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effect of cyclic sound cues on sexual development in nonphotostimulated japanese quail.the influence of cyclic ambient sound stimuli on sexual development was studied in nonphotostimulated [6 hr light:18 hr dark (16l:18d)] japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). the incidence of accelerated gonadal development was reduced when ambient daily sound stimuli were attenuated by the presence of a white noise mask in the animal quarters. in a second experiment nonphotostimulated (9l:15d) male quail showed a phase-dependent testicular response to a daily 3-hr radio broadcast presente ...20143975196
the electrocardiogram of the japanese (coturnix coturnix japonica) and bobwhite (colinus virginianus) quail. 20144212414
[transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone 4-c 14 by embryonal gonads of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) cultivated in vitro]. 20144277957
[comparison of the motor nerve endings of the pectoralis major muscle and the latissimus dorsii anterior muscle in the quail coturnix coturnix japonica]. 20145847399
distribution and elimination of hexachlorobenzene (hcb) after single oral exposure in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the distribution and excretion of hexachlorobenzene (hcb) after administration to quails of a single oral dose of 4.5 microci [14c] hcb per 100 g body weight was studied by whole-body autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting. radiolabeled hcb was distributed throughout the body in 2 h. peak levels were found 4-8 d after administration, with the highest concentrations in the subcutaneous and abdominal fat, uropygial gland, bone marrow, adrenals, ovarian stroma, and liver, in that order. ...20137338946
[teratogenic effects of parathion (an organo-phosphate insecticide) on the embryonic skeleton of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica)]. 20135450209
[effect of accelerations, hypergravity and hypokinesia on protein metabolism in japanese quail. i. effect on muscle composition].the effect of hypokinesia, hypergravity achieved by centrifugation and additional weight load on the content and composition of proteins and nucleic acids in the chest and pelvic muscles of four groups of quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) was studied. the first group was used as controls, the second included hypokinetic birds, the third was made of birds with an additional weight load (the load was a double weight of the animal) and the fourth group included birds exposed to acceleration of 3 ...20131207021
japanese quail selected for high plasma corticosterone response deposit high levels of corticosterone in their eggs.poor habitat quality or body condition often correlates with high responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis rather than with elevated baseline levels of glucocorticoids. we hypothesized that, for egg-laying vertebrates, high responsiveness of the hpa axis would correspond to high concentrations of corticosterone in yolk. we tested the prediction that japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) selected for high plasma corticosterone response to brief immobilization (hs quail ...201316228941
carry over (transfer) of feed-borne acrylamide into eggs, muscle, serum, and faeces - a pilot study with japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).two groups of 10 quails each were fed for 30 days on a diet containing either 663 microg feed-borne acrylamide (aa)/kg feed (group b) or 2472 microg aa/kg feed (group c) respectively. the concentrations of aa present in excreta and eggs were compared with those measured in eggs and excreta obtained from a control group (group a) fed on a diet low in aa (<10 microg/kg). the results clearly showed that the eggs of quails in group c contained approximately 53-112 microg aa/kg based on dry weight, w ...201315787975
effect of oral cadmium and zinc application on leukocytes biological activity in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).objective of this study was to investigate changes in biological activity of blood leukocytes in japanese quails, caused by zinc and cadmium administration. four groups of japanese quails were used. three experimental groups of quails were exposed either to cd (0.12 mg cd/quail), zn (4 mg zn/quail) or a combination of cd and zn (0.12 mg cd, 4 mg zn/quail), which were added daily to the drinking water. the fourth group was the control group. the metabolic activity of phagocytes and mitogenic acti ...201319863008
[effect of krypton-containing gas mixture on japanese quail embryo development].investigated were effects of gas mixture with up to 3.0 kgs/cm2 of krypton on the embryonic development of domesticated japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica dom.). results demonstrated absence of a serious krypton effect on japanese quail embryos. development of embryos proceeded in due course; morphometrically the experimental embryos were essentially similar to controls. it should be noted that despite exposure to acute hypoxic hypoxia during the initial 12 hours of development in the kr ...201318564569
distribution and daily fluctuation of the available glucocorticoid binding sites in different areas of the quail brain.the distribution and daily fluctuation of available glucocorticoid binding sites was studied in the brain of the quail coturnix coturnix japonica, under physiological circumstances. a high level of triamcinolone acetonide binding was observed in some limbic structures (hippocampus and archistriatum), in the nucleus medialis and lateralis posterioris hypothalami and in the cerebellar cortex. the daily fluctuation of the available glucocorticoid binding sites in the preoptic area, hippocampus, arc ...20133751612
acute changes in plasma steroids and agonistic behavior in male japanese quail.a systematic analysis of the acute (minutes to hours) fluctuations of plasma steroids [androstenedione (a), 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (dht), testosterone (t), corticosterone (b)] was investigated in relation to the fighting behavior displayed by experienced male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix) in short-term (2 min) dyadic encounters. plasma levels of hormones measured in competitors either 1 hr before, during, or 3 min to 6 hr following a fight related poorly to either the attacking or nona ...20134054584
synaptic organization of the nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami (dla) of birds is the homologue of the mammalian dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. the positions of terminals from the retina and visual wulst upon identified relay neurons in the dla were examined in japanese quail with both light and electron microscopic techniques. injection of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) into the visual wulst showed that relay neurons projecting ipsilaterally or contralaterally were located in a rostrolateral subdivision (dlalr) ...20133815098
divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in coturnix coturnix japonica. 7. influence of genetic changes in body weight and yolk precursor on egg production.japanese quail lines were started from a randombred control by selecting for high (hw) or low (lw) 4-week body weight and high (hp) or low (lp) total plasma phosphorus (p), a measure of yolk precursor. in the 9th generation, 2 sublines were initiated from line hw based on high (hw-hp) or low (hw-lp) level of p in females while males were continually selected for hw. a subline (lp-hw) was started from line lp in the 9th generation by selecting the males for hw while continuing to select the femal ...20133601848
