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paralog analyses reveal gene duplication events and genes under positive selection in ixodes scapularis and other ixodid ticks.hard ticks (family ixodidae) are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of worldwide medical and veterinary importance. the haploid genomes of multiple species of ixodid ticks exceed 1 gbp, prompting questions regarding gene, segmental and whole genome duplication in this phyletic group. the availability of the genome assembly for the black legged tick, ixodes scapularis, and transcriptome datasets for multiple species of ticks offers an opportunity to assess the contribution of gene duplication ...201626984180
community structure, seasonal variations and interactions between native and invasive cattle tick species in benin and burkina faso.the variation of tick abundance on ruminants had received little attention in west africa before rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus started to invade this region in the early 2000s. ten years later, r. microplus was suspected to have replaced the native ticks. in addition to testing this hypothesis, this study investigated the interactions between native and invasive ticks and the relative role of climatic and geographical variables in the variations of tick community composition (beta diversit ...201626819238
rna-seq analyses of the midgut from blood- and serum-fed ixodes ricinus ticks.adult females of the genus ixodes imbibe blood meals exceeding about 100 times their own weight within 7‒9 days. during this period, ticks internalise components of host blood by endocytic digest cells that line the tick midgut epithelium. using rna-seq, we aimed to characterise the midgut transcriptome composition in adult ixodes ricinus females during early and late phase of engorgement. to address specific adaptations to the haemoglobin-rich diet, we compared the midgut transcriptomes of gene ...201627824139
identification of a novel β-adrenergic octopamine receptor-like gene (βaor-like) and increased atp-binding cassette b10 (abcb10) expression in a rhipicephalus microplus cell line derived from acaricide-resistant ticks.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an economically important parasite of livestock. effective control of ticks using acaricides is threatened by the emergence of resistance to many existing compounds. several continuous r. microplus cell lines have been established and provide an under-utilised resource for studies into acaricide targets and potential genetic mutations associated with resistance. as a first step to genetic studies using these resources, this study aimed to de ...201627484910
environmental factors influencing tick densities over seven years in a french suburban forest.worldwide changes in socio-economic and environmental factors and the global climate are recognised causes of variation in tick distribution and density. thus it is of great importance that new studies address the changing risk of infection for exposed populations. in europe, ixodes ricinus ticks are the most common vectors of several pathogens impacting veterinary and public health that have colonised suburban habitats.201627234215
tick receptor for outer surface protein a from ixodes ricinus - the first intrinsically disordered protein involved in vector-microbe recognition.the tick receptor for outer surface protein a (trospa) is the only identified factor involved in tick gut colonization by various borrelia species. trospa is localized in the gut epithelium and can recognize and bind the outer surface bacterial protein ospa via an unknown mechanism. based on earlier reports and our latest observations, we considered that trospa would be the first identified intrinsically disordered protein (idp) involved in the interaction between a vector and a pathogenic micro ...201627112540
ixodes scapularis tick saliva proteins sequentially secreted every 24 h during blood feeding.ixodes scapularis is the most medically important tick species and transmits five of the 14 reportable human tick borne disease (tbd) agents in the usa. this study describes lc-ms/ms identification of 582 tick- and 83 rabbit proteins in saliva of i. scapularis ticks that fed for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, as well as engorged but not detached (bd), and spontaneously detached (sd). the 582 tick proteins include proteases (5.7%), protease inhibitors (7.4%), unknown function proteins (22%), immunity ...201626751078
phage display as a promising approach for vaccine development.bacteriophages are specific antagonists to bacterial hosts. these viral entities have attracted growing interest as optimal vaccine delivery vehicles. phages are well-matched for vaccine design due to being highly stable under harsh environmental conditions, simple and inexpensive large scale production, and potent adjuvant capacities. phage vaccines have efficient immunostimulatory effects and present a high safety profile because these viruses have made a constant relationship with the mammali ...201627680328
the microbiome of ehrlichia-infected and uninfected lone star ticks (amblyomma americanum).the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum, transmits several bacterial pathogens including species of anaplasma and ehrlichia. amblyomma americanum also hosts a number of non-pathogenic bacterial endosymbionts. recent studies of other arthropod and insect vectors have documented that commensal microflora can influence transmission of vector-borne pathogens; however, little is known about tick microbiomes and their possible influence on tick-borne diseases. our objective was to compare bacterial c ...201626751816
going beyond the control of quorum-sensing to combat biofilm infections.most bacteria attach to surfaces where they form a biofilm, cells embedded in a complex matrix of polymers. cells in biofilms are much better protected against noxious agents than free-living cells. as a consequence it is very difficult to control pathogens with antibiotics in biofilm infections and novel targets are urgently needed. one approach aims at the communication between cells to form and to maintain a biofilm, a process called quorum-sensing. water soluble small-sized molecules mediate ...201627025518
arbovirosis and potential transmission blocking vaccines.infectious diseases caused by arboviruses (viruses transmitted by arthropods) are undergoing unprecedented epidemic activity and geographic expansion. with the recent introduction of west nile virus (1999), chikungunya virus (2013) and zika virus (2015) to the americas, stopping or even preventing the expansion of viruses into susceptible populations is an increasing concern. with a few exceptions, available vaccines protecting against arboviral infections are nonexistent and current disease pre ...201627664127
immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin.it is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. a primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebra ...201627518203
insecticide resistance and management strategies in urban ecosystems.the increased urbanization of a growing global population makes imperative the development of sustainable integrated pest management (ipm) strategies for urban pest control. this emphasizes pests that are closely associated with the health and wellbeing of humans and domesticated animals. concurrently there are regulatory requirements enforced to minimize inadvertent exposures to insecticides in the urban environment. development of insecticide resistance management (irm) strategies in urban eco ...201626751480
