Publications

virally-vectored vaccine candidates against white-nose syndrome induce anti-fungal immune response in little brown bats (myotis lucifugus).	white-nose syndrome (wns) caused by the fungus, pseudogymnoascus destructans (pd) has killed millions of north american hibernating bats. currently, methods to prevent the disease are limited. we conducted two trials to assess potential wns vaccine candidates in wild-caught myotis lucifugus. in a pilot study, we immunized bats with one of four vaccine treatments or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) as a control and challenged them with pd upon transfer into hibernation chambers. bats in one vaccin ...	2019	31043669
biotic factors influencing the unexpected distribution of a humboldt marten (martes caurina humboldtensis) population in a young coastal forest.	pacific martens (martes caurina) are often associated with mature forests with complex structure for denning, resting, and efficient hunting. nonetheless, a small isolated population of the humboldt subspecies of pacific martens (martes caurina humboldtensis) occupies a narrow strip of young, coastal forest (< 70 years old) but not inland mature forest in the central oregon coast range. we examined factors contributing to this unexpected distribution of martens by 1) analyzing marten diets using ...	2019	31042737
infection of eight mesocarnivores in new hampshire and vermont with a distinct clade of canine distemper virus in 2016-2017.	three fishers (martes pennanti), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), 1 mink (neovison vison), 1 skunk (mephitis mephitis), and 1 raccoon (procyon lotor), from vermont and new hampshire, had lesions on autopsy consistent with canine distemper virus (cdv) infections diagnosed in a 12-mo period in 2016-2017. lesions of cdv infection were most commonly noted in the lungs (8 of 8 animals), urothelium (5 of 8), biliary tract (5 of 8), gastrointestinal tract (4 of 7), and brain (4 of 6). splenic l ...	2019	31023162
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild carnivores in north-eastern poland.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate parasitic intracellular bacterium. it is the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, with effects on human and animal health. in europe, the pathogen is mainly transmitted among a wide range of vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking arthropods. the aim of this study was to determine the presence of a. phagocytophilum in wild carnivores, viz raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), badgers (meles meles), foxes (vulpes vulpes), martens (martes sp.) and eur ...	2019	31590678
the potential role of scavengers in spreading african swine fever among wild boar.	understanding the transmission patterns of african swine fever (asf) among wild boar (sus scrofa) is an issue of major interest, especially in the wake of the current asf epidemic. given the high stability of asf-virus, there is concern about scavengers spreading infectious carcass material in the environment. here, we describe scavenging activities on 32 wild boar carcasses in their natural habitat in germany. using digital cameras, we detected 22 vertebrates at the study sites, thereof two mam ...	2019	31391480
dietary probiotics have different effects on the composition of fecal microbiota in farmed raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) and silver fox (vulpes vulpes fulva).	the abuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry imposes a serious threat to both animal health and the environment. as a replacement for antibiotics, probiotic products have been widely used in livestock farming to promote growth of animals. however, no products specifically developed for farmed raccoon dogs and foxes are commercially available at the moment. this study was conducted to investigate the effects of mixed probiotics on farmed raccoon dogs and foxes.	2019	31126241
inner mongolia: a potential portal for the spread of rabies to western china.	in recent years, the number of human rabies cases in china has decreased annually. however, some western provinces with no human cases for more than 10 years have begun to report rabies cases, and all of the rabies lineages that circulated in western china were found in inner mongolia as well. in this study, we generated a phylogenetic tree with all the inner mongolia rabies strains available in genbank and our laboratory, as well as strains from western china and representative viruses from nei ...	2019	30020856
detection and prevalence of babesia spp. in american black bears (ursus americanus) from eastern and western north carolina, usa.	blood samples collected from american black bears (ursus americanus) in eastern and western north carolina, us, were analyzed for piroplasms. piroplasmids were detected in 17% (23/132) of the animals surveyed. we detected a babesia spp. previously identified in north american raccoons (procyon lotor) and a maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus); prevalence was 22% (14/64) and 13% (9/68) in the mountain and coastal black bear populations, respectively. the presence of the same babesia species in blac ...	2019	30694717
<i>toxoplasma gondii</i> infection in selected species of free-living animals in poland.	free-living animals can play an important role as a reservoir of <i>toxoplasma gondi</i>;, however, data concerning this issue in poland are still limited.the aim of study was to assess the occurrence of <i>t. gondii</i> infection by using molecular methods in free-living animals in selected regions of poland.	2019	31885241
the complete mitochondrial genome of sarcoptes scabiei var. nyctereutis from the japanese raccoon dog: prediction and detection of two transfer rnas (trna-a and trna-y).	sarcoptes scabiei (acari: sarcoptidae) causes a common contagious skin disease that affects many mammals. here, the complete mitochondrial genome of a mite, s. scabiei var. nyctereutis, from japanese wild raccoon dogs was analyzed. the 13,837bp circular genome contained 13 protein-coding genes, two rrna genes, and 22 trna genes. for the first time, two trnas (alanine and tyrosine), that were thought to be absent in scabies mites from other animals, were predicted to have short, non-cloverleaf st ...	2019	30223010
the host age related occurrence of alaria alata in wild canids in latvia.	the trematode alaria alata has a complex life cycle in which carnivore mammals may become infected by feeding on mesocercariae-infected, second intermediate hosts or paratenic hosts. afterwards, young flukes migrate through various organs of the definitive host, including the diaphragm and the lungs, before reaching the small intestine. the aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence and infection intensity of a. alata in carnivore mammals, the host age and related occurrence of dif ...	2018	30218314
additional progress in the development and application of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis.	laboratory-based surveillance is fundamental to effective rabies prevention and control. the direct fluorescent antibody (ab) test (fat) is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis. recently, additional tests besides the fat have been developed, such as the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (drit). in this study, our objective was to further refine technical aspects of the drit using a combination of two monoclonal abs (mabs), 502 and 802, conduct additional testing among rabies reference labo ...	2018	29925781