human h7n9 avian influenza virus infection: a review and pandemic risk assessment.china is undergoing a recent outbreak of a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (nh7n9) infection that has thus far involved 132 human patients, including 37 deaths. the nh7n9 virus is a reassortant virus originating from the h7n3, h7n9 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses. nh7n9 isolated from humans contains features related to adaptation to humans, including a q226l mutation in the hemagglutinin cleavage site and e627k and d701n mutations in the pb2 protein. live poultry markets provide an environment ...201326038484
quails are resistant to infection with neospora caninum tachyzoites.the aim of this study was to characterize the role of quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) as intermediate hosts for neospora caninum. fifty-eight 20-day old quails were individually identified with numbered rings and kept in cages adequate for the species. the birds were fed commercial feed and distilled water ad libitum. they were weighed daily during the first month and every seven days from then on. the birds were randomly distributed into 3 groups; 40 quails (group a) and 8 quails (group b) ...201324041486
synergistic inhibition of angiogenesis by artesunate and captopril in vitro and in vivo.inhibition of angiogenesis represents one major strategy of cancer chemotherapy. in the present investigation, we investigated the synergism of artesunate and captopril to inhibit angiogenesis. artesunate is an antimalarial derivative of artemisinin from the chinese medicinal plant, artemisia annua l., which also reveals profound anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. captopril is an angiotensin i-converting (ace) inhibitor, which is well established in western academic medicine. both compoun ...201324223058
an avian coronavirus in quail with respiratory and reproductive signs.an avian coronavirus was detected in pools of lungs, tracheas, female reproductive tracts, kidneys, and enteric contents from quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and laying hen flocks, with and without infectious bronchitis (ib)-like signs, cohoused in farms located in two states of southeastern brazil during 2009-2010. although avian metapneumovirus subtype b was found in two layers samples, newcastle disease virus was not found in quail or in hens. based on dna sequences for the 3'-untranslated ...201324689189
menacanthus palmai, a new species of chewing louse (menoponidae: amblycera: phthiraptera) from the coturnix coromandelica.the new species menacanthus palmai collected from coturnix coromandelica (gmelin), in rampur district (up), india, is described and illustrated. morphologically the new species is close to m. abdominalis from coturnix coturnix but differs in having long pointed ventral processes on the postero-medial angles of the second to fifth pleurites. furthermore, these two species also differ in the number of tergal and sternal abdominal setae, and the morphology of the male genitalia. another species, me ...201324431583
adjustments of global and local hindlimb properties during terrestrial locomotion of the common quail (coturnix coturnix).previous research has resulted in increasing insight into neuro-mechanical control strategies during perturbed locomotion. in contrast, more general analyses on simple model (template)-related parameters during avian terrestrial locomotion are still rare. quail kinematic data obtained using x-ray videography combined with ground reaction force measurements were used as a basis to investigate how 'global' template and 'local' leg joint parameters in this small, predominantly terrestrial bird chan ...201323868846
effects of dietary rosemary and oregano volatile oil mixture on quail performance, egg traits and egg oxidative stability.1. this study was conducted to determine the effects of volatile oil mixture on quail laying performance, egg traits and egg malondialdehyde (mda) concentration. 2. a total of 260 pharaoh quails (coturnix coturnix pharaoh) aged 6 weeks were equally divided into 5 groups of 65 (4 replicates of 13 quails each). the mixture of diets was as follows: a control treatment with 0 mg volatile oil/kg of diet; (1) 200 mg/kg rosemary volatile oil; (2) 200 mg/kg oregano volatile oil; (3) 40 mg/kg rosemary vo ...201323647187
non-destructive multibiomarker approach in european quail (coturnix coturnix coturnix) exposed to the herbicide atrazine.the effect of orally administered atrazine (25 or 100 mg/kg on days 0, 5, and 10 of the experiment) was studied in european quail (coturnix coturnix coturnix) on four non-destructive biomarkers: fecal porphyrins, blood glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde (mda). uroporphyrin i (upi) and coproporphyrins i and iii (cpiii) were the main porphyrins detected in feces. the lowest dose of atz caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in upi and cpiii ...201323619767
xenogeneic transfer of adult quail (coturnix coturnix) spermatogonial stem cells to embryonic chicken (gallus gallus) hosts: a model for avian conservation.as advanced reproductive technologies have become routine for domesticated species, they have begun to be applied in the field of endangered species conservation. for avian conservation, the most promising technology is the transfer of germ stem cells of exotic species to domestic hosts for the production of gametes. in this study, adult quail (model for exotic species) spermatogonial stem cells were xenogeneically transferred to stages 14-17 chicken host embryos. fluorescent cellular dyes, quai ...201323575150
accumulation and effects of 90-day oral exposure to dechlorane plus in quail (coturnix coturnix).while a number of studies have addressed bioaccumulation of the flame retardant dechlorane plus (dp), little information is available regarding the adverse effects of dp on animals, especially on bird species. in the present study, male common quails (coturnix coturnix) were consecutively exposed to commercial dp-25 by gavage for 90 d at 1-mg/kg/d, 10-mg/kg/d, and 100-mg/kg/d dosages. concentrations of dp isomers in liver, muscle, and serum were determined after exposure. liver enzyme activity i ...201323440862
association of tyrosinase (tyr) and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (tyrp1) with melanic plumage color in korean quails (coturnix coturnix).tyr (tyrosinase) and tyrp1 (tyrosinase-related protein 1) play crucial roles in determining the coat color of birds. in this paper, we aimed to characterize the relationship of tyr and tyrp1 genes with plumage colors in korean quails. the snps were searched by cdna sequencing and pcr-sscp in three plumage color korean quails (maroon, white and black plumage). two snps (367t→c and 1153c→t) were found in the coding region of tyrp1 gene, but had no significant association with plumage phenotype in ...201325049736
fat absorption and deposition in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) fed a high fat diet.dietary fat contributes significantly to the energy requirements of poultry. not all species are able to increase their absorptive capacity for fats in response to a high fat diet. the effects of a high fat diet (10% canola oil) on the lipid absorption and deposition in the liver, breast and thigh muscles of male and female japanese quail were investigated. thirty-eight japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were randomly divided into a high fat diet (hfd) and a standard diet (std) group. t ...201323718824