concurrent micro-rna mediated silencing of tick-borne flavivirus replication in tick vector and in the brain of vertebrate host.tick-borne viruses include medically important zoonotic pathogens that can cause life-threatening diseases. unlike mosquito-borne viruses, whose impact can be restrained via mosquito population control programs, for tick-borne viruses only vaccination remains the reliable means of disease prevention. for live vaccine viruses a concern exists, that spillovers from viremic vaccinees could result in introduction of genetically modified viruses into sustainable tick-vertebrate host transmission cycl ...201627620807
selective factors associated with the evolution of codon usage in natural populations of arboviruses.arboviruses (arthropod borne viruses) have life cycles that include both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts with substantial differences in vector and host specificity between different viruses. most arboviruses utilize rna for their genetic material and are completely dependent on host trnas for their translation, suggesting that virus codon usage could be a target for selection. in the current study we analyzed the relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) patterns of 26 arboviruses together with ...201627455096
virus discovery using tick cell lines.while ticks have been known to harbor and transmit pathogenic arboviruses for over 80 years, the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies has revealed that ticks also appear to harbor a diverse range of endogenous tick-only viruses belonging to many different families. almost nothing is known about these viruses; indeed, it is unclear in most cases whether the identified viral sequences are derived from actual replication-competent viruses or from endogenous virus elements incorpor ...201627679414
molecular detection of anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. in ruminants from twelve provinces of china.anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. are tick-transmitted bacteria that are of significant economic importance as they can infect large and small ruminants and also people. there is little information on anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in ruminants in china. 16s rrna fret-qpcrs were used to screen convenience whole blood samples from 2,240 domestic ruminants in 12 provinces of china for anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. positive samples were further analyzed with a standard pcr for the glta. anaplasm ...201628096822
molecular detection and characterization of zoonotic and veterinary pathogens in ticks from northeastern china.tick-borne diseases are considered as emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals in china. in this study, ixodes persulcatus (n = 1699), haemaphysalis concinna (n = 412), haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 390), dermacentor nuttalli (n = 253), and dermacentor silvarum (n = 204) ticks were collected by flagging from northeastern china, and detected for infection with anaplasma, ehrlichia, babesia, and hepatozoon spp. by using nested polymerase chain reaction assays and sequencing analysis. an ...201627965644
anaplasma species of veterinary importance in japan.anaplasma species of the family anaplasmataceae, order rickettsiales are tick-borne organisms that can cause disease in animals and humans. in japan, all recognized species of anaplasma (except for anaplasma ovis) and a potentially novel anaplasma sp. closely related to anaplasma phagocytophilum have been reported. most of these detected tick-borne pathogens are believed to be lowly pathogenic in animals in japan although the zoonotic a. phagocytophilum has recently been reported to cause clinic ...201627956767
prediction of g protein-coupled receptor encoding sequences from the synganglion transcriptome of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, is a pest which causes multiple health complications in cattle. the g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) super-family presents a candidate target for developing novel tick control methods. however, gpcrs share limited sequence similarity among orthologous family members, and there is no reference genome available for r. microplus. this limits the effectiveness of alignment-dependent methods such as blast and pfam for identifying gpcrs from r. mi ...201626922323
molecular detection and identification of piroplasms in sika deer (cervus nippon) from jilin province, china.piroplasmosis is an important disease of domestic animals and wildlife and is caused by organisms from the genera theileria and babesia. wildlife such as sika deer play an important role as reservoir hosts for several species of theileria and babesia. using blood samples collected from sika deer, we investigated the epidemiology of theileria spp. and babesia spp. in sika deer from jilin province in china and identified those species that cause pathogenic infections in sika deer.201626984286
characterisation of tropomyosin and paramyosin as vaccine candidate molecules for the poultry red mite, dermanyssus gallinae.dermanyssus gallinae is the most economically important haematophagous ectoparasite in commercial egg laying flocks worldwide. it infests the hens during the night where it causes irritation leading to restlessness, pecking and in extreme cases anaemia and increased cannibalism. due to an increase in the occurrence of acaricide-resistant d. gallinae populations, new control strategies are required and vaccination may offer a sustainable alternative to acaricides. in this study, recombinant forms ...201627733192
experiences in tick control by acaricide in the traditional cattle sector in zambia and burkina faso: possible environmental and public health implications.livestock, especially cattle, play a paramount role in agriculture production systems, particularly in poor countries throughout the world. ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) have an important impact on livestock and agriculture production in sub-saharan africa. the authors review the most common methods used for the control of ticks and tbds. special emphasis is given to the direct application of acaricides to the host animals. the possible environmental and public health adverse effects (i.e ...201627882313
host body size and the diversity of tick assemblages on neotropical vertebrates.identifying the factors that influence the species diversity and distribution of ticks (acari: ixodida) across vertebrate host taxa is of fundamental ecological and medical importance. host body size is considered one of the most important determinants of tick abundance, with larger hosts having higher tick burdens. the species diversity of tick assemblages should also be greater on larger-bodied host species, but empirical studies testing this hypothesis are lacking. here, we evaluate this rela ...201627812506
host specificity in a diverse neotropical tick community: an assessment using quantitative network analysis and host phylogeny.host specificity is a fundamental determinant of tick population and pathogen transmission dynamics, and therefore has important implications for human health. tick host specificity is expected to be particularly high in the tropics, where communities of ticks, hosts and pathogens are most diverse. yet the degree to which tropical tick species are host-specific remains poorly understood. combining new field data with published records, we assessed the specificity of tick-host associations in pan ...201627357506
seroepidemiology of rickettsial infections in northeast india.resurgence of scrub typhus was reported in northeast india in 2010 after a gap of 67 years since world war ii. however, the presence of other rickettsial infections remained unknown from this region. a seroepidemiological investigation was undertaken in the scrub typhus affected areas from 2013-2015 in assam, arunachal pradesh and nagaland to assess the exposure to other rickettsial diseases besides scrub typhus.201627618917