microsatellite dna analysis reveals lower than expected genetic diversity in the threatened leopard cat (prionailurus bengalensis) in south korea.	to optimize conservation efforts, it is necessary to determine the risk of extinction by collecting reliable population information for a given species. we developed eight novel, polymorphic microsatellite markers and used these markers in conjunction with twelve existing markers to measure genetic diversity of south korean populations of leopard cat (prionailurus bengalensis), a species for which population size and habitat area data are unknown in the country, to assess its conservation status ...	2018	29892957
genetic diversity and population structure of east asian raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides): genetic features in central and marginal populations.	the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) is endemic to east asia but has been introduced in europe. its high adaptability enabled its rapid colonization of european countries, where population growth has been raising concerns regarding ecosystem disturbance and the spread of zoonotic diseases. the genetic diversity and structure of endemic, source, and introduced populations from seven locations across south korea, china, russian far east, finland (spread to finland after introduction to europ ...	2018	29882500
efficacy of ontario rabies vaccine baits (onrab) against rabies infection in raccoons.	in the us, rabies lyssavirus (rabv) only circulates in wildlife species and the most significant reservoir from a public and animal health perspective is the raccoon (procyon lotor). management of wildlife rabies relies principally on oral rabies vaccination (orv) strategies using vaccine-laden bait delivery to free-ranging target hosts, in order to reduce the susceptible population to prevent the spread of and eliminate rabv circulation. our objective was to evaluate efficacy of the ontario rab ...	2018	30037482
enhanced access to anthropogenic food waste is related to hyperglycemia in raccoons (procyon lotor).	urban landscapes have well-known effects on wildlife populations. many species of urban wildlife feed on anthropogenic food wastes, and little is known regarding the sub-lethal physiological consequences of this novel diet. we use samples from three populations of raccoons to test the hypothesis that access to anthropogenic food waste will lead to elevated body mass, blood glucose and serum leptin. each population varied in their presumed access to food waste. we found that raccoons from the sit ...	2018	29992022
prevalence, distribution, and risk factors associated with macracanthorhynchus ingens infections in raccoons from ontario, canada.	macracanthorhynchus ingens is an acanthocephalan parasite commonly found in raccoons ( procyon lotor) in the united states. little is known, however, about the prevalence and distribution of m. ingens in raccoons in canada. our objective was to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors associated with m. ingens infection in raccoons in southern ontario, canada. raccoon carcasses submitted to the ontario/nunavut region of the canadian wildlife health cooperative for post mortem f ...	2018	29979639
geography but not alternative host species explain the spread of raccoon rabies virus in vermont.	in north america, the raccoon-associated variant of rabies virus (rrv) is of special concern, given its relatively rapid spread throughout the eastern usa and its potential public health impact due to high raccoon host densities in urban areas. northward expansion of this epizootic included an outbreak in the canadian province of quebec in 2006-2009 due to trans-border spread from the state of vermont. to inform a more proactive approach to future control efforts, this study uses phylogenetic an ...	2018	29941066
a descriptive analysis of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis data: 2013, ontario, canada.	by 2013, the number of confirmed rabid animals in ontario had decreased to unprecedented low numbers, yet the expected decrease in the number of courses of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (rpep) administered did not occur consistent with the decrease in animal rabies cases (figure ). this prompted a review of the reasons that rpep was administered in ontario. this study provides a descriptive analysis of the exposure incidents resulting in rpep administration in ontario during 2013 using data o ...	2018	29027355
baylisascaris procyonis exposure case study.	we report a case of exposure to raccoon feces found to be contaminated with baylisascaris procyonis. the exposure was recognized early enough by the family to allow prophylaxis with albendazole. because of the potential fatal or neurologically catastrophic effects of this disease immediate treatment is indicated. this is started in advance of environmental studies that are done to determine if the feces is indeed contaminated.	2018	29368826
research trends and geographical distribution of mammalian carnivores in portugal (sw europe).	information regarding species' status at a regional scale is instrumental for effective conservation planning. some regions of southwestern europe, such as portugal, albeit included in the mediterranean biodiversity hotspot, lack a detailed assessment of the distribution patterns of several taxonomic groups, such as carnivores. moreover, information is scattered, often unreliable and biased towards some species or regions. this study aimed at reviewing the existing knowledge on mammalian terrest ...	2018	30496223
transuterine infection by baylisascaris transfuga: neurological migration and fatal debilitation in sibling moose calves (alces alces gigas) from alaska.	larval baylisascaris nematodes (l3), resulting from transuterine infection and neural migration, were discovered in the cerebrum of sibling moose calves (alces alces gigas) near 1-3 days in age from alaska. we provide the first definitive identification, linking morphology, biogeography, and molecular phylogenetics, of baylisascaris transfuga in naturally infected ungulates. life history and involvement of paratenic hosts across a broader assemblage of mammals, from rodents to ungulates, in the ...	2018	30094177
the prevalence and correlates of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in non-target predators and scavengers in finland.	the most common rodent control method worldwide is anticoagulant rodenticides (ars), which cause death by internal bleeding. ars can transfer to non-target predators via secondary exposure, i.e. by consuming contaminated rodents. here we quantify the prevalence of seven ar substances in the liver tissues of altogether 17 mammalian or avian predator or scavenger species in finland. in addition, we identify the environmental and biological factors potentially linked to secondary ar poisoning. no p ...	2018	29913365
in vivo safety studies with spbn gasgas in the frame of oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies.	in order to obtain marketing authorization for an oral rabies vaccine in the european union, not only safety studies in the target species, red fox and raccoon dog, are required. since baits are distributed unsupervised in the environment, specific safety studies in selected non-target species are compulsory. furthermore, oral rabies vaccines are based on live, replication-competent viruses and thus distinct safety studies in the target species for such type of vaccines are also mandatory. here, ...	2018	29868616