the relationship of plumage colours with mc1r (melanocortin 1 receptor) and asip (agouti signaling protein) in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).1. the relationship of polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r) and agouti signalling protein (asip) genes with plumage colour in japanese quail was investigated by cloning and sequencing the entire coding regions from black, white and maroon japanese quail embryos at 12 d of incubation. 2. three snps were identified in the mc1r coding region by multiple alignment of sequences from individuals with different plumage colours. a missense c/t mutation located at 169 bp within the open re ...201323639082
glyceryl trinitrate metabolism in the quail embryo by the glutathione s-transferases leads to a perturbation in redox status and embryotoxicity.exposure of stage 9 quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos to glyceryl trinitrate (gtn) induces malformations that were associated in previous studies with an increase in protein nitration. increased nitration suggests metabolism of gtn by the embryo. the goals of this study were to characterize the enzymes and co-factors required for gtn metabolism by quail embryos, and to determine the effects of in ovo treatment with n-acetyl cysteine (nac), a precursor of glutathione (gsh), on gtn embryo ...201323587908
evaluation of the efficacy and safety of single administration of 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implants on egg production and plasma sex hormones in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).to evaluate the effects of 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implants on egg production and plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol and androstenedione in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) over 180 days and assess safety of the implants in quail via gross and histologic examination.201323363360
post-hatch changes in the immunoexpression of desmin, smooth muscle actin and vimentin in the testicular capsule and interstitial tissue of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the post-hatch development of immunoreactivity to desmin, smooth muscle actin (sma) and vimentin in the testicular capsule and interstitial tissue of day-old to adult quails was described in this study. the tunica albuginea of the testicular capsule was composed mainly of myoid cells. a zonal arrangement of desmin and sma immunostaining was observed in myoid cells of the tunica albuginea in 1- to 24-day-old quails. immunostaining for sma and desmin was uniform in the tunica albuginea of adult bi ...201323351155
production of reactive oxygen species, gene expression, and enzymatic activity in quail subjected to acute heat stress.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acute heat stress on the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ros), the gene expression of the avian uncoupling protein (avucp) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx 7), and the activity of the enzyme gpx in the liver of meat quail. two groups of 15 meat quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) that were 23 d of age were initially housed individually in metallic cages. a period of 7 d was provided for the 2 bird groups to adapt to th ...201323148249
japanese quail acute exposure to methamidophos: experimental design, lethal, sub-lethal effects and cholinesterase biochemical and histochemical expression.we exposed the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) to the organophosphate methamidophos using acute oral test. mortality and sub-lethal effects were recorded in accordance to internationally accepted protocols. in addition cholinesterases were biochemically estimated in tissues of the quail: brain, liver and plasma. furthermore, brain, liver and duodenum cryostat sections were processed for cholinesterase histochemistry using various substrates and inhibitors. mortalities occurred mainly ...201323146311
condition-dependent strategies of eggshell pigmentation: an experimental study of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).a relationship has been suggested between eggshell colour and female body condition based on the opposing antioxidant properties of the two main eggshell pigments: the antioxidant biliverdin (blue-green) and the pro-oxidant protoporphyrin (brown). we hypothesized that experimentally food-restricted females with low antioxidant capacity would deposit more protoporphyrin and less biliverdin in their eggshells, resulting in eggshells of reduced brightness but increased colour intensity. two eggs we ...201323125343
transgenic quail as a model for research in the avian nervous system: a comparative study of the auditory brainstem.research performed on transgenic animals has led to numerous advances in biological research. however, using traditional retroviral methods to generate transgenic avian research models has proved problematic. as a result, experiments aimed at genetic manipulations on birds have remained difficult for this popular research tool. recently, lentiviral methods have allowed the production of transgenic birds, including a transgenic japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) line showing neuronal spe ...201322806400
long bone development in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnixjaponica) embryos.the current study was undertaken to describe the main histological development stages of long bones (tibia and femur) from japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos. whole limbs or just tibia and femur of fifty japanese quail embryos of different ages were fixed and embedded in paraffin or spurr's resin. paraffin and semi-thin, respectively, were undertaken and examined with light microscopy. limb bud was established at day 5 of incubation. mesenchymal cells differentiated into chondro ...201324502147
the enantioselective pharmacokinetics metabolism of diniconazole in quail (coturnix coturnixs japonica).the pharmacokinetics of diniconazole enantiomers in quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). quails were exposed to racemic diniconazole in capsule by oral at dose of 10 mg/kg (body weight). the maximal concentrations observed in blood, heart, liver, and kidney were 3.18, 11.35, 12.32, 15.03 µg/g for s-diniconazole, and 1.13, 3.70, 6.00, 2.60 µg/g for r-diniconazole. the elimination of enantiomers all met the one-compartme ...201324009183
targeted 13c enrichment of lipid and protein pools in the body reveals circadian changes in oxidative fuel mixture during prolonged fasting: a case study using japanese quail.many animals undergo extended periods of fasting. during these fasts, animals oxidize a ratio of macronutrients dependent on the nutritional, energetic, and hydric requirements of the fasting period. in this study, we use japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), a bird with natural intermediate fasting periods, to examine macronutrient use during a 6d fast. we raised groups of quail on isotopically labeled materials ((13)c-1-leucine, (13)c-u-glucose, or (13)c-1-palmitic acid) with the intent ...201323988480
histomorphometrical and ultrastructural study of the effects of carbendazim on the magnum of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the study investigated the effect of various doses of carbendazim on the morphology of the magnum of the japanese quail. no morphological changes were observed in the magnum in birds treated with carbendazim at doses of 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg bodyweight. a carbendazim dose of 400 mg/kg bodyweight was the lowest dose which caused morphological changes in the magnum. histologically, carbendazim caused pyknosis and glandular atrophy in the magnum mucosa. carbendazim also caused significant decrease ...201323902336