efficacy of 11 brazilian essential oils on lethality of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.herbal extracts have been investigated as an alternative for parasite control, aiming to slow the development of resistance and to obtain low-cost biodegradable parasiticides. the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, in vitro, of 11 essential oils from brazil on reproductive efficiency and lethality of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the effects of oils extracted from curcuma longa, zingiber officinale, lippia alba, lippia gracilis, lippia origanoides, lippia sid ...201626867819
acaricidal activity of methanol extract of acmella oleracea l. (asteraceae) and spilanthol on rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae).we evaluated the acaricidal activity of acmella oleracea methanol extract and spilanthol on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens. the extract was made through maceration with methanol. from this extract, a dichloromethane fraction with 99% spilanthol was obtained and tested on r. microplus larvae and engorged females and d. nitens larvae. for evaluation against larvae, the modified larval packet test was used, and both the methanol extract and dichloromethane fraction were tested at co ...201627692316
management and control of parasites on dairy farms in northwestern region of são paulo state.dairy cattle farming is of great economic and social importance in all brazilian's regions. parasites can reduce milk productivity, especially the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. this study consisted of a questionnaire answered by 40 milk producers in the northwestern region of the state of são paulo. the aim was to ascertain how these producers controlled ticks and other parasites. very many of them knew nothing about the biological cycle of the cattle tick or about strategic control ...201627580398
new insights from molecular characterization of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in brazil.the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus complex currently consists of five taxa, namely r. australis, r. annulatus, r. (b.) microplus clade a sensu, r. microplus clade b sensu, and r. (b.) microplus clade c sensu. mitochondrial dna-based methods help taxonomists when they are facing the morpho-taxonomic problem of distinguishing members of the r. (b.) microplus complex. the purpose of this study was to perform molecular characterization of ticks in all five regions of brazil and infer their phyl ...201627579530
bmti-a, a kunitz type inhibitor from rhipicephalus microplus able to interfere in vessel formation.rhipicephalus microplus is an ectoparasite responsible for transmissions of babesiosis and anaplasmosis causing large losses to livestock production. to survive r. microplus tick produces several active molecules, such as protease inhibitors. this ectoparasite has been described as a rich source of serine protease inhibitors most of them are kunitz-bpti members named bmtis which have no clear function yet. in the present work, we described the expression and functional characterization of rbmti- ...201626921038
ehrlichia minasensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus ehrlichia isolated from the tick rhipicephalus microplus.recently, we obtained a rickettsial isolate (ehrlichia sp. ufmg-ev) from the hemolymph of rhipicephalus microplus engorged tick females. on the basis of maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using 16s rrna, groel, dsb, glta and trp36 nucleotide sequences we showed that ehrlichia sp. ufmg-ev belongs to the α-proteobacteria, family anaplasmataceae, genus ehrlichia. ehrlichia sp. ufmg-ev is a sister taxa of e. canis with 16s rrna, groel, dsb, glta and trp36 nucleotide sequence similarity of 98.3 ...201626763978
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in the western-central region of rio grande do sul, brazil: multiresistant tick.the aim of the present study was to assess the acaricide resistance of tick populations in the western-central region of rio grande do sul (brazil), which has not previously been reported. fifty-four cattle farms were visited and specimens of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus were collected and subjected to the adult immersion test, using nine commercial acaricides in the amidine, pyrethroid and organophosphate groups. climatic data, including monthly precipitation, were recorded. the results ...201625271453
expression pattern of suba in different tissues and blood-feeding status in haemaphysalis flava.tick-borne-diseases (tbd) pose a huge threat to the health of both humans and animals worldwide. tick vaccines constitute an attractive alternative for tick control, due to their cost-efficiency and environmental-friendliness. subolesin, a protective antigen against ticks, is reported to be a promising candidate for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines. however, the entire length of its gene, suba, and its gene expression pattern in different tissues and blood-feeding status (or different ...201627631766
molecular characterization and expression analysis of three novel autophagy-related genes from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite of major importance for the livestock industry. it shows a remarkable ability to survive over long periods without feeding. however, the mechanisms used to endure long-term starvation are poorly understood. it is believed that autophagy, a process of intracellular protein degradation, may play a significant role to confront adverse environmental conditions. to advance our understanding of autophagy in r. microplu ...201627609093
tick salivary cholinesterase: a probable immunomodulator of host-parasite interactions.the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini), is the most economically important cattle ectoparasite in the world. rhipicephalus microplus and rhipicephalus annulatus (say) continue to threaten u.s. cattle producers despite eradication and an importation barrier based on inspection, dipping of imported cattle in organophosphate (op) acaricide, and quarantine of infested premises. op acaricides inhibit acetylcholinesterase (ache), essential to tick central nervous sy ...201626794231
acaricide resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum collected from haryana and rajasthan states of india.acaricide resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum ticks against deltamethrin and diazinon was assessed in hisar (haryana) and its adjoining district churu (rajasthan) using adult immersion test (ait) and larval packet test (lpt). the mortality slope, lc50, lc95, 95 % confidence limit and resistance factor of field ticks were determined. results showed that r. (b.) microplus ticks collected from tohana (hisar) were found resistant to both the acaricides wh ...201627100113
repellent effects of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against cattle tick larvae (rhipicephalus australis) when formulated as emulsions and in β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.rhipicephalus australis (formerly boophilus microplus) is a one host tick responsible for major economic loss in tropical and subtropical cattle production enterprises. control is largely dependent on the application of acaricides but resistance has developed to most currently registered chemical groups. repellent compounds that prevent initial attachment of tick larvae offer a potential alternative to control with chemical toxicants. the repellent effects of melaleuca alternifolia oil (tto) emu ...201627369582
fenvalerate resistance status in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) from punjab, india.larval packet test was used for evaluating the resistance levels in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from different districts of central plain zone of punjab state, india against fenvalerate. the regression graphs of probit mortality of larvae plotted against log values of progressively increasing concentrations of fenvalerate were utilized for the estimation of lethal concentration for 50 % (lc50) and 95 % (lc95) values against various field isolates of r. (b.) microplus. the slope ...201627605769
genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assessment of new ethyl-carbamates with ixodicidal activity.the mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test was used on the peripheral blood of wistar rats exposed to two new ethyl-carbamates: ethyl-4-bromophenyl-carbamate (lqm 919) and ethyl-4-chlorophenyl-carbamate (lqm 996) to analyze their genotoxic potential. the mitotic index and cell proliferation kinetics in human lymphocyte cultures in the presence of these ethyl-carbamates were used to evaluate cytotoxicity and cytostaticity respectively. exposure to greater acute doses (300mg/kg) and to all of the ...201627542710
in vitro effects of pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the aim of this study was to assess the activity of aqueous (ae) and ethanolic extracts (ee) and pilocarpine hydrochloride, which were extracted and isolated from pilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi), respectively, on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was performed to quantify these compounds. larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted with different concentrations. five ae and ee concentrations, ranging from 6.2 to 100.0 mg ml-1, and s ...201627334829
in vitro effects of pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the aim of this study was to assess the activity of aqueous (ae) and ethanolic extracts (ee) and pilocarpine hydrochloride, which were extracted and isolated from pilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi), respectively, on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was performed to quantify these compounds. larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted with different concentrations. five ae and ee concentrations, ranging from 6.2 to 100.0 mg ml-1, and s ...201627276670
acaricidal activity of leaf extracts of dalbergia sissoo roxb. (fabaceae) against synthetic pyrethroid resistant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus against synthetic pyrethroids was assessed by larval packet test which revealed level i and ii resistance against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. adult immersion test was employed to study the acaricidal activity of leaf extracts of dalbergia sissoo (sheesham) against these ticks. mortality and fecundity of ticks exposed to sheesham leaf aqueous (sla) and ethanolic (sle) extracts were evaluated at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25 ...201627234528
population dynamics and evaluation of the partial selective treatment of crossbreed steers naturally infested with rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in a herd from the state of minas gerais in brazil.the present study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus over a period of 13 months on a rural property located in the state of minas gerais in southeastern brazil. animals were treated for ticks indoors by whole body spraying when r. (b.) microplus had an average count equal or more than 30 ticks. the study also evaluated the possibility of a partial selective treatment for bovines to control r. (b.) microplus in which only a percentage of the populatio ...201626995724
alterations in the oxidative metabolism of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks in response to exposure to the insect growth regulator fluazuron.aiming to characterize the potential off-target effects of fluazuron on ticks, biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks after exposure to fluazuron. hemolymph and fat body were collected from female ticks before and after (4, 8 and 15 days) exposure to fluazuron. spectrophotometric analyses were done to quantify glucose concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activity in the hemolymph and the concent ...201626982563
esterase mediated resistance in deltamethrin resistant reference tick colony of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.monitoring of acaricide resistance is considered as one of the important facets of integrated tick management. in an attempt of development of resistance monitoring indicators, in the present study two reference tick lines of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus maintained in the entomology laboratory, indian veterinary research institute (ivri), izatnagar, india, were studied to determine the possible contributing factors involved in development of resistance to deltamethrin. electrophoretic pro ...201626979585
genetic diversity, acaricide resistance status and evolutionary potential of a rhipicephalus microplus population from a disease-controlled cattle farming area in south africa.the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite of great veterinary and economic importance. along with its adaptability, reproductive success and vectoring capacity, r. microplus has been reported to develop resistance to the major chemical classes of acaricides currently in use. in south africa, the mnisi community in the mpumalanga region offers a unique opportunity to study the adaptive potential of r. microplus. the aims of this study therefore included cha ...201626965787
isolation of the monooxygenase complex from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus - clues to understanding acaricide resistance.the monooxygenase complex is composed of three key proteins, a cytochrome p450 (cyp), the cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase (cpr) and cytochrome b5 and plays a key role in the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotic substances, including pesticides. in addition, overexpression of these components has been linked to pesticide resistance in several important vectors of disease. despite this, the monooxygenase complex has not been isolated from the southern cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) mi ...201626850353
in vitro activity of 3β-o-tigloylmelianol from guarea kunthiana a. juss (meliaceae) on oogenesis and ecdysis of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae).we evaluated the effects of 3β-o-tigloylmelianol from guarea kunthiana a. juss (meliaceae) on oogenesis, as a larvicide and on ecdysis of the larvae and the nymphs of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae). on the oogenesis' test, 48 engorged females were divided into three groups, evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment. half of the females were treated with 0.01% 3β-o-tigloylmelianol diluted in distilled water and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), wh ...201626844755
survey of cattle tick, riphicephalus (boophilus) microplus, resistance to amitraz and deltamethrin in new caledonia.the evolution of tick resistance to acaricides in new caledonia was followed in two ways: through two large scale surveys in 1998 and 2014 and through the routine analysis of samples of ticks with suspected resistance. the results of the two approaches were qualitatively similar though analysis of ticks with suspected resistance gave higher frequencies of resistance, as expected of a biased sample. resistance tests using a larval packet test have been conducted since 1993 for deltamethrin and 20 ...201626827863
multiple mutations in the acetylcholinesterase 3 gene associated with organophosphate resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks from punjab, india.the organophosphate (op) resistance status in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks collected from seventeen districts located in the northwestern indian state, punjab were characterized using three data sets (bioassay, biochemical and molecular assays). adult immersion test (ait) was adopted and the resistance factors (rf) for the field isolates were determined. resistance to malathion was detected in 12 isolates among which 11 showed level i resistance status while level ii status was reco ...201626801603