echinococcus multilocularis in denmark 2012-2015: high local prevalence in red foxes.	in western europe, the echinococcus multilocularis lifecycle is predominantly sylvatic, typically involving red foxes (vulpes vulpes) as the main definitive hosts with microtus spp. and arvicola spp. as intermediate hosts. during a 4-year surveillance study (2012-2015), danish red foxes and raccoon dogs (n = 1345) were examined for e. multilocularis. moreover, 134 insectivores and rodents collected in south jutland during spring and summer 2016 were examined for the presence of metacestodes. the ...	2018	29858941
molecular epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and ehrlichia canis in wildlife in madrid (central spain).	wildlife species are involved in the transmission of diverse pathogens. this study aimed to monitor raccoons (procyon lotor), american minks (neovison vison), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) as potential reservoirs in central spain. specifically, 200 spleen and fecal samples (from 194 raccoons, 3 minks, and 3 foxes) were analyzed molecularly by pcr/qpcr and sequencing for the presence of piroplasmids, hepatozoon spp., toxoplasma gondii, and ehrlichia canis infections in the community of madrid (sp ...	2018	29777337
the role of modelling in predicting rabies and understanding the impact of control measures.	rabies is probably the most commonly modelled disease as both its epidemiology and host dynamics are well understood. models are simplifications of reality and there are different approaches to achieving these representations. over time, modelling has moved from simple mathematical methods towards more realistic biological models that incorporate spatial and individual variation. in this article, the author reviews models that have increased our understanding of actions taken to manage disease. ...	2018	30747126
prevalence of capillaria plica in danish wild carnivores.	capillaria plica is a parasitic nematode belonging to the family capillariidae. the adult parasites reside in the urinary tract of wild and domestic canines. the infection is most often asymptomatic, but can cause a wide range of symptoms including urinary bladder inflammation, pollacisuria, dysuria and hematuria. canines acquire the infection by ingesting the intermediate host, the earthworm (lumbricidae). epidemiological studies on c. plica infection in wildlife are few and only one previous d ...	2018	30302310
sequencing of supernumerary chromosomes of red fox and raccoon dog confirms a non-random gene acquisition by b chromosomes.	b chromosomes (bs) represent a variable addition to the main karyotype in some lineages of animals and plants. bs accumulate through non-mendelian inheritance and become widespread in populations. despite the presence of multiple genes, most bs lack specific phenotypic effects, although their influence on host genome epigenetic status and gene expression are recorded. previously, using sequencing of isolated bs of ruminants and rodents, we demonstrated that bs originate as segmental duplications ...	2018	30103445
molecular evidence of babesia species in procyon cancrivorus (carnivora, procyonidae) in uruguay.	the crab-eating raccoon (procyon cancrivorus) is a carnivore widely distributed from southern central america to all south american countries except chile. in the southern cone of america, p. cancrivorus has been found parasitized by several amblyomma spp. particularly, in uruguay, a. aureolatum is the only tick found in this wild carnivore. piroplasmid hemoparasites were found in procyon lotor from north america and japan. in this work, molecular evidence babesia sp. dna was found in blood and ...	2018	31014881
dracunculus infections in domestic dogs and cats in north america; an under-recognized parasite?	we reviewed 62 new cases and 18 published reports of dracunculus infections in domestic dogs and cats to describe the epidemiology of this parasite in dogs and cats in north america. we collected host and parasite data when available, including age, sex, and breed of dog, nematode location in the host, and any clinical signs at presentation and/or description of the apparent lesion. for dogs, infections were noted in six of the akc breed groups, but none was reported from the toy group or the mi ...	2018	31014864
field trials of ontario rabies vaccine bait in the northeastern usa, 2012-14.	in the us, rabies virus (rv) has been enzootic in raccoons ( procyon lotor) since the late 1940s. oral rabies vaccination (orv) was implemented in the 1990s to halt the spread of raccoon rv and continues to be used as a wildlife management tool. our objective was to evaluate a recombinant human adenovirus-rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine in northern new york, vermont, and new hampshire over a 3-yr period, using changes in rv neutralizing antibody (rvna) seroprevalence in raccoon populations as ...	2018	29792757
first detection of influenza a virus genes from wild raccoons in japan.	serological surveys have shown that wild raccoons are exposed to influenza a viruses (iavs); however, no genetic evidence for this iav infection has been found. in the present study, we first detected iav genes in wild raccoons captured during periods other than the wintering season of migratory waterfowl and epidemic season of influenza in japan. viral matrix (m) and nucleoprotein (np) genes were detected by a conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay from three sucklin ...	2018	29740778
complex and dynamic interactions between parvovirus capsids, transferrin receptors, and antibodies control cell infection and host range.	antibody and receptor binding are key virus-host interactions that control host range and determine the success of infection. canine and feline parvovirus capsids bind the transferrin receptor type 1 (tfr) to enter host cells, and specific structural interactions appear necessary to prepare the stable capsids for infection. here, we define the details of binding, competition, and occupancy of wild-type and mutant parvovirus capsids with purified receptors and antibodies. tfr-capsid binding inter ...	2018	29695427
first detection of trichinella pseudospiralis infection in raccoon (procyon lotor) in central europe.	the raccoon (procyon lotor) is a north american carnivore introduced to europe in the 20th century. raccoons are believed to be the potential hosts of many parasites, or to be involved in their transmission to other animals. nematodes of the genus trichinella can infect many carnivorous and omnivorous animals worldwide. the aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of trichinella spp. infection in raccoons in central europe. muscle samples were collected from various regions of po ...	2018	29656995
molecular and serological surveillance of hepatitis e virus in wild and domestic carnivores in brandenburg, germany.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic virus which circulates in pigs and wild boars as main reservoir species. to reveal the infection rate in carnivores, we have carried out a monitoring study of raccoons, raccoon dogs, dogs and cats sampled in brandenburg, germany. in summary, 53.8% (43 of 80) of the raccoons, 34.3% (25 of 73) of the raccoon dogs, 56.6% (47 of 83) of dogs and 32.3% (21 of 65) of cats were tested positive for hev-specific antibodies. no viral rna could be detected. this first d ...	2018	29655214
