection in dromedary camels, ethiopia.influenza d virus has been found to cause respiratory diseases in livestock. we surveyed healthy dromedary camels in ethiopia and found a high seroprevalence for this virus, in contrast to animals co-existing with the camels. our observation implies that dromedary camels may play an important role in the circulation of influenza d virus.201931107233
evaluation of trypanosama evansi prevalence and risk factors in the one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) of the north-east of iran by a real-time pcr test.the surra caused by trypanosoma evansi (t. evansi) is an economically damaging disease of livestock including camels, horses, and buffaloes. the disease is transmitted by arthropod flies belonging to family tabanidae. the clinical signs of affected animals include recurrent fever, progressive anemia, cachexia, edema, and abortion. in order to determine the point prevalence of surra in the camel population of north-east of iran, 152 blood samples from one-humped camels were collected by multiple ...201931097124
study of the biochemical biodiversity of camel milk.due to its balanced composition in basic nutrients, its richness in vitamins and in minerals, camel milk has a special place in the daily diet of southern populations. the present study aimed at examining some physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of camel milk (camelus dromedarius) in morocco. to achieve this aim, three batches of samples of camel milk were collected from various regions (dakhla, errachida, and fès-meknes) undergoing physicochemical and biochemical analyses. results s ...201931093015
scanning electron microscopy and histomorphology of the epiglottis in dromedaries: a study revealing unusual structure with the probable functional role.while epiglottis is essentially a mammalian structure, studying its microstructure in any placental model will add an important information to the field of comparative anatomy and the related branches of biology. the aim of this study was to describe the structure of the epiglottis in dromedary camels using light and scanning electron microscopy (sem), with reference to the possible functions. a total of 11 epiglottis cartilages from 11 larynges were used. the study revealed unusual, deeply situ ...201931087741
molecular cloning and cellular expression of the cholesterol synthesizing enzymes during the prenatal development of the optic nerve in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).the cholesterol-synthesizing proteins (hmgcs1 and hmgcs2) are mitochondrial enzymes that believed to catalyze the first reaction of ketogenesis, the process by which energy is provided from fats in the absence of carbohydrates. typically, astrocytes developed from its progenitor cells in the embryonic optic nerve and enriched with hmgcs1 and 2. however, the detailed histomorphology of camel hmgcs1 and 2 remains to be clearly defined. here, we investigated the changes that associate with astrocyt ...201931079945
ramifications of protease-based liquefaction of camel semen on physical, kinematic and surface glyco-pattern of cryopreserved spermatozoa.the efficiency of incorporating different proteases in the diluent for reducing camel semen viscosity, and subsequent ramifications on morpho-functional and glycan surface properties of cryopreserved spermatozoa were investigated. ejaculates (n = 48) were collected from three adult camels, camelus dromedarius, during the breeding season (january - march). a portion of each raw ejaculate was evaluated for sperm physical and morphological traits, whereas the other portion was divided into three al ...201931405482
effect of heavy metals arsenic, cadmium, and lead on the semen variables of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).in this study, there was investigation of the effect of heavy metals on the fertility of dromedary camels. fourteen camels at the camel research center, king faisal university, and 41 infertile dromedaries admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital were used for semen evaluation during the breeding season. seminal plasma and blood serum were collected from all males until analysis. concentrations of three heavy metals [arsenic (as), cadmium (cd), and lead (pb)] were determined in the seminal p ...201931405477
genome-wide identification of microsatellites and transposable elements in the dromedary camel genome using whole-genome sequencing data.transposable elements (tes) along with simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are prevalent in eukaryotic genome, especially in mammals. repetitive sequences form approximately one-third of the camelid genomes, so study on this part of genome can be helpful in providing deeper information from the genome and its evolutionary path. here, in order to improve our understanding regarding the camel genome architecture, the whole genome of the two dromedaries (yazdi and trodi camels) was sequenced. totally, 9 ...201931404266
vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from camel meat and slaughterhouse workers in egypt.the emergence of vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (vrsa) represents a challenge for the treatment of staphylococcal infections in both human and animals worldwide. although vrsa has been detected in several animal species worldwide, data on the bacterial prevalence in dromedary camels and workers in camel slaughterhouses are scarce.201931404199
survival, re-expansion, and pregnancy outcome following vitrification of dromedary camel cloned blastocysts: a possible role of vitrification in improving clone pregnancy rate by weeding out poor competent embryos.there is a clinical demand for efficient cryopreservation of cloned camel embryos with considerable logistic and economic advantage. vitrification of in vivo derived embryos has been reported in camels, but there is no study on vitrification of cloned embryos. moreover, whether characteristic differences between cloned and in vivo derived embryos imply different vitrification requirement is unresolved. here, we compared survival, re-expansion and pregnancy rates of cloned embryos vitrified using ...201931401082
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels in africa and middle east.: dromedary camels are the natural reservoirs of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). camels are mostly bred in east african countries then exported into africa and middle east for consumption. to understand the distribution of mers-cov among camels in north africa and the middle east, we conducted surveillance in egypt, senegal, tunisia, uganda, jordan, saudi arabia, and iraq. we also performed longitudinal studies of three camel herds in egypt and jordan to elucidate me ...201931387326
experimental infection of dromedary camels with virulent virus of peste des petits ruminants.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) causes a severe contagious disease of sheep and goats and has spread extensively in last years through asia and africa. pprv, known to infect exclusively small ruminants, has been recently reported in camels in iran and sudan. reported clinical symptoms are similar to those observed in small ruminants, fatality rate still unknown. however most of the authors reported seropositive camels without clinical signs. camel sensitivity to pprv is still controversi ...201931383302
near-newtonian blood behavior - is it good to be a camel?from a certain level of exercise-intensity onward, hematocrit increases in horses, which brings more oxygen carriers into the bloodstream. camels, however, when used in competitive racing could be even in need of iron supplementation and blood transfusions due to a severe reduction of their available hematocrit compared to their resting hematocrit. since the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanical properties of camel erythrocytes (rbc) are so different compared to rbcs of other mammals, the question ...201931379608
molecular evidence of trypanosoma evansi infection in iranian dromedary camel herdstrypanosoma evansi is a pathogenic african animal protozoan, affecting livestock and wild animals worldwide and iran. the present study was carried out to detect the infection of t. evansi in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) of southeastern iran. over six months, a total numbers of 370 dromedary camels were randomly selected from three sub-areas located in southeastern iran in 2015. blood samples were taken from jugular vein andexamined by using micro-hematocrit centrifugation (mhct) and ...201931378057
epidemiological investigations on trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels in the south of algeria.an epidemiological study of trypanosoma evansi (t. evansi) infection in dromedaries was conducted in four wilayate (localities) of southern algeria: béchar, el bayadh, ouargla, tamanrasset. between february 2014 and april 2016, 1056 camels of different ages and both sexes from 84 herds were sampled. the prevalence was determined through parasitological examination (giemsa stained thin smear, gst), serological tests (catt/t. evansi, elisa/vsg rotat 1.2, immune trypanolysis), and molecular tests ( ...201931372547
global status of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review - corrigendum. 201931364519
a cross-sectional seroepidemiological study of camel (camelus dromedarius) brucellosis and associated risk factors in the sultanate of oman.brucellosis is a globally distributed and economically devastating zoonotic disease of multiple species, including camels. human and livestock brucellosis is prevalent in oman, especially in southern dhofar governorates of oman, where camels share habitat and have close contact with other susceptible species. we conducted a randomized cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels of oman. the sera from 2,250 camels from 552 geographically m ...201931360652
descriptive analysis of cerebral arterial vascular architecture in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).the artiodactyl brain has multiple levels of vascular pooling and the rostral epidural rete mirabile (rerm) at its base. the current study is the first of its kind to precisely demonstrate the arterial vasculature of the dromedary brain, utilizing a new casting method with colored latex and epoxy paint. in total, 35 freshly slaughtered dromedary heads were injected with colored latex or colored epoxy paint prior to dissection in order to reveal cerebral vasculature; ten processed heads were chem ...201931333420
rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato from dogs and dromedary camels in riyadh, saudi arabia: low prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in dogs detected using multiplexed tandem pcr panel.despite the global distribution of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) sensu lato (s.l.), limited information exists about their identity from the arabian peninsula. ticks from free roaming urban dogs and dromedary camels in riyadh, saudi arabia were morphologically identified, confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and characterised at mitochondrial dna (cox1, 12s rdna and 16s rdna). a total of 186 ticks were collected from 65 free roaming dogs (n = 73) and 84 dr ...201931332102
improving specific detection and updating phylogenetic data related to anaplasma platys-like strains infecting camels (camelus dromedarius) and their ticks.in camels and their infesting ectoparasites, specific detection of pathogenic anaplasma platys and genetically related strains (a. platys-like strains) remains problematic. this requires sequencing of the hemi-nested pcr products specific to a. platys and related strains. in this study, a pcr/rflp method, earlier developed for specific detection of a. platys-like strains in animal species other than camels, was adapted in order to subtype a. platys-like strains isolated from camels and their tic ...201931327747
risk factors for fatal middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in saudi arabia: analysis of the who line list, 2013-2018.objectives. to explore complex associations among demographic factors, risk factors, health care, and fatality rates of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the kingdom of saudi arabia.methods. we based this study on analysis of a publicly accessible line listing of 1256 mers-cov cases (2013 to october 2018) available on the world health organization's web site. for analyses of demographic factors (e.g., age, gender), access to health care, promptness of laboratory services ...201931318592
failure to detect mers-cov rna in urine of naturally infected dromedary camels. 201931305027
correction to: factors affecting reproductive performance in dromedary camel herds in saudi arabia.this article was originally published with incorrect affiliation 1. the correction affiliation is presented below.201931289966
cellular and molecular adaptation of arabian camel to heat stress.to cope with the extreme heat stress and drought of the desert, the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) has developed exceptional physiological and biochemical particularities. previous reports focused mainly on the physiological features of arabian camel and neglected its cellular and molecular characteristics. heat shock proteins are suggested to play a key role in the protein homeostasis and thermotolerance. therefore, we aim by this review to elucidate the implication of camel hsps in its ph ...201931275361
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedaries in ethiopia is antigenically different from the middle east isolate emc.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the mers coronavirus (mers-cov). mers has been endemic to saudi arabia since 2012. the reservoir of mers-cov is the dromedary camel, suggesting that mers is primarily a zoonotic disease. mers-cov is common in dromedaries throughout the middle east, north africa, and east africa as evidenced by neutralizing antibodies against mers-cov; however, human cases have remained limited to the middle east. to better under ...201931275264
serological evidence of mers-cov and hku8-related cov co-infection in kenyan camels.dromedary camels are important reservoir hosts of various coronaviruses, including middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) that cause human infections. cov genomes regularly undergo recombination during infection as observed in bat sars-related covs. here we report for the first time that only a small proportion of mers-cov receptor-binding domain positive (rbd) of spike protein positive camel sera in kenya were also seropositive to mers-cov nucleocapsid (np). in contrast, many o ...201931645223
chemical composition and quality characteristics of meat in three one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) breeds as affected by muscle type and post-mortem storage period.the influence of muscle type and postmortem storage period on meat chemical composition and quality attributes of three breeds of camels (baladi saudi, pakistani, and somali) were investigated in this study. crude fat and ash content were significantly higher in the pakistani than in the baladi saudi and somali breeds, except for higher moisture content observed in the somali breed. the longissimus lumborum (ll) and semimembranosus (sm) muscles had a greater crude protein than the biceps femoris ...201931635171