invitro acaricidal activity of ethnoveterinary plants and green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the present study was designed to investigate the invitro acaricidal effects of seven ethnoveterinary plants, zinc acetate and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the selected ethnoveterinary plants were extracted using ethanol and aqueous (water) solvents at 0.02mg/ml and 0.04mg/ml concentrations. of these seven plants, lobelia leschenaultiana showed the highest percentage of tick mortality. the ethanol extracts of l. ...201626801601
genotype by environment interaction for tick resistance of hereford and braford beef cattle using reaction norm models.the cattle tick is a parasite that adversely affects livestock performance in tropical areas. although countries such as australia and brazil have developed genetic evaluations for tick resistance, these evaluations have not considered genotype by environment (g*e) interactions. genetic gains could be adversely affected, since breedstock comparisons are environmentally dependent on the presence of g*e interactions, particularly if residual variability is also heterogeneous across environments. t ...201626767704
a review of reverse vaccinology approaches for the development of vaccines against ticks and tick borne diseases.the field of reverse vaccinology developed as an outcome of the genome sequence revolution. following the introduction of live vaccinations in the western world by edward jenner in 1798 and the coining of the phrase 'vaccine', in 1881 pasteur developed a rational design for vaccines. pasteur proposed that in order to make a vaccine that one should 'isolate, inactivate and inject the microorganism' and these basic rules of vaccinology were largely followed for the next 100 years leading to the el ...201626723274
extensive polymorphism of ra86 genes in field populations of rhipicephalus appendiculatus from kenya.commercial vaccines based on recombinant forms of the bm86 tick gut antigen are used to control the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, a 1-host species, in australia and latin america. we describe herein sequence polymorphism in genes encoding ra86 homologues of bm86 in the brown ear tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus, isolated from four kenyan field populations and one laboratory colony. sequencing of 19 ra86 sequences defined two alleles differentiated by indels, encoding 693 amino ...201627051976
assessment of different lippia sidoides genotypes regarding their acaricidal activity against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the aim of this study was to select different genotypes of lippia sidoides with the highest activity against larvae and engorged females of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the germplasms studied were lsid006, lsid102, lsid103 and lsid104. the lsid104 genotype, that presented carvacrol as a major constituent, was the germplasm with the worst larvicide effect (lc50 2.99 mg/ml). the lsid006 genotype was the least effective against engorged females (lc50 12.46 mg/ml), and it was chemic ...201627982301
susceptibility of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus to fluazuron (2.5mg/kg) and a combination of novaluron (2.0mg/kg)+eprinomectin (0.36mg/kg) in field studies in brazil.the present study aimed to determine the susceptibility of 32 r. (b.) microplus populations from southeast, midwest and south regions of brazil, to fluazuron (2.5mg/kg), administered topically (pour-on). additionally, five populations (southeast and midwest regions) of the southern cattle tick were evaluated using in vivo field studies, regarding their susceptibility to a new combination of novaluron (2.0mg/kg)+eprinomectin (0.36mg/kg), administered subcutaneously, compared with two positive con ...201627931932
synergistic action of fatty acids, sulphides and stilbene against acaricide-resistant rhipicephalus microplus ticks.six compounds in a methanolic extract of petiveria alliacea stem (cis-stilbene; benzyl disulphide; benzyl trisulphide; and methyl esters of hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid and octadecenoic acid) are known to exercise acaricide activity against cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus larvae and adults. the synergistic effect of 57 combinations of these six compounds on acaricide activity against r. microplus was evaluated. larvae immersion tests produced the lethal concentrations needed to ki ...201627692312
synergism of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol in larvae of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, and brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.the effects of combinations of the monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol and the phenylpropanoid eugenol in larvae of rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini, 1888) (acari: ixodidae) and rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) (acari: ixodidae) were assessed by the larval packet test. the compusyn program was used to make qualitative assessments of the effects (synergistic, additive and antagonistic) of the associations. the effects of all combinations tested against r. microplus larvae were synergis ...201627392803
comparative in vitro anti-tick efficacy of commercially available products and newly developed phyto-formulations against field collected and resistant tick lines of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is considered as one of the most widely distributed tick species ecto-parasitizing on livestock and causes fatal diseases with significant production loss. to address the problem of controlling acaricide resistant tick infestations on animals, attention has been paid to develop eco-friendly phyto-acaricides. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative anti-tick activities of commercially available herbal and chemical products with chemically c ...201627876990
complete mitochondrial genome of cattle tick (rhipicephalus microplus).in this study, we report the basic characteristics of the cattle tick mitochondrial genome, including structural organization and base composition of the rrnas, trnas and protein-coding genes. the total length of the mitogenome was 14,901 bp and its overall base composition was estimated to be 38.8% for a, 40.8% for t, 11.3 % for c, 9.1% for g, respectively, indicating an a-t(79.6 %)-rich feature in rhipicephalus microplus mitogenome.201624708109
acaricidal activity of five essential oils of ocimum species on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larvae.the aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus of essential oils from three ocimum species. acaricidal activity of five essential oils extracted from ocimum gratissimum l. (three samples), o. urticaefolium roth, and o. canum sims was evaluated on 14- to 21-day-old rhipicephalus microplus tick larvae using larval packet test bioassay. these essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography (gc) and gas chromatography-mass spec ...201525300420
comparative microarray analyses of adult female midgut tissues from feeding rhipicephalus species.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, has a debilitating effect on the livestock industry worldwide, owing to its being a vector of the causative agents of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. in south africa, co-infestation with r. microplus and r. decoloratus, a common vector species on local livestock, occurs widely in the northern and eastern parts of the country. an alternative to chemical control methods is sought in the form of a tick vaccine to control these tick species. however, seq ...201525448423