chemical structures of oligosaccharides in milk of the raccoon (procyon lotor).	in this study on milk saccharides of the raccoon (procyonidae: carnivora), free lactose was found to be a minor constituent among a variety of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides, which predominated over lactose. the milk oligosaccharides were isolated from the carbohydrate fractions of each of four samples of raccoon milk and their chemical structures determined by 1h-nmr and maldi-tof mass spectroscopies. the structures of the four neutral milk oligosaccharides were fuc(α1-2)gal(β1-4)glc (2'-f ...	2018	29644514
evaluation of movement behaviors to inform toxic baiting strategies for invasive wild pigs (sus scrofa).	invasive wild pigs damage agriculture, property, and natural ecosystems. to curtail damage, an effective and humane toxic bait containing microencapsulated sodium nitrite is under development. strategies for delivering the toxic bait are needed to establish adequate spacing of bait sites, and for simultaneously accustoming wild pigs to the novel bait and wild pig-specific bait stations designed to exclude non-target species.	2018	29624855
fruit traits and temporal abundance shape plant-frugivore interaction networks in a seasonal tropical forest.	interactions between fleshy fruited plants and frugivores are crucial for the structuring and functioning of biotic communities, particularly in tropical forests where both groups are diverse and play different roles in network organization. however, it remains poorly understood how different groups of frugivore species and fruit traits contribute to network structure. we recorded interactions among 28 plant species and three groups of frugivores (birds, bats, and non-flying mammals) in a season ...	2018	29610984
the occurrence of anaplasmataceae in european populations of invasive carnivores.	the raccoon (procyon lotor) and the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) belong to a group of the invasive species. the introduced species as potential reservoirs for vector-borne pathogens have been the subject of recent research, though there are still no data with reference to the european population of the raccoon, and few studies concern only the raccoon dog. this study shows the occurrence of anaplasmataceae representatives in raccoons and a sympatric population of the raccoon dogs obtai ...	2018	29606620
raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis) as an occupational hazard: 2. use of personal protective equipment and infection control practices among raccoon rehabilitators.	baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, is a zoonotic ascarid of importance to human and animal health. wildlife rehabilitators who care for raccoons may be at an increased risk for exposure to the parasite, especially if proper precautions are not taken. in a wider effort to evaluate awareness regarding b. procyonis in the wildlife rehabilitation community, an online survey (38-39 questions) including questions about b. procyonis knowledge and attitudes was developed and administered to ...	2018	29603886
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2016.	objective to describe rabies and rabies-related events occurring during 2016 in the united states. design observational study based on passive surveillance data. animals all animals submitted for rabies testing in the united states during 2016. procedures state and territorial public health programs provided data on animals submitted for rabies testing in 2016. data were analyzed temporally and geographically to assess trends in domestic and sylvatic animal rabies cases. results during 2016, 50 ...	2018	29595389
genetic polymorphism of baylisascaris procyonis in host infrapopulations and component populations in the central usa.	baylisascaris procyonis is a nematode of significant concern to public and domestic animal health as well as wildlife management. the population genetics of b. procyonis is poorly understood. to gain insights into patterns of genetic diversity within (infrapopulation level) and among (component population level) raccoon (procyon lotor) hosts, and specifically to assess the relative importance of indirect and direct transmission of the parasite for explaining observed population structure, we col ...	2018	29577988
measuring short distance dispersal of alliaria petiolata and determining potential long distance dispersal mechanisms.	alliaria petiolata, an herbaceous plant, has invaded woodlands in north america. its ecology has been thoroughly studied, but an overlooked aspect of its biology is seed dispersal distances and mechanisms. we measured seed dispersal distances in the field and tested if epizoochory is a potential mechanism for long-distance seed dispersal.	2018	29576955
raccoon eye appearance: amyloidosis.		2018	29550357
elliptical fourier descriptors of outline and morphological analysis in caudal view of foramen magnum of the tropical raccoon (procyon cancrivorus) (linnaeus, 1758).	to evaluate sexual-size dimorphism and attempt at categorization of inter-individual shapes of foramen magnum outlines using fourier descriptors which allow for shape outline evaluations with a resultant specimen character definition.	2018	29519615
supplementing non-target taxa: bird feeding alters the local distribution of mammals.	although the effects of bird feeding on avian species have been extensively examined, few studies evaluate the indirect effects of bird feeding on non-target taxa. bird seed could provide direct nourishment to several mammalian species (e.g., lagomorpha, rodentia, and cetartiodactyla), potentially altering their distribution and behavior with possible unintended consequences for some avian populations, particularly those not directly benefiting from the resource. to examine how bird feeders may ...	2018	29509299
molecular detection of anaplasma, bartonella, and borrelia theileri in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in korea.	anaplasmosis, cat-scratch disease, and lyme disease are emerging vector-borne infectious diseases in korea. although the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens (vbps) in domestic animals and vector arthropods has been documented, there is limited information on the presence of vbps in wild animals. the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), a wild canid found in east asia and europe, represents a potential wildlife reservoir for zoonotic diseases. to investigate the prevalence of vbps in raccoon ...	2018	29436346
proteome-wide comparison between the amino acid composition of domains and linkers.	amino acid composition is a sequence feature that has been extensively used to characterize proteomes of many species and protein families. yet the analysis of amino acid composition of protein domains and the linkers connecting them has received less attention. here, we perform both a comprehensive full-proteome amino acid composition analysis and a similar analysis focusing on domains and linkers, to uncover domain- or linker-specific differential amino acid usage patterns.	2018	29426365
a comparison of food habits between japanese marten and raccoon dog in western tokyo with reference to fruit use.	we studied the food habits of the japanese marten (martes melampus) and the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procionoides) at the tama forest science garden, western tokyo, japan by fecal analysis in 2014/15. martens were dependent on fruits throughout the year and showed less marked seasonal changes. raccoon dogs were less dependent on fruits than martens were, and more dependent on mammals in spring, insects in summer and winter, and seeds throughout the year. martens fed on more fruits containing tin ...	2018	29417891
raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis) as an occupational hazard: 1. knowledge of b. procyonis and attitudes towards it and other zoonoses among wildlife rehabilitators.	wildlife rehabilitators are at risk of zoonotic diseases because they often have prolonged contact with many species of wildlife and their bodily fluids. raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis) is a common zoonotic parasite of raccoons that has the potential to cause severe or fatal neurologic disease in a broad variety of hosts if the eggs within raccoon faeces are ingested. we administered an online survey to wildlife rehabilitators to assess their knowledge regarding aspects of transmissi ...	2018	29124901
similar yet different: co-analysis of the genetic diversity and structure of an invasive nematode parasite and its invasive mammalian host.	animal parasitic nematodes can cause serious diseases and their emergence in new areas can be an issue of major concern for biodiversity conservation and human health. their ability to adapt to new environments and hosts is likely to be affected by their degree of genetic diversity, with gene flow between distinct populations counteracting genetic drift and increasing effective population size. the raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis), a gastrointestinal parasite of the raccoon (procyon l ...	2018	29102623
raccoon (procyon lotor) biomarker and rabies antibody response to varying oral rabies vaccine bait densities in northwestern pennsylvania.	distribution of oral rabies vaccine baits has been used as a strategy for managing rabies in the united states since the 1990s. since that time, efforts have been made to improve baiting strategies with a focus on bait density to maximize both efficiency and cost effectiveness. an optimal rabies management strategy includes a vaccine bait preferred by the target species that is distributed at the minimal density needed to achieve population immunity to prevent rabies spread. the purpose of our p ...	2018	30211329
rapid therapeutic response of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in a toddler with baylisascaris procyonis infection.	eosinophilic meningitis is an infrequently encountered condition. baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm) infection, rarely diagnosed in north america, is a known cause of eosinophilic meningitis, often producing death or permanent neurologic damage.	2018	30193023
population structure of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) using microsatellite loci analysis in south korea: implications for disease management.	the prevention and control of infectious diseases transmitted by wildlife are gaining importance. to establish effective management strategies, it is essential to understand the population structure of animals. raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in south korea play a key role in the maintenance of food web stability and possess genetic compositions that are unique compared to those in other areas. however, wild raccoon dogs play another role as the main host of various infectious diseases. ...	2018	30185723
heartland virus epidemiology, vector association, and disease potential.	first identified in two missouri farmers exhibiting low white-blood-cell and platelet counts in 2009, heartland virus (hrtv) is genetically closely related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv), a tick-borne phlebovirus producing similar symptoms in china, korea, and japan. field isolations of hrtv from several life stages of unfed, host-seeking amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick, implicated it as a putative vector capable of transstadial transmission. laboratory vec ...	2018	30223439
infestation of introduced raccoons (procyon lotor) with indigenous ixodid ticks on the miura peninsula, kanagawa prefecture, japan.	since the raccoon (procyon lotor) was introduced to japan, studies have established that they are infested with native japanese tick species. however, the quantity of ticks infesting raccoons is unknown. we conducted a survey of ticks on invasive raccoons captured on the miura peninsula, kanagawa prefecture, japan, from april 2015 through june 2016 to determine the species of ticks and to quantify the intensity of tick infestation in order to obtain basal information related to the ecology of ho ...	2018	30294541
survey of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in raccoons (procyon lotor) from the czech republic, germany and poland.	the studies were carried on raccoons from poland, germany and the czech republic. tissue samples from raccoon hearts, lungs and brains were used for molecular examination while meat juice was collected for immunological tests. antibodies against t. gondii were detected in six out of 44 raccoons (13.6%), while t. gondii dna was found in 18 (40.9%). antibodies against n. caninum were found in seven raccoons (15.9%) but no parasite dna was observed in any sample. dna of t. gondii was observed in ra ...	2018	30389011
translocation of a stray cat infected with rabies from north carolina to a terrestrial rabies-free county in ohio, 2017.	on july 24, 2017, the ohio department of health (odh) was notified of a positive rabies test result from a domestic cat in summit county, a county considered free from terrestrial rabies. oral rabies vaccination (orv) of raccoons, in the form of consumable bait, is conducted each year along the ohio-pennsylvania border to prevent the westward expansion of the raccoon rabies virus variant (rvv). in the united states, several distinct rabies virus variants exist; raccoon rvv is enzootic along the ...	2018	30359345
genotyping and pathogenic characterization of canine distemper virus based on mutations in the hemagglutinin gene in chinese domestic dogs.	canine distemper virus (cdv) infects wild and domestic canidae worldwide. the hemag- glutinin (h) gene has the highest genetic variation in the genome of this virus. thus, the h gene is commonly used for lineage identification and genetic analyses. in order to study the genetic characteristics and pathogenicity of cdv strains prevalent in china, 132 samples were collected from domestic dogs with suspected cdv infection, 58 samples were confirmed to be positive, and the h gene was successfully am ...	2018	30468340
mink circovirus can infect minks, foxes and raccoon dogs.		2018	30515648
first report of chlamydia abortus in farmed fur animals.	chlamydia (c.) abortus, a globally distributed obligate intracellular bacterium, has attracted increasing interest according to its veterinary importance and zoonotic nature. c. abortus can infect a variety of animals and cause foetal loss in livestock resulting in economic loss. in this study, the samples collected from two farms of foxes (n=20), raccoon dogs (n=15) and minks (n=20), were investigated by chlamydiaceae- and chlamydia species-specific real-time pcr. the results showed that all th ...	2018	30598995
morphological and molecular characterization of toxocara tanuki (nematoda: ascaridae) from korean raccoon dog, nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis.	present study was performed to describe the morphological and molecular characterization of toxocara tanuki (nematoda: ascaridae) from korean raccoon dog, nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis, naturally infected in the republic of korea (korea). juvenile and adult worms of t. tanuki were recovered in 5 out of 10 raccoon dogs examined and the larval worms were detected in 15 out of 20 muscle samples (75%). small lateral alae were observed on the cranial end of the body in male and female adults and ...	2018	30630277