developmental post-natal stress can alter the effects of pre-natal stress on the adult redox balance.across diverse vertebrate taxa, stressful environmental conditions during development can shape phenotypic trajectories of developing individuals, which, while adaptive in the short-term, may impair health and survival in adulthood. regardless, the long-lasting benefits or costs of early life stress are likely to depend on the conditions experienced across differing stages of development. here, we used the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) to experimentally manipulate exposure to stres ...201323867229
effects of prestorage application of propolis and storage time on eggshell microbial activity, hatchability, and chick performance in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs.propolis, a resinous mixture produced by honeybees from substances collected from plants, has strong antibacterial and antifungal properties. the purpose of the current study was to establish the effects of prestorage application of propolis and storage time on eggshell microbial activity, egg weight loss, hatchability, and chick performance in quail hatching eggs. treatments were compared in a 2 × 5 factorial design with 2 different storage times (7 and 14 d) and 5 prestorage applications (cont ...201324235245
scanning electron microscopic studies of the pecten oculi in the quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the main purpose of this study is to extend the microscopic investigations of the pecten oculi in the quail in order to add some information on the unresolved functional anatomy of this unique avian organ. the pecten oculi of the quail was studied by scanning electron microscopy. eighteen- to-twenty two highly vascularised accordion-like folds were joined apically by a heavily pigmented bridge of tissue, which holds the pecten in a fanlike shape, widest at the base. the structure of the double l ...201324198967
comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, and marbofloxacin after intravenous and oral administration in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).a population approach was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3 fluoroquinolones administered to japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). healthy adult quail (n = 50) were divided into 3 groups, each administered a separate intravenous and oral dose of the compounded drug: enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg (n = 18; 9 male, 9 female), danofloxacin at 10 mg/kg (n = 12; 6 male, 6 female), and marbofloxacin at 5 mg/kg (n = 20; 10 male, 10 female). a fourth group was used as a control (n = ...201323772453
comparison of ventriculotomy closure with and without a coelomic fat patch in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).removal of foreign bodies from the ventriculus in birds may necessitate ventriculotomy. complications with this intervention include leakage and adhesion formation. to investigate if the use of a coelomic fat patch and a tension-relieving suture in addition to a simple interrupted pattern would improve the healing process after ventriculotomy, 2 groups of 9 japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) underwent ventriculotomy. in group 1, only simple-interrupted and tension-relieving sutures were ...201323772451
microbiological response of japanese quail eggs to disinfection and location in the setter during incubation.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ethyl alcohol (75%) disinfection of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) hatching eggs and analysis of microbial contamination of eggs during incubation, depending on their location in the setter. disinfected eggshells were found to have lower total bacteria (tbc) and fungi (tfc) count. concerning the vertical location of eggs (top, middle, bottom), disinfected eggs were characterized by similar values of the tbc (x = 1.54 log cfu ...201323767303
effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin e on production performance and some biochemical characteristics of cloacal foam in male japanese quail.this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the level of dietary supplementation of vitamin e (ve) on production performance and biochemical characteristics of cloacal foam in male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). a total of 225 male japanese quail chicks (day old) were randomly distributed to three dietary treatments for a period of 30 weeks. each treatment comprised of three replicates, each containing 25 chicks. the basal diet (t1) contained 12.30iuvekg( ...201323790648
negative allometry of docosahexaenoic acid in the fowl lung and pulmonary surfactant phospholipids.in a recent study (comp. biochem. physiol. b. (2010)155: 301-308) we reported that the fatty acids (fa) of the avian (7 species) total lung phospholipids (pl) (i.e. lung parenchyma and surfactant together) provide allometric properties. to test whether this allometric scaling also occurs in either of the above components, in six gallinaceous species, in a body weight range from 150 g (japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica) to 19 kg (turkey, meleagris gallopavo) the pl fa composition (mol%) ...201222695520
sodium levels for japanese quail at initial phases.the aim of this research was to determine the nutritional requirements of sodium for japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) during the periods of 1 to 21 d and 22 to 40 d of age, as well as to evaluate the residual effect on egg production and densitometry bone traits from 41 to 63 d. two experiments were developed. experiment 1: 360 japanese quail were used, from 1 to 21 d of age. treatments consisted of 5 sodium levels (0.06, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, and 0.30%). experiment 2: 240 japanese quail ...201222499870
quantitative hplc of pigments of irregularly coloured eggshells: application to aliquots of powdered shell from quail.twelve quail eggshells from farmed coturnix coturnix japonica were separately ground to fine powder and two aliquots of each (average weights 13.86 mg and 51.90 mg) were extracted with formic acid. biliverdin (38-284 pmol/mg) and protoporphyrin (841-1666 pmol/mg) were measured by hplc. there was good agreement between the values for the corresponding samples and with those for two entire eggshells from the same source. the preparation of a homogenate as a powder from heterogeneously pigmented eg ...201222495788
melamine residues in eggs of quails fed on diets containing different levels of melamine.1. an experiment was conducted to determine residual melamine concentrations in eggs of quail given diets containing different concentrations of melamine, and to estimate the time at which withdrawing melamine from the diet would result in undetectable concentrations in eggs. a total of 600 japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) were randomly divided into 5 treatments, and given melamine at concentrations of 0, 2, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg diet respectively for 30 d. from d 31 to 41, all quail ...201222404806