effect of malathion on reproductive parameters of engorged female rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks of punjab districts, india.the present study was aimed at evaluating effects of malathion on the various reproductive parameters, namely, egg mass weight (emw), reproductive index (ri), percentage inhibition of oviposition (%io), and hatchability percentage of eggs of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini 1887) females from 19 districts of punjab, india. the effect on various parameters was found to be dose dependent and more discernible upon exposure to higher concentrations. complete cessation of egg laying wa ...201526550485
first report of ivermectin resistance in field populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in punjab districts of india.the larval immersion test (lit) was used on the progenies of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from four districts of the punjab state, india to test the resistance to ivermectin. the regression graphs of probit mortality of larval ticks plotted against log values of increasing concentrations of ivermectin were utilized for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50%(lc50), 95%(lc95), resistance ratios (rr50, rr95) and the resistance levels (rl). values of t ...201526404476
loss of in vitro efficacy of topical commercial acaricides on rhipicephalus microplus (ixodida: ixodidae) from antioquian farms, colombia.in antioquia, the problems to control rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini, 1888) tick infestations have spread and ranchers claim conventional treatments are no longer effective. in this study, the in vitro efficacy of commercial topical products was tested with ticks obtained from two dairy farms in antioquia with severe repeated infestations. about 800 engorged ticks were collected directly from animals in two separate visits at the beginning and end of the same month. the adult immersion test ...201526336268
deltamethrin resistance in field populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in jammu and kashmir, india.detection of resistance levels against deltamethrin in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from six districts of jammu and kashmir (india) was carried out using the adult immersion test. the regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of concentration of drug were utilised for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (lc50), 95% (lc95) and resistance factor (rf). on the basis of the data generated on mortality, egg mass weight, ...201526255278
transmembrane proteins--mining the cattle tick transcriptome.managing the spread and load of pathogen-transmitting ticks is an important task worldwide. the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, not only impacts the economy through losses in dairy and meat production, but also raises concerns for human health in regards to the potential of certain transmitted pathogens becoming zoonotic. however, novel strategies to control r. microplus are hindered by lack of understanding tick biology and the discovery of suitable vaccine or acaricide targets. the impor ...201526096851
acaricidal activity of thymol against larvae of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) under semi-natural conditions.this is the first study to investigate the activity of thymol on rhipicephalus microplus larvae under semi-natural conditions. for this purpose, tests were conducted in pots with brachiaria decumbens seedlings containing cattle tick larvae. thymol, diluted in ethanol 50° gl, was tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/ml, along with the control group treated with the solvent alone. each treatment was composed of five pots (1 pot = a repetition). the experiment was performed ...201526040843
ixodicide activity of eysenhardtia polystachya against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the objective of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal effect of 2 compounds extracted from eysenhardtia polystachya in vitro, namely coatlines and matlalines. each extract was obtained by aqueous extraction in a nitrogen atmosphere. engorged adult females of an amitraz-resistant strain of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus were used to produce larvae and to carry out the adult immersion test (ait), while larvae were assayed using the larval packet test (lpt). after exposure to coatlines or ...201526020221
acaricidal activity of extracts from the leaves and aerial parts of neoglaziovia variegata (bromeliaceae) on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.this experiment was carried out to study the bioacaricidal activity of neoglaziovia variegata against engorged females of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the mortality and fecundity of groups of engorged adult females exposed to different concentrations of ethanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts obtained from the leaves and aerial parts of n. variegata were evaluated, using three treatments with concentrations of 5, 10 e 25 mg/ml; two controls (distilled water and distilled ...201525979315
high efficacy of a 20 amino acid peptide of the acidic ribosomal protein p0 against the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus.current strategies to control cattle ticks use integrated control programs (icp) that include vaccination. reduction in the use of chemicals and in the cost of tick control, the delay or elimination of acaricide resistance and the decreasing of environmental pollution are the advantages of using these programs. this integrated program is potentially applicable to all genotypes of chemical resistant ticks. however, the problem here is to improve the efficacy of anti-tick vaccines. the p0 protein ...201525958782
acetylcholinesterase 1 in populations of organophosphate-resistant north american strains of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).rhipicephalus microplus, the cattle fever tick, is a global economic problem to the cattle industry due to direct infestation of cattle and pathogens transmitted during feeding. cattle fever tick outbreaks continue to occur along the mexico-us border even though the tick has been eradicated from the usa. the organophosphate (op) coumaphos targets acetylcholinesterase (ache) and is the approved acaricide for eradicating cattle fever tick outbreaks. there is evidence for coumaphos resistance devel ...201525952704
acaricidal activity of essential oils from lippia alba genotypes and its major components carvone, limonene, and citral against rhipicephalus microplus.the goal of the present study was to evaluate the acaricidal potential of lippia alba essential oil, citral chemotypes (la-10 and la-44 genotypes) and carvone chemotypes (la-13 and la-57 genotypes), as well as purified citral and enantiomers of carvone and limonene. efficacy against rhipicephalus microplus was assessed by the larval packet and the engorged female immersion tests. citral chemotypes had greater larvicidal activity than carvone chemotypes, and this was further supported by larvicid ...201525837783
variation among bm86 sequences in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks collected from cattle across thailand.anti-tick vaccines based on recombinant homologues bm86 and bm95 have become a more cost-effective and sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides commonly used to control the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. however, bm86 polymorphism among geographically separate ticks is reportedly associated with reduced effectiveness of these vaccines. the purpose of this study was to investigate the variation of bm86 among cattle ticks collected from northern, northeastern, central and ...201525777941