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2017.	objective to describe rabies and rabies-related events occurring during 2017 in the united states. design cross-sectional analysis of passive surveillance data. animals all animals submitted for laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the united states during 2017. procedures state and territorial public health departments provided data on animals submitted for rabies testing in 2017. data were analyzed temporally and geographically to assess trends in domestic and sylvatic animal rabies cases. result ...	2018	30668262
rabies control in europe: an overview of past, current and future strategies.	europe's step-by-step approach to tackling canine and wildlife-mediated rabies has proven that the disease can be controlled and eliminated at the animal source. a decade of development work and support by the european union has resulted in a successful oral rabies vaccination campaign for foxes and raccoon dogs, and provided the blueprint for eliminating wildlife-mediated rabies. in this paper, the authors examine the historical stages of animal rabies control and its eventual elimination in pa ...	2018	30747138
strategies for controlling dog-mediated human rabies in asia: using 'one health' principles to assess control programmes for rabies.	over 99% of human rabies cases in endemic areas are transmitted by dogs. without the elimination of dog rabies, it is not easy to reduce human rabies infection. controlling dog rabies, especially in ownerless or free-roaming dogs, is critical if we are to decrease the rate of human rabies infection. there are several components in a strategy to eliminate dog-mediated rabies in asia. each government must make sure that rabies is either a reportable disease or a notifiable disease and enforce the ...	2018	30747133
the best smellers make the best choosers: mate choice is affected by female chemosensory receptor gene diversity in a mammal.	the products of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) are known to be drivers of pathogen resistance and sexual selection enhancing offspring genetic diversity. the mhc further influences individual odour types and social communication. however, little is known about the receptors and their volatile ligands that are involved in this type of chemical communication. here, we have investigated chemosensory receptor genes that ultimately enable females to assess male genes through ...	2018	30963892
survey of baylisascaris spp. in eastern tennessee wildlife and detection of baylisascaris spp. eggs in virginia opossum ( didelphis virginiana) feces.	we analyzed 69 eastern tennessee wildlife samples for baylisascaris spp. during 2011. the prevalence of baylisascaris spp. in raccoons ( procyon lotor) was 16% (8/49), an increase compared to previous surveys in this region. one virginia opossum ( didelphis virginiana) had eggs in its feces, indicating that opossums can play a role in baylisascaris spp. transmission.	2018	29902128
trypanosoma cruzi transmission among captive nonhuman primates, wildlife, and vectors.	natural infection of captive nonhuman primates (nhps) with trypanosoma cruzi (agent of chagas disease) is an increasingly recognized problem in facilities across the southern usa, with negative consequences for nhp health and biomedical research. we explored a central texas nhp facility as a nidus of transmission by characterizing parasite discrete typing units (dtu) in seropositive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), identifying the wildlife reservoirs, and characterizing vector infection. in ser ...	2018	29497880
seasonal distribution, blood-feeding habits, and viruses of mosquitoes in an open-faced quarry in connecticut, 2010 and 2011.	seasonal abundance of mosquitoes, their viruses, and blood-feeding habits were determined at an open-faced quarry in north branford, ct, in 2010 and 2011. this unique habitat had not previously been sampled for mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses. thirty species of mosquitoes were identified from 41,719 specimens collected. coquillettidia perturbans, aedes trivittatus, and ae. vexans were the most abundant species and represented 34.5%, 17.7%, and 14.8% of the totals, respectively. jamestown c ...	2018	31442119
introduction and establishment of raccoon rabies on islands: jekyll island, georgia as a case study.	the introduction of rabies virus (rabv) to barrier islands, which are often popular tourist destinations with resource-rich habitats and connectivity and proximity to the mainland, is especially concerning because it can easily become endemic due to factors like dense rabies-vector populations (e.g., raccoons [ procyon lotor]), high inter- and intraspecies contact rates, and anthropogenic activities such as supplemental feeding of feral cats ( felis catus). in january 2013, a neurologic raccoon ...	2018	29369728
comparison of reverse-transcription real-time pcr and immunohistochemistry for the detection of canine distemper virus infection in raccoons in ontario, canada.	canine distemper virus (cdv) is a widespread morbillivirus that causes subclinical to fatal infections in domestic and wild carnivores. raccoons ( procyon lotor) are cdv reservoirs and suffer from associated disease. aspects of pathogenesis may lead to difficulty in the interpretation of commonly used testing modalities, such as reverse-transcription real-time (rt-rt)pcr and immunohistochemistry (ihc). the reliance upon such tests is greater for wildlife, which are often submitted as carcasses w ...	2018	29284384
molecular phylogenetics and species-level systematics of baylisascaris.	nucleotide sequences representing nine genes and five presumptive genetic loci were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among seven baylisascaris species, including one species with no previously available molecular data. these genes were used to test the species status of b. procyonis and b. columnaris using a coalescent approach. phylogenetic analysis based on combined analysis of sequence data strongly supported monophyly of the genus and separated the species into two main clades. clade ...	2018	30568876
detection and evaluation of antibody response to a baylisascaris-specific antigen in rodent hosts with the use of western blotting and elisa.	diagnosis of parasitic diseases that involve tissue-stage larvae is challenging, and serology remains the most effective antemortem test for detecting these infections. baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, is a zoonotic ascarid. raccoons are the usual definitive host, and humans may be infected as accidental hosts. more than 150 species of birds and mammals may act as paratenic hosts, and rodents play an important role in the transmission and maintenance of this parasite in nature. mi ...	2018	30074878
epidemiological and genetic studies suggest a common leishmania infantum transmission cycle in wildlife, dogs and humans associated to vector abundance in southeast spain.	leishmania infantum infection was investigated in 202 wild carnivores, rodents and lagomorphs in southeast spain using a real-time pcr (rtpcr) in skin and organ samples, mostly spleen. lesions compatible with leishmaniosis were not observed in any of the animals. prevalence defined as the percentage of rtpcr-positive animals was 32% overall, and 45% in foxes (n = 69), 30% in rabbits (n = 80) and stone martens (n = 10), 19% in wood mice (n = 16), 0% in black rats (n = 10) and ranged between 0% an ...	2018	30056986