effects of propolis on eggshell microbial activity, hatchability, and chick performance in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs.propolis is a sticky resin produced by worker honeybees from substances collected from plants, and it has strong antibacterial and antifungal properties. the purpose of this study was to establish the effects of propolis on egg weight loss, hatchability, chick performance, and to control microbial activity naturally occurring on eggshells. a total of 750 fresh eggs was randomly divided into 5 groups. eggs from the first group were sprayed with ethyl alcohol (70%, a), the second group was sprayed ...201222399742
effects of ultrasonic treatment on eggshell microbial activity, hatchability, tibia mineral content, and chick performance in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs.the purpose of this study was to establish the effects of ultrasonic treatment of eggs on egg weight loss, hatchability, tibia mineral content, chick performance, and eggshell microbial activity. a total of 600 fresh eggs was randomly divided into 5 groups. treatments were no ultrasound, 35 khz for 5 min, 35 khz for 10 min, 35 khz for 15 min, and eggs sprayed with benzalkonium chloride solution at 0.02% (negative control). the eggshell microbial activity was reduced significantly at all ultrason ...201222334750
age, photoperiod and estrogen dependent variations in the shell gland and the expression of avt in the ovary of japanese quail.present work was undertaken to describe (i) age dependent (prepuberal-3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks old, puberal and actively laying 8 and 12 weeks old and aged 78 weeks old) (ii) photoperiodic response dependent (photosensitive and photorefractory) and sex steroid dependent (estradiol benzoate and its antagonist tamoxifen treated) variation in the ovary and shell gland activity of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). further, in view of the role of neurohypophysial peptide arginine vasotocin (avt ...201222310162
an immunohistochemical study of ovarian follicle histogenesis in the early post-hatch japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the early post-hatch development of immunoreactivity to vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin (sma) and laminin, in relation to follicle histogenesis, was described in this study. ovigerous cords in day old quails contained pre-granulosa cells and oocytes. pre-granulosa cells at the cortico-medullary junction were vimentin immunopositive. a laminin immunopositive basement membrane and desmin immunopositive mesenchymal cells lined the ovigerous cords. ovigerous cords in 3-day-old quails contained ...201221919950
temporal pattern of locomotor activity recuperation after administration of propofol in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the present study evaluates the organization and complexity of the temporal pattern of locomotion after an acute administration of propofol in japanese quail by using traditional and fractal analysis. birds were administered with propofol 0, 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg. ten min after administration, they were placed in an open-field apparatus and their locomotor activity was recorded during 45 min at a resolution of 0.5 s. a significant dose dependant increase in the latency to initiate ambulation wa ...201221724216
isolation and characterization of free haem from the shell gland of quail and hen.free haem was isolated from the shell gland of the quail, coturnix coturnix japonica, and of the fowl, galinus domesticus, and characterized by hplc-esi-ms/ms. quantification by hplc gave values of 1.17-1.40 nmol/mg quail shell gland protein for haem, 1.66-2.17 nmol/mg protein for protoporphyrin and 0.25-0.40 nmol/mg protein for biliverdin. possible implications of this previously unreported finding are discussed but they are not considered incompatible with the conclusion that all eggshell pigm ...201221678459
toxic interaction between fumonisin b1 and moniliformin for cardiac lesions in japanese quail.this study examined the effects of fumonisin b1 (fb1) and moniliformin (m) on the heart of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). three hundred and ninety day-old japanese quail were randomly divided into four groups: 1) fb1 alone (fx), 2) m alone (mx), 3) fb1 and m (fm), and 4) chick mash alone (cx). we used three pen replicates of 35 quail per pen in groups fx, mx, and fm and three pen replicates of 25 quail per pen in group cx. gross and microscopic changes in the heart were studied in ...201223050472
evidence for estrogen receptor expression during medullary bone formation and resorption in estrogen-treated male japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).the temporal expression of estrogen receptor (er)-α and er-β mrna was examined in male japanese quails. femurs of quails receiving 17β-estradiol underwent rt-pcr and histochemical analysis 1 to 15 days after treatment. untreated quails were used as controls (day 0). between days 0 and 5, cells lining the bone endosteal surface differentiated into osteoblasts, which in turn formed medullary bone. expression of er-α was already observed on day 0 and increased slightly during bone formation whereas ...201223000578
age-related changes in mitochondrial ucp, ant and cox iii gene expression in the breast muscle of quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).efficient conversion of food into body mass has been associated with altered gene expression of some proteins of the electron transport chain. we evaluated the effect of age on mrna expression of uncoupling protein, adenine nucleotide translocase and cytochrome c oxidase complex iii in quails. one-day-old broiler quails were sacrificed after 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. six quails of each age were slaughtered by cervical dislocation. total rna was extracted from the breast muscle and reverse transcrib ...201222911582
pre- and post-natal stress in context: effects on the stress physiology in a precocial bird.developmental stress can significantly influence physiology and survival in many species. mammalian studies suggest that pre- and post-natal stress can have different effects (i.e. hyper- or hypo-responsiveness) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis, the main mediator of the stress response. in mammals, the physiological intimacy between mother and offspring constrains the possibility to control, and therefore manipulate, maternal pre- and post-natal influences. here, using the japane ...201222899536
centromere positions in chicken and japanese quail chromosomes: de novo centromere formation versus pericentric inversions.chicken (gallus gallus domesticus, gga) and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica, cco) karyotypes are very similar. they have identical chromosome number (2n = 78) and show a high degree of synteny. centromere positions on the majority of orthologous chromosomes are different in these two species. to explore the nature of this divergence, we used high-resolution comparative fluorescent in situ hybridization mapping on giant lampbrush chromosomes (lbcs) from growing oocytes. we applied 41 b ...201223143647
changes in plasma gonadotrophins, 17β-oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in female japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) of a heavy body weight line during photo-induced ovarian growth and regression.1. simultaneous changes of the width of the cloacal opening and plasma luteinising hormone (lh), follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), 17β-oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin, thyroxine (t(4)) and triiodothyronine (t(3)) during photo-induced ovarian growth and regression were measured in commercially bred japanese quail from a heavy body weight line. 2. somatically mature female japanese quail were transferred from short days (light:dark 8l:16d) at 10°c to long days (16l:8d) at 20°c, and sexually ...201223130587