formula to evaluate efficacy of vaccines and systemic substances against three-host ticks.the control of ticks with vaccines is of global interest. experimental vaccines incorporate new technologies as soon as they are available. historically, the main vaccine studies have focused on the one-host cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus, and efficacy evaluations have been standardised for this tick species. on the other hand, evaluations of vaccine candidates for three-host ticks are being done somewhat arbitrarily and thus comparisons within the current literature on the efficacy of vacc ...201525765624
models of bovine babesiosis including juvenile cattle.bovine babesiosis in cattle is caused by the transmission of protozoa of babesia spp. by ticks as vectors. juvenile cattle (<9 months of age) have resistance to bovine babesiosis, rarely show symptoms, and acquire immunity upon recovery. susceptibility to the disease varies between breeds of cattle. models of the dynamics of bovine babesiosis transmitted by the cattle tick that include these factors are formulated as systems of ordinary differential equations. basic reproduction numbers are calc ...201525715822
the mitochondrial genome of a texas outbreak strain of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, derived from whole genome sequencing pacific biosciences and illumina reads.the cattle fever tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is one of the most significant medical veterinary pests in the world, vectoring several serious livestock diseases negatively impacting agricultural economies of tropical and subtropical countries around the world. in our study, we assembled the complete r. microplus mitochondrial genome from illumina and pac bio sequencing reads obtained from the ongoing r. microplus (deutsch strain from texas, usa) genome sequencing project. we compare ...201526117172
esterase and glutathione s-transferase levels associated with synthetic pyrethroid resistance in hyalomma anatolicum and rhipicephalus microplus ticks from punjab, india.larval packet test was used for assessment of resistance status against cypermethrin and deltamethrin in hyalomma anatolicum and rhipicephalus microplus from various districts of punjab (india). among the various field isolates of h. anatolicum susceptible status was recorded against cypermethrin in all isolates, whereas against deltamethrin resistance status (level i-iii) was recorded. in r. microplus lower resistance levels (i-ii) were recorded against cypermethrin in comparison to deltamethri ...201525652614
parasiticide resistance in flies, lice and ticks in new zealand and australia: mechanisms, prevalence and prevention.this review outlines the history of parasiticide resistance in the principal ectoparasites of sheep and cattle in new zealand and australia, blowflies, buffalo fly (haematobia irritans exigua), sheep biting louse (bovicola ovis) and cattle ticks, and discusses recent changes in their response to insecticides and acaricides. mechanisms of resistance and evaluation methods are described, with ways in which insecticide resistance can be avoided or ameliorated also discussed. resistance in sheep blo ...201525185062
immunoprotective potential of a rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus metalloprotease.ticks have serious impacts on animal and human health, causing significant economic losses in cattle breeding. besides damage due to the hematophagous behavior, they transmit several pathogens. low cost and environmental safety have made vaccines a promising alternative control method against tick infestation. metalloproteases (mps) have been shown to be essential for diverse biological functions in hematophagous organisms, inhibiting blood clotting, degrading extracellular matrix proteins, and ...201525480468
a comparison of three different methodologies for evaluating rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus susceptibility to topical spray compounds.this study aimed to compare three different methodologies (adult immersion tests, field trials with naturally infected animals, and a stall test using artificially infested cattle) to evaluate the efficacy of two topical formulations that we administered as whole body sprays (15% cypermethrin+30% chlorpyriphos+15% fenthion-colosso(®) fc 30, ouro fino agronegócios; and 60% dichlorvos+20% chlorpyriphos-ectofós(®), vallée saúde animal ltd.), against a susceptible strain of rhipicephalus (boophilus) ...201525468670
chemical composition and acaricidal activity of the essential oil of baccharis dracunculifolia de candole (1836) and its constituents nerolidol and limonene on larvae and engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).baccharis dracunculifolia dc (common name "alecrim-do-campo" in brazil) is a plant with widespread distribution in south america that is the botanical origin of green propolis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and acaricidal activity of the essential oil of b. dracunculifolia and its constituents nerolidol and limonene on unengorged larvae and engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae). the essential oil yield was 0.8% of dry mass and the major co ...201525448290
in vitro acaricidal activity of ethanolic and aqueous floral extracts of calendula officinalis against synthetic pyrethroid resistant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.detection of resistance levels against deltamethrin and cypermethrin in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from jammu (india) was carried out using larval packet test (lpt). the results showed the presence of resistance level ii and i against deltamethrin and cypermethrin, respectively. adult immersion test (ait) and lpt were used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous floral extracts of calendula officinalis against synthetic pyrethroid resistant adults and larvae ...201526071101
cross-resistance between fipronil and lindane in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini), is one of the most damaging parasites of cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. several chemical groups have been used for its control, including cyclodienes (lindane and dieldrin). in uruguay and brazil these products were used at the beginning of the 1960s and during a few years. fipronil and lindane act on the same target site. in both countries, southern cattle tick resistance to fipronil has sometimes developed ...201525868846
in vitro acaricidal activity of murraya koenigii (l.) spreng (rutaceae) extracts against synthetic pyrethroid-resistant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.larval packet test was used for detection of resistance status against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from faridkot district, punjab (india). the slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50 % (lc50) and resistance levels were determined from the regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of increasing concentrations of cypermethrin and deltamethrin. results indicated p ...201525633856
genetic parameters and investigation of genotype × environment interactions in nellore × hereford crossbred for resistance to cattle ticks in different regions of brazil.data from 6,156 nellore × hereford crossbred cattle, distributed in 18 herds located in the brazilian states of mato grosso do sul (ms), são paulo (sp), paraná (pr) and rio grande do sul (rs), were analysed in order to investigate genetic variation for resistance to the cattle tick through the estimation of variance components and genetic parameters for counting ticks (rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus) in natural infestation, and also a possible genotype × environment interaction. the tick co ...201525108748