first detection of baylisascaris procyonis in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) from leipzig, saxony, eastern germany.	baylisascaris procyonis is a zoonotic nematode mainly harbored by the north american raccoon. it can cause severe neurological problems in paratenic hosts and humans. in germany, raccoons are spread throughout the country. however, the presence of b. procyonis in the german raccoon population has not been thoroughly studied. for this study, 32 wild raccoons were collected in the urban area leipzig, saxony, eastern germany. adult ascaroid nematodes were isolated from the intestines and morphologi ...	2018	29951707
a bead-based flow cytometric assay for monitoring yersinia pestis exposure in wildlife.	yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague and is considered a category a priority pathogen due to its potential for high transmissibility and the significant morbidity and mortality it causes in humans. y. pestis is endemic to the western united states and much of the world, necessitating programs to monitor for this pathogen on the landscape. elevated human risk of plague infection has been spatially correlated with spikes in seropositive wildlife numbers, particularly rodent-eating carn ...	2018	29695520
differential scavenging among pig, rabbit, and human subjects.	different animal species have been used as proxies for human remains in decomposition studies for decades, although few studies have sought to validate their use in research aimed at estimating the postmortem interval. this study examines 45 pig, rabbit, and human subjects placed in three seasonal trials at the anthropology research facility. in an earlier paper, we found that overall decomposition trends did vary between species that could be due to differential insect and scavenger behavior. t ...	2018	29649349
longitudinal analysis of raccoon rabies in west virginia, 2000-2015: a preliminary investigation.	animal borne rabies virus is a source of infection in humans, and raccoons (procyon lotor) are the primary terrestrial reservoir in west virginia (wv). to assess the behavior and status of raccoon variant rabies virus (rrv) cases in wv, a longitudinal analysis for the period 2000-2015 was performed, using data provided by the state bureau of public health. the analytic approach used was negative binomial regression, with exclusion of those counties that had not experienced rrv cases in the study ...	2018	29637022
raccoon rabies outbreak in hamilton, ontario: a progress report.	raccoon rabies is caused by a variant of the rabies virus found in raccoons but transmissible to other mammalian species, including humans. the disease of rabies caused by raccoon variant rabies virus is indistinguishable from rabies caused by other rabies virus variants.	2018	31007622
diversity of anaplasma and ehrlichia/neoehrlichia agents in terrestrial wild carnivores worldwide: implications for human and domestic animal health and wildlife conservation.	recently, the incidence and awareness of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals have increased due to several factors, which in association favor the chances of contact among wild animals and their ectoparasites, domestic animals and humans. wild and domestic carnivores are considered the primary source of tick-borne zoonotic agents to humans. among emergent tick-borne pathogens, agents belonging to family anaplasmataceae (order rickettsiales) agents stand out due their worldwide distribution ...	2018	30533417
first surveillance and molecular identification of the cryptosporidium skunk genotype and cryptosporidium parvum in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) in osaka, japan.	recent research suggests that raccoons (procyon lotor) can transmit several important pathogens affecting humans, including protozoans. in japan, the number of wild raccoons has increased since they were first introduced more than 50 years ago. here, we report the first survey of cryptosporidium infection using fecal swabs of raccoons captured in osaka, japan. of 116 raccoons examined by pcr targeting of the cryptosporidium 18s rrna gene, 7 (6.03%; 2 adults and 5 young animals) were positive, an ...	2018	30269175
rabies surveillance in the russian federation.	rabies is endemic to the russian federation. the disease incidence ranges between 2,000 and 4,000 cases annually. between two and six cases in humans are also reported each year. wild animals are the basic reservoir and vector of the virus, and the incidence of rabies in foxes and raccoon dogs amounts to 50% of the total number of disease cases. when outbreaks occur, the disease is also reported in domestic animals. to prevent the further spread of rabies, vaccination of domestic animals and ora ...	2018	30747132
high diversity of hemotropic mycoplasmas in iberian wild carnivores.	two-hundred and thirty-one wild carnivores belonging to 10 species of in spain were analyzed for the presence of dna of hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) by means of a universal real-time pcr targeting a 16s rrna gene fragment. positive reactions were found for wolf (canis lupus: 6/37), fox (vulpes vulpes: 1/41), eurasian badger (meles meles: 49/85), pine marten (martes martes: 11/23), stone marten (martes foina: 6/9), least weasel (mustela nivalis: 4/4), european wildcat (felis s. silvestris ...	2018	30396424
comparative ecology of bartonella and brucella infections in wild carnivores.	phylogenetic sister clades bartonella and brucella within the order rhizobiales present some common biological characteristics as well as evident differences in adaptations to their mammalian reservoirs. we reviewed published data on bartonella and brucella infections in wild carnivores to compare the ecology of these bacteria in relatively similar host environments. arthropod vectors are the main mechanism for bartonella species transmission between mammalian hosts. the role of arthropods in tr ...	2018	30662899
seroprevalence for the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete borrelia turicatae among small and medium sized mammals of texas.	in low elevation arid regions throughout the southern united states, borrelia turicatae is the principal agent of tick-borne relapsing fever. however, endemic foci and the vertebrate hosts involved in the ecology of b. turicatae remain undefined. experimental infection studies suggest that small and medium sized mammals likely maintain b. turicatae in nature, while the tick vector is a long-lived reservoir.	2018	30372445
leptospira antibodies detected in wildlife in the usa and the us virgin islands.	from 2011 to 2017, 4,534 serum samples from 13 wildlife species collected across the us and in one territory (us virgin islands) were tested for exposure to leptospira serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona. of 1,759 canids, 1,043 cervids, 23 small indian mongooses ( herpestes auropunctatus), 1,704 raccoons ( procyon lotor), and five striped skunks ( mephitis mephitis), 27.0, 44.4, 30.4, 40.8, and 60%, respectively, were antibody positive for any of ...	2018	29715063
challenges to controlling rabies in skunk populations using oral rabies vaccination: a review.	controlling rabies in skunk populations is an important public health concern in many parts of the united states due to the potential for skunk rabies outbreaks in urban centres and the possible role for skunks in raccoon rabies variant circulation. oral rabies vaccination (orv) programmes have supported wildlife rabies control efforts globally but using orv to control rabies in skunk populations has proven more challenging than with other target species, like foxes, coyotes and raccoons. a revi ...	2018	29633545