avian high-dose toxicity of cyanobacterial biomass.previous studies using oral administration of environmentally relevant doses of cyanobacterial biomass containing microcystins (mcs) induced only sub-lethal effects in experimental birds. therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain data on avian high-dose toxicity of mcs and compute ld50, if possible, following the natural oral route of administration.201223353861
risk of combined exposure of birds to cyanobacterial biomass containing microcystins, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and anticoagulant.the objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a combination of cyanobacterial biomass containing microcystins, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and anticoagulant can enhance avian toxic effects produced by single exposures only.201223353860
risk of single and combined exposure of birds to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and lead.pharmaceuticals and heavy metals such as diclofenac and lead, respectively, have been identified as environmental contaminants toxic to birds and posing serious threats to declining populations of raptors worldwide. the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a sublethal combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and lead induces more pronounced effects than single exposures in birds.201223353858
chromium histidinate protects against heat stress by modulating the expression of hepatic nuclear transcription factors in quail.1. this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental chromium histidinate (crhis) on performance and expressions of hepatic nuclear factors kappab, an enhancer (nf-κb) and an inhibitor (iκbα) of activated b cells in heat-stressed japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). 2. a total of 180, 10-d-old japanese quail were allocated randomly into 6 groups in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. birds were reared either at 22°c for 24 h/d (thermoneutral, tn) or 34°c for 8 h/d (heat st ...201223398428
endocrine disruption caused by oral administration of atrazine in european quail (coturnix coturnix coturnix).the widely used herbicide atrazine (atz) has been reported to exhibit reproductive toxicity in rats, fish and amphibians, with an avian ld(50) of 5000 mg/kg. in the present work, atz was administered as a single oral dose of 25 or 100 mg/kg to female european quail (coturnix coturnix coturnix) at days 0, 5 and 10 of the experiment, being the animals sampled at days 15, 30 and 45. atz significantly increased the expression of hepatic estrogen receptor α (erα) at both doses at day 30. an important ...201222871608
the sedative effects of hops (humulus lupulus), a component of beer, on the activity/rest rhythm.the hop (humulus lupulus), a component of beer, is a sedative plant whose pharmacological activity is due principally to its bitter resins, especially to the α-acid component 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. the mechanism of action of the resin of hop consists of increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric (gaba), inhibiting the central nervous system (cns).201222849837
combined effect of short-term dehydration and sublethal acute oral dicrotophos exposure confounds the diagnosis of anticholinesterase exposure in common quail (coturnix coturnix) using plasma cholinesterase activity.common quail (coturnix coturnix) were subjected to controlled and replicated experiments in the summer of 2008 to investigate the effects of short-term dehydration on cholinesterase activity in brain and plasma and the interaction between dehydration and exposure to the organophosphorus pesticide dicrotophos in these same tissues. our objective was to determine if dehydration could confound the diagnosis of anticholinesterase exposure using inhibition of cholinesterase activity in quail tissues. ...201222740535
are farm-reared quails for game restocking really common quails (coturnix coturnix)?: a genetic approach.the common quail (coturnix coturnix) is a popular game species for which restocking with farm-reared individuals is a common practice. in some areas, the number of released quails greatly surpasses the number of wild breeding common quail. however, common quail are difficult to raise in captivity and this casts suspicion about a possible hybrid origin of the farmed individuals from crosses with domestic japanese quail (c. japonica). in this study we used a panel of autosomal microsatellite marke ...201222701745
effect of a rosemary and oregano volatile oil mixture on performance, lipid oxidation of meat and haematological parameters in pharaoh quails.1. this study was conducted to determine the utility of a volatile oil (vo) mixture in quail diets as a natural growth promoter. different levels of vo mixtures, derived from rosemary and oregano, were added to a basal diet to determine the effects of the mixture on live weight (lw), live weight gain (lwg), feed intake, feed conversion ratio (fcr), carcase yield (cy), lipid oxidation level in thigh meat samples, and blood constituents. 2. a total of 880 one-day-old pharaoh (coturnix coturnix pha ...201222404809
novel picornavirus in domesticated common quail (coturnix coturnix) in hungary.this study reports the detection of a novel picornavirus in domesticated common quail (coturnix coturnix) in hungary. the 8159-nucleotide (nt)-long rna genome of this virus, named quail picornavirus (qpv1-hun/2010; jn674502), shows only 43%, 39% and 47% amino acid (aa) identity in the p1 (857 aa), p2 (458 aa) and p3 (777 aa) coding regions respectively, to the closest reference, avian sapelovirus. the 5'utr contains a variant type iv ires with a 20-nt-long apical "8"-like structure that is conse ...201222170478
cryptosporidium spp. in quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) in henan, china: molecular characterization and public health significance.the prevalence of cryptosporidium spp. was investigated in scale quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) farms in henan province, china between september 2006 and august 2007. one thousand eight hundred and eighteen fecal samples from 47 quail farms in five areas were collected for the examination of cryptosporidium oocysts. the overall prevalence of cryptosporidium was 13.1% (95% ci 13.1±1.6%) (29 of 47 farms), with 72-100-day-old quails having the highest prevalence (23.6%, 95% ci 23.6±2.6%) (χ(2)= ...201222377447
comparative intralimb coordination in avian bipedal locomotion.analyses of how intralimb coordination during locomotion varies within and across different taxa are necessary for understanding the morphological and neurological basis for locomotion in general. previous findings suggest that intralimb proportions are the major source of kinematic variation that governs intralimb coordination across taxa. also, independence of kinematics from habitat preference and phylogenetic position has been suggested for mammals. this leads to the hypothesis that among eq ...201222899525
distribution patterns of influenza virus receptors and viral attachment patterns in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of seven avian species.this study assessed the presence of sialic acid α-2,3 and α-2,6 linked glycan receptors in seven avian species. the respiratory and intestinal tracts of the chicken, common quail, red-legged partridge, turkey, golden pheasant, ostrich, and mallard were tested by means of lectin histochemistry, using the lectins maackia amurensis agglutinin ii and sambucus nigra agglutinin, which show affinity for α-2,3 and α-2,6 receptors, respectively. additionally, the pattern of virus attachment (pva) was eva ...201222489675