genome diversity and signatures of selection for production and performance traits in dromedary camels.dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) are single-humped animals found throughout the deserts of africa, the arabian peninsula, and the southwest of asia. this well-adapted species is mainly used for milk and meat production, although some specific types exhibit superior running performance and are used in racing competitions. however, neither performance nor production camels are bred under intensive genomic selection programs with specific aims to improve these traits. in this study, the full ...201931608121
evaluation of serological responses in horses challenged with burkholderia pseudomallei using current diagnostic tests for glanders.six horses were challenged experimentally with a strain of burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from a fatal case of the infection in a dromedary camel years earlier in the emirate of dubai. three horses were inoculated subcutaneously and in 3 the bacterium was administered by the oral route. four of the horses became serologically positive based on reactions to one or more of the oie described tests for glanders. b. pseudomallei was re-isolated from the 4 serological positive horses. only one of ...201931599551
sedative, analgesic, behavioral and clinical effects of intravenous nalbuphine-xylazine combination in camels (camelus dromedarius).this study examined the sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of a combination of xylazine (xy) and nalbuphine-xylazine (na-xy) in camels. a total of five adult camels were used in a prospective randomized cross-over design with a wash out period of two weeks. camels were allocated randomly to two treatment groups: the xy group (xylazine, 1.1ml/100 kg iv) and the na-xy group (xylazine, 1.1ml/100 kg iv and nalbuphine, 1 mg/kg iv). the sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical ...201931565898
casein gene cluster in camelids: comparative genome analysis and new findings on haplotype variability and physical mapping.the structure of casein genes has been fully understood in llamas, whereas in other camelids, this information is still incomplete. in fact, structure and polymorphisms have been identified in three (csn1s1, αs1-cn; csn2, β-cn; csn3, κ-cn) out of four casein genes, whereas controversial information is available for the csn1s2 (αs2-cn) in terms of structure and genetic diversity. data from the genome analysis, whose assembly is available for feral camel, bactrian, dromedary, and alpaca, can contr ...201931555318
immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of the seasonal changes in the epididymal epithelium of camel (camelus dromedarius).in order to evaluate the influence of reproductive activity on the functional role of the epididymal epithelium in the egyptian dromedary camel, connexin-43 (cx-43), vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf), and androgen receptor (ar) immunoreactivity in the epididymal epithelium and the fine structure of the principal, dark, basal, apical, and halo cells were investigated. the secretory activity of the principal cells was amplified in the breeding season, while its endocytotic function became ...201931547896
force of infection of middle east respiratory syndrome in dromedary camels in kenya.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic disease transmitted from dromedary camels to people, which can result in outbreaks with human-to-human transmission. because it is a subclinical infection in camels, epidemiological measures other than prevalence are challenging to assess. this study estimated the force of infection (foi) of mers-cov in camel populations from age-stratified serological data. a cross-sectional study of mers-cov was conducted in kenya from july ...201931547888
comparative analysis of camelid mitochondrial genomes.camelus dromedarius has played a pivotal role in both culture and way of life in the arabian peninsula, particularly in arid regions where other domestic animals cannot be easily domesticated. although, the mitochondrial genomes have recently been sequenced for several camelid species, wider phylogenetic studies are yet to be performed. the features of conserved gene elements, rapid evolutionary rate, and rare recombination make the mitochondrial genome a useful molecular marker for phylogenetic ...201931544791
artificial insemination with fresh, liquid stored and frozen thawed semen in dromedary camels.this study was conducted to evaluate various factors affecting fertility following insemination of dromedary camels. in experiment 1, camels were either bred by natural mating (nm) or inseminated in the body of uterus with whole, split (50:50) or 1 ml of undiluted ejaculate. in experiment 2, camels were inseminated with fresh diluted semen either in the body of the uterus or tip of the uterine horn and at either the time of ovulation induction (0 h), 24 or 30 h later. in experiment 3, camels wer ...201931697770
a review of asymptomatic and subclinical middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections.the epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) since 2012 has been largely characterized by recurrent zoonotic spillover from dromedary camels followed by limited human-to-human transmission, predominantly in health-care settings. the full extent of infection of mers-cov is not clear, nor is the extent and/or role of asymptomatic infections in transmission. we conducted a review of molecular and serological investigations through pubmed and embase from september 2012 ...201931781765