an assessment of shedding with the oral rabies virus vaccine strain spbn gasgas in target and non-target species.	a safety requirement for live vaccines is investigating possible shedding in recipients since the presence of replication competent vaccine in secretions could result in direct and indirect horizontal transmission. this is especially relevant for oral rabies vaccine baits that are deliberately distributed into the environment. in the current study, survival of an oral rabies virus vaccine, spbn gasgas, was examined in excretions from different target and non-target species; red fox, raccoon dog, ...	2018	29325820
a novel double-antigen sandwich elisa for the species-independent detection of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus-specific antibodies.	crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne disease in humans caused by the cchf virus (cchfv). the detection of anti-cchfv antibodies in animals is used to reveal infection risk areas. therefore a simple, quick and reliable multispecies assay for the detection of cchfv-specific antibodies is needed. this work presents the development and validation of a novel cchf double-antigen elisa for the detection of anti-cchfv nucleoprotein antibodies. the test requires 30 μl of serum, and resu ...	2018	29330092
development of a simultaneous identification method for 13 animal species using two multiplex real-time pcr assays and melting curve analysis.	we developed a simple and rapid method for animal species identification in the forensic science field based on mitochondrial dna using two multiplex real-time pcrs and analysis of the resultant sybr green i melting curves. this method was designed to identify nine domestic animals simultaneously (dog, cat, rabbit, cattle, pig, chicken, goat, sheep and horse) and four wild animals (deer, raccoon-dog, monkey and bear) by comparing the different melting temperatures of the amplicons produced from ...	2018	29197713
molecular detection and genetic characterizations of cryptosporidium spp. in farmed foxes, minks, and raccoon dogs in northeastern china.	cryptosporidium spp. are common intestinal protozoa causing diarrhea in humans and a variety of animal species. with the recent development of fur industry, a large number of fur animals are farmed worldwide, especially in china. the existence of identical cryptosporidium species/genotypes in humans and fur animals suggests zoonotic potential. in order to assess the presence of zoonotic cryptosporidium species and/or genotypes in farmed fur animals, 367 fecal specimens were collected from 213 fo ...	2018	29177580
the influence of periodic increases of human activity on crepuscular and nocturnal mammals: testing the weekend effect.	human recreation can negatively affect wildlife, particularly on weekends when human activity is highest (i.e., the weekend effect). much of what we understand about the weekend effect is based on research conducted on diurnal species, which have greater temporal overlap with humans. because nocturnal species generally avoid times when humans are active, they are likely less affected by anthropogenic activity on weekends. our objective was to test the weekend effect in relation to the degree of ...	2018	29122640
epizootic of sarcoptic mange in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in relation to population density.	to examine outbreaks of mange in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) with respect to population density, we analyzed camera trap videos, and isolated mites from raccoon dog carcasses. in a camera trapping survey, we categorized the skin condition of raccoon dogs, and used a number of independent videos to calculate the relative abundance index (rai). the rai of raccoon dogs with alopecia increased following an increase in the rai of those without alopecia. among 27 raccoon dog carcasses, 12 ...	2018	29353863
trypanosoma cruzi strain tciv infects raccoons from illinois.	the northern limits of trypanosoma cruzi across the territory of the united states remain unknown. the known vectors triatoma sanguisuga and t. lecticularia find their northernmost limits in illinois; yet, earlier screenings of those insects did not reveal the presence of the pathogen, which has not been reported in vectors or reservoir hosts in this state.	2018	29211106
population sensitivities of animals to chronic ionizing radiation-model predictions from mice to elephant.	model predictions of population response to chronic ionizing radiation (endpoint 'morbidity') were made for 11 species of warm-blooded animals, differing in body mass and lifespan - from mice to elephant. predictions were made also for 3 bird species (duck, pigeon, and house sparrow). calculations were based on analytical solutions of the mathematical model, simulating a population response to low-let ionizing radiation in an ecosystem with a limiting resource (sazykina, kryshev, 2016). model pa ...	2018	29157914
evaluation of oral rabies vaccination: protection against rabies in wild caught raccoons ( procyon lotor).	oral rabies vaccination (orv) is an effective tactic for wildlife rabies control, particularly for containment of disease spread along epizootic fronts. as part of the continuing evaluation of the orv program in free-ranging raccoons in the us, 37 raccoons from orv-baited areas in pennsylvania were live-trapped and transferred to captivity to evaluate protection against rabies in animals with varying levels of existing neutralizing antibodies, expressed in international units per milliliter (iu/ ...	2018	29595380
emergence of novel canine parvovirus type 2 and its pathogenesis in raccoon dogs.	three parvoviruses were isolated from the raccoon dogs experiencing severe enteritis, named rdpv-dp1, rdpv-dp2 and rdpv-dp3, respectively. the vp2 genes of the 3 isolates showed 99.9% identity at the nucleotide level, and shared 99.1%-99.5% identity with the reference cpvs. the rdpvs resembled original cpv-2, but with four mutations. the rdpvs displayed s297a of vp2 protein as cpv-2a or cpv-2b prevalent throughout most of the world. residue n375d was found in the 3 isolates, resembling cpv-2a/2b ...	2018	29519528
frequency of virus coinfection in raccoons ( procyon lotor) and striped skunks ( mephitis mephitis) during a concurrent rabies and canine distemper outbreak.	rabies and canine distemper virus infections in wildlife share similar presenting signs. canine distemper virus was detected using real-time pcr of conjunctival swabs in rabies positive raccoons (22/32) and skunks (7/34) during a concurrent rabies and canine distemper outbreak in ontario, canada in 2015-2016. coinfections with both viruses should be considered, particularly in distemper endemic areas that are at risk of rabies incursion.	2018	29517402
evidence of two cocirculating canine distemper virus strains in mesocarnivores from northern colorado.	canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious pathogen that principally infects wildlife and domestic carnivores. peridomestic species such as raccoons ( procyon lotor) experience outbreaks with high mortality. clinical signs of infection include anorexia, fever, respiratory infection, and neurologic complications. although not zoonotic, cdv poses a high risk to unvaccinated domestic animals and the conservation of endangered species. during 2013-2016, we opportunistically collected wild a ...	2018	29498900