gsm 900 mhz microwave radiation affects embryo development of japanese quails.a wide range of non thermal biological effects of microwave radiation (mw) was revealed during the last decades. a number of reports showed evident hazardous effects of mw on embryo development in chicken. in this study, we aimed at elucidating the effects of mw emitted by a commercial model of gsm 900 mhz cell phone on embryo development in quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) during both short and prolonged exposure. for that, fresh fertilized eggs were irradiated during the first 38 h or 14 da ...201222268787
characterization of bacteria of the genus staphylococcus isolated from the eggs of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the study attempted to analyse and characterize bacteria of the genus staphylococcus isolated from the surface and contents of quail eggs, taking into account their phenotypic properties, biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and pcr to test for the presence of the meca gene, which is responsible for resistance to methicillin. the study included 45 strains of the genus staphylococcus isolated from the whites, yolks and shells of table quail eggs. the results obtained indicate t ...201223390768
phytosterol additive boosts adrenal response to acth in male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).to investigate the adrenal effect of a phytosterol (ps) additive, 80 male japanese quail were divided into four sub-groups and fed 0, 40, 400, and 4,000 ppm of ps, respectively, for 21 days. subsequently, 50% of the birds from each dosage group were subjected to a 6-day adrenal function test, whereby they were injected with long-lasting adrenocorticotropin (acth). the remaining quail in each ps dosage group were raised under normal conditions. the groups receiving 400 and 4000 ppm ps exhibited d ...201222212440
subulura brumpti infection - an outbreak in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).subulura brumpti infection was observed in japanese quails and caused heavy production loss up to 10%. gross lesions were confined to caecum of the affected birds. pathological changes suggestive of acute cecal hemorrhagic enteritis were recorded. closer observation of the cecal loop revealed wavy movement with thousands of tiny worms. based on morphometry, the worms were identified as s. brumpti. condition was responded to the albendazole treatment efficiently and all the birds were recovered a ...201225653749
tissue deposition and passage into eggs of ochratoxin a in japanese quail.laying japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were given single oral doses of 0, 1, 5, and 20 mg of ochratoxin a (oa) per kg of the body weight. after 6, 12, and 24 hours and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days an appropriate number of birds was sacrificed and oa in blood, muscles, liver, kidney, abdominal yolks, and collected eggs was measured. the highest concentration of oa was found in kidneys and the lowest in muscles. four days following the application, oa could still be detected in kidney, li ...20122231319
spatial orientation in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).finding a given location can be based on a variety of strategies, for example on the estimation of spatial relations between landmarks, called spatial orientation. in galliform birds, spatial orientation has been demonstrated convincingly in very young domestic chicks. we wanted to know whether adult japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) without food deprivation are also able to use spatial orientation. the quails had to learn the relation of a food location with four conspicuous landmark ...201122163284
the influence of inclusions of vitamin e and corn oil on semen traits of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).reported was an investigation of the effect of vitamin e (vit.e) and corn oil on semen traits of male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). from 8 to 20 wk of age, birds were raised on corn-based diets supplemented with corn oil (0 and 3%) and vit.e (national research council (nrc) recommended 25mg/kg/day/dry matter and 150 mg/kg/day/dry matter) in a 2×2 factorial manner. the diet was supplemented with corn oil and vit.e (e2c2) which provided additional n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ...201121177050
hypocholesterolemic effect of karaya saponin in japanese laying quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).the effect of karaya saponin supplementation on the serum and egg yolk cholesterol and fatty acid composition in egg yolk were investigated in japanese quails. a total of 80 japanese quails aged 5 weeks were equally divided into four groups of 20. four levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg feed) of karaya saponin were included in the basal diet and experiment was lasted for 6 weeks. the cholesterol fractions in the egg yolk and serum were measured by enzymatic assay, and the fatty acid composition in e ...201121114549
characterization of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in seminal plasma of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).lactate dehydrogenase enzyme present in quail seminal plasma has been characterized. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequently with ldh specific staining of seminal plasma revealed a single isozyme in quail semen. studies on substrate inhibition, ph for optimum activity and inhibitor (urea) indicated the isozyme present in the quail semen has catalytic properties like ldh-1 viz. h-type. furthermore, unlike other mammalian species, electrophoretic and kinetic investigations did not supp ...201121074838
distribution, density and histochemical profiles of the lung mast cells during the post-hatching period of japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).the distribution, density and histochemical characteristics of mast cells in the lungs of the japanese quail were investigated during the post-hatching period. in the period starting from the first to the 60th day post-hatching, based on proteoglycan content, three types of mast cells, which were alcian blue-positive, safranin o-positive and alcian blue/safranin o-positive, were found to exist in the lungs. the application of staining with berberine sulphate demonstrated that, similar to the dis ...201120537669
evaluation of a collagen patch as a method of enhancing ventriculotomy healing in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).to assess the ability of a porcine submucosal collagen patch to enhance ventriculotomy healing in quail.201112692754
molecular sexing and analysis of chd1-z and chd1-w sequence variations in wild common quail (coturnix c. coturnix) and domesticated japanese quail (coturnix c. japonica). 201121873772
resveratrol protects quail hepatocytes against heat stress: modulation of the nrf2 transcription factor and heat shock proteins.in the present study, the effects of dietary resveratrol on the induction of heat shock proteins, transcription factors and antioxidative enzyme system in liver of quails under heat stress were investigated. a total of 180 (55-day-old) female japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) were reared either at 22 °c for 24 h/day (thermoneutral, tn) or 34 °c for 8 h/day (heat stress, hs; 09:00-17:00 hours) for 12 weeks. birds in both environments were randomly fed one of three diets: basal diet and ...201121244525