enzootic patterns of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in imported african and local arabian dromedary camels: a prospective genomic study.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen endemic to the arabian peninsula. dromedary camels are a likely source of infection and the virus probably originated in africa. we studied the genetic diversity, geographical structure, infection prevalence, and age-associated prevalence among camels at the largest entry port of camels from africa into the arabian peninsula.201931843456
performance of an immunochromatographic test (ict) in comparison to some commonly used serological tests for the diagnosis of brucellosis in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).serological tests may represent an essential tool for the diagnosis of camel brucellosis; however, concerns arise in the scientific community regarding the direct transposition from cattle and small ruminants without adequate validation. the present study was made to compare four serological tests for the diagnosis of brucellosis in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). in terms of sensitivity, our results show that the immunochromatographic test (ict) shows the higher value of sensitivity, 98 ...201931757071
efficiency of commercial egg yolk-free and egg yolk-supplemented tris-based extenders for dromedary camel semen cryopreservation.this study compared the efficiency of commercial egg yolk-free (andromed, optixcell) and egg yolk-supplemented (triladyl, steridyl) tris-based extenders for semen cryopreservation in seven adult dromedary camels. the camel-specific extender shotor was used as control. the collected semen samples were evaluated and diluted with shotor, triladyl, steridyl, andromed, or optixcell. the diluted semen was gradually cooled and equilibrated for two hours before liquid nitrogen freezing. semen was evalua ...201931752406
protozoan and helminthes parasites endorsed by imported camels (camel dromedaries) to egypt.the prevalence and species spectrum of some blood and intestinal parasites affecting imported camels was studied on a total of 120 clinically suspected camels (males) imported to egypt from sudan during the period from january till july 2016 in abu-simbel quarantine station, aswan governorate. blood and fecal samples were collected from all camels under the study. the fecal samples were collected and examined by sedimentation-floatation techniques for detection of parasitic eggs/oocysts. coprolo ...201931749532
investigation of rumen fermentation parameters and some blood metabolites of dromedary camels fed with c3 and c4 forages.the aim of this experiment was to investigate rumen fermentation and some blood parameters of dromedary camels fed with c3 and c4 forage. four fistulated dromedary adult camels were fed with diets as a changeover design, 30 days for each period. the diets included alfalfa hay + wheat straw (c3 forage) and atriplex+ suaeda + seidlitzia (c4 forage). at the end of the experiment, rumen and blood parameters, gas production of wheat straw and atriplex as a 2 × 2 factorial experiment were determined. ...201931737234
corrigendum to "survival, re-expansion, and pregnancy outcome following vitrification of dromedary camel cloned blastocysts: a possible role of vitrification in improving clone pregnancy rate by weeding out poor competent embryos" [cryobiology 90 (2019) 75-82]. 201931733790
evaluation of laboratory application of camelid sera containing heavy-chain polyclonal antibody against recombinant cytotoxic t-lymphocyte-associated protein-4.cytotoxic t-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (ctla-4) is a critical negative immunomodulatory receptor that is normally expressed in activated t cells and noticeably, in many cancerous cells. indeed, molecular detection of ctla-4 protein is crucial in basic research. in this work, the extracellular domain of the human ctla-4 (hctla-4) protein was cloned, expressed, and purified. subsequently, this protein was used as an antigen for camel (camelus dromedarius) immunization to obtain polyclonal cam ...201931718460
humoral immunogenicity and efficacy of a single dose of chadox1 mers vaccine candidate in dromedary camels.mers-cov seronegative and seropositive camels received a single intramuscular dose of chadox1 mers, a replication-deficient adenoviral vectored vaccine expressing mers-cov spike protein, with further groups receiving control vaccinations. infectious camels with active naturally acquired mers-cov infection, were co-housed with the vaccinated camels at a ratio of 1:2 (infected:vaccinated); nasal discharge and virus titres were monitored for 14 days. overall, the vaccination reduced virus shedding ...201931705137