identification of potential plant extracts for anti-tick activity against acaricide resistant cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).to develop an eco-friendly tick control method, seven plant extracts were prepared using 50 and 95% ethanol and evaluated for acaricidal activity against cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the adult immersion test was adopted for testing different extracts. based on 72 h screening criterion, 95% ethanolic extracts of datura metel fruits and argemone mexicana whole plant were found effective showing more than 50% mortality of treated ticks. the 95% ethanolic extracts of d. metel fr ...201525717008
in vitro acaricidal properties of semecarpus anacardium fruit and datura stramonium leaf extracts against acaricide susceptible (ivri-i line) and resistant (ivri-v line) rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.in an attempt to identify plants having anti-tick properties, the 95% ethanolic and 50% hydro-ethanolic extracts of the fruits of semecarpus anacardium and leaves of datura stramonium were evaluated against reference tick lines of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the 95% ethanolic extracts of s. anacardium and d. stramonium caused 50% and 20% mortality, respectively, within 72 h of treatment by adult immersion test. the lc90 value of the ethanolic fruit extract of s. anacardium was determine ...201526267092
ticks infesting wild and domestic animals and humans of sri lanka with new host records.an island-wide collection of tick species infesting humans, domesticated and wild animals and questing ticks in domestic and peridomestic environments was carried out during 2009-2011. a total of 30,461 ticks were collected from 30 different hosts and free living stages from the ground. the collection consisted of 22 tick species from 30 different hosts recording 12 tick species from humans, 19 from domesticated animals and 21 from wild animals, with a total of 97 new host records. the most comm ...201525445744
molecular and pharmacological characterization of the chelicerata pyrokinin receptor from the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.we identified the first pyrokinin receptor (rhimi-pkr) in chelicerata and analyzed structure-activity relationships of cognate ligand neuropeptides and their analogs. based on comparative and phylogenetic analyses, this receptor, which we cloned from larvae of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae), is the ortholog of the insect pyrokinin (pk)/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (pban)/diapause hormone (dh) neuropeptide family receptor. rhimi-pkr functional analyses ...201525747529
tick-borne diseases of bovines in pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control.ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) affect the productivity of bovines in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, leading to a significant adverse impact on the livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities. globally, four main tbds, namely anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and cowdriosis (heartwater) affect bovines, and the former three are of major economic importance in bovines in pakistan. given that the livestock sector has become an integral part of pakistan's economy and ...201525994588
transcriptomic analysis of musca domestica to reveal key genes of the prophenoloxidase-activating system.the propo system regulates melanization in arthropods. however, the genes that are involved in the propo system in housefly musca domestica remain unclear. thus, this study analyzed the combined transcriptome obtained from m. domestica larvae, pupae, and adults that were either normal or bacteria-challenged by an escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus mixture. a total of 54,821,138 clean reads (4.93 gb) were yielded by illumina sequencing, which were de novo assembled into 89,842 unigenes. o ...201526156588
emergence of oriental theileriosis in cattle and its transmission through rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in assam, india.the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of theileria in blood samples of crossbred and indigenous adult cows raised under unorganized small scale farming system in a babesia and anaplasma endemic geographical area from assam, india and to see its transmission through rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks.201527047205
prevalence and molecular heterogeneity of bartonella bovis in cattle and haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks in peninsular malaysia.bartonellosis is an emerging zoonotic infection responsible for a variety of clinical syndromes in humans and animals. members of the genus bartonella exhibit high degrees of genetic diversity and ecologic plasticity. the infection is usually transmitted to animals and humans through blood-feeding arthropod vectors such as fleas, lice, ticks and sandflies. this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of bartonella species in 184 beef cattle, 40 dairy cattle, 40 sheep and 40 goats in ei ...201526179499
molecular characterisation of the tick rhipicephalus microplus in malaysia: new insights into the cryptic diversity and distinct genetic assemblages throughout the world.the morphotaxonomy of rhipicephalus microplus complex has been challenged in the last few years and prompted many biologists to adopt a dna-based method for distinguishing the members of this group. in the present study, we used a mitochondrial dna analysis to characterise the genetic assemblages, population structure and dispersal pattern of r. microplus from southeast asia, the region where the species originated.201526104478
sfts virus in ticks in an endemic area of china.in total, 3,145 ticks of the species haemaphysalis longicornis (3,048; 96.9%), r. microplus (82; 2.6%), h. campanulata (9; 0.3%), and dermacentor sinicus (5; 0.2%) were collected from animals and vegetation at yantai in shandong province. both adult and immature ticks were obtained, and all ticks collected from vegetation were unfed. eggs were obtained from 22 blood-fed female ticks through maintenance at room temperature after collection. severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv ...201525711611
detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from zhejiang province, china.tick species distribution and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in ticks were investigated in zhejiang province, china in 2010 and 2011. pcr was used to detect sfgr and positive amplicons were sequenced, compared to published sequences and phylogenic analysis was performed using mega 4.0. a total of 292 adult ticks of ten species were captured and 7.5 % (22/292) of the ticks were pcr-positive for sfg rickettsia. the pcr-positive rates were 5.5 % (6/110) for haemaphysalis longi ...201525633265
wolbachia and the insect immune system: what reactive oxygen species can tell us about the mechanisms of wolbachia-host interactions.wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that infect a vast range of arthropod species, making them one of the most prevalent endosymbionts in the world. wolbachia's stunning evolutionary success is mostly due to their reproductive parasitism but also to mutualistic effects such as increased host fecundity or protection against pathogens. however, the mechanisms underlying wolbachia phenotypes, both parasitic and mutualistic, are only poorly understood. moreover, it is unclear how the insect immune ...201526579107
metagenomic profile of the viral communities in rhipicephalus spp. ticks from yunnan, china.besides mosquitoes, ticks are regarded as the primary source of vector-borne infectious diseases. indeed, a wide variety of severe infectious human diseases, including those involving viruses, are transmitted by ticks in many parts of the world. to date, there are no published reports on the use of next-generation sequencing for studying viral diversity in ticks or discovering new viruses in these arthropods from china. here, ion-torrent sequencing was used to investigate the presence of viruses ...201525799057
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