gene cloning, expression and characterization of avian cathelicidin orthologs, cc-caths, from coturnix coturnix.cathelicidins comprise a family of antimicrobial peptides sharing a highly conserved cathelin domain, which play a central role in the early innate host defense against infection. in the present study, we report three novel avian cathelicidin orthologs cloned from a constructed spleen cdna library of coturnix coturnix, using a nested-pcr-based cloning strategy. three coding sequences containing orfs of 447, 465 and 456 bp encode three mature antimicrobial peptides (named cc-cath1, 2 and 3) of 26 ...201121375690
immunotoxicity and disease resistance in japanese quail (corturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to malathion.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of malathion on the immune system of wild birds, using japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) as a model. quail were exposed to malathion in drinking water at environmentally realistic concentrations (0 ppm, 1 ppm, and 10 ppm). in the fifth week, several arms of the immune response were tested using the t-cell based phytohemagglutinin (pha) skin test, the b-cell mediated antibody response, and the chemiluminescence assay measuring innate ...201121448623
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds in durango, mexico.abstract there is a lack of information concerning the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds in mexico. in the present study serum samples and tissues from 653 birds from durango state, mexico were evaluated for t. gondii infection. antibodies to t. gondii (modified agglutination test, mat, titer 1:25 or higher) were found in 17 (2.6%) of the 653 birds including 1 of 2 curve-billed thrashers (toxostoma curvirostre), 2 (1 anas platyrhynchos, 1 anas diazi) of 4 ducks, 1 of 2 eagl ...201121612413
identification of a putatively novel trichomonad species in the intestine of a common quail (coturnix coturnix).a common quail (coturnix coturnix) from a private keeping died unexpectedly and showed a moderate lymphocytic infiltration of the colonic mucosa associated with numerous protozoa-like objects at the pathological examination. these organisms were further identified using chromogenic in situ hybridization (ish) and gene sequencing. ish was performed on paraffin embedded tissue sections and produced a positive signal using a probe specific for the 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene of the order trichomo ...201121839582
timing of ossification in duck, quail, and zebra finch: lntraspecific variation, heterochronies, and life history evolution.skeletogenic heterochronies have gained much attention in comparative developmental biology. the temporal appearance of mineralized individual bones in a species - the species ossification sequence - is an excellent marker in this kind of study. several publications describe interspecific variation, but only very few detail intraspecific variation. in this study, we describe and analyze the temporal order of ossification of skeletal elements in the zebra finch, taeniopygia guttata, the japanese ...201121728797
Impact of climate change on risk of incursion of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in livestock in Europe through migratory birds.Aims: To predict the risk of incursion of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in livestock in Europe introduced through immature Hyalomma marginatum ticks on migratory birds under current conditions and in the decade 2075-2084 under a climate-change scenario. Methods and Results: A spatial risk map of Europe comprising 14 282 grid cells (25 × 25 km) was constructed using three data sources: (i) ranges and abundances of four species of bird which migrate from sub-Saharan Africa to Eu ...201122118269
levels of helminthic infections in the quails coturnix coturnix from kingdom of saudi arabia.the present study aims to clarify the difference of the intensity of parasitic infection between the domestic quails coturnis coturnis and the migrant ones. a total of 60 domesticated and 60 migratory quails were investigated during the migration season september-november 2009 for intestinal parasites. investigations revealed that both domestic and migrant quails were susceptible to infection with three helminth parasites; a nematode (heterakis gallinarum), and two cestodes (choanotaenia infundi ...201121980778
contribution of blastoderm cells to japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica)-peking duck (anas platyrhynchos) chimeras.the purpose of this study was to produce quail-duck chimeras by transferring stage x blastoderm cells and to detect the distribution of donor cells in heterogeneous embryos using pcr. four experimental groups were made by transferring different amounts of quail blastoderm cells into duck recipients. in early embryonic stages, donor cells labeled with pkh26 fluorescent dye were observed in the head, neural tube and gonads by fluorescent microscopy. a total of 194 duck recipient embryos were injec ...201122111627
Combined exposure of Japanese quails to cyanotoxins, Newcastle virus and lead: oxidative stress responses.Wild birds are continually exposed to many anthropogenic and natural stressors in their habitats. Over the last decades, mass mortalities of wild birds constitute a serious problem and may possibly have more causations such as natural toxins including cyanotoxins, parasitic diseases, industrial chemicals and other anthropogenic contaminants. This study brings new knowledge on the effects of controlled exposure to multiple stressors in birds. The aim was to test the hypothesis that influence of c ...201121855999
Validation of a disease model in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with the use of Escherichia coli serogroup O2 isolated from a turkey.This study established a disease model and protocol for bacterial challenge with Escherichia coli serogroup O2 strain EC317 in Japanese quail. Five groups of 10 birds each were injected subcutaneously in the breast with 200 µL of a brain-heart infusion (BHI) culture containing 1 × 10(8), 1 × 10(7), 1 × 10(6), 1 × 10(5), or 1 × 10(4) colony-forming units/mL of the test organism, which had been isolated from a turkey with cellulitis and septicemia. Birds in a 6th group were controls that received ...201122210992
plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities in three wild bird species in mosul, iraq: in vitro inhibition by insecticides.plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were determined in three wild bird species to assess their exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides which are used in agriculture and public health. in the present study, we used an electrometric method for measurement of cholinesterase activities in the plasma and whole brain of three indigenous wild birds commonly found in northern iraq. the birds used were apparently healthy adults of both sexes (8 birds/species, comprising 3-5 from eac ...201122058655
bird terrestrial locomotion as revealed by 3d kinematics.most birds use at least two modes of locomotion: flying and walking (terrestrial locomotion). whereas the wings and tail are used for flying, the legs are mainly used for walking. the role of other body segments remains, however, poorly understood. in this study, we examine the kinematics of the head, the trunk, and the legs during terrestrial locomotion in the quail (coturnix coturnix). despite the trunk representing about 70% of the total body mass, its function in locomotion has received litt ...201121982408
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