parasitological, serological and molecular survey of camel trypanosomiasis in somalia.camel trypanosomiasis or surra is of great concern in somalia, since the country possesses the largest one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the world. civil war in somalia has resulted in the destruction of educational, research, economic and social structures, making the country scores very low for most humanitarian indicators. previous studies on detection of trypanosoma species in somali camels have only been performed during the 1990s using standard trypanosome detection meth ...201931864389
salmonella enterica and theileria co-infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in uae.despite a steady increase in camel husbandry worldwide, pathology of camel diseases is still relatively under-investigated. clinical hematuria is generally indicative of either acute or chronic urogenital inflammations, traumatic calculous injuries, cancers, corrosive poisonings. infectious agents are not typically implicated in urinary tract infection of camels.201931998621
evidence of peste des petits ruminants' virus in dromedary camels in the kingdom of saudi arabia between 2014 and 2016.infection with the peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is a highly devastating viral infection of small ruminants. dromedary camels live in close proximity of small ruminants in arabian peninsula (ap) and many other regions in the world. little is known about the reasons behind continuous pprv emergence in saudi arabia (ksa). our objective was to test some dromedary camel population across the kingdom for the presence of specific pprv antibodies. our results show detection of specific pprv a ...201932089813
foot and mouth disease virus serological study of dromedary camels in oman.the potential role of camels in the epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in oman was investigated. sera from local dromedaries (n = 151) that graze with animals (cattle and small ruminants) positive for foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-structural protein antibody (nsp-ab) were tested for the detection of fmdv nsp-ab. the samples were tested using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) , a rapid immunochromatographic assay and a solid-phase celisa for the det ...201932286571
the camel adaptive immune receptors repertoire as a singular example of structural and functional genomics.the adaptive immune receptors repertoire is highly plastic, with its ability to produce antigen-binding molecules and select those with high affinity for their antigen. species have developed diverse genetic and structural strategies to create their respective repertoires required for their survival in the different environments. camelids, until now, considered as a case of evolutionary innovation because of their only heavy-chain antibodies, represent a new mammalian model particularly useful f ...201931681428
natural killer cell receptor genes in camels: another mammalian model.due to production of special homodimeric heavy chain antibodies, somatic hypermutation of their t-cell receptor genes and unusually low diversity of their major histocompatibility complex genes, camels represent an important model for immunogenetic studies. here, we analyzed genes encoding selected natural killer cell receptors with a special focus on genes encoding receptors for major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i ligands in the two domestic camel species, camelus dromedarius and cam ...201931312212
comparative analysis of the trb locus in the camelus genus.t cells can be separated into two major subsets based on the heterodimer that forms their t cell receptors. αβ t cells have receptors consisting of α and β chains, while γδ t cells are composed of γ and δ chains. αβ t cells play an essential role within the adaptive immune responses against pathogens. the recent genomic characterization of the camelus dromedarius t cell receptor β (trb) locus has allowed us to infer the structure of this locus from the draft genome sequences of its wild and dome ...201931231418
bactrian camels shed large quantities of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) after experimental infection.in 2012, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged. to date, more than 2300 cases have been reported, with an approximate case fatality rate of 35%. epidemiological investigations identified dromedary camels as the source of mers-cov zoonotic transmission and evidence of mers-cov circulation has been observed throughout the original range of distribution. other new-world camelids, alpacas and llamas, are also susceptible to mers-cov infection. currently, it is unknown wheth ...201931119984
molecular characterization, bioinformatic analysis, and expression profile of lin-28 gene and its protein from arabian camel (camelus dromedarius).lin-28 is an rna-binding protein that is known for its role in promoting the pluripotency of stem cells. in the present study, arabian camel lin-28 (clin-28) cdna was identified and analyzed. full length clin-28 mrna was obtained using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). it was shown to be 715 bp in length, and the open reading frame (orf) encoded 205 amino acids. the molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point (pi) of the clin-28 protein were predicted to be 22. ...201931075852
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